What I Know

PRE-ASSESSMENT
MULTIPLE CHOICE

Directions: Read and understand each item and choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your
answers on a separate sheet of paper.

__1. Majority of the CO2 is released during

Answer: C.
A. Glycolysis
B. Citric acid cycle
C. Electron transport chain
D. Oxidative phosphorylation

__2. Cellular respiration processes that do not use O2 are called

Answer: B.
A. Heterotrophic organism
B. Anaerobic organism
C. Aerobic organism
D. Anabolic

__3. The positively charged hydrogen ions that are released from the glucose during cellular
respiration eventually combine with _________ ion to form _____________.
Answer: C.
A. another hydrogen, a gas
B. a carbon, carbon dioxide
C. an oxygen, water
D. a pyruvic acid, lactic acid

__4. The Krebs cycle (also known as citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid) and ETC are biochemical
pathways performed in which eukaryotic organelle?
Answer: D.
A. Nucleus
B. Ribosome
C. Chloroplast
D. Mitochondrion

__5. Anaerobic pathways that oxidize glucose to generate ATP energy by using an organic
molecule as the ultimate hydrogen acceptor are called
Answer: A.
A. Fermentation
B. Reduction
C. Krebs cycle
D. Electron pumps

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__6. When skeletal muscle cells function anaerobically, they accumulate the compound ________,
which causes muscle soreness.
Answer: D.
A. Pyruvic acid
B. Malic acid
C. Carbon dioxide
D. Lactic acid

__7. Each molecule of fat can release _______ of ATP, compared with a molecule of glucose.
Answer: C.
A. smaller amounts
B. the same amount
C. larger amount
D. only twice the amount

8. In complete accounting of all ATPs produced in aerobic respiration, a total of ATPS: from the
ETC, from glycolysis, and from the Krebs cycle
Answer: A.
A. 36, 32, 2, 2
B. 38, 34, 2, 2
C. 36, 30, 2, 4
D. 38, 30, 4, 4

9. The chemical activities that remove electrons from glucose result in the glucose
Answer: B.
A. reduced
B. oxidized
C. phosphorylated
D. hydrolyzed

_ 10. Which of the following is NOT true of the citric acid cycle? The citric acid cycle
Answer: A.
A. includes the preparatory reaction
B. produces ATP by substrate-level ATP synthesis
C. occurs in the mitochondria
D. is a metabolic pathway, as is glycolysis

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What I Know

Directions: Write the letter of the best answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. A structure that composed of sugar ribose, nitrogen base adenine and a chain of 3- phosphate
groups.
Answer: B.
a. ADP
b. ATP
c. NADH+
d. Nucleus

2. The process of breaking down bonds between the phosphate groups; this happens when a water
molecule breaks the terminal phosphate bond
Answer: A.
a. Hydrolysis of ATP
b. Phosphorylation
c. Oxidation
d. Reduction

3. A separation technique used to identify various components of mixtures based on the differences
in their structure and/or composition.
Answer: D.
a. Phosphorylation
b. Dephosphorylation
c. Hydrolysis
d. Chromatography

4. Are substances that absorb visible light; different pigments absorb light of differer wavelengths.
Answer: C.
a. Chlorophyll
b. Photon
c. Pigments
d. Light energy

5. The greenish pigment found in the thylakoid membrane inside the chloroplast of plant cell.
Answer: B.
a. Light energy
b. Chlorophyll
c. Photon
d. Pigments

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What's New

Visual and Listening Activity:

1. Research videos on the Forms of Energy, Transformation of Energy, Free energy and metabolism
and ATP- structure and function.

2. Watch and Listen carefully to the video and be able to recognize and relate to each attributes of
the energy transformation.

3. Reflect on your life experiences and relate them to the lesson in the video so that you will be able
to make an analogy relating the concepts under ATP.

Answer:

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What Is It

Q & A Activity:

1. What are the different forms of energy?

Answer:The different forms of energy include kinetic energy (energy of motion), potential
energy (stored energy), thermal energy (heat), chemical energy (energy stored in chemical
bonds), electrical energy, nuclear energy, and radiant energy (energy of electromagnetic
waves).

2. What are the laws of energy transformation and cite examples?

Answer: The laws of energy transformation include the first law of thermodynamics, which
states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to
another. An example is the conversion of chemical energy in food to mechanical energy
during muscle contraction. The second law of thermodynamics states that energy
transformations increase the disorder or entropy of the universe. An example is the
conversion of heat energy to mechanical energy in an engine, where some energy is lost as
waste heat.

3. How does the cell go about the continuous release of heat during ATP hydrolysis?

Answer: During ATP hydrolysis, the cell releases heat as a byproduct of the chemical
reaction that breaks down ATP into ADP and inorganic phosphate. This heat contributes to
the overall heat released by cellular metabolism, helping to maintain the cell's temperature.

What's More

Q and A Activity:

1. How do plants cope with the change in season? Give a detailed description and explanation.

Answer: Plants cope with changes in seasons through various mechanisms such as
dormancy, shedding leaves, adjusting growth patterns, and storing energy reserves. For
example, deciduous trees shed their leaves in winter to conserve energy, while evergreen
trees retain their leaves and continue photosynthesis year-round.

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2. How do plants capture the sun's energy?

Answer: Plants capture the sun's energy through photosynthesis, a process that occurs in
chloroplasts. Chlorophyll pigments absorb sunlight, which is then converted into chemical
energy in the form of glucose through a series of biochemical reactions involving water and
carbon dioxide.

3. What happens to light when it hits an object?

Answer: When light hits an object, it can be absorbed, reflected, or transmitted. The color of
the object depends on which wavelengths of light are absorbed and which are reflected. For
example, an object appears green because it absorbs most wavelengths of light except for
green, which is reflected and detected by our eyes.

What I Have Learned

Learning Process Activity:

Provide the best answer in the blank.

1. What wavelength of light is most important to life on earth?

Answer: The wavelength of light most important to life on earth is the visible light spectrum,
particularly the red and blue wavelengths.

2. What color/s of light does chlorophyll absorb? What color does it reflect?

Answer: Chlorophyll absorbs blue and red light and reflects green light.

3. What composes a photosystem?

Answer: A photosystem is composed of pigment molecules (including chlorophyll) and protein

complexes
4. In what part of the photosystem does the first step of light reaction take place?

Answer: The first step of the light reaction takes place in the reaction center of the photosystem.

5. Differentiate the two types of photosystem.

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Answer: The two types of photosystems are Photosystem I (PSI) and Photosystem II (PSII). They
differ in the wavelengths of light they absorb and their role in the electron transport chain during
photosynthesis.

Lesson 2: Photosynthesis

What I Know

Chemical reactions for photosynthesis:

Which groups participate in the reaction?

Groups that participate in the reaction:
Carbon dioxide (CO2): This is used as a source of carbon in the Calvin cycle to produce
glucose.
Water (H2O): Water molecules are split during the light reactions, providing electrons,
protons (H+), and oxygen.
Sunlight: Light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll and other pigments to drive the conversion
of water and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen.

Which groups are released?

Groups that are released:
Oxygen (O2): Oxygen gas is released as a byproduct of the splitting of water molecules
during the light reactions.
6C*O_{2} + 6H_{2}*O +sun light C 6 H 12 O 6+ 6 O 2

Prior Knowledge:

1. Light reactions
-The initial stage of photosynthesis where light energy is absorbed and converted into
chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH.

2. Noncyclic electron flow

-The flow of electrons through Photosystem II, cytochrome complex, Photosystem I, and
ultimately to NADP+ to produce NADPH.

3.Cyclic electron flow

-An alternative pathway in photosynthesis where electrons cycle back from ferredoxin to the
cytochrome complex, generating additional ATP.

4. Plastoquinone (Pq)
- A mobile electron carrier that shuttles electrons between Photosystem II and the
cytochrome complex in the thylakoid membrane.

5. Plastocyanin (Pc)

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- Another electron carrier involved in electron transport between the cytochrome complex
and Photosystem I.

6. ATP
-Adenosine triphosphate, a molecule used as a primary energy carrier in cells.

7.Photophosphorylation
-The process of generating ATP using light energy during the light reactions of
photosynthesis.

8. Ferredoxin
-An iron-sulfur protein that transfers electrons to NADP+ to produce NADPH during
photosynthesis.

9. NADP
-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a molecule that accepts electrons during
photosynthesis to become NADPH.

10.NADPH
-Reduced form of NADP+ carrying high-energy electrons produced during the light reactions
and used in the Calvin cycle.

11. Chemiosmosis
-The process by which ATP is synthesized using the energy of a proton gradient across a
membrane, often driven by electron transport chains.

What's New

Visual and Listening Activity:

1. You can draw pictures of photosynthesis in a long bond paper/newsprint. You can also go to
computer/printing shop by watching videos or sample pictures of Overview of Photosynthesis,
Overview of the Stages of the Calvin Cycle in Photosynthesis and make these pictures into tarpaulin
type for long use.

What Is It

Q & A Activity:

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1. What are the two kinds of reactions in photosynthesis?
Answer:The two kinds of reactions in photosynthesis are **light reactions** and **dark
reactions** (also known as the Calvin cycle or light-independent reactions).

2. What are the basic stages of the Calvin cycle?

Answer:
a.Carbon Fixation: Carbon dioxide is combined with a five-carbon sugar, ribulose
bisphosphate (RuBP), by the enzyme RuBisCO to form an unstable six-carbon compound
that immediately splits into two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA).

b.Reduction: ATP and NADPH from the light reactions are used to convert 3-PGA into
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P), a three-carbon sugar.

c. Regeneration of RuBP: Some G3P molecules are used to regenerate RuBP, allowing the
cycle to continue.
3. What are the reactants and products of photosynthesis?
Answer:
- Carbon dioxide (CO2): Obtained from the atmosphere.
- Water (H2O): Absorbed by the roots from the soil and transported to the leaves.

The products of photosynthesis are:

- Glucose (C6H12O6): A carbohydrate produced during the Calvin cycle.

- Oxygen (O2): Released as a byproduct of the light reactions when water molecules are
split.

What's More

Directions: Fill-in the table below for the major events and features of photosynthesis. The option
table is given for you to answer the needed materials and end products of photosynthesis.
REACTION SERIES NEEDED MATERIALS END PRODUCTS

1. Light-dependent
reactions (take place a. a. NADPH, O2
in the thylakoid
membrane)
b. b.
a.Photochemical
reactions

b. Electron transport

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 c. ATP c. Proton gradient, ADP + P,
c. Chemiosmosis ATP synthase

2. Ribulose bisphosphate, CO2, ATP, 2. Carbohydrates, ADP, +P,

2. Carbon fixation NADPH, necessary enzymes NADP+
reactions (take place
in stroma)

a. Electrons b. NADPH, O2 c. Light energy; d. ATP

pigments (chlorophyll)
e. Electrons, NADP+, f. Proton gradient, g. Carbohydrates,
H2O, electron ADP + P, ATP ADP + P, NADP+ h.Ribulose
acceptors synthase bisphosphate, CO2,
ATP, NADPH,
necessary enzymes

What I Have Learned

A. Learning Process Activity:

Directions: This is a modified TRUE or FALSE activity. Write the word TRUE if the underlined
word/phrase being referred to is correct. If it is FALSE, change the word/phrase to make the whole
statement correct based on the concept of cellular respiration. Write your answer on a separate
sheet of paper.

1. Fermentation and anaerobic respiration enable the cells to produce ATP without the use of
oxygen.
Answer: True

2. The term cellular respiration includes both aerobic and anaerobic processes.
Answer: True

3. Fermentation is a complete degradation of sugars or other fuel that occurs without the use of
oxygen.
Answer: FALSE. Fermentation is a partial degradation of sugars or other organic fuel
molecules that occurs without the use of oxygen.

4. An electron transport system consists of a number of molecules, majority are proteins, located in
the matrix of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells and the plasma membrane of aerobic prokaryotes.
Answer: True

5. Pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport chain
and chemiosmosis are the metabolic stages reserved for cellular respiration.

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Answer: True
6. The breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide is completed in the electron transport chain.
Answer: FALSE. The breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide is completed in the citric acid
cycle.

7. ATP synthase is the enzyme that makes the bulk of the ATP from ADP and Pi by chemiosmosis.
Answer: True

8. ATP synthase uses the energy of an existing hydrogen ion gradient to power ATP synthesis.
Answer: True

9. Phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP stores at least 14.6 kcal per molecule overline ATP
Answer: FALSE. Phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP stores approximately 7.3 kcal per mole
of ATP.

10. Citric acid cycle generates 2 ATP whether oxygen is present or not, whether the conditions are
aerobic or anaerobic.
Answer: FALSE. The citric acid cycle generates ATP only in the presence of oxygen (aerobic
conditions) and yields approximately 2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule during cellular
respiration. In anaerobic conditions, such as fermentation, the citric acid cycle does not
generate ATP.

B. Learning Process Activity:

Directions: Arrange the following to get the right energy flow sequence in aerobic respiration.

NADH
Electron Transport Chain
Glucose
ATP

Answer:

Glucose
NADH
Electron Transport Chain
ATP

1. Energy-releasing pathways
Answer:Cellular respiration

2. Energy-acquiring pathways
Answer: Photosynthesis

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Post-Assessment

MULTIPLE CHOICE:
Directions: Read and understand each item and choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your
answers on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Majority of the CO2 is released during

Answer: C.
A. Glycolysis
B. Citric acid cycle
C. Electron transport chain
D. Oxidative phosphorylation

2. Cellular respiration processes that do not use O2 are called

Answer: B.
A. Heterotrophic organism
B. Anaerobic organism
C. Aerobic organism
D. Anabolic

3. The positively charged hydrogen ions that are released from the glucose during cellular
respiration eventually combine with ion to form
Answer: C.
A. another hydrogen, a gas
B. a carbon, carbon dioxide
C. an oxygen, water
H. a pyruvic acid, lactic acid

4. The Krebs cycle (also known as citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid) and ETC are biochemical
pathways performed in which eukaryotic organelle?
Answer: D.
A. Nucleus
B. Ribosome
C. Chloroplast
D. Mitochondrion

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5. Anaerobic pathways that oxidize glucose to generate ATP energy by using an organic molecule
as the ultimate hydrogen acceptor are called
Answer:A.
A. Fermentation
B. Reduction
C. Krebs cycle
D. Electron pumps

6. When skeletal muscle cells function anaerobically, they accumulate the compound which causes
muscle soreness.
Answer: D.
A. Pyruvic acid
B. Malic acid
C. Carbon dioxide
D. Lactic acid

7. Each molecule of fat can release of ATP, compared with a molecule of glucose.
Answer: C.
A.. smaller amounts
B. the same amount
C. larger amount
D. only twice the amount

8. In complete accounting of all ATPs produced in aerobic respiration, a total of ATPS: from the
ETC, from glycolysis, and from the Krebs cycle.
Answer: B.
A. 36, 32, 2, 2
B, 38, 34, 2, 2
C. 36, 30, 2, 4
D. 38, 30, 4, 4

9. The chemical activities that remove electrons from glucose result in the glucose being
Answer: B.
A. reduced
B. oxidized
C. phosphorylated
D. hydrolyzed

10. Which of the following is NOT true of the citric acid cycle? The citric acid cycle
Answer: B.
A. includes the preparatory reaction
B. produces ATP by substrate-level ATP synthesis
C. occurs in the mitochondria
D. is a metabolic pathway, as is glycolysis

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