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Theory of Structures Module

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Theory of Structures Module

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NEMUEL MABBORANG

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Determinacy and Stability of Structures

Learning content:

This course delves into the fundamental concepts of structural analysis, focusing on determinacy
and stability. Students will explore methods for determining the stability and determinacy of various
structural systems, including trusses, frames, and beams. Emphasis will be placed on understanding the
underlying principles and applying analytical techniques to solve structural problems.

Course Objectives:

1. To introduce students to the concepts of determinacy and stability in structural analysis.

2. To familiarize students with methods for analyzing the determinacy and stability of different
structures.
3. To develop students' problem-solving skills through hands-on analysis of structural systems.
4. To provide students with the foundation necessary for advanced courses in structural engineering.
5. To emphasize the importance of structural stability and determinacy in the design and analysis of
engineering structures.

Determinacy and Stability of Structures

• The assessment of structures begins with establishing their determinacy and stability, which are
essential for ensuring that the structural analysis and design adhere to fundamental principles of
equilibrium, safety, and reliability.
• The determinacy and stability characteristics of a structure determine the suitable analysis
methods to be employed.

Stability

stability refers to the ability of a structure or system to maintain its position or resist changes in its
state when subjected to external forces or disturbances. A stable structure can stay balanced and secure,
even when faced with various pressures or conditions. For example, a stable bridge remains standing and
functional despite the weight of vehicles crossing it or strong winds blowing against it.

Static Determinacy of Internally Stable Structure

• An internally stable structure is statically determinate externally when its support reactions can be
calculated by solving equilibrium equations.
• For a plane internally stable structure to maintain equilibrium, it requires at least three support
reactions, which satisfy the three equilibrium equations.
• An externally statically determinate plane structure must be supported by precisely three
reactions.
External Stability

THEORY OF STRUCTURES
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1. If the support are concurrent ( they intersect at a single point), then the beams, frames or truss is
externally unstable.

2. If the support reactions are parallel, then it is externally unstable.

External Support

External support transmits the overall load of the beam to another structure outside of it. In planar
frames, the following are the most common external supports:

Types of Support Reaction(s)

Roller/Rocket Support

Hinged Support

Fixed Support

Internal Stability

General Rule for Stability and Determinacy of Planar Beams and Frames:

𝒖 > 𝟑𝒏

𝒖 < 𝟑𝒏

For statically indeterminate structure, the degree of indeterminacy is r – 3n

Where:

u – no. of unknown reactive forces and moment components

n – no. of the total parts of the structure

Internal Connections

Internal connections, on the other hand, connects the members of the frame with each other. It
transfers the load from one member to another members. There are only two internal connections in the

frame, pinned connection and fixed connection.

Improper Constraints

A structure can possess as many unknown forces as there are equilibrium equations. However,
instability or movement of the structure or its components can occur due to inadequately constraining
supports.

Unstable, IF member reactions are concurrent or parallel or some of the components form a
collapsible mechanism

𝒖=𝟑𝒏 𝒖>𝟑𝒏

Determine whether each of the beams depicted is statically determinate, indeterminate, or

unstable. If identified as statically indeterminate, specify the degree of indeterminacy.

SOLN:

𝒖 = 𝟑𝒏 ; 𝟗 = 𝟑(𝟑) STATICALLY DETERMINATE

SOLN:

𝟕 > 𝟑(𝟐); 𝟏° STATICALLY INDETERMINATE

SOLN:

𝟏𝟓 > 𝟑(𝟑); 𝟔° STATICALLY INDETERMINATE

4. 𝑭𝑰𝑿𝑬𝑫

𝟑𝟎 > 𝟑(𝟑); 𝟐𝟏° STATICALLY INDETERMINATE

Internal Stability

General Rule for Stability and Determinacy of Plane Trusses:

𝒃 + 𝒓 = 𝟐𝒋

𝒃 + 𝒓 > 𝟐𝒋

𝒃 + 𝒓 < 𝟐𝒋

For statically indeterminate trusses, the degree of indeterminacy is b + r – 2j

Where:

b – no. of members

n – no. of unknown forces

j – no. of joints

Sample Problems:

Classify each of the trusses shown as statically determinate or indeterminate or unstable. If found to be
statically indeterminate, indicate the degree of indeterminacy.

𝟐𝟏 + (𝟑) 𝒗𝒔 𝟐(𝟏𝟎); 𝟐𝟒 > 𝟐𝟎 = 𝟒° INDETERMINATE

𝟏𝟑 + (𝟑) 𝒗𝒔 𝟐(𝟖); 𝟏𝟔 = 𝟏𝟔 = 𝟎° DETERMINATE

Supplementary Problems:
THEORY OF STRUCTURES
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1.

𝑨𝑵𝑺𝑾. 𝟏𝟎°

𝑨𝑵𝑺𝑾. 𝟑𝟔°

𝑨𝑵𝑺𝑾. 𝑼𝑵𝑺𝑻𝑨𝑩𝑳𝑬

𝑨𝑵𝑺𝑾. 𝟏°

Analysis of Frames: Shear, Bending and Axial Force Diagram

Internal Connections

- Connects the members of the frame with each other. It transfers the load from one member to
another members

1. Compute the Support and connection reactions of the frame.

2. Sketch the shear diagram, moment diagram and shear diagram of each member of the
frame.
3. Connect the shear and moment diagrams of the members to sketch the shear diagrams,
moment diagrams and axial diagrams of the frame as a whole
4. Draw the Qualitative Deflected Shape of the frame.
Qualitative Deflected Shape

- A qualitative deflected shape (elastic curve ) a structure is simply a rough (usually

exaggerated) sketch of the neutral surface of the structure, in the deformed position, under the
action of a given loading condition.

THEORY OF STRUCTURES
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THEORY OF STRUCTURES
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(

Example 1. Consider the frame loaded as shown. Draw the shear diagram, moment diagram,
axial force diagram and qualitative deflected shape.

Solution:

STEP 1- Find Fixed- End Moments.

𝑊𝐿2 44(8)2
𝑀𝐴𝐵 = − =− = −140.8 𝑘𝑁 ∗ 𝑚
20 20
𝑀𝐵𝐴 = 0
𝑊𝐿 135(6)
𝑀𝐵𝐶 = − =− = −101.25 𝑘𝑁 ∗ 𝑚
8 8
𝑊𝐿 135(6)
𝑀𝐶𝐵 = = = 101.25 𝑘𝑁 ∗ 𝑚
8 8
𝑊𝐿2 22(5)2
𝑀𝐶𝐷 = − =− = −45.83 𝑘𝑁 ∗ 𝑚
12 12

STEP 2- Find Distribution Factor (DF).

Distribution
JOINT MEMBER STIFFNESS(k) ∑k 𝒌
factor = ∑ 𝒌

B BA 4𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 7𝐸𝐼 0.428

=
8 2 6
THEORY OF STRUCTURES
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3𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
BC = 0.571
6 2

4𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼

C CB = 1
6 3 3

CD 0 0

STEP 3- Find the Final Support Moments.

DF 0.428 0.571 1 0

FEM -140.8 0 -101.25 101.25 -45.83 0

Bal - - - -55.42 0 -

CO - - -27.71 - - -

Initial Moment -140.8 0 -128.96 42.83 -45.83 0

Bal - 55.194 73.632 0 0 -

Final Support
-140.8 55.194 -55.194 45.83 -45.83 0
Moments

STEP 4- Find the Reactions.

∑FV = 0
RA − 135 = 0
RA = 135
1
∑FH = 0 − HA + ( ) (8)(44) − (22)(5) = 0
2
1
−HA + ( ) (8)(44) − (22)(5) = 0HA = 66kN
2
HA = 66kN

STEP 5 - Draw SFD, BMD, AFD, and Deflection Shape.

Shear force (SF) @ A = -HA = -66kN

Shear force (SF) @ B = -66+(1/2) (8)(44) = 110kN
Shear force (SF) @ B = RA = 135kN
Shear force (SF) @ E = 135-135= 0
Shear force (SF) @ C = 0
Shear force (SF) @ C = 22(5) = 110kN
Shear force (SF) @ D = 110- 22(5) = 0

Bending Moment (BM) @ D = 0

Bending Moment (BM) @ C = -22(5)(2.5)= -275 kN*m
Bending Moment (BM) @ E = -275 kN*m
Bending Moment (BM) @ B = -275 -135(3) = -680 kN*m
Bending Moment (BM) @ A = - 680- (1/2)(8)(44)(1/3)(8)+ MA = 351.8 kN*m

Bending Moment Diagram

Axial force (AF) @A = RA = 135 kN

Axial force (AF) @B = 135 kN
Axial force (AF) @B = -22(5) = -110kN
Axial force (AF) @E = -110kN
Axial force (AF) @C = -110kN

Deflection Diagram

THEORY OF STRUCTURES
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Example 2. Consider the frame loaded as shown. Draw the shear diagram, moment diagram,
axial force diagram and qualitative deflected shape.

Solution:

STEP 1: Find the reactions.

AV = 62 KN ↑

DV = 2 KN ↑

STEP 2: Cut by segment. Solve for the reactions.

SEGMENT AB

AH = 37.5 KN →

BH = 37.5 KN ←

SEGMENT BC

BH = 37.5 KN →

CH = 37.5 KN ←

CV = 2 KN ↑

SEGMENT CD

CH = 37.5 KN →

DH = 42.5 KN →

CV = 2 KN ↓

DV = 2 KN ↑

STEP : Draw the SFD, BMD, AFD, and Deflection Shape.

SEGMENT AB
Shear force (SF) @ A = 7.2 KN
Shear force (SF) @ B = 7.2 - 2.88*3.84 = -7.2 KN
Shear force (SF) @ B = -7.2 + 7.2 = 0
SEGMENT BC
Shear force (SF) @ B = 38 – 40 = -2 KN
Shear force (SF) @ C = - 2 + 2 = 0
SEGMENT CD
Shear force (SF) @ C = CH = 37.5 - 80 = - 42.5 KN
Shear force (SF) @ D = -42.5 + (DH = 42.5) = 0

SEGMENT AB
Bending Moment (BM) @ A = .5 * 7.2 * 3.84 = 69.12 KN*m
Bending Moment (BM) @ B = = 69.12 - 69.12 = 0
SEGMENT BC
Bending Moment (BM) @ B = 90.25 KN*m
Bending Moment (BM) @ C = 90.25 -0.25 = 90 KN*m
SEGMENT CD
Bending Moment (BM) @ C = CH = (37.5 * 1) - 80 = - 42.5 KN*m
Bending Moment (BM) @ D = -42.5 + 42.5*3 = 85 KN*m

Bending Moment Diagram

1. Sketch the axial, shear force and bending moment diagrams for the frame shown.

Solution

∑Fx = 0
Ax - 2 - 4 = 0
Ax = 6 kN
∑MA = 0
4 × 4 × 2 – dy (4) – 2 × 4 – 4 × 2 = 0
dy = 4 kN
∑Fy = 0 - 4 × 4 + 4 + Ay = 0
Ay = 12 kN

∑Fx = 0

6+V–4=0

∑Fy = 0

12 + N = 0

N = -12 = 12 kN

∑M = 0

M+6×4–4×2=0

M = -16 = 16 kN.m

∑Fy = 0

VBc + 4 – 4 × 2 = 0

V = 12 kN

∑MC = 0

MC + 4 × 4 × 2 – 4 × 4 = 0

MC = -16 = 16 kN.m

THEORY OF STRUCTURES
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2. The frame shown in the figure below is fixed at (a) and hinged at (d) and has two internal hinges
(h1) and (h2). From the loading indicated:
a. Determine the support reactions.
b. Draw the axial force, shear force, and bending moment diagrams.

I. LEARNING CONTENT

In this module, we will delve into the fundamental principles and methods for analyzing
two crucial structural elements: cables and arches. Understanding the behavior and mechanics
of cables and arches is essential for civil engineers involved in designing and constructing
various infrastructure projects, from bridges and buildings to dams and towers.

II. LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. Understand the basic concepts and principles governing the behavior of cables and
arches.

2. Learn different analytical methods for determining the forces and stresses in cables
and arches.

3. Explore real-world applications of cable and arch structures in civil engineering

projects.

4. Gain proficiency in using analytical tools and software for cable and arch analysis.

By the end of this module, you will have a comprehensive understanding of the principles
governing the behavior of cables and arches in civil engineering structures. You will be
equipped with the knowledge and skills necessary to analyze and design cable and arch
structures efficiently, contributing to the development of safe and sustainable infrastructure
projects. Let's embark on this journey to unravel the secrets of cables and arches in civil
engineering!

Cables Subjected to Concentrated Loads

When a cable is loaded with concentrated loads, the geometry of the cable is a collection of
connected straight lines that are deflected at the site of concentrated load application. The
THEORY OF STRUCTURES
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forces in any cable member are solved using the method of joints. Keep in mind that the cable
can only withstand tension forces, therefore always assume the cable is pulling.

Example 1

Consider the beam loaded as shown. Determine the tension in each members and total length
of the cable.

SOLUTION

∑𝑀𝐷 = 0 𝐷𝑦 = 64.80 𝐾𝑁
3 2
𝑇𝐴𝐵 (9) = 𝑇𝐴𝐵 (1) + 80(7) + 100(4)
√13 √13 𝑅𝐷 = 𝑇𝐶𝐷 = √𝐷𝑥 2 + 𝐷𝑦 2
𝑇𝐴𝐵 = 138.453 𝐾𝑁
𝑇𝐶𝐷 = √76.802 + 64.802
𝑇𝐶𝐷 = 100.485 𝐾𝑁
∑𝐹𝑥 = 0
2 2
𝐷𝑥 = 𝑇𝐴𝐵 = (138.453) = 76.80 𝐾𝑁 𝑻𝑶 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑽𝑬 𝑭𝑶𝑹 𝜽𝑪𝑫
√13 √13 𝐷𝑦
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃𝐶𝐷 =
𝐷𝑥
∑𝐹𝑦 = 0 64.80
3 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃𝐶𝐷 =
𝑇𝐴𝐵 + 𝐷𝑦 = 80 + 100 76.80
√13 𝜃𝐶𝐷 = 40.156°
3
𝐷𝑦 = 80 + 100 − (138.453)
√13

THEORY OF STRUCTURES
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∑𝐹𝑥 = 0 35.20
2 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃𝐵𝐶 =
𝑇𝐵𝐶 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃𝐵𝐶 = 𝑇𝐴𝐵 76.80
√13 𝜃𝐵𝐶 = 24.624°
2
𝐵𝐶𝑥 = (138.453) = 76.80 𝐾𝑁
√13
𝑙𝐴𝐵 = √32 + 22 = √13 = 3.606𝑚
∑𝐹𝑦 = 0
3 3𝑚
𝑇𝐴𝐵 = 80 + 𝑇𝐵𝐶 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝐵𝐶 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃𝐵𝐶 =
√13 𝑙𝐵𝐶
𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒 ∶ 𝑇𝐵𝐶 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝐵𝐶 = 𝐵𝐶𝑦 3
3 𝑙𝐵𝐶 =
𝑐𝑜𝑠 24.624
(138.453) = 80 + 𝐵𝐶𝑦 𝑙𝐵𝐶 = 3.300𝑚
√13
𝐵𝐶𝑦 = 35.20 𝐾𝑁
4𝑚
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃𝐶𝐷 =
𝑙𝐶𝐷
𝑇𝐵𝐶 = √𝐵𝐶𝑥2 + 𝐵𝐶𝑦2 4
𝑙𝐶𝐷 =
𝑐𝑜𝑠 40.156
𝑇𝐵𝐶 = √76.802 + 35.202 𝑙𝐶𝐷 = 5.234𝑚
𝑇𝐵𝐶 = 84.482 𝐾𝑁
𝑙 = 𝑙𝐴𝐵 + 𝑙𝐵𝐶 + 𝑙𝐶𝐷
𝐵𝐶𝑦 𝑙 = 3.606 + 3.300 + 5.234
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃𝐵𝐶 =
𝐵𝐶𝑥 𝑙 = 12.140𝑚

Consider the cable loaded as shown. Determine the tension in each members and total length
of the cable.

SOLUTION

THEORY OF STRUCTURES
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∑𝑀𝐵 ’ = 0 𝑃𝐵 = 40 𝐾𝑁
120(4) = 𝑃𝐶 (6)
𝑃𝐶 = 80 𝐾𝑁 ∑𝑀𝐸 = 0
𝐴𝑥 (2) + 𝐴𝑦(20)
∑𝐹𝑦 = 0 = 40(16) + 80(10)
𝑃𝐵 + 𝑃𝐶 = 120 + 50(4)
𝑃𝐵 + 80 = 120 2𝐴𝑥 + 20𝐴𝑦 = 1640 𝑒𝑞. 1

∑𝑀𝐶 = 0 −6𝐴𝑥 + 10𝐴𝑦 = 240 𝑒𝑞. 2

𝐴𝑦(10) = 𝐴𝑥 (6) + 40(6) 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑨𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑨𝒚 𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟐:
THEORY OF STRUCTURES
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𝐴𝑥 = 82.857 𝐾𝑁
𝐴𝑦 = 73.714 𝐾𝑁 𝐴𝑦
𝜃𝐴𝐵 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
𝐴𝑥
𝑻𝒐 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑻𝑨𝑩 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝜽𝑨𝑩 : 73.714
𝜃𝐴𝐵 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
𝑇𝐴𝐵 = √𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐴𝑦 2 82.857
𝜃 = 41.658°
𝑇𝐴𝐵 = √82.8572 + 73.7142
𝑇𝐴𝐵 = 110.901 𝐾𝑁

Considering Whole System

∑𝐹𝑥 = 0 𝐸𝑦 = 96.286 𝐾𝑁
𝐸𝑥 = 𝐴𝑥
𝐸𝑥 = 82.857 𝐾𝑁 𝑇𝐷𝐸 = √𝐸𝑥 2 + 𝐸𝑦 2
𝑇𝐷𝐸 = √82.8572 + 96.2862
∑𝐹𝑦 = 0
𝑇𝐷𝐸 = 127.029 𝐾𝑁
𝐴𝑦 + 𝐸𝑦 = 40 + 80 + 50
73.714 + 𝐸𝑦 = 170

THEORY OF STRUCTURES
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𝐸𝑦 ∑𝐹𝑦 = 0
𝜃𝐷𝐸 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
𝐸𝑥 𝑇𝐴𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝐴𝐵 = 40 + 𝐵𝐶𝑦
96.286 110.901 𝑠𝑖𝑛 41.658 ° = 40 + 𝐵𝐶𝑦
𝜃𝐷𝐸 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
82.857 𝐵𝐶𝑦 = 33.714 𝐾𝑁
𝜃𝐷𝐸 = 49.287°

∑𝐹𝑥 = 0
𝐵𝐶𝑥 = 𝑇𝐴𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃𝐴𝐵
𝐵𝐶𝑥 = 110.901 𝑐𝑜𝑠 41.658° 𝑇𝐵𝐶 = √𝐵𝐶𝑥2 + 𝐵𝐶𝑦2
𝐵𝐶𝑥 = 82.857 𝐾𝑁
𝑇𝐵𝐶 = √82.8572 + 33.7142
𝑇𝐵𝐶 = 89.453 𝐾𝑁

33.714
𝐵𝐶𝑦 𝜃𝐵𝐶 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
82.857
𝜃𝐵𝐶 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝜃𝐵𝐶 = 22.141°
𝐵𝐶𝑥

∑𝐹𝑥 = 0 ∑𝐹𝑦 = 0
𝐶𝐷𝑥 = 𝑇𝐵𝐶 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝐵𝐶 𝐶𝐷𝑦 + 𝑇𝐵𝐶 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝐵𝐶 = 80
𝐶𝐷𝑥 = 89.453 𝑐𝑜𝑠 22.141 𝐶𝐷𝑦 + 89.453 𝑠𝑖𝑛 22.141 = 80
𝐶𝐷𝑥 = 82.857 𝐾𝑁 𝐶𝐷𝑦 = 46.286 𝐾𝑁
THEORY OF STRUCTURES
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𝐶𝐷𝑦
𝑇𝐶𝐷 = √𝐶𝐷𝑥2 + 𝐶𝐷𝑦2 𝜃𝐶𝐷 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
𝐶𝐷𝑥
𝑇𝐶𝐷 = √82.8572 + 46.2862 46.286
𝜃𝐶𝐷 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
𝑇𝐶𝐷 = 94.909 𝐾𝑁 82.857
𝜃𝐶𝐷 = 29.189°

TO SOLVE TOTAL LENGTH OF CABLE:

4𝑚 6
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝐴𝐵 = 𝑙𝐶𝐷 = = 6.873𝑚
𝑙𝐴𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠 29.189
4
𝑙𝐴𝐵 = = 5.354𝑚 4𝑚
𝑐𝑜𝑠41.658 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝐷𝐸 =
𝑙𝐷𝐸
6𝑚 4
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝐵𝐶 = 𝑙𝐷𝐸 = = 6.132𝑚
𝑙𝐵𝐶 𝑐𝑜𝑠 49.287
6
𝑙𝐵𝐶 = = 6.478𝑚 𝑙 = 5.354 + 6.478 + 6.873 + 6.132
𝑐𝑜𝑠22.141
𝑙 = 24.837 𝑚
6𝑚
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝐶𝐷 =
𝑙𝐶𝐷

The cable will take on a parabolic shape under uniformly distributed (rectangular) load. The
lowest point of the cable (the vertex) is the location of the minimum tension, while the highest
point is the location of the maximum tension.

Example 1

Consider the parabolic cable, with vertex at B, is loaded with 17 kN/m, as shown. Determine the
tension in the cable at points A, B and C. Also, what is the total length of the cable?

SOLUTION

𝑻𝒐 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟓𝟎 − 𝒙:
𝑥12 𝑥22
=
𝑦1 𝑦 2
𝑥 2 (50 − 𝑥 2 )
=
10 15
𝑥 = 22.474𝑚

∑𝐹𝑥 = 0
−𝐴𝑥 + 429.319 = 0
𝐴𝑥 = 429.319 𝐾𝑁

∑𝐹𝑦 = 0
𝐴𝑦 − 382.058 = 0
𝐴𝑦 = 382.058 𝐾𝑁
𝑇𝐴 = √429.3192 + 382.0582
𝑇𝐴 = 574.703 𝐾𝑁

𝑇𝐶 = √429.3192 + 467.9422
𝑇𝐶 = 635.047 𝐾𝑁

𝑻𝒐 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒗𝒆, 𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒖𝒔:

𝑥 2 = 4𝑎𝑦

𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝑨
𝑥 = −22.474
𝑦 = 10

(−22.474)2 = 4(𝑎)(10)
𝑎 = 12.627

𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝑪
𝑥 = 27.526
𝑦 = 15

(27.526)2 = 4(𝑎)(15)
𝑎 = 12.628

𝑥 2 = 4𝑎𝑦
𝑥 2 = 4(12.627)(𝑦)
𝑦 = 0.0198𝑥 2 ; 𝑬𝑸𝑼𝑨𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵 𝑶𝑭 𝑷𝑨𝑹𝑨𝑩𝑶𝑳𝑰𝑪 𝑪𝑨𝑩𝑳𝑬

𝑳𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑪𝒖𝒓𝒗𝒆

Example 2

The pipe of uniform weight is supported by the parabolic cable shown below.

a. What is the minimum tension of the cable if the weight of the pipe is 800 kg/m and the sag is
s = 5 m?

b. What is the maximum tension of the cable if the weight of the pipe is 800 kg/m and the sag is
s = 5m?

c. If the tension of the cable is limited to 1000 kN and the sag is maintained at 5m, determine
the maximum weight of the pipe it can carry in kg/m.

d. If the tension of the cable is limited to 1000 kN and the weight of the pipe is maintained at 800
kg/m,

SOLUTION
𝒌𝒈 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏𝑵 𝟏𝒌𝑵 𝑲𝑵
𝒘 = 𝟖𝟎𝟎 ( )( ) = 𝟕. 𝟖𝟒𝟖
𝒎 𝟏𝒌𝒈 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝑵 𝒎

∑𝑭𝒙 = 𝟎
𝑻𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝑨𝒙
𝑨𝒙 = 𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟓. 𝟔𝟖𝒌𝑵

∑𝑭𝒚 = 𝟎
𝑨𝒚 = 𝟑𝟏𝟑. 𝟗𝟐𝒌𝑵

𝑻𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝑻𝑨 = √𝑨𝟐𝒙 + 𝑨𝟐𝒚

𝑻𝒎𝒂𝒙 = √𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟓. 𝟔𝟖𝟐 + 𝟑𝟏𝟑. 𝟗𝟐𝟐

𝒄) 𝑻𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑵
𝒔 = 𝟓𝒎
𝒘 =?

∑𝑴𝑨 = 𝟎
𝟏
𝟒𝟎𝒘 ( ) (𝟒𝟎) = 𝑻𝒎𝒊𝒏 (𝟓)
𝟐
𝑻𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟏𝟔𝟎𝒘

∑𝑭𝒙 = 𝟎
𝑻𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝑨𝒙
𝑨𝒙 = 𝟏𝟔𝟎𝒘

∑𝑭𝒚 = 𝟎
𝟐
(𝑻𝒎𝒂𝒙 )𝟐 = (√𝑨𝟐𝒙 + 𝑨𝟐𝒚 )
(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)𝟐 = (𝟏𝟔𝟎𝒘)𝟐 + (𝟒𝟎𝒘)𝟐
𝒌𝑵 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝑵 𝟏𝒌𝒈
𝒘 = 𝟔. 𝟎𝟑 ( )( )
𝒎 𝟏𝒌𝑵 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏𝑵
𝒌𝒈
𝒘 = 𝟔𝟏𝟖. 𝟎𝟒𝟑
𝒎

𝒅) 𝑻𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒌𝑵
𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝑵
𝒘 = 𝟖𝟎𝟎 = 𝟕. 𝟖𝟒𝟖
𝒎 𝒎
𝒔 =?

∑𝑭𝒚 = 𝟎
𝑨𝒚 = 𝟑𝟏𝟑. 𝟗𝟐𝒌𝑵

𝑻𝟐𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝑨𝟐𝒙 + 𝑨𝟐𝒚

𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟐 = 𝑨𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝟏𝟑. 𝟗𝟐𝟐
𝑨𝒙 = 𝟗𝟒𝟗. 𝟒𝟒𝟗𝒌𝑵

∑𝑴𝑨 = 𝟎
𝟏
𝟑𝟏𝟑. 𝟗𝟐 ( ) (𝟒𝟎) = 𝟗𝟒𝟗. 𝟒𝟒𝟗(𝒔)
𝟐
𝒔 = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟏𝟑𝒎

THEORY OF STRUCTURES
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Arches
Arches are generally designed to carry compressive forces and dramatically decreases the
deflection of long span structures. The analysis of arches is same as analysis of frames.

Example 1

Consider the three-hinged arch loaded as shown. Determine the reactive forces.

SOLUTION

THEORY OF STRUCTURES
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𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝑦 + 21.458 = 65 + 160
𝜀𝑀𝐴 = 0 𝐴𝑦 = 203.542 𝑘𝑁
1
20 ( ∗ 8) + 65(2) = 𝐵𝑥 (6) + 𝐵𝑦 (8)
2
6𝐵𝑥 + 8𝐵𝑦 = 770 (𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1) 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐵𝐶
𝜀𝐹𝑥 = 0
𝐵𝑥 = 𝐶𝑥
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐵𝐶 𝐶𝑥 = 99.722 𝑘𝑁
𝜀𝑀𝐶 = 0 𝜀𝐹𝑦 = 0
1 1 𝐶𝑦 = 80 + 𝐵𝑦
𝐵𝑥(6) = 𝐵𝑦(8) + (20)(8) ( ∗ 8) 𝐶𝑦 = 80 + 21.458
2 2
6𝐵𝑥 − 8𝐵𝑦 = 426. .667 (𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2) 𝐶𝑦 = 101.458
𝑅𝑎 = √𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐴𝑦 2 = √99.7222 + 203.5422
= 226.658 𝑘𝑁
𝑆𝑂𝐿𝑉𝐸 𝐹𝑂𝑅 𝐸𝑄𝑈𝐴𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁𝑆 1 & 2
𝐵𝑥 = 99.722 𝑘𝑁 𝑅𝑏 = √𝐵𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 2 = √99.7222 + 21.4582
2

𝐵𝑦 = 21.458 𝑘𝑁 = 102.005 𝑘𝑁
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐴𝐵 𝑅𝑐 = √𝐶𝑥 + 𝐶𝑦 2 = √99.7222 + 101.4582
2

𝜀𝐹𝑥 = 0 = 142.261 𝑘𝑁
𝐴𝑦 + 𝐵𝑦 = 65 + 160

Example 2

Consider the tied arch loaded as shown. Determine the reaction forces. Also, what is the
tension of the cable?

𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑊ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑅𝑎 = √𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐴𝑦 2 = √382 + 54.52

𝜀𝑀𝐴 = 0 = 66.4 𝑘𝑁
38(2) + 50(3) + 40(8) + 60(10) = 𝐶𝑦(12)
𝑅𝑏 = √𝐵𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 2 = √42.1672 + 4.52
2
𝐶𝑦 = 95.5 𝑘𝑁
𝜀𝐹𝑥 = 0 = 42.406 𝑘𝑁
𝑅𝑐 = 𝐶𝑦 = 95.5 𝑘𝑁
𝐴𝑥 = 38 𝑘𝑁
𝜀𝐹𝑥 = 0
𝐴𝑦 + 𝐶𝑦 = 50 + 40 + 60
𝐴𝑦 + 95.5 = 50 + 40 + 60
𝐴𝑦 = 54.5 𝑘𝑁

𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐴𝐵
𝜀𝑀𝐵 = 0
54.5(6) + 38(6) = 50(3) + 38(4) + 𝑇(6)
𝑇 = 42.167 𝑘𝑁
𝜀𝐹𝑥 = 0
𝑇 + 38 = 𝐵𝑥 + 38
𝐵𝑥 = 42.167 𝑘𝑁
𝜀𝐹𝑦 = 0
54.5 = 50 + 𝐵𝑦
𝐵𝑦 = 4.5 𝑘𝑁

1. A parabolic arch with supports at the same level is subjected to the combined loading
shown in the figure. Determine the support reactions and the normal thrust and radial shear
at a point just to the left of the 150 kN concentrated load.

Ans: 𝐵𝑦 = 90 𝑘𝑁 ↑

𝐴𝑦 = 140 𝑘𝑁 ↑

𝐴𝑥 = 83.33 𝑘𝑁 →

𝐵𝑥 = 83.33 𝑘𝑁 →

𝑁 = 149.42 𝑘𝑁

𝑉 = 64.93 𝑘𝑁

2. A cable supports two concentrated loads at B and C, as shown in the figure. Determine
the sag at B, the tension in the cable, and the length of the cable.

𝑇𝐴𝐵 = 130.48 𝑘𝑁

𝑇𝐷𝐶 = 110.98 𝑘𝑁

𝑇𝐶𝐵 = 43.46 𝑘𝑁

𝐿 = 24.62 𝑚

3. A three-hinged arch is subjected to two concentrated loads, as shown in Figure 6.3a.

Determine the support reactions of the arch.

Ans: 𝐸𝑦 = 40 𝑘𝑁 ↑

𝐸𝑥 = 10 𝑘𝑁 ←

𝐴𝑥 = 10𝑘𝑁 →

𝐴𝑦 = 45 𝑘𝑁 ↑

• Beams
- In your prior knowledge of analysis of structures, one has
learned that the shear and moment diagram represents the
most descriptive methods for displaying the variations of the
loads of members subjected to fixed loads. If the member is
subjected to moving loads, the behavior of the shear and
moment in the member is best described using influence
lines.

• Influence Line
- An Influence Line is a graphical representation of the support
reaction or internal reactions at any fixed point of the
structure subjected to unit concentrated moving load.

Equilibrium Method Procedure for Analysis

1. Place a unit load (a load whose magnitude is equal to one) at

a point x, along the member
2. Use the equations of equilibrium to find the value of the
reaction, shear or moment at a specific point due to the
concentrated load as a function of x
3. Plot the values of the reaction, shear, or moment for the
member.

Example 1

Consider a simply supported beam as shown.

(0 < 𝑥 < 2)

𝑅𝐴(6) − 1(6 − 𝑥) = 0
6−𝑥
𝑅𝐴= 6

∑ 𝐹𝑣 = 0

6−𝑥
+ 𝑅𝐵 − 1 = 0
6
6−𝑥
𝑅𝐵=1- 6
𝑥
𝑅𝐵=
6

VC @ right

∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0

𝑥
𝑉𝐶+6 = 0
−𝑥
𝑉𝐶= 6

∑ 𝑀𝐶 = 0

𝑥
𝑀𝐶 − (4) = 0
6
4
𝑀𝐶=6 (𝑥)

@x=0 @x=2
Ay= 1 Ay= 2/3
By=0 By=1/3
THEORY OF STRUCTURES
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Vc=0 Vc=-1/3
Mc=0 Mc=4/3
(2 < 𝑥 < 6)

∑ 𝑀𝐴 = 0

𝑥
𝐵𝑦=6

∑ 𝐹𝑌 = 0

𝑥
𝐴𝑦=1- 6

−𝑉𝐶 + 𝐴𝑦 = 0
1−𝑥
−𝑉𝐶+ =0
6
𝑥
𝑉𝐶=1-6

∑𝑀 = 0

−𝑀𝐶 + 𝐴𝑦(2) = 0
𝑥
−𝑀𝐶 + (1 − )(2) = 0
6
𝑥
𝑀𝐶 = 2(1 − )
6
@x=0 @x=2
Ay= 2/3 Ay= 0
By=1/3 By=1
Vc=2/3 Vc=0
Mc=4/3 Mc=0

Consider the beam as shown.

Construct the influence diagram for reaction at A and B and the

shear and moment at D.

𝑅𝐵(6) + 1(𝑥) = 0
𝑥
𝑅𝐵=6

∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0

𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝐵 − 1 = 0
𝑥
𝑅𝐴+6-1=0
𝑥
𝑅𝐴=1 − 6

@right

∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0

VD+RB=0
𝑥
𝑉𝐷=− 6

∑𝑀 = 0

𝑀𝐷 − 𝑅𝐵(2) = 0
𝑥
𝑀𝐷 − (2) = 0
6
2𝑥
MD= 6

@x=0 @x=4
RA= 1 RA= 1/3

@left

∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0

-VD+RA=0
𝑥
𝑉𝐷+(1− 6)=0
𝑥
𝑉𝐷 =(1− 6)

∑𝑀 = 0

-M+RA(4)=0
𝑥
M=(1− 6)(4)

@x=0 @x=4
RA= 1/3 RA= -1/3
RB=2/3 RB=4/3
VD=1/3 VD=-1/3
MD=4/3 MD=-4/3

Consider the compound beam as shown.

Construct the influence diagram for reaction at A,C and E and the
shear and moment at D.

−𝑅𝐵(2) + 1(𝑥) = 0
𝑥
𝑅𝐵=2

𝑥
𝑅𝐴 −1+2 = 0
𝑥
𝑅𝐴 =1-2

∑ 𝑀𝐸 = 0

𝑅𝐶 (6) + 𝑅𝐴(10) − 1(10 − 𝑥) = 0

𝑥
6𝑅𝐶+(1 − 2) 10 − (10 − 𝑥) = 0

𝑥
10 − 𝑥 − 10(1 − 2)
𝑅𝐶 =
6

∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0

𝑅𝐶 + 𝑅𝐴 − 𝑅𝐸 − 1 = 0
𝑥 𝑥
(1 − ) + (10 − 𝑋) − (10) (1 − ) + 𝑅𝐸 − 1 = 0
2 2
𝑥
𝑥 10 − 𝑥 + 10(1 − 2)
𝑅𝐸 = 1 − (1 − ) −
2 6

Consider right
THEORY OF STRUCTURES
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∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0

𝑉𝐷 + 𝑅𝐸 = 0
𝑥
𝑥 10 − 𝑥 − 10(1 − 2)
𝑉𝐷 = 1 − (1 − ) −
2 6

∑𝑀 = 0

𝑥
𝑥 10 − 𝑥 − 10 (1 − 2)
𝑀𝐷 = 4(1 − (1 − ) − )
2 6

@x=0 @x=2
RA= 1 RA= 0
RC=0 RC=4/3
RE=0 RE=-1/3
VD=0 VD=-1/3
MD=0 MD=-4/3

∑ 𝑀𝐴 = 0

−𝑅𝐵 (2)+= 0

𝑅𝐵=0

∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0

𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝐵 = 0

𝑅𝐴 =0
THEORY OF STRUCTURES
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∑ 𝑀𝐹 = 0

𝑅𝐴(10) − 1(10 − 𝑥) + 𝑅𝐶 (6) = 0

10 − 𝑥
𝑅𝐶 =
6

∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0

𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝐶 + 𝑅𝐸 − 1 =0
10 − 𝑥
+ 𝑅𝐸 − 1 = 0
6
10 − 𝑥
𝑅𝐸 = 1 −
6

Consider right

∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0

10 − 𝑥
𝑉𝐷 = −(1 − )
6

∑𝑀 = 0

𝑀𝐷 − 𝑅𝐸(4) =0
10 − 𝑥
𝑀𝐷 = 4(1 − )
6

@x=2 @x=4
RA= 0 RA= 0
THEORY OF STRUCTURES
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RC=4/3 RC=1
RE=-1/3 RE=0
VD=1/3 VD=0
MD=4/3 MD=0

@x=4 @x=6
RA= 0 RA= 0
RC=1 RC=2/3
RE=0 RE=1/3
VD=0 VD=-1/3
MD=0 MD=4/3

∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0

𝑉𝐷 + 𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝐶 = 0
10 − 𝑥
−𝑉𝐷 + =0
6

∑𝑀 = 0

𝑀𝐷 − 𝑅𝐴(6) + 𝑅𝐶(2) =0
10 − 𝑥
𝑀𝐷 = 2( )
6

- The process of sketching the influence line of the beam in the

previous section is lengthy. However, it can be sketched accurately
by using a technique developed by Heinrich Müller-Breslau in 1886
and this technique is called Müller-Breslau Principle.

Müller-Breslau Method Procedure for Analysis

1. Assume the beam is rigid for imaginary movements.

2. For influence line for the support reaction, remove the support
to be considered and replace it by an upward force. Then
imagine the movement of the beam.
3. For influence line for the shear at any point of the beam, cut
the beam at the point to be considered. Apply a downward
shear at the cutting point in the left cut and an upward shear
at the cutting point in the right cut. Imagine the movement of
the beam.
4. For influence line for the bending moment at any point of the
beam, cut the beam at the point to be considered. Apply
positive sign convention.

Consider a simply supported beam as shown.

Construct the influence diagram for the reaction at A, shear and

bending moment at point C.

Consider the beam as shown.

Construct the influence diagram for reaction at A and B and the

shear and moment at D.

Consider the compound beam as shown.

Construct the influence diagram for reaction at A,C and E and the
shear and moment at D.

Consider the beam as shown.

Construct the influence diagram for vertical reaction at A, moment

reaction at A, shear at B and moment at B. .

Consider the beam as shown.

THEORY OF STRUCTURES
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Construct the influence diagram for vertical reaction at A, moment
at A and reaction at C and for shear and moment at D and E.

THEORY OF STRUCTURES
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THEORY OF STRUCTURES
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Application of Influence Lines

- The main reason why influence lines are part of the analysis is to
determine the effect of moving live load on the structure, and to
predict the maximum load a structure will resist due to these loads

Solving for values of functions using Influence Lines

A. Concentrated Load

Since the ordinates of the function of the influence lines are

constructed using a moving unit load, the value of a function
concerning concentrated loads is multiplying the ordinate of the
influence diagram at the point where you will place the moving load
by the magnitude of the load.

𝑭(𝒙) = 𝑷 ∗ 𝑶𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑰𝒏𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝑳𝒊𝒏𝒆

B. UNIFORM LOADS

The value of a function caused by uniform moving loads is equal to

the intensity of the uniform load multiplied by the area under the
influence line diagram that the load is covering.

𝑭(𝒙) = 𝑾𝒐
∗ 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝑰𝑳 𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒎

The beam, as shown below, is loaded with a uniform moving live

load of 15 kN/m.

• What is the maximum reaction at A due to this load?

• What is the maximum reaction at B due to this load?
• What is the maximum positive shear at C due to this load?
• What is the maximum negative shear at C due to this load?
• What is the maximum positive moment at C due to this load?
• What is the maximum negative moment at C due to this load?

RA=W(Area of IL)
1
RA max = 15 (2 𝑥6𝑥1.2)

RA max =54 KN

RB max = 73.5 KN

c)
1 1
𝑽𝑪𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 15 (2 𝑥1𝑥0.2) + 15 (2 𝑥3𝑥0.6)
𝑽𝑪𝒎𝒂𝒙 =15 KN

d)
1 1
−𝑽𝑪𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 15 (2 𝑥2𝑥 − 0.4) + 15 (2 𝑥2𝑥(−0.4))
−𝑽𝑪𝒎𝒂𝒙 =-12 KN

e)
1
𝑴𝑪𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 15 (2 𝑥5𝑥1.2)
𝑴𝑪𝒎𝒂𝒙 =45 KNm

f)
1 1
−𝑴𝑪𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 15 ( 𝑥1𝑥 − 0.6) + 15 ( 𝑥2𝑥(−0.8))
2 2
−𝑴𝑪𝒎𝒂𝒙 =-16.5 KNm

The compound beam is loaded with uniform dead load of 5 kN/m

and a uniform moving load of 12 kN/m.

• What is the maximum reaction at A due to these loads?

• What is the maximum reaction at B due to these loads?
• What is the maximum reaction at D due to these loads?
• What is the maximum shear at E due to these loads?
• What is the maximum positive moment at E due to these loads?
• What is the maximum negative moment at E due to these
loads?

a)
1 1
RA max = (12+5) (2 𝑥4𝑥1) + 5 (2 𝑥4𝑥 − 0.25)

b)
1
RB max = (12+5) (2 𝑥8𝑥1.25)

RB max =85 KN

c)
1
RB max = 5(0)+(12+5) (2 𝑥3𝑥1)

RC max = 25.5 KN

d)
1 1 1
𝑽𝑬𝒎𝒂𝒙 = (12+5) (2 𝑥2𝑥(−0.5)) + 5 (2 𝑥2𝑥0.5)+(12+5) (2 𝑥4𝑥(−0.25))
𝑽𝑬𝒎𝒂𝒙 =-14.5 KN

e)
1 1
𝑴𝑬𝒎𝒂𝒙 = (12+5) ( 𝑥4𝑥1)+ 5 ( 𝑥4𝑥(−0.5)
2 2
𝑴𝑬𝒎𝒂𝒙 =29 KNm

f)
1 1
−𝑴𝑬𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 5 (2 𝑥4𝑥1) + (12+5) (2 𝑥4𝑥(−0.5))
−𝑴𝑬𝒎𝒂𝒙 =-7 KNm

A 25 m long girder of a bridge is simply supported at the right end

and at 3 m from the left end. It is subjected to a highway load
consisting of a uniformly distributed load and a concentrated load
as follows:

Uniformly distributed load = 9.53 kN/m

Concentrated load for moment = 80 kN

Concentrated load for shear = 115.7 kN

• What is the maximum span positive moment?

• Calculate the maximum support reaction.
• What is the maximum span negative moment?
𝑊𝐿2 𝑊𝐿
𝑀𝐵𝑐 = 12 + 4

9.53𝑥222 80𝑥22
= +
12 4

= -824.37 KNm

(Maximum span positive moment for span BC)

Condition 2:

RA=0, RB+RC=9.53x25+115.7

= 353.95 KN

∑ 𝑀𝑐 = 0

115.7x22+9.53𝑥12.52 − 𝑅𝐵𝑥22 = 0

RB=251.06 KN

(Maximu support reaction)

(80x3+9.53x3x1.5)

=-(240+43)

=-283KNm @B support

(Maximum negative moment)

The beam shown below will carry a moving uniform load of 8.5 kN/m
and a moving concentrated load of 56 kN.

• What is the maximum shear at D due to these loads?

• What is the maximum bending moment at D due to these
loads?

2 1
𝑽𝑫𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 8.5 (3) + (2 (5 + 2)(1)) + 56 (1)

1
𝑴𝑫𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 8.5 (( (6)(−2)) + 56 (-2)
2

𝑴𝑫𝒎𝒂𝒙 =-163 KNm

Example 5

A 15 m long simply-supported beam is subjected to a series of

moving concentrated loads as shown.

• What is the maximum shear at C due to these loads?

• What is the maximum moment at C due to these loads?

CASE 3:
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2 8
𝑽𝒄𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 50 (3) + 40(15) + 30 (0.4)

𝑽𝒄𝒎𝒂𝒙 =66.6667 kN

8 10
𝑴𝒄𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 30 (2)+40(3) + 50 ( 3 )

𝑴𝒄𝒎𝒂𝒙 =333.3333 kNm

1. From the given beam in the figure, using a uniform live load of
18 kN/m and a concentrated live load of 90 KN. Compute the
following using influence line in each case. Use Muller - Breslau's
Principle.

• Maximum reaction at D
• Maximum negative shear at C
• Maximum positive moment at C

• Maximum reaction at D

1
𝑅𝐷𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (2) (2)(6)(18) + (90)(2)

𝑅𝐷𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 288 kN

• Maximum negative shear at C

(−)𝑣𝑐𝑚 = − 129 kN
𝑎𝑥

• Maximum positive moment at C

1 2 2
(+)𝑚𝑐𝑚 = ( ) ( ) (3)(18) + ( ) (90)
𝑎𝑥 2 3 3

(+)𝑚𝑐𝑚 = 78 kN. m
𝑎𝑥

• Maximum moment at C due to dead load plus live load

Uniform dead load is 30 kN/m

𝑀𝐷𝐿 = − 60 kN. m

1
𝑀𝐿𝐿 = (2) (−2)(3)(18) + (−2)(90)

𝑀𝐿𝐿 = - 234 kN.m

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2. A simply supported girder of a bridge spans 25m. The standard
truck load (H load) consists of 2 moving loads, 4.3m apart. The
loads are as follows: P1= 71.2 kN, P2 = 17.8 kN
• Calculate the max. support reaction.
• Calculate the max. moment in the girder.
• Calculate the max. shear at mid-span.

• Calculate the max. support reaction.

∑𝑚𝐵 = 0

𝑅𝐴 = (25) = (71.2)(25) + 17.8(25 − 4 ⋅ 3)

𝑅𝐴 = 85.938 𝑘𝑁

4.30m

25 m

6.25
6.25 4.10

0.50
6.25
0.328

-0.50

𝑚𝑐 = 71.2(6.25) + 17 ⋅ 8(4.10)

𝑚𝑐 = 517.98 kN

• Calculate the max. shear at mid-span.

𝑣𝐶 = 71.2(0.50) + 17.8(0.328)
𝑣𝐶 = 41.438 𝑘𝑁

The beam, as shown below, is loaded with uniform dead load of 5 kN/m, uniform live
load of 15 kN/m and a series of moving concentrated loads as shown below.

a. Determine the maximum shear in point A. VA(max) = 206.875 kN

b. Determine the maximum moment in point A. MA(max) = 1220.625 KN

PRACTICE PROBLEM # 2

A train of 4 wheel loads crosses a simply supported girder of 10 meters span from left to
right. Using influence lines, calculate the maximum positive and negative shear forces
and maximum bending moment at 4m from the left support. Also calculate the
absolute maximum bending moment anywhere in the beam.

ANSWERS :

Vmax(+) = 45 kN

Vmax(-) = 20 kN

TOPIC: ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RESPONSE

ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RESPONSE

- In the previous discussion, the influence line is useful in determining the maximum shear
and moment at a specific point of the beam. However, the values obtained does not
represent actual maximum shear and moment caused by the moving load in the beam.
This section of the chapter will discuss the ways to determine the actual (absolute)
maximum shear and moment due to moving loads.

EXAMPLE 1
Find the Maximum shear and moment using axle loads of 30 kN and 50 kN on a wheel base of
4 m crossing an 8-m span.

R=30+50=80kN

xR=4(30)
x=120/R
x=120/80
x=1.5m

Maximum moment under 30 kN wheel:

ΣMR2=0
8R1=2.75(80)
R1=27.5kN
R2= 52.5
MTotheleftof30kN=2.75R1
MTotheleftof30kN=2.75(27.5)
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MTotheleftof30kN=75.625kN⋅m

SOLUTION FOR SHEAR DIAGRAM

27.5-30 = -2.5
-2.5-50 = -52.5
-52.5+52.5= 0

SOLUTION FOR MOMENT DIAGRAM

27.5(2.75)= 75.625
75.625-2.5(4)=65.625
75.625-65.625-52.5(2.75-1.5)=0

Maximum moment under 50 kN wheel:

ΣMR2=0
8R1=3.25(80)
R1=32.5kN
R2= -47.5

SOLUTION TO SHEAR DIAGRAM

32.5-30=2.5
2.5-50= -47.5

SOLUTION TO MOMENT DIAGRAN

32.5(3.25-2.5)=24.375
32.5(3.25-2.5)+2.5(4)= 34.375
32.5(3.25-2.5)+2.5(4)-47.5(3.25)=-95.625

MTotherightof50kN=3.25R1
MTotherightof50kN=3.25(32.5)
MTotherightof50kN=105.625kN⋅m

Thus, Mmax=105.625kN⋅m answer

The maximum shear will occur when the 50 kN is over a support.

EXAMPLE 2
A truck and trailer combination having an axle load as shown below will pass in the bridge with a
span of 12 m.
• What is the absolute maximum shear in the bridge due to the passing truck?
• What is the absolute maximum moment in the bridge due to the passing truck?
• Determine the location of the absolute maximum moment of the truck from the midspan.

SOLUTIONS:

Determine the magnitude and location of resultant axle load

Absolute maximum shear in the bridge due to the passing truck

ƩMA = 0
RB(12) – 10(4) – 20(5) = 0
RB = 45kN

ƩMB = 0
RA(12) – 10(8) – 20(5) = 0
RA = 15Kn

Vmax(abs) = 45kN

Absolute maximum moment in the bridge due to the passing truck

CASE 1
ƩMA = 0
60(7) – RB(12) = 0
RB = 35kN
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ƩFy = 0
RA + 35 – 60 = 0
RA = 25kN

SOLUTION FOR SHEAR DIAGRAM

25 -10 = 15

15 - 20 = -5

-5 - 30 = 35

-35 - 35 = 0

SOLUTION FOR MOMENT DIAGRAM

25(2) = 50

50 + 15(3) = 95

95 – 5(5) = 70

70 – 35(2) = 0

Mmax = 95kN.m

CASE 2

The 10k load is not placed in the span of the bridge. Therefore, assume that the 20kn and 30kn
are the only loads in the bridge.

RB = 20.833kN

ƩFy = 0
RA + 20.833 – 50 = 0
RA = 29.167kN
SOLUTION FOR SHEAR DIAGRAM

29.167

29.167 – 20 = 9.167

9.167 – 30 = 20.833

SOLUTION FOR MOMENT DIAGRAM

29.167(2) = 58.334

58.334 + 9.167(5) = 104.169

104.169 - 20.833(5) = 0

Mmax = 104.169kN.m

SUMMARY:

A. Vmax(abs)= 45kN
B. Mmax(abs moment) = 104.169kN.m
C. 1m from the mid span

a. What is the absolute maximum shear in the bridge due to the passing truck?
b. What is the absolute maximum moment in the bridge due to the passing truck?
c. Determine the location of the absolute maximum moment of the truck from the right
support.

SOLUTION: Determine the magnitude & location of resultant axle load.

355(𝑥) = 100(0) + 180(5) + 75(8)

𝑥 = 4.225

𝚺𝑴𝑨 = 𝟎(↷=↶)

355(26.225 = 𝑅𝐵 (30)

𝑅𝐵 = 310.329𝑘𝑁

𝚺𝑭𝒚 = 𝟎(↑=↓)

𝐴𝑦 + 310.329 = 355

𝐴𝑦 = 44.671 𝑘𝑁

∴ 𝑽𝐦𝐚𝐱 (𝒂𝒃𝒔) = 𝟑𝟏𝟎. 𝟑𝟐𝟗𝒌𝑵

Case 1

𝚺𝑴𝑨 = 𝟎(↷=↶)

355(15 + 2.113) = 𝑅𝐵 (30)

𝑅𝐵 = 202.504𝑘𝑁

𝚺𝑭𝒚 = 𝟎(↑=↓)

𝑅𝐴 + 202.504 = 355

𝑅𝐴 = 152.496

Shear and Moment Diagram:

152.496 − 100 = 52.496

52.496 − 180 = −127.504
−127.504 − 75 = −202.504
−202.504 + 202.504 = 0

𝚺𝑴𝑨 = 𝟎(↷=↶)

152.496(12.887) = 1965.216
1965.216 + 52.496(5) = 2227.696
2227.696 + (−127.504)(3) = 1845.184
1845.184 + (−202.504)(9.112) = −0.032496 (𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡)

∴ 𝑴𝐦𝐚𝐱 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟕. 𝟔𝟗𝟔 𝒌𝑵 ∙ 𝒎

Case 2

𝚺𝑴𝑨 = 𝟎(↷=↶)

355(10.3875 + 4.225) = 𝑅𝐵 (30)

𝑅𝐵 = 172.915𝑘𝑁

𝑅𝐴 + 172.915 = 355

𝑅𝐴 = 182.085

Shear and Moment Diagram:

182.085 − 100 = 82.085

82.085 − 180 = −97.915
−127.504 − 75 = −172.915
−172.915 + 172.915 = 0

𝚺𝑴𝑨 = 𝟎(↷=↶)

182.085(10.3875) = 1891.408
1891.408 + 82.085(5) = 2301.833
2301.833 + (−97.915)(3) = 2008.088
2008.088 + (−172.915)(11.6125) = 0.1125 (𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓𝑓 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟)

∴ 𝑴𝐦𝐚𝐱 = 𝟐𝟑𝟎𝟏. 𝟖𝟑𝟑 𝒌𝑵 ∙ 𝒎

Summary:

A. ∴ 𝑉max (𝑎𝑏𝑠) = 310.329𝑘𝑁

B. ∴ 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2301.833 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
C. 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡 = 3 + 11.6125 = 14.6125𝑚

1. A tractor weighing 300 lb, with a wheelbase of 9 ft, carries 1800 lb of its load on the rear
wheels. Compute the maximum moment and the maximum shear when crossing a 14 ft-
span.

ANSWER:

Mmax = 6300 lb.ft

Vmax = 2228. 57 lb

2. A truck with axle loads of 40 kN and 60 kN on a wheel base of 5 m rolls across a 10-m
span. Compute the maximum bending moment and the maximum shearing force.

ANSWER:

Mmax=160kN⋅m

Vmax= 80KN

3. The four equal loads of 150 kN, each equally spaced at apart 2m and UDL of 60 kN /mat
a distance of 1.5m from the last 150 kN loads cross a girder of 20m from span R to L.
Calculate the maximum bending moment and maximum shearing force at a section of
8m from L.H.S support when leading of 150 kN 5m from L.H.S.

ANSWER:

Mmax = 2995 kN.m

Vmax = 144 kN

Overview:

The Area Moment Method is a structural analysis technique used to calculate the
deflection of beams subjected to different loading conditions. It utilizes the concept of
integrating the area under the bending moment diagram to determine beam
deflections.

Learning Objectives:

1. Understand the basic principles of the Area Moment Method.

2. Learn how to calculate beam deflections using the Area Moment Method.
3. Apply the method to solve deflection problems for beams subjected to various loading
conditions.
4. Gain proficiency in interpreting results obtained from the Area Moment Method.

1. Introduction to Deflection Analysis:

1. Define deflection in structural engineering as the displacement of a

structural element under load.
2. Significance: Discuss why deflection analysis is crucial for ensuring
structural integrity, safety, and performance of buildings and other
structures.
3. Overview of methods: Briefly introduce various methods used for
deflection analysis, such as the moment area method, conjugate beam
method, and finite element analysis.

2. Basic Concepts of the Area Moment Method:

a. Moment-curvature relationship: Explain how bending moments induce

curvature in beams, leading to deflection.
b. Derivation of the basic equation: Start with the differential equation
governing beam deflection and derive the equation for beam deflection
using the Area Moment Method.

3. Procedure for Analysis:

THEORY OF STRUCTURES
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a. Step-by-step guide: Outline the systematic approach for applying the Area
Moment Method, including:
i. Identifying support conditions (e.g., simply supported, fixed,
cantilever).
ii. Determining the type and distribution of loads acting on the beam.
iii. Calculating the moment of inertia of the beam cross-section.
iv. Constructing the bending moment diagram.

4. Integration of Moment Diagram:

a. Introduction to integration: Provide a brief overview of integration

techniques relevant to the Area Moment Method.
b. Interpretation of the moment diagram: Explain how to interpret the
bending moment diagram and its relationship to beam deflection.
c. Calculation of deflection: Describe the process of integrating the bending
moment diagram to obtain the equation for beam deflection.

5. Application Examples:

a. Solved examples: Present a series of example problems covering different

loading conditions, including:
i. Uniformly distributed load on a simply supported beam.
ii. Point loads on a cantilever beam.
iii. Varying distributed loads on a continuous beam.
iv. Combination of point loads and distributed loads.
b. Walk through each example step-by-step, demonstrating how to apply the
Area Moment Method to calculate beam deflection.

6. Limitations and Assumptions:

a. Discuss the assumptions made in using the Area Moment Method, such as
linear elastic behavior and small deflections.
b. Address the limitations of the method, such as its applicability to certain
beam geometries and loading conditions.

a. Introduction to software tools: Provide an overview of software programs

commonly used for structural analysis, such as SAP2000, ETABS, and
Staad.Pro, which incorporate the Area Moment Method for deflection
analysis.
b. Recommended resources: Suggest textbooks, academic papers, and online
resources for further reading and study on the Area Moment Method and
deflection analysis in structural engineering.
EXAMPLES:

The cantilever beam shown in Fig. has a rectangular cross-section 50 mm wide by h mm

high. Find the height h if the maximum deflection is not to exceed 10 mm. Use E = 10
GPa.

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For the beam in Figure, find the value of EIδ at 2 ft from R2. (Hint: Draw the reference
tangent to the elastic curve at R2.)

THEORY OF STRUCTURES
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THEORY OF STRUCTURES
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z

Find the value of EIδ under each concentrated load of the beam shown in Fig.

Find the value of EIδ at the point of application of the 200 N·m couple in Fig.

Conclusion:

The Area Moment Method is a fundamental technique in structural engineering for

analyzing beam deflections. Mastering this method enables engineers to accurately
predict and design structures that meet performance requirements.

This module provides a comprehensive overview of the Area Moment Method,

covering basic principles, analysis procedures, application examples, and practical
exercises to enhance understanding and proficiency in deflection analysis.

A more convenient way of computing slopes and deflections was developed in 1868 by Otto
Mohr. Systematic sign convention and direct application was provided by this method which does not
require the need of drawing or sketching the elastic curve of the structure

In this method, the conjugate beam will be drawn and the M/EI diagram of the original beam will
be its load. The shear at any point of the conjugate beam corresponds to the slope at that point in the real
beam while the moment at any point of the conjugate beam corresponds to the deflection at that point in
the real beam.

1. Establish the moment diagram (recommended: moment diagram by parts) of the real beam. If the beam
is non-prismatic, adjust the shape to make it as prismatic beam.
2. Sketch the conjugate beam and place the moment diagram as its load.
3. Compute the support and internal pin reactions of the conjugate beam if necessary.
4. To determine the slope at any point of the real beam, solve for the shear of that point in the conjugate
beam. To solve for the deflection at any point of the real beam, solve for the moment of that point. The
sign convention for internal shear and moment of the beam must be followed.
5. To solve for the maximum deflection of the beam, solve for the maximum moment in the conjugate
beam (RECALL: The point of maximum moment is equal to the point of zero shear)

SIGN CONVENTIONS

The positive ordinates of the M/EI diagram are applied to the conjugate beam as positive loads
and vice versa. The negative shear in the conjugate beam denotes a negative or counterclockwise slope of
the real beam with respect to the undeformed axis of the real beam. Moreover, the positive bending
moment in the conjugate beam denotes an upward deflection of the real beam with respect to the
undeformed axis of the real beam and vice versa.

SAMPLE PROBLEMS

1) For the beam in Figure, find the value of EIδ at 2 ft from R2

Solving for reactions

ΣMR2 = 0

6R1 = 80(4)(4)

R1 = 213.33 lb

ΣMR1 = 0

6R2 = 80(4)(2)

R2 = 106.67 lb

ΣMA = 0

6F2 + 13(4)(640)[34(4)] = 12(4)(853.33)[23(4)] + 12(2)(213.33)[4 + 13(2)]

F2 = 497.77lb. ft2

MB = 12(2)(213.33[13(2)] − 2F2

MB = 12(2)(213.33[13(2)] − 2(497.77)

MB = −853.32 lb ⋅ ft3

Thus, the deflection at B is

EIδB = −853.32 lb ⋅ ft3

EIδB = 853.32 lb ⋅ ft3 downward

2) Determine the maximum deflection for the beam shown in Fig. 6.17(a) by the conjugate-beam method.

𝑥𝑚 =8.16m

1 1 8.16
Mmax = MD = [−1333.33(8.16) + (40)(8.16)2 ( )]
EI 2 3

7244.51 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚3
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = −
𝐸𝐼

Therefore, the maximum deflection of the real beam is

7244.51 𝑘𝑁∙𝑚3 7244.51

∆max = − =-−
𝐸𝐼 (200)(700)

∆max =-0.0157m or -51.7mm

TOPIC:Virtual Work Method

The Virtual Work Method is a powerful analytical tool used in the field of
structural engineering to analyze the behavior of structures under various loading
conditions. It is based on the principle of virtual displacements, where the actual
displacements of a structure are replaced by hypothetical displacements called
virtual displacements.

By applying the principle of virtual work, engineers can determine the

internal forces and moments within a structure by considering the work done by
external loads and internal forces over the virtual displacements. This method
allows for a systematic approach to analyze complex structures, making it a
valuable tool in structural analysis and design.

Learning Objectives

⚫ Learning how to derive equilibrium equations using the principle of virtual

work

⚫ Applying virtual work method to solve indeterminate structures

⚫ Studying the relationship between external work and internal strains/forces in

structures

⚫ Understanding the assumptions and limitations of virtual work method

Principle of Virtual Work

-The principle of virtual work was developed by John Bernoulli in 1717 and
is sometimes referred to as the unit-load method. It provides a general means of
obtaining the displacement and slope at specific point on a structure, be it beam,
frame, or truss.

∑𝑃∆ = 𝛴𝑢𝛿
Work of Work of

External Loads Internal Loads

Virtual Work Method: Beams

The general formula to determine the slope (rotation) or deflection at any point of
the beam using virtual work is:
𝑚𝑀
1. ∆ 𝑜𝑟 𝜃 = ∑ ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝐸𝐼

Where:

1 = external virtual load acting on the beam in the direction of displacement ∆

θ = slope on a particular point

m = internal virtual moment in the beam, expressed as function of x and caused by

the external virtual unit load

M = internal moment in the beam, expressed as a function of x and caused by real

loads

EI = flexural rigidity

Procedures for Analysis

1. Establish the moment function(s) of the beam due to the real load.

2. Apply a unit load at the point where the slope or deflection will be solved. A
unit moment will be applied if the question is the deflection. The direction of the
unit load will be assumed first

3. Establish a tabular presentation of the solution. Solve the data for the last
column using

Segment M m EI 𝑚𝑀
∫ 𝑚𝑀 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝐸𝐼

0 to 𝑋1

𝑋1 to 𝑋2

4. Take the sum of the data in the last column to determine the slope or deflection.
If the sum is negative, it means that the actual direction of slope or deflection is
opposite to the assumed direction of the unit load.

Consider the beam loaded as shown

a. Determine the displacement at free end A.

b. Determine the slope at support B.

Solution :

1. Solving the reaction.

2. Let us construct the Moment Equation per span loading, in this solution we are
going to let point A as our reference point (My preference only, you can establish
your own origin in constructing your own equation).

⚫ For span loading AB, we pass a cutting line a-a on the beam within span AB.

⚫ For span loading BC, we pass a cutting line b-b on the beam within span BC.

⚫ For span loading CD, we pass a cutting line c-c on the beam within span CD.

⚫ For span loading DE, we pass a cutting line d-d on the beam within span DE.

3. Let us now construct the moment equation per span loading due to virtual load
1kN, applied downward on A. (We are calculating the deflection at point A;
hence virtual load should be applied at point A).
THEORY OF STRUCTURES
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4. Support reactions is solved using conventional equation of equilibrium

5. Take note that our reference is point A, hence all limits of integration should
be measured on that point.

6. Positive answer means the direction of displacement is the same direction with
the applied virtual unit load.

Tabular Presentation

Segment M m EI 𝑚𝑀
∫ 𝑚𝑀 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝐸𝐼
AB -4x -x 85.333 kN ⋅ m3 EI 85.333 kN ⋅ 𝑚3
𝐸𝐼
(0≤x≤4)

BC 1.9x-23.6 0.4x – 5.6 160.213 kN EI 160.213 kN ⋅ 𝑚3

⋅ m3 𝐸𝐼
(4≤x≤8)

CD 1.9x − 23.6 0.4x – 5.6 41.76 kN ⋅ m3 EI 41.76 kN ⋅ 𝑚3

− (x − 8)3 𝐸𝐼
(8≤x≤14)

DE 6x − 93 0 0 EI 0
− (x − 14)2
(14≤x≤17)

∆𝐴
𝑚𝑀 287.306 kN⋅𝑚3
= ∑∫ 𝑑𝑥 ∆𝐴 =
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼

Consider the beam loaded as shown. EI =150000 kn ⋅ m2

a. What is the deflection at C?

b. What is the slope at C?

c. What is the deflection at B?

d. What is the slope at B?

Solution :

1. Solving the reaction.

4. Support reactions is solved using conventional equation of equilibrium

5. Take note that our reference is point A, hence all limits of integration should
be measured on that point.

Tabular Presentation in getting the deflection at C

Segment M m EI 𝑚𝑀
∫ 𝑚𝑀 𝑑𝑥 (𝑘𝑛 ⋅ 𝑚3 ) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝐸𝐼

AC 180x − 540 − 15x 2 x−6 4860 kN ⋅ m3 150000 kn ⋅ m2 0.0324 m

(0≤x≤6)

a.) What is the deflection at C?

δC = 0.0324m or 32.4mm

Tabular Presentation in getting the slope at C

Segment M m EI 𝑚𝑀
∫ 𝑚𝑀 𝑑𝑥 (𝑘𝑛 ⋅ 𝑚3 ) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝐸𝐼

AC 180x − 540 − 15x 2 -1 1080 kN ⋅ m3 150000 kn ⋅ m2 0.0072 rad

(0≤x≤6)

b.) What is the slope at C?

θC = 0.0072 rad ↻

Segment M m EI 𝑚𝑀
∫ 𝑚𝑀 𝑑𝑥 (𝑘𝑛 ⋅ 𝑚3 ) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝐸𝐼

AC 180x − 540 − 15x 2 x−3 1721.25 kN ⋅ m3 150000 kn ⋅ m2 0.011475 m

(0≤x≤3)

BC 180x − 540 − 15x 2 0 0 150000 kn ⋅ m2 0

(3≤x≤6)

c.) What is the deflection at B?

δB = 0.011457m or 11.457mm

Tabular Presentation in getting the slope at B

Segment M m EI 𝑚𝑀
∫ 𝑚𝑀 𝑑𝑥 (𝑘𝑛 ⋅ 𝑚3 ) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝐸𝐼

AC 180x − 540 − 15x 2 -1 945 kN ⋅ m3 150000 kn ⋅ m2 0.0063 rad

(0≤x≤3)

BC 180x − 540 − 15x 2 0 0 150000 kn ⋅ m2 0

(3≤x≤6)

d.) What is the slope at B?

θB = 0.0063 rad ↻

Problem 3

Consider the non-prismatic beam loaded as shown.

b. What is the slope at C?

c. What is the deflection at B?

d. What is the slope at B?

1. Solving the reaction.

⚫ For span loading AB, we pass a cutting line a-a on the beam within span AB.

⚫ For span loading BC, we pass a cutting line b-b on the beam within span BC.

⚫ For span loading CD, we pass a cutting line c-c on the beam within span CD.

⚫ For span loading DE, we pass a cutting line d-d on the beam within span DE.

THEORY OF STRUCTURES
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3. Let us now construct the moment equation per span loading due to virtual load
1kN, applied downward on A. (We are calculating the deflection at point A;
hence virtual load should be applied at point A).

4. Support reactions is solved using conventional equation of equilibrium

5. Take note that our reference is point A, hence all limits of integration should
be measured on that point.

6. Positive answer means the direction of displacement is the same direction with
the applied virtual unit load.

Tabular Presentation in getting the deflection at C

Segment M m EI 𝑚𝑀
∫ 𝑚𝑀 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝐸𝐼
AB 43.25x 0.6x 69.2 2EI 34.6 kN ⋅ 𝑚3
𝐸𝐼
(0≤x≤2)

BC 43.25x − 40(x 0.6x 324.4 2EI 162.2 kN ⋅ 𝑚3

− 2) 𝐸𝐼
(2≤x≤4)

CD 43.25x − 40(x 0.6x − (x 491.85 EI 491.85 kN ⋅ 𝑚3

− 2) − 2.5(x − 4) 𝐸𝐼
(4≤x≤7) − 4)2

DE 43.25x − 40(x 0.6x − (x 112.5 EI 112.5 kN ⋅ 𝑚3

− 2) − 2.5(x − 4)
𝐸𝐼
(7≤x≤10) 5
− 4)2 − (x − 7)3
6

a.)What is the deflection at C?

Tabular Presentation in getting the slope at C

Segment M m EI 𝑚𝑀
∫ 𝑚𝑀 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝐸𝐼
AB 43.25x −0.1x −11.5333 2EI −5.7667
𝐸𝐼
(0≤x≤2)

BC 43.25x − 40(x −0.1x −54.0667 2EI −27.0334

− 2) 𝐸𝐼
(2≤x≤4)

CD 43.25x − 40(x 1 − 0.1x 122.9625 EI 122.9625

− 2) − 2.5(x 𝐸𝐼
(4≤x≤7) − 4)2

DE 43.25x − 40(x 1−0.1x 28.125 EI 28.125

− 2) − 2.5(x 𝐸𝐼
(7≤x≤10) 5
− 4)2 − (x − 7)3
6

b.) What is the slope at C?

118.2874
𝜃𝐶 = ↻
𝐸𝐼

Tabular Presentation in getting the deflection at B

Segment M m EI 𝑚𝑀
∫ 𝑚𝑀 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝐸𝐼
AB 43.25x 0.8x 92.2667 2EI 46.1334kN ⋅ 𝑚3
𝐸𝐼
THEORY OF STRUCTURES
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(0≤x≤2)

BC 43.25x − 40(x 0.8x − (x 250.8667 2EI 125.4334kN ⋅ 𝑚3

− 2) − 2) 𝐸𝐼
(2≤x≤4)

CD 43.25x − 40(x 0.8x − (x 245.925 EI 245.925 kN ⋅ 𝑚3

− 2) − 2.5(x − 2) 𝐸𝐼
(4≤x≤7) − 4)2

DE 43.25x − 40(x 0.8x − (x 56.25 EI 56.25 kN ⋅ 𝑚3

− 2) − 2.5(x − 2) 𝐸𝐼
(7≤x≤10) 5
− 4)2 − (x − 7)3
6

c.) What is the deflection at B?

473.7418
δB = ↓
EI

Tabular Presentation in getting the slope at B

Segment M m EI 𝑚𝑀
∫ 𝑚𝑀 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝐸𝐼
AB 43.25x −0.1x −11.5333 2EI −5.7667
𝐸𝐼
(0≤x≤2)

BC 43.25x − 40(x 1 − 0.1x 125.4333 2EI 62.7167

− 2) 𝐸𝐼
(2≤x≤4)

DE 43.25x − 40(x 1−0.1x 28.125 EI 28.125

− 2) − 2.5(x 𝐸𝐼
(7≤x≤10) 5
− 4)2 − (x − 7)3
6

d.) What is the slope at B?

208.0375
𝜃𝐵 = ↻
𝐸𝐼

Problem 4

Consider the beam loaded as shown.

a. Determine the slope at F.

268.7125
⚫ 𝐸𝐼

b. Determine the deflection at C.

792.345
⚫ 𝐸𝐼

c. Determine the deflection at D.

605.499
⚫ 𝐸𝐼

d. Determine the deflection at E.

264.3845
⚫ 𝐸𝐼

Problem 5

THEORY OF STRUCTURES
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The non prismatic compound beam is loaded on the figure shown. Span ABC has a
flexural rigidity equal to EI while span CD has a flexural rigidity equal to 1.50EI.
Determine the deflection at C.

Deflection at C
164.8889
⚫ 𝐸𝐼

Analysis of Space Truss

A space truss is a structure made up of interconnected members forming

triangular units in three-dimensional space. It is a type of structure commonly
THEORY OF STRUCTURES
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used in civil engineering and architecture for its ability to efficiently distribute
loads and resist forces.

Space trusses are essential in the theory of structures as they provide

strength, stability, and rigidity to buildings and other structures. By analyzing the
forces and stresses acting on each member of the truss, engineers can design
structures that can withstand various loads and environmental conditions.

Learning Objectives

⚫ Understand the basic principles of space trusses in structural engineering

⚫ Identify different types of space trusses and their applications

⚫ Learn how to analyze forces and stresses in space trusses

⚫ Explore the concept of equilibrium in space truss systems

⚫ Understand the importance of space trusses in modern structural design

Space trusses, because of their shape, arrangement of members, or applied

loading, cannot be subdivided into plane trusses for the purpose of analysis and
must be therefore, be analyzed as three-dimensional structures subjected to
three-dimensional force systems.

∑Fx = 0 ∑Fy = 0 ∑Fz = 0

∑Mx = 0 ∑My = 0 ∑Mz = 0

The analysis of space trusses can be expedited by identifying the zero members
by inspection.

1. If all but one of the members connected to a joint lie in a single plane and no
external loads or reactions are applied to the joint, then the force in the member
that is not coplanar is zero.
THEORY OF STRUCTURES
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2. If all but two of the members connected to a joint have zero force and no
external loads or reactions are applied to the joint, then unless the two remaining
members are collinear, the force in each of them is also zero.

Example 2

∑𝑀𝑏𝑧 = 0 ∑𝐹𝑧 = 0

𝐴𝑦 (12) − 25(6) = 0 𝐵𝑧 + 15 = 0

𝐴𝑦 = 12.5 𝑘 𝐵𝑧 = −15 𝑘
𝐵𝑧 = 15 𝑘 (↗)

∑𝑀𝑐𝑥 = 0 ∑𝑀𝑐𝑦 = 0

𝐵𝑦 (6) + 𝐴𝑦 (6) − 25(3) − 15(12) = 0 −𝐵𝑥 (6) − 15(6) = 0

𝐵𝑦 = 30 𝑘 𝐵𝑥 = −15 𝑘

𝐵𝑥 = 15 𝑘 (←)

∑𝑀𝑏𝑥 = 0 ∑𝐹𝑥 = 0

−𝐶𝑦 (12) + 25(3) − 15(12) = 0 𝐶𝑥 − 𝐵𝑥 = 0

𝐶𝑦 = −17.5 𝑘 𝐶𝑥 = 15 𝑘

𝐶𝑦 = 17.5 𝑘 (↓)

Considering Joint B:

𝐹𝐷𝐸 = 0

𝐹𝐴𝐷 = 0

𝐹𝐶𝐷 = 0

B X Y Z L

BA= < -12 0 0> L=12ft

BC= <0 0 -6> L=6ft

BE= <-6 12 -3> L = 3√21ft

∑Fx = 0
−12 −6
−15 + FBA ( ) + (−34.37)( )=0
12 3√21
𝐹𝐵𝐴 = 0.000298 𝑘 ≈ 0

∑Fy = 0

12
30 + FBE ( )=0
3√21
𝐹𝐵𝐸 = −34.37𝑘 = 34.37𝑘 (𝐶)

∑Fz = 0

Considering Joint A:

A X Y Z L

AE= <6 12 -3> L = 3√21ft

AD= <0 0 -6> L= 6 ft

AC= <12 0 -6> L = 6√5ft

∑Fx = 0
6 12
−14.32( ) + FAC ( )=0
3√21 6√5
𝐹𝐴𝐶 = 6.99𝑘 (𝑇)

∑Fy = 0

12
12.5 + FAE ( )=0
3√21
𝐹𝐴𝐸 = −14.32𝑘 = 14.32𝑘 (𝐶)

∑Fz = 0
THEORY OF STRUCTURES
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−3 −6 −6
−14.32( ) + FAD ( ) + 6.99( )=0
3√21 6 6√5
𝐹𝐴𝐷 = 0.0011428𝑘 ≈ 0

Considering Joint D:

D X Y Z L

DE= <6 12 3> L = 3√21ft

DC= <12 0 0> L= 12 ft

∑Fx = 0 6
𝐹𝐷𝐸 ( )=0
6 12 3√21
0( ) + FDC ( ) = 0
3√21 12 𝐹𝐷𝐸 = 0

𝐹𝐷𝐶 = 0

∑Fy = 0

E X Y Z L

EA= <6 -12 -3> L = 3√21ft

EB= <6 12 3> L = 3√21ft

EC= <-6 -12 3> L = 3√21ft

∑Fx = 0
6 6 −6
𝐹𝐸𝐶 ( ) + (−34.37)( ) + (−14.32)( )=0
3√21 3√21 3√21
𝐹𝐸𝐶 = 20.05𝑘 (𝑇)

Example 3.

∑Fz = 0 ∑Mx = 0 ↻ +

𝐴𝑧 − 600 = 0 −By (8) − Cy (8) + 600(8) = 0

𝐴𝑧 = 600 𝑙𝑏 (𝐶) 𝐵𝑦 = 600 𝑙𝑏 (𝑇)

∑My = 0 ↻ + ∑Fx = 0

−Bx (8) + 600(4) = 0 −Ax + Bx = 0

𝐵𝑥 = 300𝑙𝑏 (𝑇) 𝐴𝑥 = 300 𝑙𝑏 (𝐶)

∑Mz = 0 ↻ + ∑Fy = 0

𝐶𝑦 (8) = 0 𝐴𝑦 − 𝐵𝑦 − 𝐶𝑦 = 0

𝐶𝑦 = 0 𝐴𝑦 = 600𝑙𝑏 (𝐶)

Projections:

AB 0 0 8 8

BC 8 0 0 8

CD 0 0 8 8

AD 8 0 0 8

AC 8 0 8 11.31

AE 4 8 0 8.94

BE 4 8 8 12

CE 0 0 8 8

DE 4 8 0 8.94

Considering Joint B:

B X Y Z L

BA= <0 0 -8> L = 8 ft

BC= <8 0 0> L = 8 ft

BE= <-4 8 -8> L = 12ft

∑Fy = 0 ∑Fz = 0

8 −8 −8
−600 + FBE ( ) = 0 𝐹𝐵𝐴 ( ) + 900( ) = 0
12 8 12
𝐹𝐵𝐸 = 900𝑙𝑏 (𝑇) 𝐹𝐵𝐴 = −600𝑙𝑏 = 600𝑙𝑏 (𝐶)

Considering Joint C:

C X Y Z L

CA= <8 0 -8> L = 8√2 ft

CD= <0 0 -8> L = 8 ft

CE= <4 8 -8> L = 12ft

∑Fx = 0 ∑Fy = 0
8 4 8
𝐹𝐶𝐴 ( ) + 0( ) = 0 𝐹𝐶𝐸 ( ) = 0
8√2 12 12
𝐹𝐶𝐴 = 0 𝐹𝐶𝐸 = 0

∑Fz = 0
−8 −8 −8
0( ) + 𝐹𝐶𝐷 ( ) + 0( ) = 0
8√2 8 12

𝐹𝐶𝐷 = 0

Considering Joint D:
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D X Y Z L

DA= <8 0 0> L = 8 ft

DE= <4 8 0> L = 4√5 ft

∑Fx = 0
8 4
𝐹𝐷𝐴 ( ) + 0( )=0
8 4√5
𝐹𝐷𝐴 = 0

∑Fy = 0

8
𝐹𝐷𝐸 ( )=0
4√5
𝐹𝐷𝐸 = 0

E X Y Z L

EB= <4 -8 8> L = 12 ft

EA= <4 -8 0> L = 4√5 ft

∑Fx = 0
4 4
900( ) + 𝐹𝐸𝐴 ( )=0
12 4√5
𝐹𝐸𝐴 = −670.82𝑙𝑏 = 670.82𝑙𝑏 (𝐶)

PRACTICE PROBLEM

Determine the support reactions and its members from the figure below,

ANSWERS

𝐴𝑧 = 600 𝑙𝑏 (𝐶) 𝐵𝑦 = 600 𝑙𝑏 (𝑇)

𝐵𝑥 = 300𝑙𝑏 (𝑇) 𝐴𝑥 = 300 𝑙𝑏 (𝐶)

𝐶𝑦 = 0 𝐴𝑦 = 600𝑙𝑏 (𝐶)

𝐹𝐵𝐶 = 0 𝐹𝐵𝐸 = 900𝑙𝑏 (𝑇)

𝐹𝐶𝐸 = 0 𝐹𝐶𝐷 = 0

𝐹𝐷𝐴 = 0 𝐹𝐷𝐸 = 0

𝐹𝐸𝐴 = −670.82𝑙𝑏 = 670.82𝑙𝑏 (𝐶)

THEORY OF STRUCTURES
This document is a property of University of Saint Louis Tuguegarao. It must not be reproduced or transmitted in any form, in whole or in part, without expressed written permission.
PRACTICE PROBLEM
1. The cantilever beam shown in the figure has a given a data of E=29,000 ksi and I=280 in 4. Using the
conjugate beam method;
a. Determine the slope at A. θA=0.0038rad
b. Determine the deflection at point A. ΔB=1.01↓

2. Determine the slope and deflection at point B of the steel beam shown in the figure. The reaction have
been computed. E= 29x103 ksi and I= 800 in4

Slope at B = -0.00349rad
Deflection at point B = -0.0873ft = -1.05 in

3. Determine the maximum deflection of the steel beam shown in the figure. The reaction have been
computed. E=200GPa, I=60x106mm4.

Deflection= -0.0168 m = -16.8 mm

Analysis of Restrained Beams

A restrained (or doubly restrained) beam is a type of beam that has fixed support
on both ends of the beam. Usually, it is considered as a statically indeterminate beam to
the second degree, thus the beam has two redundant reactions.

Principles of Superposition for Fixed End Moments (FEM)

There are many ways to calculate the Fixed End Moments of a restrained beam,
such as the Deflection Method, but due to the advantage of calculators that can perform
definite integration, we are going to use the Principle of Superposition to calculate the
FEM.

The first requirement to perform the method of superposition is to memorize the

formula for FEM due to concentrated load.

• For Concentrated Load

𝑃𝑎𝑏 2 𝑃𝑎2 𝑏
𝑀𝐴 = 2 𝑀𝐵 = 2
𝐿 𝐿
where,

𝑀𝐴 = fixed end moment at left; point A

𝑀𝐵 = fixed end moment at right; point B
𝑃 = concentrated load
a = the distance of P to the left end part beam
b = the distance of P to the right end part beam
L = total length of the beam

• For Distributed Load

Use the working formula:

(𝑤𝑑𝑥)(𝑥)(𝐿 − 𝑥)2 (𝑤𝑑𝑥)(𝑥 2 )(𝐿 − 𝑥)

𝑑𝑀𝐴 = 𝑑𝑀𝐵 =
𝐿2 𝐿2

𝑥2 𝑥2
𝑤𝑥(𝐿 − 𝑥) 2 𝑤𝑥 2 (𝐿 − 𝑥)
𝑀𝐴 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑀𝐵 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝐿2 𝐿2
𝑥1 𝑥1

where,

𝑀𝐴 = fixed end moment at left; point A

𝑀𝐵 = fixed end moment at right; point B
𝑤 = magnitude of the strip?
𝑥 =
2𝑥
∫𝑥1 𝑑𝑥 =

𝐿 = total length of the beam

• For Concentrated Clockwise Moment

• For Concentrated Counterclockwise Moment

𝑀𝐴 = fixed end moment at left; point A

𝑀𝐵 = fixed end moment at right; point B
𝑀 = moment concentrated load
𝐿 = total length of the beam
a = the distance of P to the left end part beam
b = the distance of P to the right end part beam

• For Propped Beams

𝑀𝐴 = 𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐴 + 1⁄2 𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐵 ; 𝑀𝐵 = 0

THEORY OF STRUCTURES
This document is a property of University of Saint Louis Tuguegarao. It must not be reproduced or transmitted in any form, in whole or in part, without expressed written permission.
EXAMPLE 1:
Consider the restrained beam loaded as shown. (EI is constant)
a. Determine the Fixed End Moment by Principle of Superposition.

Given:
𝑃1 = 20 𝑘𝑁 𝑹𝑩
𝑹𝑨
𝑃2 = 25 𝑘𝑁

Solution:
To get the fixed end moment at point A and B, use the equation,
𝑷𝒂𝒃𝟐 ; 𝑷𝒂𝟐 𝒃
𝑴𝑨 = 𝑴𝑩 =
𝑳𝟐 𝑳𝟐

20 (4)(9)2 25 (9)(4)2
𝑀𝐴 = 𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐴 = + = 59. 65 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
132 132
20 (4)2 (9) 25 (9)2(4)
𝑀𝐵 = 𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐵 = + = 64. 97 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
132 132

Then, use the equilibrium conditions to obtain the reaction A and B.

∑𝑀𝐴 = 0 [𝐶𝑤 (+), 𝐶𝑐𝑤(−)]

− 𝑅𝐵 (13) + 20(2) + 25(9) = 0

𝑅𝐵 = 20. 38 𝑘𝑁

∑𝐹𝑦 = 0 [ (+), (−)]

𝑅𝐴 = 24. 62 𝑘𝑁

EXAMPLE 2:
Consider the propped beam loaded as shown. (EI is constant)
a. Determine the support reaction.
b. Determine the fixed end moments.

To get the fixed end moment at point A and B, use the equation,
𝑷𝒂𝒃𝟐 𝑷𝒂𝟐 𝒃
𝑴𝑨 = 𝑴𝑩 =
𝑳𝟐 𝑳𝟐
𝒙 𝒘𝒙(𝑳−𝒙)𝟐 𝒙 𝒘𝒙𝟐 (𝑳−𝒙)
𝑴𝑨 = ∫𝒙 𝟐 𝑳𝟐
𝒅𝒙 ; 𝑴𝑩 = ∫𝒙 𝟐 𝑳𝟐
𝒅𝒙
𝟏 𝟏

Therefore,

50 (2)(4)2 4 25 (9)(4)2 −25 (2)[2−2(4)]2

𝑀𝐴 = 𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐴 = + ∫0 + = 79. 44 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
62 62 62

50 (2)2 (4) 4 12 (2+𝑥)2 (4−𝑥) −25 (4)[2(2)− 4]

𝑀𝐴 = 𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐴 = + ∫0 + = 62. 22 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
62 62 62

Then, use the equilibrium conditions to obtain the reaction A and B.

∑𝑀𝐴 = 0 [𝐶𝑤 (+), 𝐶𝑐𝑤(−)]

− 𝑅𝐵 (6) + 50(2) + 15(4)(4) − 25 − 79.44 + 62.22 = 0

𝑅𝐵 = 49.63 𝑘𝑁

𝑅𝐴 + 49.63 − 50 − 15(4) = 0

𝑅𝐴 = 60. 37 𝑘𝑁

EXAMPLE 3:
Consider the restrained beam loaded as shown. (EI is constant)

a. Determine the moment at A in kN-m.

b. Determine the moment at B in kN-m.

c. Determine the point of zero shear from point A in meter.

d. Determine the maximum positive moment (kN-m) in the beam.

Getting the height of the strip:

20
𝑦= 𝑥 = 4𝑥
5
To get the fixed end moment at point A and B, use the equation,
𝒙 𝒘𝒙(𝑳−𝒙)𝟐 𝒙 𝒘𝒙𝟐 (𝑳−𝒙)
𝑴𝑨 = ∫𝒙 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 ; 𝑴𝑩 = ∫𝒙 𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝟏 𝑳𝟐 𝟏 𝑳𝟐

Therefore,

5 20 (𝑥)(10−𝑥)2 5 4𝑥 (10−𝑥)(𝑥)2
𝑀𝐴 = 𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐴 = ∫0 + ∫0 = 152. 08 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
102 102

5 20 (𝑥)2 (10−𝑥) 5 4𝑥 (10−𝑥)2 (𝑥)

𝑀𝐵 = 𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐵 = ∫0 + ∫0 = 118. 75 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
102 102

∑𝑀𝐴 = 0 [𝐶𝑤 (+), 𝐶𝑐𝑤(−)]

20 2 1 5
− 𝑅𝐵 (10) + (5 ) + (20)(5) ( + 5) − 152.08 + 118.75 = 0
2 2 3

𝑅𝐵 = 55 𝑘𝑁

∑𝐹𝑦 = 0 [ (+), (−)]

1
𝑅𝐴 + 55 − 20 (5) − (20)(5) = 0
2

𝑅𝐴 = 95 𝑘𝑁

Checking for the position of zero-shear:

95 − 20(5) = −5 𝑘𝑁

Zero Shear is within the rectangular:

20 Kn/m

x V
95 kN

𝑣 = 95 − 20(𝑥)
𝑜 = 95 − 20(𝑥)

𝑥 = 4.75 𝑚

For maximum positive moment of the beam:

THEORY OF STRUCTURES
This document is a property of University of Saint Louis Tuguegarao. It must not be reproduced or transmitted in any form, in whole or in part, without expressed written permission.
20
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 95 (4.25) − (4.25)2 − 152.08
2
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 73. 545 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
EXAMPLE 4:
Consider the propped beam loaded as shown. (EI is constant)
a. Determine the moment at A in kN-m.
b. Determine the reaction at C in kN.
c. Determine the maximum moment (kN-m) in the beam.
d. Determine the point of contra-flexure from point A in meter.

Getting the height of the strip:

2 𝑥
𝑦= 𝑥=
10 5

To get the fixed end moment at point A and B, use the equation,
𝒙 𝒘𝒙(𝑳−𝒙)𝟐 𝒙 𝒘𝒙𝟐 (𝑳−𝒙)
𝑴𝑨 = ∫𝒙 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 ; 𝑴𝑩 = ∫𝒙 𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝟏 𝑳𝟐 𝟏 𝑳𝟐

Therefore,
10 16 𝑥 2
8 (10 − 𝑥)(𝑥 + 5) (10 − 𝑥)(𝑥 + 5) 2
𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐴 = ∫ + ∫ 5 = 148. 89 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
152 152
0 0

1
𝑀𝐴 = 148. 09 + (95. 56) = 196. 67 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
2
Then, use the equilibrium conditions to obtain the reaction A and B.

∑𝑀𝐴 = 0 [𝐶𝑤 (+), 𝐶𝑐𝑤(−)]

8 2
− 𝑅𝑐 (15) + (10)2 + (10)2 − 146.67 = 0
2 6
𝑅𝐶 = 15.78 𝑘𝑁

For Mmax:

X/5
8 Kn/m

x 5
15. 78 kN

8 𝑥
𝑀 = − (𝑥)2 + (𝑥)2 + 15.78(𝑥 + 5) = 0
2 (
5 6 )

8 𝑥
0 = − (𝑥)2 + (𝑥)2 + 15.78(𝑥 + 5)
2 5(6)

𝑥 = 6 . 58 𝑚

𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐴:

𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐴 = 15 − (6. 58 + 5)

𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐴 = 3. 42 𝑚

Determine the support reactions of the beam shown below.

Solution:

For the triangular load

By Ratio and Proportion:

𝟑(
𝟐𝟎 𝟐
𝑴𝑨 = ∫ 𝟑 𝒙)(𝒙)(𝟖 − 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
𝟎 𝟖𝟐

𝑴𝑨 = 𝟑𝟏. 𝟑𝟏𝟐𝟓𝒌𝑵𝒎

𝟐𝟎
𝟑( ( )𝟐
𝑴𝑩 = ∫ 𝟑 𝒙) 𝒙 (𝟖 − 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
𝟎 𝟖𝟐

𝑴𝑩 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟖𝟏𝟐𝟓𝒌𝑵𝒎

For the Rectangular Load:

𝑴𝑨 = 𝟓𝟓. 𝟑𝟑𝟖𝟓𝒌𝑵𝒎
𝟖
(𝟐𝟎)(𝒙)𝟐(𝟖 − 𝒙)
𝑴𝑩 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝟑 𝟖𝟐

𝑴𝑩 = 𝟗𝟎. 𝟒𝟗𝟒𝟖𝒌𝑵𝒎

For the Moment Load:

𝟑𝟎(𝟓)(𝟓 − 𝟐(𝟑))
𝑴𝑨 =
𝟖𝟐
𝑴𝑨 = −𝟐. 𝟑𝟒𝟑𝟕𝟓𝒌𝑵𝒎

𝟑𝟎(𝟑)(𝟐 − 𝟓(𝟑))
𝑴𝑩 =
𝟖𝟐
𝑴𝑩 = −𝟏𝟖. 𝟐𝟖𝟏𝟐𝟓𝒌𝑵𝒎

𝟔𝟎(𝟓)(𝟑)𝟐
𝑴𝑨 =
𝟖𝟐
𝑴𝑨 = 𝟒𝟐. 𝟏𝟖𝟕𝟓𝒌𝑵𝒎

𝟔𝟎(𝟓)𝟐(𝟑)
𝑴𝑩 =
𝟖𝟐
𝑴𝑩 = 𝟕𝟎. 𝟑𝟏𝟐𝟓𝒌𝑵𝒎

Get the summation of Ma and Mb:

∑ 𝑴𝑨 = 𝟑𝟏. 𝟑𝟏𝟐𝟓 + 𝟓𝟓. 𝟑𝟑𝟖𝟓 + (−𝟐. 𝟑𝟒𝟑𝟕𝟓) + 𝟒𝟐. 𝟏𝟖𝟕𝟓

𝑴𝑨 = 𝟏𝟐𝟔. 𝟒𝟗𝟒𝟕𝟓𝒌𝑵𝒎

∑ 𝑴𝑩 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟖𝟏𝟐𝟓 + 𝟗𝟎. 𝟒𝟗𝟒𝟖 + (−𝟏𝟖. 𝟐𝟖𝟏𝟐𝟓) + 𝟕𝟎. 𝟑𝟏𝟐𝟓

𝑴𝑩 = 𝟏𝟓𝟒. 𝟑𝟑𝟖𝟓𝟓𝒌𝑵𝒎

For Computing Ay and By:

∑ 𝑴𝑨 = 𝟎

𝟏 𝟐
−𝑩𝒚 (𝟖) + 𝟑𝟎 + (𝟑)(𝟐𝟎) ( (𝟑)) + 𝟐𝟎(𝟓)(𝟐. 𝟓 + 𝟑) + 𝟔𝟎(𝟓) = 𝟎
𝟐 𝟑

∑ 𝑭𝒀 = 𝟎

𝟏
𝑨𝒚 + 𝟏𝟏𝟕. 𝟓 − (𝟐𝟎)(𝟑) − (𝟐𝟎)(𝟓) − 𝟔𝟎 = 𝟎
𝟐
𝑨𝒚 = 𝟕𝟐. 𝟓𝒌𝑵

EXAMPLE 6:

Determine the reactions on the propped beam below using Fixed-End Method.

⚫ Consider the beam as Fixed Ended , then solve for 𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐴 and 𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐵 .
⚫ The 𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐴 and 𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐵 is already solve at Example 2, therefore you can
get the answers and used it.
.

𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐴 = 79.444 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐵 = 62.222 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

At Propped Beam:
1
𝑀𝐴 = 𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐴 + 𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐵
2
1
𝑀𝐴 = 79.444 + (62.222)
2

𝑀𝐵 = 0

∑ 𝑀𝐴 = 0

1
50(2) + 15(4) [2 + (4)] = 𝑀𝐴 + 25 + 6𝑅𝐵
2
1
50(2) + 15(4) [2 + (4)] = 110.555 + 25 + 6𝑅𝐵
2
𝑅𝐵 = 34.074 𝑘𝑁

∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0

𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝐵 = 50 + 15(4)

𝑅𝐴 + 34.074 = 50 + 15(4)

𝑅𝐴 = 75.926 𝑘𝑁

PROBLEM 1:

PROBLEM 2:

PROBLEM 3:

CONTINOUOS BEAM
Continued beams are a type of structural element that span multiple supports and have more
than two points of support along their length. A continuous beam has at least three points of
support, such as a column, wall or other structural element. Continuous beams are designed to
distribute load and moments more efficiently than supported beams that are only supported at
two points. Continuous beams are often used in construction to span large distances to support
loads, such as the structure’s weight, the weight of occupants, furniture or environmental loads
such as wind or snow. Distributing loads and moments down the length of a continuous beam
can provide more strength and stability than supporting beams that are simply supported.

When designing and analyzing continuous beams, engineers take into account support
conditions and load distribution, as well as shear forces and deflections using structural analysis
techniques. All in all, continuous beams play an important role in building construction as well as
in other engineering applications that require long spans or complex loadings.

THREE MOMENT EQUATION METHOD

The three-moment equation expresses the relation between bending moments at three
successive supports of a continuous beam, subject to a loading on a two adjacent span with or
without settlement of the supports.

FORMULAS:

GENERAL FORMULA

𝑀𝐿 𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝑅 𝑀𝑅 𝐿𝑅 6𝐴𝑎 6𝐴𝑏 ∆𝐿 − ∆𝐶 ∆𝑅 − ∆𝐶
+ 2𝑀𝐶 ( + )+ + + = −6 ( + )
𝐸𝐿 𝐼𝐿 𝐸𝐿 𝐼𝐿 𝐸𝑅 𝐼𝑅 𝐸𝑅𝐼𝑅 𝐸𝐿 𝐼𝐿 𝐿𝐿 𝐸𝑅 𝐼𝑅𝐿𝑅 𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝑅

IF E IS CONSTANT

IF EI IS CONSTANT

6𝐴𝑎 6𝐴𝑏 ∆𝐿 − ∆𝐶 ∆𝑅 − ∆𝐶
𝑀𝐿 𝐿𝐿 + 2𝑀𝐶 (𝐿𝐿 + 𝐿𝑅 ) + 𝑀𝑅 𝐿𝑅 + + = −6𝐸𝐼 ( + )
𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝑅 𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝑅

IF NO DEFLECTION

𝑀𝐿 𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝑅 𝑀𝑅𝐿𝑅 6𝐴𝑎 6𝐴𝑏

+ 2𝑀𝐶 ( + )+ + + =0
𝐸𝐿 𝐼𝐿 𝐸𝐿 𝐼𝐿 𝐸𝑅 𝐼𝑅 𝐸𝑅 𝐼𝑅 𝐸𝐿 𝐼𝐿 𝐿𝐿 𝐸𝑅 𝐼𝑅𝐿𝑅

THEORY OF STRUCTURES
This document is a property of University of Saint Louis Tuguegarao. It must not be reproduced or transmitted in any form, in whole or in part, without expressed written permission.
THEORY OF STRUCTURES
This document is a property of University of Saint Louis Tuguegarao. It must not be reproduced or transmitted in any form, in whole or in part, without expressed written permission.
THEORY OF STRUCTURES
This document is a property of University of Saint Louis Tuguegarao. It must not be reproduced or transmitted in any form, in whole or in part, without expressed written permission.
THEORY OF STRUCTURES
This document is a property of University of Saint Louis Tuguegarao. It must not be reproduced or transmitted in any form, in whole or in part, without expressed written permission.
Example 1.

Given a continuous beam loaded as shown.

• What is the moment reaction at B?

• What is the reaction at A?

• What is the reaction at B?

• What is the reaction at C?

• What is the maximum positive moment in span AB?

Solution:
6𝐴𝐴𝐵 𝑋̅𝐴 6𝐴𝐵𝐶 𝑋̅𝐶
𝑀𝐴 𝐿1 + 2𝑀𝐵 (𝐿1 + 𝐿2 ) + 𝑀𝐶 𝐿2 + + =0
𝐿 𝐿

3
6𝐴𝐴𝐵 𝑋𝐴 30𝑥 2
=∫ ⬚ (3 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 = 202.5 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚2
𝐿 0 3

2
6𝐴𝐵𝐶 𝑋𝐶 50(2) 2 30(4 − 𝑥) 2
= (4 − 22 ) + ∫ ⬚ [4 − (4 − 𝑥)2 ]𝑑𝑥 = 570 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚2
𝐿 4 0 4

6𝐴𝐴𝐵 𝑋𝐴 6𝐴𝐵𝐶 𝑋𝐶
𝑀𝐴 𝐿1 + 2𝑀𝐵 (𝐿1 + 𝐿2 ) + 𝑀𝐶 𝐿2 + + =0
𝐿 𝐿

0(3) + 2𝑀𝐵 (7) + 0(4) + 202.5 + 570 = 0

𝑀𝐵 = −55 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚

∑ ⬚ 𝑀𝐵 = 0
⬚

𝑅𝐴 (3) − 30(3)(1.5) − (−55) = 0

𝑅𝐴 = 26.67 𝑘𝑁

∑ ⬚ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
⬚

𝑅𝐵1 = 63. 33 𝑘𝑁

∑ ⬚ 𝑀𝐵 = 0
⬚

−𝑅𝐶 (4) + 50(2) + 30(2) − 55 = 0

𝑅𝐶 = 26.25 𝑘𝑁

∑ ⬚ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
⬚

𝑅𝐵2 = 83.75 𝑘𝑁

𝑅𝐵 = 147.08 𝑘𝑁

Maximum positive moment in span A-B is 11.87 kN∙m

Example 2

A propped beam is loaded as shown.

• What is the moment reaction at A?

• What is the moment reaction at B?

• What is the reaction at B?

• What is the maximum positive moment of the beam?

• What is the maximum negative moment of the beam?

Solution:

Segment B-C
35 Kn/m

RB2
⬚

∑ ⬚ 𝑀𝐵 = 0
⬚

𝑀𝐵 + 35(3)(1.50 = 0

𝑀𝐵 = −157.5 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚

∑ ⬚ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
⬚

Extend Fixed

EI
L̍=0

Segment DAB

6𝐴𝐷𝐴 𝑋𝐷 6𝐴𝐴𝐵 𝑋𝐵
𝑀𝐷 𝐿1 𝐿1 𝐿2 𝑀𝐵 𝐿2 𝐿 𝐿
+ 2𝑀𝐴 ( + )+ + + =0
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
6𝐴𝐷𝐴𝑋𝐷 6𝐴𝐴𝐵 𝑋𝐵
𝑀𝐷 (0) (0) 𝐿2 𝑀𝐵 𝐿2 𝐿 𝐿
{ + 2𝑀𝐴 ( + )+ + + = 0}𝐸𝐼
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼

5 1 6𝐴𝐴𝐵 𝑋̅𝐵
5𝑀𝐴 + 𝑀𝐵 + ( ) =0
2 2 𝐿

3
6𝐴𝐴𝐵 𝑋𝐵 65(3) 2 35(3 − 𝑥) 2
= (5 − 32 ) + ∫ ⬚ [5 − (3 − 𝑥)2 ]𝑑𝑥 = 1269.75 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚2
𝐿 5 0 5

5 1
5𝑀𝐴 + (−157.5) + (1269.75) = 0
2 2

𝑀𝐴 = −48.23 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚2

∑ ⬚ 𝑀𝐴 = 0
⬚

−𝑅𝐵 (5) − 48.23 + 65(2) + 35(3)(3.5) − (−157.5) = 0

𝑅𝐵1 = 121.36

𝑅𝐵 = 𝑅𝐵1 + 𝑅𝐵2

𝑅𝐵 = 226.36 𝑘𝑁

Maximum negative moment is 157.53 kN∙m

Example 3

Consider the continuous beam loaded as shown:

• What is the moment reaction at A?

• What is the moment reaction at B?

• What is the moment reaction at C?

• What is the reaction at A?

• What is the reaction at B?

• What is the maximum positive moment in span AB?

• What is the maximum positive moment in span BC?

Solution:

D E
L̍=0 L̍=0

Span DAB

6𝐴𝐷𝐴 𝑋𝐷 6𝐴𝐴𝐵 𝑋𝐵
𝑀𝐴 (0) + 2𝑀𝐴 (0 + 4) + 𝑀𝐵 (4) + + =0
𝐿 𝐿
6𝐴𝐴𝐵 𝑋𝐵
8𝑀𝐴 + 4𝑀𝐵 + + =0
𝐿

Span ABC

6𝐴𝐴𝐵 𝑋𝐴 6𝐴𝐵𝐶 𝑋𝐶
𝑀𝐴 (4) + 2𝑀𝐵 (4 + 5) + 𝑀𝐶 (5) + + =0
𝐿 𝐿

Span BCE

6𝐴𝐵𝐶 𝑋𝐵 6𝐴𝐵𝐸 𝑋𝐸
𝑀𝐵 (5) + 2𝑀𝐶 (5 + 0) + 𝑀𝐸 (0) + + =0
𝐿 𝐿

Span AB

6𝐴𝐴𝐵 𝑋𝐴 30(1) 2 −20 2

= (4 − 12 ) + [4 − 3(3)2 ] = 167.5 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚2
𝐿 4 4

6𝐴𝐴𝐵 𝑋𝐴 30(3) 2 20 2
= (4 − 32 ) + [4 − 3(1)2 ] = 222.5 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚2
𝐿 4 4
Span BC

5 3
6𝐴𝐵𝐶 𝑋𝐵 10(𝑥) 2 5𝑥(2 + 𝑥) 2
=∫ ⬚ (5 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 + ∫ ⬚ [5 − (2 + 𝑥)2 ]𝑑𝑥 = 448.9 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚2
𝐿 0 5 0 5
5 3
6𝐴𝐵𝐶 𝑋𝐵 10(𝑥) 2
5𝑥(3 − 𝑥) 2
=∫ ⬚ [5 − (5 − 𝑥) ]𝑑𝑥 + ∫ ⬚ [5 − (3 − 𝑥)2 ]𝑑𝑥 = 412.85 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚2
𝐿 0 5 0 5

Segment DAB

8𝑀𝐴 + 4𝑀𝐵 + 222.5 = 0

8𝑀𝐴 + 4𝑀𝐵 = −222.5 − 𝑒𝑞 1

Segment ABC

4𝑀𝐴 + 18𝑀𝐵 + 5𝑀𝐶 + 167.5 + 412.85 = 0

4𝑀𝐴 + 18𝑀𝐵 + 5𝑀𝐶 + 167.5 = −412.85 − 𝑒𝑞 2

Segment BCE

5𝑀𝐵 + 10𝑀𝐶 + 448.4 = 0

5𝑀𝐵 + 10𝑀𝐶 = −448.4 − 𝑒𝑞 3

𝑀𝐴 = −18.742 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚

𝑀𝐵 = −18. 141 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚

𝑀𝐶 = −35.770 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚

∑ ⬚ 𝑀𝐴 = 0
⬚

𝑅𝐵1 = 2.350 𝑘𝑁

∑ ⬚ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
⬚

𝑅𝐴 = 27.650 𝑘𝑁

Span BC

∑ ⬚ 𝑀𝐵 = 0
⬚

𝑅𝐶 = 46 526

∑ ⬚ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
⬚

𝑅𝐵2 = 25.974 𝑘𝑁

𝑅𝐵 = 28.234 𝑘𝑁

Positive Moment max at AB is 8.968 kN∙m

Positive Moment Max at BC is 15.445 kN∙m

PRACTICE PROBLEMS:

Determine the moment over the support B of the beam shown.

Answer : MB = -1391 N.m

Find the moment under the support RB of the continuous beam shown.

Answer : -180 lb.ft

TOPIC: CONSISTENT DEFORMATION METHOD (CDM)

− The method, which was introduced by James C. Maxwell in 1864, essentially involves
removing enough restraints from the indeterminate structure to render it statically
determinate. This determinate structure which must be statically stable, is referred to as
primary structure.

PROCEDURES FOR ANALYSIS

1. Determine the degree of indeterminacy of the structure.

2. Select redundant forces and/or moments.

3. Remove the restraints corresponding to the redundants from the given indeterminate
structure to obtain primary structure.

4. Draw a diagram of the primary structure with only the external loading applied to it. The unit
force (or moment) must be applied in the positive direction of the redundant.

5. Write a compatibility equation for the location of each redundant.

6. Compute the deflections (and flexibility coefficients) involved in the compatibility equations.

7. Substitute the values of deflections computed in step 6 into the compatibility equations and
solve them for the unknown redundants.

EXAMPLES

1. Consider the continuous

beam loaded as shown. (EI is
constant)

STRUCTURAL THEORY

*Compatibility Equation:

∆𝐵 + ∆𝐵𝐵 𝑅𝐵 + ∆𝐵𝐶 𝑅𝐶 = 0

∆𝐶 + ∆𝐶𝐵 𝑅𝐵 + ∆𝐶𝐶 𝑅𝐶 = 0

STRUCTURAL THEORY

A–B 0-4 1 𝑥 9 4 1211.08 538.26 10.22 4.54 2.02

= 90𝑥 − 𝑥(5𝑥) ( ) = 𝑥 = 𝑥
2 3 13 13 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
5
= 90𝑥 − 𝑥 3
6

B–C 4–9 8 9 4 3438.33 3438.33 20.99 19.01 20.99

= 90𝑥 − 40 (𝑥 − ) = 𝑥 = 𝑥
3 13 13 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
𝑥−4 − 1(𝑥 − 4)
− 20(𝑥 − 4) ( )
2
8
= 90𝑥 − 40 (𝑥 − )
3
− 10(𝑥
− 4)2

C-D 0–4 5 4 9 538.26 1211.08 2.02 4.54 10.22

= 90𝑥 − 𝑥 3 = 𝑥 = 𝑥
6 13 13 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼

𝛴 𝛴 𝛴 𝛴 𝛴
5187.67 5187.67 33.23 28.09 33.23
= = = = =
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼

● Bending Moment Function

● Support Reactions
5187.67 + 33.23𝑅𝐵 + 28.09𝑅𝐶 = 0

5187.67 + 28.09𝑅𝐵 + 33.23𝑅𝐶 = 0

𝑅𝐵 = −84.6 𝑘𝑁 (↑)

𝑅𝐶 = −84.6 𝑘𝑁 (↑)

𝑅𝐴 = 𝑅𝐷

2𝑅𝐴 + 2(84.6) = 180

𝑅𝐴 = 5.4 𝑘𝑁

𝑅𝐷 = 5.4 𝑘𝑁

STRUCTURAL THEORY

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STRUCTURAL THEORY

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2. Determine the reactions and draw the shear and bending moment diagrams for the
three-span continuous beam shown due to the uniformly distributed load and due to the support
settlements of 37 mm at C, and 18 mm at E. Use the method of consistent deformations. E=
200 GPa and I= 3000 x 10 ^6 mm4. EI = constant

SOLUTION:

Compatibility Equations.
∆𝐶𝑂 + 𝑓𝐶𝐶 𝐶𝑦 + 𝑓𝐶𝐸 𝐸𝑦 = ∆𝐶𝑅

∆𝐸𝑂 + 𝑓𝐸𝐶 𝐵𝑦 + 𝑓𝐸𝐸 𝐸𝑦 = ∆𝐸𝑅

𝑓𝐶𝐸 = 𝑓𝐸𝐶

STRUCTURAL THEORY

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STRUCTURAL THEORY

1 190,000 20 50
3 3

2 -274,000 10 20

3 -40,000 5 15

4 -1250 2 12

5 -3600 8

Unit Load at C

Section Area 𝑥𝑐 (𝑚) 𝑥𝐸 (𝑚)

1 -200 40 70
3 3

Unit Load at E
Section Area 𝑥𝐸 (𝑚)

1 -450 20

1 Unit Load at C 1
∆𝐶𝑂 = (𝛴𝐴 ∙ 𝑥𝐶 ) 𝑓𝐶𝐸 = (𝛴𝐴 ∙ 𝑥𝐸 )
𝐸𝐼 1 𝐸𝐼
∆𝐶𝑂 =
1,675,833.3
(𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚3 ) 𝑓𝐶𝐶 = 𝐸𝐼 (𝛴𝐴 ∙ 𝑥𝐶 ) 𝑓𝐶𝐸 =
4,666.7
𝑚3
𝐸𝐼 2,666.7 𝐸𝐼
∆𝐶𝑂 = -2.793 m 𝑓𝐶𝐶 = 𝐸𝐼
𝑚3 𝑓𝐶𝐸 = -0.0077778 𝑘𝑁
𝑚
𝑚
𝑓𝐶𝐶 = -0.0044445 𝑘𝑁
1 1
∆𝐸𝑂 = (𝛴𝐴 ∙ 𝑥𝐸 ) 𝑓𝐸𝐸 = (𝛴𝐴 ∙ 𝑥𝐸 )
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
2,957,133,3 9000
∆𝐸𝑂 = (𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚3 ) 𝑓𝐸𝐸 = 𝑚3
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
𝑚
∆𝐸𝑂 = -4.929 m 𝑓𝐸𝐸 = -0.015 𝑘𝑁

STRUCTURAL THEORY

𝐶𝑦 = -509.20 kN = 509.20 kN
∆𝐶𝑅 = −0.037𝑚
𝐸𝑦 = -63.40 kN = 63.4 kN
∆𝑒𝑅 = −0.018𝑚

REACTIONS:

+↻ 𝛴𝑀𝐴 = 0
50
-𝑀𝐴 + 30 × 20 × 10 + 1/2 × 30 × 10 × + 200 × 26 − 509.2 × 20 − 63.4 × 30 = 0
3

𝑀𝐴 = 1614 kN - m ↺

+↑ 𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 0

𝐴𝑦 + 509.2 + 63.4 − 950 = 0

𝐴𝑦 = 377.4 kN ↑

STRUCTURAL THEORY

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STRUCTURAL THEORY

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3. Determine the support reactions and draw the bending moment and the shearing force
diagrams for the indeterminate beam shown in Figure 10.4. Use the method of consistent deformation
EI = constant.

STRUCTURAL THEORY

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STRUCTURAL THEORY

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PRACTICE PROBLEMS:
Determine the reactions and draw the shear and bending moment diagrams for the beams shown by
using the method of consistent deformations.

STRUCTURAL THEORY

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2.

STRUCTURAL THEORY

TOPIC: DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. Understand the concept of double integration and its significance in

mathematics and various fields of science and engineering.
2. Engage in practical exercises and problem-solving activities to reinforce
understanding and mastery of double integration techniques.
3. Analyze and interpret examples that demonstrate the relevance of double
integration in various domains.
4. Cultivate critical thinking skills by applying double integration to solve
complex problems and explore connections between mathematical
concepts and real-world phenomena.

II. LESSON PROPER

DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD

Qualitative Elastic Curve

STRUCTURAL THEORY

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- is an exaggerated approximate deformed shape of the beam subject to
lateral load. This diagram helps the designer to make an easier and
more accurate analysis of the structures. However, there are some
rules to be considered when sketching qualitative elastic curves.

We know the mechanics of deformable bodies. When the beam is

subjected to lateral loading, and assume that the beam behaves
elastically (it means that the beam will go back to its undeformed shape
after the load is removed), then the equation for elastic beam theory is:

𝑴 𝑬 𝝈
= =
𝑰 𝝆 𝜸

𝑰 𝑴
=
𝝆 𝑬𝑰

𝟏
In differential calculus, we learn that = 𝒌 = 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆
𝝆

𝒚"
𝒌= 𝟑
{𝟏 + (𝒚′)𝟐 }𝟐

Usually, the slope of the elastic curve (𝒚") is very small, thus, we
assume that (𝒚") ≈ 𝟎. Substituting this to eq. 1:

𝒚" 𝑴
𝟑 =
𝑬𝑰
{𝟏 + (𝒚′)𝟐 }𝟐

𝑬𝑰 (𝒚") = 𝑴

It means that the moment function is equal to the second derivative of

the equation of elastic curve multiplied by flexural rigidity, 𝑬𝑰.

STRUCTURAL THEORY

𝑬𝑰(𝒚′ )𝒐𝒓 𝑬𝑰θ = ∫ 𝑴𝒅𝒙

Take the integral of the slope function to obtain the function of elastic
curve (𝒚 𝒐𝒓 𝜹)

𝑬𝑰(𝒚)𝒐𝒓 𝑬𝑰δ = ∫(𝑴𝒅𝒙)𝒅𝒙

This method is called “Double Integration Method” simply because the

process is just integrating the moment function twice.

Boundary Conditions
- In differential equations, boundary conditions are set of points that are
used to determine the values of arbitrary constants “𝐶𝑛 ” that appeared
in the process of integration. In the double integration method, two
arbitrary constants will appear in the process, 𝐶1 in the first integration,
and 𝐶2 in the second integration. To get their values, establish the
boundary conditions of the beam in their supports.
The slope and deflection of the beam at the location of the fixed
support are equal to zero.

𝒚’ = 𝜽 = 𝟎
𝒚 = 𝜹 = 𝟎

The deflection of the beam at the location of simple support (hinge

and roller) is zero.

𝒚 = 𝜹 = 𝟎

STRUCTURAL THEORY

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PROCEDURE FOR ANALYSIS
1. Establish the moment function of the last segment of the beam.
2. Integrate for the first time to get the slope function. Do not forget to place the
arbitrary constant 𝐶1 .
3. Integrate for the second time to get the equation of elastic curve. Do not forget to
place the arbitrary constant 𝐶2 .
4. Determine the boundary conditions of the beam (usually, it is in the support). The
beam must have two pairs of boundary conditions because there are two arbitrary
constants to be solved.
5. To obtain the value of slope and deflection at any point of the beam, just
substitute the corresponding value of “x” of the point (its distance from the left end
of the beam) to the slope and elastic curve functions.
6. For simply supported beams, the maximum deflection is located at the point
where the slope is zero. For cantilever beams, if the applied loads are downward,
then the maximum deflection happens at the free end of the beam. For simple
beam with overhang, determine the maximum deflection between the supports by
equating the slope function equal to zero. Determine the deflection at each end of
the overhang. Compare the results then the deflection with higher absolute value
is the maximum deflection of the beam.

PROBLEM 1
The steel beam is loaded as shown below. The cross
section of the beam is 200 𝑚𝑚 𝑥 300 𝑚𝑚. Take note that
the modulus of elasticity of the steel is 200 𝐺𝑃𝑎.

a. What is the slope at 𝐵?

b. What is the deflection at 𝐵?
c. What is the slope at the left support?
d. What is the slope at right support?
e. What is the maximum deflection of the beam?

STRUCTURAL THEORY

SOLUTION:

Considering the cross-section

𝑏ℎ3 200(300)2
𝐼= = = 450𝑥106 𝑚𝑚4
12 12
𝑁
𝐸𝐼 = 200𝐺𝑃𝑎 = 200,000 𝑚𝑃𝑎 = 200,000
𝑚𝑚2
2
1𝑘𝑁
13
1𝑚 2
𝐸𝐼 = 9𝑥10 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚𝑚 ( )( ) = 90,000 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚2
1000𝑁 1000𝑚𝑚
Establish moment function:

∑ 𝑀𝑥 = 0

𝑥
100(𝑥 ) = 25𝑥 ( ) + 𝑀(𝑥)
2
25 2
𝑀(𝑥) = 100𝑥 − 𝑥
2
Perform DIM:

25 2
𝐸𝐼𝑦 " = 100𝑥 − 𝑥
2
𝑥2 25 𝑥 3 25 3
𝐸𝐼𝑦 ′ = 100 ( ) − ( ) + 𝐶1 = 50𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 𝐶1
2 2 3 6

𝑥3 25 𝑥 4 50 3 25 4
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 50 ( ) − ( ) + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 = 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2
3 6 4 3 24

Use the boundary conditions to solve for 𝐶1 and 𝐶2

1. 𝑥 = 0 ; 𝑦 = 0 @ 𝑝𝑡. 𝐴
2. 𝑥 = 8 ; 𝑦 = 0 @ 𝑝𝑡. 𝐶
Use BC – 1

STRUCTURAL THEORY

𝑪𝟐 = 𝟎

Use BC - 2

50 25
𝐸𝐼 (0) = ( ) (8)3 − (0)4 + 𝐶1 (0) + 𝐶2
3 24
𝟏𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝑪𝟏 = −
𝟑
25 3 1600
𝐸𝐼𝑦 ′ = 50𝑥 2 − 𝑥 −
6 3
50 3 25 4 1600
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 𝑥 − 𝑥 − 𝑥
3 24 3
a) 𝜃𝐵 = 𝑦 ′𝐵 =? (𝑥 = 2𝑚)

25 1600 1100
𝐸𝐼𝑦 ′𝐵 = 50(2)2 − (2)3 − =− 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚2
6 3 3
1100 2 1100 2
−
𝑦 ′𝐵 = 3 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 = − 3 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 = −0.00407 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝐸𝐼 90,000 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚2

b) 𝛿𝐵 = 𝑦𝐵 =? (𝑥 = 2𝑚)

50 25 1600
𝐸𝐼𝑦𝐵 = ( ) (2)3 − (2)4 + (2) = −950 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚3
3 24 3
−950 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚3 −950 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚3 1000 𝑚𝑚
𝑦𝐵 = = 2
= −0.01056 𝑚 ( ) = −10.56 𝑚𝑚
𝐸𝐼 90,000 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 1𝑚

c) 𝜃𝐴 = 𝑦 ′𝐴 =? (𝑥 = 0)

25 1600 1600
𝐸𝐼𝑦 ′𝐴 = 50(0)2 − (0)3 − =− 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚2
6 3 3
1600 2 1600 2
−
𝑦 ′
= 3 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 = − 3 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 = −0.00593 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝐴 𝐸𝐼 90,000 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚2

STRUCTURAL THEORY

25 1600 1600
𝐸𝐼𝑦 ′𝑐 = 50(8)2 − (8)3 − =− 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚2
6 3 3
1600 1600
𝑦 ′
= 3 = 3 = 0.00593 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑐 𝐸𝐼 90000

e) 𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 =? (𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑦 ′ = 0 )

25 1600
𝐸𝐼 (0) = 50(𝑥 )2 − (𝑥 ) 3 − ∴𝑥=4
6 3
50 25 1600 4000
𝐸𝐼𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (4)3 − (4)4 − (4) = − 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚3
3 24 3 3
4000 4000
−
𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 3 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚3 = − 3 = −0.01481𝑚 = −14.81 𝑚𝑚
𝐸𝐼 50000

e) 𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥

𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑖𝑠 @ 4𝑚 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡

PROBLEM 2

STRUCTURAL THEORY

PERFORM DIM

∑ 𝑀𝑋̅ = 0

𝑀𝑋̅ = −51(𝑥 − 2) + 136(𝑥 − 7)

𝐸𝐼𝑦 ′′ = −51 < 𝑥 − 2 > +136 < 𝑥 − 7 >

51
𝐸𝐼𝑦 ′ = − < 𝑥 − 2 >2 + 68 < 𝑥 − 7 >2 + 𝐶1
2
17 68
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = − < 𝑥 − 2 >3 + < 𝑥 − 7 >3 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2
2 3

BOUNDARY CONDITIONS & SOLVING FOR 𝐶1 & 𝐶2

BC-1 @ x=2, y=0

BC-2 @ x=7, y=0

Using BC-1

17 68
𝐸𝐼(0) = − < 2 − 2 >3 + < 2 − 7 >3 + 𝐶1 (2) + 𝐶2
2 3
2𝐶1 + 𝐶2 = 0

Using BC-2

17 68
𝐸𝐼(0) = − < 7 − 2 >3 + < 7 − 7 >3 + 𝐶1 (7) + 𝐶2
2 3
0 = −1062.5 + 7𝐶1 + 𝐶2

1062.5 = 7𝐶1 + 𝐶2

∴ 𝐶1 = 212.5 , 𝐶2 = −425

51
∴ 𝐸𝐼𝑦 ′ = − < 𝑥 − 2 >2 + 68 < 𝑥 − 7 >2 + 212.5
2

STRUCTURAL THEORY

SOLVING FOR 𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥

1. Between the supports 𝑦 ′ = 0

51
𝐸𝐼 (0) = − < 𝑥 − 2 >2 + 68 < 𝑥 − 7 >2 + 212.5
2
𝑥 = 5.6411 𝑚 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑑

51
𝐸𝐼 (0) = − < 𝑥 − 2 >2 + 212.5
2
𝑥 = 4.8868 𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡

17
𝐸𝐼𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = − < 4.8868 − 2 >3 + 212.5 − 425
2
𝐸𝐼𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 408.9564

408.9564
𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝐸𝐼

2. Left most end of overhang x=0

𝐸𝐼𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐸𝐼𝑦𝐴 = −425

−425
𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝛿𝐴 =
𝐸𝐼

3. Right most end of overhang x=10

17 68
𝐸𝐼𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐸𝐼𝑦𝐷 = − < 10 − 2 >3 + 10 − 7 >3 + 212.5(10) − 425 = −2040
2 3

STRUCTURAL THEORY

SAMPLE PROBLEMS:

PROBLEM 1
Considering the beam loaded as shown below. Assume 𝑬𝑰 = 𝟓𝟎 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑵 ∙ 𝒎𝟐

a. What is the slope and deflection at 𝑨? 𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝜃𝐴 = −0.1204° 𝛿𝐴 = 12.06 𝑚𝑚

b. What is the slope and deflection at 𝑩? 𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝜃𝐵 = −0.0034° 𝛿𝐵 = −13.17 𝑚𝑚

c. What is the slope and deflection at 𝑪? 𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝜃𝑐 = 0.2048° 𝛿𝐶 = −9.36 𝑚𝑚

d. What is the maximum deflection? 𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 = −13.17 𝑚𝑚

e. Determine the location of the maximum deflection from the right support.
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 3.973 𝑚 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡

*express the slopes in degrees

PROBLEM 2
The cantilever beam is loaded as shown below:

STRUCTURAL THEORY

413.9583 1540.9583
b. What is the slope and deflection at 𝑪? 𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝜃𝐶 = − 𝛿𝐶 = −
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼

2368.875
c. What is the maximum deflection? 𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 = − 𝐸𝐼

413.9583
d. What is the slope at the location of maximum deflection? 𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦 ′𝐷 = − 𝐸𝐼

PROBLEM 3
For the beam shown (𝑬𝑰 𝒊𝒔 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕)

a. Determine the global moment equation.

b. Calculate the deflection at free end.

PROBLEM 4
For the beam shown (𝑬𝑰 𝒊𝒔 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕)

a. Calculate the deflection at 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝑩

b. Calculate the deflection at 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝑪

PROBLEM 5

STRUCTURAL THEORY

a. Determine the global moment equation.

b. Determine the slope and deflection
equations for each segment
𝑨𝑩, 𝑩𝑪 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑪𝑫.
c. Determine the slope at 𝑨, 𝑩, 𝑪 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑫 and
deflection at points 𝑩 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑪.
d. Determine the location of maximum deflection.

TOPIC: Slope Deflection Method (SDM)

Learning Outcomes

By the end of this module, you will be able to:

I. Explain the concept of indeterminate structures and the need for the slope deflection
method.

II. Derive the fundamental slope deflection equations that relate joint rotations (slopes) to
member end moments.

III. Apply the slope deflection method to analyze beams and frames subjected to various
loading conditions.

IV. Develop joint equilibrium equations considering member properties, support conditions,
and applied loads.

V. Solve systems of equations to determine joint rotations and subsequently member end
moments.

VI. Interpret the results obtained from the slope deflection method, including deflections,
bending moments, and shear forces.

STRUCTURAL THEORY

This document is a property of University of Saint Louis Tuguegarao. It must not be reproduced or transmitted in any form, in whole or in part, without expressed written permission.
VII. Identify the limitations of the slope deflection method, such as its applicability to linear
elastic behavior and challenges with complex structures.

VIII. Compare the slope deflection method with other analysis techniques for indeterminate
structures.

Through this module, you will gain a comprehensive understanding of the slope deflection
method and its application in structural analysis. You will be able to analyze a wider range of
beam and frame structures, assess their behavior under load, and design safer and more
efficient structures.

__________________________________________________________________________

Introduction:
The slope deflection method is a powerful tool in structural analysis used to determine the
behavior of indeterminate beams and frames. Unlike statically determinate structures where all
reactions and internal forces can be solved using equilibrium equations alone, indeterminate
structures have more supports or constraints than can be handled with basic statics.

This module introduces the slope deflection method, providing a framework for analyzing
these more complex structures.

Slope Deflection Method (SDM)

This method was originally developed by Heinrich Manderla and Otto Mohr for the
purpose of studying secondary stresses in trusses, Later, in 1914 George A. Maney
developed a refined version of this technique and applied it to the analysis of
indeterminate beams and frames.

STRUCTURAL THEORY

𝑀𝑛 = internal moment in the near end of the span, this taken as positive clockwise

𝜃𝑁, 𝜃𝐹 = near and far end slopes or angular displacements of the span at the supports:
the angles are measured in radians and are positive clockwise.

Ψ= span rotation of its cord due to a linear displacement that is Ψ=∆/L: this angle is
measured in radian and is positive clockwise.

(𝐹𝐸𝑀)𝑁 = fixed-end moment at the near-end support: the moment is positive clockwise
when acting on the span.

For Concentrated Load:

𝑃𝑎𝑏 2 𝑃𝑎2 𝑏
𝑀𝐴 = 𝑀𝐵 =
𝐿2 𝐿2

STRUCTURAL THEORY

(wdx)(x)(L−x)2 (wdx)(x2 )(L−x)

dMA = dMB =
L2 L2

x2 wx(L−X)2 x2 wx2 (L−x)

MA = ∫x1 dx MB = ∫x1 dx
L2 L2
Example 1:

A propped beam is loaded as shown.

➢ What is the moment reaction at A?

➢ What is the reaction at A?

➢ What is the moment reaction at B?

➢ What is the reaction at B?

SOLUTION:
3
30x(3 − x)2
FEMAB =∫ 2
dx = −𝟐𝟐. 𝟓𝐤𝐧. 𝐦𝟐
0 3
3
30x 2 (3 − x)
FEMBA =∫ 2
dx = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟓 𝐤𝐧. 𝐦𝟐
0 3
2
30x(4 − x)2 50(2)(2)2
FEMBC =∫ 2
dx + 2
dx = −𝟓𝟐. 𝟓 𝐤𝐧. 𝐦𝟐
0 4 4
2
30x 2 (4 − x) 50(2)2 (2)
FEMCB =∫ 2
dx + 2
dx = 𝟑𝟕. 𝟓 𝐤𝐧. 𝐦𝟐
0 4 4

𝑴𝑨𝑩 = 𝟎
2EI
−22.5 + (2θA + θB − 3ψ) = 0
3

𝐌𝐁𝐀 + 𝐌𝐁𝐂 = 𝟎
2 2
MB [22.5 + 3 EI(2θB + θA − 3ψ)] + [−52.5 + 4 EI(2θB + θC − 3ψ)] = 0

4 2 1
𝐸𝐼𝜃𝐵 + 𝐸𝐼𝜃𝐴 + 𝐸𝐼𝜃𝐵 + 𝐸𝐼𝜃𝐶 = −22.5 + 52.5
3 3 2
2 7 1
𝐸𝐼𝜃𝐴 + 3 𝐸𝐼𝜃𝐵 + 2 𝐸𝐼𝜃𝐶 = 30------>eq. 2
3

𝐌𝐂𝐁 = 𝟎
2
37.5 + 4 EI(2θC + θB − 3ψ) = 0
1
𝐸𝐼𝜃𝐵 + 𝐸𝐼𝜃𝐶 = −37.5------>eq. 3
2

6.16
𝜃𝐴 =
𝐸𝐼
21.43
𝜃𝐵 =
𝐸𝐼
48.21
𝜃𝐶 = −
𝐸𝐼
𝑀𝐴𝐵 = 0

𝑀𝐵𝐴 = 55.18 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

𝑀𝐵𝐶 = −55.18 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

𝑀𝐶𝐵 = 0

∑ 𝐌𝐁 = 𝟎

−30(3)(1.5) + A𝑦 (3) + 55.18 = 0

Ay = 26.61𝑘𝑁

∑ 𝐅𝐘 = 𝟎

26.60 + B𝑌 − 30(3) = 0

B𝑦 = 63.39kN

USING SECTION BC TO GET REACTION AT B AND C

∑ 𝐌𝐂 = 𝟎

−30(2)(3) + B𝑦 (4) − 55.18 − 50(2) = 0

By = 83.80

∑ 𝐅𝐘 = 𝟎

83.80 + C𝑌 − 30(2) − 50 = 0

C𝑦 = 26.2kN

ADD THE BY TO GET THE REACTION AT B

B𝑦 = 63.4 + 83.9

B𝑦 = 147.19

➢ What is the moment reaction at A?

➢ What is the reaction at A?

➢ What is the moment reaction at B?

➢ What is the reaction at B?

➢ What is the maximum positive moment of the beam?

SOLUTION:
5
65(2)(3)2 35𝑥(5 − 𝑥)2
𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐴𝐵 = 2
+∫ 2
𝑑𝑥 = −81.45𝑘𝑁. 𝑚2
5 2 5

∑ 𝑴𝑩 = 𝟎

𝑀𝐵𝐶 + 35(3)(1.5) = 0

𝑀𝐵𝐶 = −157.5𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
2
𝑀𝐴𝐵 = (2𝐸𝐼)(2𝜃𝐴 + 𝜃𝐵 ) − 81.45 = 0
5
4
𝑀𝐴𝐵 = 𝐸𝐼𝜃𝐵 − 81.45
5

𝑀𝐵𝐴 + 𝑀𝐵𝐶 = 0
2
[ (2𝐸𝐼)(2𝜃𝐵 + 𝜃𝐴 ) + 91.05] − 157.5 = 0
3
8
𝐸𝐼𝜃𝐵 − 66.45 = 0
5
𝟒𝟏. 𝟓𝟑
𝜽𝑩 =
𝑬𝑰

𝑴𝑨𝑩 = 𝟒𝟖. 𝟐𝟑 𝒌𝑵. 𝒎

𝑴𝑩𝑨 = 𝟏𝟓𝟕. 𝟓 𝒌𝑵. 𝒎

𝑴𝑩𝑪 = −𝟏𝟓𝟕. 𝟓𝒌𝑵. 𝒎

∑ 𝐌𝐁 = 𝟎

157.5 − 48.23 − 65(3) + A𝑦 (5) − 35(3)(1.5) = 0

∑ 𝐅𝐲 = 𝟎

48.65 − 65 − 35(3) − B𝑦 = 0

By = 121.35

∑ 𝐅𝐘 = 𝟎

−35(3) + B𝑌 = 0

B𝑦 = 105kN

By = 121.35 + 105

By = 226.35𝑘𝑁

MAXIMUM MOMENT

2≥x≤5

V = −65 − 35(x − 2) +48.65

Let x=2
1
M = −48.23 − 65(x − 2) − 35(x − 2)( (x − 2)) + 48.65(x)
2
M+𝑀𝐴𝑋̅ = 49.07kN. m

Practice problem:

EI = constant

Answer:
MAB= 21:6 k-ft

MBA = -70:2 k-ft

MBC = 70:2 k-ft

MCB= -70:2 k-ft

MDC= 70:2 k-ft

MCD= -21:6 k-ft

EI = constant

MAB= -13:7 kN.m

MBA= -27:5 kN.m

MBC = 27:5 kN.m

MCB= -120 kN.m

TOPIC: Moment Distribution Method (MDM)

- This method was developed by Hardy Cross, in 1930.
- Essentially, the method begins by assuming each joint of a structure is fixed. Then by
unlocking and locking each joint in succession, the internal moments at the joints are
“distributed’’ and balanced until the joints have rotated to their final or nearly final positions.

Procedures for Analysis

1. Lock all non-fixed support and compute the fix end moment.

THEORY OF STRUCTURES
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2. Unlock each support and distribute the unbalanced moment to each span ends based on
distribution factors.
3. After distributing the unbalanced moments to each adjacent span, carry over one-half of this
amount (maintaining the sign) to the other end of each span.

This completes one cycle of distribution. Step 2 and 3 must be repeated because of the new
unbalanced moment caused by carry over moment, unless there is only one nonfixed support,
but for beam with more than one nonfixed support, we should repeat steps 2 and 3 until the
carry over moment becomes small or negligible. If more than one cycle is required, we should
end in distribution not on Carry Over moment.

Sign Conventions
The sign convention will be based on the rotational direction of the moment NOT THE
BENDING EFFECT. The sign convention for rotational can be positive clockwise and negative
counterclockwise; OR positive counterclockwise and negative clockwise, depending on the
user’s reference. For this topic, we are going to use positive-clockwise and negative
counterclockwise for moments as it acts at the end of the span.
Sign Convention based on Bending

Both end moments are negative because they give negative bending curve as it acts on the
span, this sign convention is used by shear and moment diagrams, Area Moment Method,
conjugate beam method and D.I.M
Sign Convention based on Rotation

At support A, the moment acts on the span counterclockwise, hence it is negative

At support B, the moment acts clockwise, hence it is positive. This sign convention is commonly
used in moment distribution method and slope deflection method

Example 1
Consider the continuous beam loaded as shown. (E is constant)
Determine the moment at supports A, B and C.

15(2)(6)2 12(5)(3)2
𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐴𝐵 = + = −25.31𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
82 82

15(2)2 (6) 12(5)2 (3)

𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐵𝐴 = + = 19.69𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
82 82
11
6𝑥(11 − 𝑥)2
𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐵𝑐 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = −60.5𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
DF 0 0.41 0.59 0 0 112
11
6𝑥 2 (11 − 𝑥)
𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐶𝐵 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 60.5𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
0 112
FEM - 25.31 19.69 - 60.5 60.5
4𝐸𝐼 1𝐸𝐼
𝑘𝐴𝐵 = =
8 2
1st 0 16.73 24.08 0 4(2𝐸𝐼) 8𝐸𝐼
𝑘𝐵𝐶 = =
11 11

Carryover 𝑈𝑀 = −(19.69 − 60.5) = 40.81𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

8.37 0 0 12.04
1
𝐷𝐹𝐴𝐵 = 2 = 0.41
1 8
+
2nd 0 0 0 0 2 11
8
𝐷𝐹𝐵𝐶 = 11 = 0.59
Sum -16.94 36.42 - 36.42 72.54 1 8
+
2 11
𝑀𝐴𝐵 𝑀𝐵𝐴 𝑀𝐵𝐶 𝑀𝐶𝐵

Example 2
Consider the continuous beam loaded as shown. (E is constant)

Solution:

15(2)(6)2 12(5)(3)2
𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐴𝐵 = + = −25.31𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
82 82

15(2)2 (6) 12(5)2 (3)

𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐵𝐴 = + = 19.69𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
82 82
DF 0 0.41 0.59 1 11
6𝑥(11 − 𝑥)2
𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐵𝑐 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = −60.5𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
0 112
11
FEM - 25.31 19.69 - 60.5 60.5 6𝑥 2 (11 − 𝑥)
𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐶𝐵 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 60.5𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
0 112

4𝐸𝐼 1𝐸𝐼
1st 0 23.67 17.14 - 60.5 𝑘𝐴𝐵 = =
8 2
4𝐸𝐼 4𝐸𝐼
𝑘𝐵𝐶 = =
11 11
Carryover 11.84 0 - 30.25 8.57
1
𝐷𝐹𝐴𝐵 = 2 = 0.58
1 4
+
2nd 0 17.55 12.71 - 8.57 2 11
4
𝐷𝐹𝐵𝐶 = 11 = 0.42
Carryover 1 4
8.78 0 - 4.29 6.36 +
2 11

𝑈𝑀1 = −(19.69 − 60.5) = 40.81𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

3rd 0 2.49 1.80 - 6.36 𝑈𝑀2 = −(0 − 30.25) = 30.25𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

𝑈𝑀3 = −(0 − 4.29) = 4.29𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

Carryover 1.25 0 -3.18 0.9 𝑈𝑀4 = −(0 − 3.18) = 3.18𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

𝑈𝑀5 = −(0 − 0.45) = 0.45𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

Carryover 0.92 0 - 0.45 0.67

5th 0 0.26 0.19 - 0.67

Sum -2.52 65.5 - 65.5 0

𝑀𝐴𝐵 𝑀𝐵𝐴 𝑀𝐵𝐶

Practice Problem:

1. Analyze this beam using MDM

Answer:

𝑴𝑨𝑩 = −𝟐𝟗. 𝟓𝒌𝑵. 𝒎

𝑴𝑩𝑨 = 𝟑𝟕𝒌𝑵. 𝒎

𝑴𝑩𝑪 = −𝟑𝟕𝒌𝑵. 𝒎

𝑴𝑪𝑩 = 𝟓𝟔. 𝟓𝒌𝑵. 𝒎

2. Analyze this beam using MDM

𝑴𝑨𝑩 = −𝟐𝟕𝒌𝑵. 𝒎

𝑴𝑩𝑨 = 𝟒𝟐𝒌𝑵. 𝒎

𝑴𝑩𝑪 = −𝟒𝟐𝒌𝑵. 𝒎

𝑴𝑪𝑩 = 𝟎

* END OF THE LESSON *

THANK YOU AND GOD BLESS

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