Livable Housing Design

Handbook
 Livable housing design
Handbook

The Australian Building Codes Board

The Australian Building Codes Board (ABCB) is a standards writing body responsible for the National Construction Code (NCC),
WaterMark and CodeMark Certification Schemes.
The ABCB is a joint initiative of all levels of government in Australia, together with the building and plumbing industry. Its mission
is to oversee issues relating to health, safety, amenity, accessibility and sustainability in building.
For more information visit the ABCB website.

Copyright
© Commonwealth of Australia and the States and Territories of Australia 2023, published by the Australian Building
Codes Board.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. More information on this licence is set
out at the Creative Commons website.
Unless otherwise noted, copyright (and any other intellectual property rights, if any) in this publication is jointly owned by the
Commonwealth, States and Territories of Australia.

Attribution
Use of all or part of this publication must include the following attribution:
The Livable housing design handbook was provided by the Australian Building Codes Board under the CC BY 4.0 licence.

Disclaimer
By accessing or using this publication, you agree to the following:
While care has been taken in the preparation of this publication, it may not be complete or up-to-date. You can ensure that you
are using a complete and up-to-date version by checking the ABCB website.
The ABCB, the Commonwealth of Australia and States and Territories of Australia do not accept any liability, including liability for
negligence, for any loss (howsoever caused), damage, injury, expense or cost incurred by any person as a result of accessing,
using or relying upon this publication, to the maximum extent permitted by law. No representation or warranty is made or given as
to the currency, accuracy, reliability, merchantability, fitness for any purpose or completeness of this publication or any
information which may appear on any linked websites, or in other linked information sources, and all such representations and
warranties are excluded to the extent permitted by law.
This publication is not legal or professional advice. Persons rely upon this publication entirely at their own risk and must take
responsibility for assessing the relevance and accuracy of the information in relation to their particular circumstances.

Version history
Original
Publish date: April 2023
Print version: 1.0

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Preface
This handbook is one of a series by the ABCB. Handbooks expand on areas of existing
regulation or relate to topics that are not regulated by the NCC. They provide advice and
guidance.
The Livable Housing Design Handbook assists in understanding Part G7 of NCC Volume One,
Part H8 of NCC Volume Two and the ABCB Standard for Livable Housing Design.
It addresses issues in generic terms and is not a document that sets out specific compliance
advice for developing solutions to comply with the requirements in the NCC. It’s expected that
this handbook will guide readers to develop solutions relevant to specific situations in
accordance with the generic principles and criteria contained herein.-

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Contents
1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 1
1.1 Intent of livable housing design............................................................................. 1
1.2 ABCB Voluntary Standard for Livable Housing Design ......................................... 1
1.3 Using this document ............................................................................................. 1
2 Application of livable housing provisions ........................................................... 3
2.1 The Standard ........................................................................................................ 3
2.2 Livable housing and NCC requirements - Apartments (Volume One) ................... 4
3 Dwelling access ..................................................................................................... 6
3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 6
3.2 Application ............................................................................................................ 6
3.3 Step-free access path ........................................................................................... 7
3.4 Parking space incorporated into step-free access path. ..................................... 16
3.5 Exemptions to dwelling access requirements ..................................................... 17
3.6 Other relevant NCC Provisions for dwelling access ............................................ 19
4 Dwelling entrance ................................................................................................ 21
4.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 21
4.2 Application .......................................................................................................... 21
4.3 Design and configuration of nominated entrance doors ...................................... 21
4.4 Other relevant NCC provisions for dwelling entrance ......................................... 26
5 Internal doors and corridors ............................................................................... 28
5.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 28
5.2 Application .......................................................................................................... 28
5.3 Clear opening width ............................................................................................ 28
6 Sanitary compartment ......................................................................................... 32
6.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 32
6.2 Application .......................................................................................................... 33
6.3 Location .............................................................................................................. 34
6.4 Circulation space ................................................................................................ 34

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7 Shower .................................................................................................................. 36
7.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 36
7.2 Application .......................................................................................................... 36
7.3 Other relevant NCC Provisions for shower ......................................................... 37
8 Reinforcement of bathroom and sanitary compartment walls ........................ 38
8.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 38
8.2 Application .......................................................................................................... 38
Appendix A Abbreviations .................................................................................... 43
Appendix B Compliance with the NCC ................................................................. 44
B.1 Responsibilities for regulation of building and plumbing in Australia............ 44
B.2 Demonstrating compliance with the NCC ...................................................... 44
Appendix C Examples of bathroom layouts ......................................................... 47
C.1 Bathroom layout ................................................................................................. 47
Appendix D Resources........................................................................................... 52
D.1 ABCB publications ............................................................................................ 52

Reminder

This handbook is not mandatory or regulatory in nature. Compliance with it will not necessarily
discharge a user's legal obligations. The handbook should only be read and used subject to,
and in conjunction with, the general disclaimer at page i.

The handbook also needs to be read in conjunction with the NCC and the relevant legislation
of the appropriate state or territory. It is written in generic terms, and it is not intended that the
content of the handbook counteract or conflict with the legislative requirements, any references
in legal documents, any handbooks issued by the administration or any directives by the
appropriate authority.

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1 Introduction

1.1 Intent of livable housing design

The intent of the livable housing design requirements is described in their Objectives, which you
can find at clause G7O1 (in Volume One) and H8O1 (in Volume Two). These Objectives are:

“…to ensure that housing is designed to meet the needs of the community, including
older people and those with a mobility-related disability.”

The reference to ‘the community’ appears first because the requirements are intended to benefit
all home occupants. The reference to ‘mobility-related disability’ reflects how the requirements
have also been designed around meeting the needs of people with reduced mobility.
The requirements may not fully cover everyone’s needs. There may be times where further
design changes or home modifications are necessary to suit a person’s specific needs or
preferences.
The title ‘Livable Housing Design’ comes from the Livable Housing Design Guidelines, which are
a voluntary guideline published by Livable Housing Australia. These guidelines were the basis of
the requirements now included in the NCC.

1.2 ABCB Voluntary Standard for Livable Housing Design

The ABCB has also published the ABCB Voluntary Standard for Livable Housing Design:
Beyond Minimum (the Voluntary Standard). The Voluntary Standard is designed so it can be
used as a Deemed-to-Satisfy (DTS) Solution, as an alternative to the ABCB Standard for Livable
Housing Design (the Standard). This is because the solutions it specifies go beyond the
minimum requirements of the ABCB Standard - but do not conflict with them.
Regardless of whether you choose to use the Standard or the Voluntary Standard, compliance
still needs to be achieved with any other applicable NCC requirements.

1.3 Using this document

Abbreviations used in this handbook are in Appendix A.
General information about complying with the NCC and responsibilities for building and plumbing
regulation is in Appendix B.
Examples of bathroom layouts are in Appendix C.

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Further resources are listed in Appendix D.

Different styles are used in this document. See the examples below.

NCC extracts1

Examples

Alerts or Reminders

1 NCC extracts italicise defined terms as per the NCC. See Schedule 1 of the NCC for further information.

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2 Application of livable housing provisions

The livable housing provisions apply to houses and apartments. Relevant Performance
Requirements appear in NCC Volume One and Volume Two. The DTS Provisions provide a
compliance pathway to satisfy the Performance Requirements (see Appendix B).
DTS Provisions in Part G7 of NCC Volume One and Part H8 of NCC Volume Two call-up the
ABCB Standard for Livable Housing Design (the Standard). The Standard details technical
provisions for DTS compliance for Class 1a buildings (dwellings not above another classification,
other than a private garage) and Class 2 apartments. This is shown in Figure 2.1. As an NCC
referenced document, the Standard must be read in conjunction with the NCC.

Figure 2.1 Livable Housing Design Standard as a referenced document

The livable housing design provisions do not apply to residential buildings other than Class 1a
and Class 2 dwellings (i.e., Class 3, 4, and Class 9 residential care buildings). This is because
these buildings are subject to existing accessibility requirements (i.e., Class 3 and Class 9), or
are generally occupied by people without mobility impairment (e.g., a caretaker in a Class 4
dwelling).

2.1 The Standard

The Standard has 6 Parts covering:
 Dwelling access – getting to the entrance from the allotment boundary
 Dwelling entrance – ease of access through a step-free entrance
 Internal doors and corridors – ease of movement within the dwelling

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 Sanitary compartment – ease of movement to use a toilet pan

 Shower – ease of movement by way of a step-free shower
 Reinforcement of bathroom and sanitary compartment walls - providing the ability to
add supports such as grabrails if needed.
The NCC already has provisions for access to apartments in Class 2 buildings in Part D4 of
Volume One. Therefore, the dwelling access provisions of the Standard do not apply to Class 2
apartments; all other parts of the Standard ordinarily apply, as shown in Table 2.1.

Table 2.1 Overview of application of the Standard

Part Apartments Dwellings

(Class 2) (Class 1a)
Volume One1 Volume Two
Dwelling access X 2
Dwelling entrance  
Internal doors and corridors  
Sanitary compartment  
Shower  
Reinforcement of bathroom and sanitary compartment walls  
Notes: 1. Applies to apartments located on an accessible floor from common area.
2. Subject to concessions specified in Volume Two H8D2.

2.2 Livable housing and NCC requirements - Apartments

(Volume One)
Each apartment (SOU) in a Class 2 building is required to comply with the Standard, except for
Part 1. Figure 2.2 illustrates where NCC Volume One Part D4 requires accessibility for common
areas, and where Part G7 requires compliance with Parts 2 to 6 of the Standard.

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Example: Application of Part D4 and livable housing requirements to a Class 2 building

with lift access to each floor
Each apartment (SOU) has an accessible floor accessed from a common area and Part D4
and Part G7 apply, as shown in Figure 2.2.

Figure 2.2 Class 2 building where both Part D4 access provisions and Part G7 livable housing provisions
apply

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3 Dwelling access

3.1 Introduction
The intent of the dwelling access requirements (also referred to as ‘step-free access path’) is to
provide safe and easy access to the dwelling entrance from the allotment boundary or a
designated car parking space. These features are to improve usability for occupants and visitors,
including older people and people with a mobility-related disability. This intent is reflected in the
Objective H8O1 and Functional Statement H8F1(a). Objectives and Functional Statements
provide guidance on the intent and application of the Performance Requirements.

3.2 Application
With regard to livable housing design, dwelling access is covered by the following NCC Volume
Two requirements:
 H8P1(a)
 H8D2(1) and (2)
 Part 1 of the Standard.

Reminder

Part 1 of the Standard does not apply to Class 2 apartments.

Clause H8D2(1) states that a Class 1a dwelling must comply with the Standard. Part 1 of the
Standard has 2 components:
 step-free access path
 car parking space incorporated into step-free access path.
Clause H8D2(2) provides exemptions to the requirement for a step-free access path. These
exemptions include:
 steep sites
 insufficient space.

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3.3 Step-free access path

The continuous step-free access path must be provided from:
 the pedestrian entry at the allotment boundary, or
 an appurtenant Class 10a garage or carport, or
 a car parking space provided for the exclusive use by dwelling occupants.
These options are shown in Figure 3.1, Figure 3.2, and Figure 3.3 for continuous access path.

Figure 3.1 Continuous path to a dwelling entrance from the allotment boundary (Clause 1.1(1)(a) in the
Standard)

Figure note: Suitable for many applications including narrow lots, small sites, and sites, with minimal setbacks.

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Figure 3.2 Direct entrance to a dwelling from a garage/carport (Clause 1.1(1)(b) in the Standard)

Figure note: Suitable for many applications including steep sites, large allotments, small sites, and minimal setbacks.

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Figure 3.3 Continuous path to a dwelling entrance from an exclusive use car parking space (Clause 1.1(1)(c)
in the Standard)

Figure note: Suitable for many applications including steep sites and large allotments.

The requirements for a step-free access path from the allotment boundary, or a car parking
space for the exclusive use of the occupants, include the following:
 connection between the dwelling entrance door (that complies with Part 2 dwelling
entrance) and the car parking space or allotment boundary
 step-free
 minimum 1000 mm wide
 crossfall of 1:40 or shallower
 gates within the access path (if provided) have a minimum clear opening width of 820 mm
 ramps (other than step ramps), if necessary, must comply with the following:
 minimum 1000 mm wide
 gradient between 1:14 and 1:20 (maximum distance between landings dependent on
gradient)
 minimum 1200 mm long landing top and bottom with a crossfall shallower than 1:40.

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 a single step ramp, if provided, must comply with the following:

 minimum 1000 mm wide, or the width of the access path if greater than 1000 mm
 maximum gradient of 1:10
 maximum height of 190 mm
 maximum length 1900 mm.
Where it is nominated to provide step-free access from an attached Class 10a garage or carport,
the connecting door is to comply with Part 2 Dwelling entrance. In this instance, it is not
necessary to provide an additional entrance door that complies with Part 2.

3.3.1 Ramps on step-free access path

Clauses 1.1(4) and (5) include specific requirements for ramps including gradients, maximum
length, provision and dimensions of landings, minimum width, and crossfalls.

Ramp length and gradient

The maximum length of ramping between landings varies depending on the gradient used as
follows:
 1:14 gradient: maximum 9 m length
 1:20 gradient: maximum 15 m length
 gradient between 1:14 and 1:20: maximum length as determined by linear interpolation.

The length of the landings is not included in the distance between landings.

Difference between a ramp and a path

Table 3.1 provides a comparison of requirements for ramps and paths, including gradient,
maximum distance between landings, and requirements for landings and slip resistance. These
DTS requirements are minimum standards. To comply, the finished construction needs to
provide the stated minimum requirement or higher.

Table 3.1 Comparison of requirements for ramps and paths

Component Gradient Maximum Landings Slip
distance required resistance
between (yes/no) required
landings (m) (yes/no)
Path Shallower or equal to 1:20 Unlimited No No
Ramp 1:14 to 1:20 9 to 151 Yes Yes
Step ramp Shallower or equal to 1:10 1.9 Yes Yes
Note: Distance varies with gradient (see Clause 1.1(4)(a)).

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Example: Construction tolerances, ramps, and other constructions

A ramp designed with a gradient 1:14 must achieve a gradient of 1:14 or shallower to comply.
A gradient of 1:13 is non-compliant.
In construction applications, it is common to see ramp or path gradients designed and
specified slightly more than the minimum, to factor in construction tolerances.
For example, to ensure a path does not accidently become a ramp, it is specified as 1:21. Or,
to ensure an acceptable ramp gradient is obtained, 1:15 might be designed.

Landings
Landings are required at the end of each ramp, providing a safe transition between a sloped and
level surface. The landing length must be a minimum of 1200 mm long - in line with the direction
of the ramp - and at least as wide as the ramp. Where a cross-fall is provided for drainage, the
crossfall must be no steeper than 1:40.
Landings also allow a ramp to change direction. In this case, the landing would require to be a
minimum 1200 mm long in each direction, as per Figure 3.4.
A landing provided at one end of a ramp may also be counted as a landing for the purposes of
the dwelling entrance requirements in Part 2.3.

Change in ramp direction

Ramps may have a change in direction. A landing is one means of providing a change in
direction. Australian Standard (AS) 1428.1 describes methods of changing direction of ramps;
this standard, though not mandatory, may be useful to inform ramp design where a change in
direction is necessary.

Figure 3.4 Landing length between ramps that change direction (dimensions in mm)

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Linear interpolation
In Figure 3.5, the line of interpolation is shown (in orange) between gradients 1:14 (maximum
length 9 m) and 1:20 (maximum length 15 m). The plotted line (in orange) represents the
corresponding maximum ramp length (between landings) for a given gradient. For example, in
the same figure, for a gradient of 1:17 the maximum ramp length is 12 m. Table 3.2 represents
this same information for a selection of ramp gradients.

Figure 3.5 Interpolation graph illustrating maximum ramp length (between landings) based on the grade of
the ramp

Table 3.2 Interpolation table illustrating maximum ramp length (between landings) based on the grade of the
ramp

Ramp gradient Maximum ramp length (m)

1:14 9
1:15 10
1:16 11
1:17 12
1:18 13
1:19 14
1:20 15

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Example: Ramp designs and lengths

The following diagrams, Figure 3.6 and Figure 3.7, provide examples of single and multiple
ramp designs.

Figure 3.6 A single ramp design with landings

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Figure 3.7 Multiple ramps with landings

Step ramp
Clause 1.1(5) permits the use of one step ramp in an access path. A step ramp assists a person
to ascend a single step (no more than 190 mm high), but it can’t be longer than 1900 mm or
steeper than 1:10 (Figure 3.8). A steeper gradient requires more effort from users, so a shallower
gradient should be used where possible.

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Example: Step ramp with landings

Step ramp with landings to safely transition between ramp and paths, as shown in Figure 3.8.

Figure 3.8 Example of a step ramp with landings (dimensions in mm)

Alert: Ramp landing location

The Standard stipulates that the start of the access path is the allotment boundary (see
Clause 1.1(1)(a)). Therefore, use of the public footpath for a landing would require a
Performance Solution.

Access path design

The key aim for designers of access paths is to come up with a simple, practical, and safe step-
free path design that makes the path accessible for all people regardless of their level of mobility.
The design of the access path will be influenced by various factors. Site topography will have a
major influence on what your design options are. The location of the building on the site and car
parking requirements also need to be considered. Any gates used along the access path need to
have a minimum clear opening width of 820 mm as per Clause 1.1(3)(a).
Deck or boardwalk style paths need to comply with AS 1684 or NASH Standard – Residential
and Low-rise Steel Framing.
You have flexibility in choosing the materials used to form the path, so long as the materials and
construction methods are fit for purpose – for example a firm surface for the path will meet the
Objective and Functional Statement in the NCC. You can use different materials for the same
path, for example concrete and timber decking. A continuous access path needs to be clear of
impediments to allow safe use of the access path. Examples of impediments include:
 pedestrian bridges using unsuitable materials (for example uneven timber planking with
excessive gaps between planks)

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 paths with a crossfall steeper than 1:40

 objects that protrude into the required minimum width of the path (such as a bench, post, or
letterbox).
Where ramps and non-ramped paths are used, care should be taken to minimise trip and fall
hazards from raised edges.

3.3.2 Decks, verandahs, and the like forming part of access path
Decks and verandahs (and other similar structures) are a common attachment to Australian
homes. These often form part of the access path to an entry to the dwelling. Where they do, the
requirements of the Standard for the access path also apply to these structures. This includes
the requirement for step-free access to a deck or verandah if these structures (or the like) are
part of the identified access path.

3.3.3 Driveway may form part of access path

A driveway can be part of an access path if it complies with other Standard requirements for
access path gradients and length. If the gradient for part or all of a driveway used as an access
path is 1:20 or steeper, it would be subject to Clauses 1.1(4) and (5) in the same way as for a
separate access path.

3.4 Parking space incorporated into step-free access path.

Clause 1.2 states that one or more car parking spaces can form part of a required access path,
provided at least one of the car parking spaces has an unobstructed size of at least 3200 mm
wide by 5400 mm long, and has a maximum gradient of 1:33 (bitumen) or 1:40 (any other
surface material). This clause only applies when the appurtenant garage, carport, or car parking
space is connected to or forms part of a required access path.
Figure 3.9 illustrates how incorporation of a car parking space is an option to providing access
from an allotment boundary.

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Figure 3.9 Options for incorporating, or not incorporating, a car parking space in the access path
(dimensions in mm)

Where the step-free access path is provided from an appurtenant garage or carport, access into
the dwelling must be via a door complying with Part 2.

Alert

There is no need to specifically signpost or mark the car parking space (e.g. by line marking)
as there is no requirement for car parking spaces associated with a Class 1a dwelling to be
identified.

3.5 Exemptions to dwelling access requirements

The exemptions that apply for dwelling access for Class 1a buildings are found in the:
 exemptions box for Performance Requirement H8P1
 Clauses H8D2(2)(a) and (b).

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Alert

The exemptions explained here only apply to the access path (excluding landings) to a Class
1a building. This is because the step-free access requirement only applies to Class 1a
buildings. The exemption is only applicable for Clause 1.1 of the Standard.

When step-free access from an appurtenant garage, carport or car parking space is not
provided, Clause 1.1 of the Standard for step-free access need not be complied with, if one or
more of the following apply:
 the area for the access path is too steep
 there is insufficient space.

3.5.1 When access via an appurtenant garage, carport or car parking space is not
provided
NCC Volume Two Clause H8D2(2)(a) sets a pre-requisite for applying any one or more of the
exemption conditions listed in H8D2(2)(b)(i) to (iv). The clause indicates you cannot apply an
exemption unless you can establish that step-free access is not provided from an appurtenant
garage, carport, or car parking space. Some examples are:
 no garage, carport or car parking space is proposed on the site
 the garage, carport or car parking space is on a different floor level to the rest of the
dwelling
 the garage, carport or car parking space is shared with another dwelling or building, and so
is not provided for the exclusive use of the occupants.

Alert

Even if an exemption for Clause 1.1 is applicable, all other relevant requirements of the
Standard must still be complied with.

3.5.2 The area for the access path is too steep

The exemption only applies to the ground where the access path would be constructed, not to
the entire site. If the site has at least one possible location where a compliant access path could
be constructed, then the exemption would not apply.

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For example, it may not be possible to design an access path from the allotment boundary (or an
accessible car space) to the front entrance. However, it might be possible for an access path to
be constructed along the side of a house to a rear patio area with an accessible entrance.

3.5.3 Insufficient space on the site

The ‘insufficient space’ exemption is listed in NCC Volume Two at H8D2(2)(b)(iii). Its purpose is
to provide for situations where the amount of available space on the site is insufficient to
accommodate a step-free access path. This may be due to the physical size of the site, or
regulations outside of the NCC which limit the proportion of a site that can be covered by
structures and/or impervious ground coverings.

Relationship to property boundary

The exemption assumes that the step-free access path cannot extend beyond the property
boundary. However, for some cases, such as Class 1a dwellings that are part of a strata
development with shared access paths, driveways etc., it may be possible for an access path to
extend into common property or be shared between dwellings. In this situation, the access path
would be extending beyond the strata boundary.
As with all exemptions, such assessments must be made on a case-by-case basis and include
considerations such as the permanency of the pathway. A Performance Solution may be used in
these circumstances if deemed acceptable by the appropriate authority.

Reminder

Unless exempt, provision of the step-free access path is an NCC requirement of Volume Two
and the Standard. Its satisfactory completion must be signed off by the appropriate authority.

3.6 Other relevant NCC Provisions for dwelling access

The NCC has additional provisions for ramps and landings. For example, the Performance
Requirement in Volume Two, H5P1 (Movement to and within a building) includes requirements to
enable people to move safely to and within a building.

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H5P1 Movement to and within a building

So that people can move safely to and within a building—
(a) walking surfaces must have safe gradients; and
(b) any stairway or ramp must—
(i) have suitable handrails where necessary to assist and provide stability to
people using the stairway or ramp; and
(ii) have suitable landings to avoid undue fatigue of users; and
(iii) be suitable for safe passage in relation to the nature, volume and frequency of
likely usage; and
(iv) have slip-resistant walking surfaces on ramps, and on stairway treads or near
the edge of the nosing.

Ramps and landings on the step-free access path will need to meet the DTS requirements in
Volume Two Clause H5D2. These are detailed in the ABCB Housing Provisions Standard
(Housing Provisions) in Clauses 11.2.3, 11.2.4 and 11.2.5.
The Notes to Clause 11.2.3 in the Housing Provisions remind users that the Standard applies to
ramps provided for the purposes of Clause 1.1(1). For such ramps, the gradient and landing
requirements of the Standard apply, therefore a gradient of 1:8 (permissible under the Housing
Provisions) would not be acceptable.
For the purposes of the Standard, if the step-free access path is shared with a driveway that has
a gradient between 1:14 and 1:20, it needs to meet the Standard’s requirements for a ramp.

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4 Dwelling entrance

4.1 Introduction
The intent of the dwelling entrance requirements is to ensure dwellings are easy to enter and
exit, including for older people and those with a mobility-related disability.
The Standard requires that at least one entry door into the dwelling needs to meet the
requirements. The entrance door does not need to be the front door, provided that the
designated door connects to the step-free path in accordance with Clause 1.1(2). For example,
from the garage.
Part 2 of the Standard details the DTS compliance requirements for the designated dwelling
entrance.

4.2 Application
With regards to livable housing design, dwelling entrance is covered by the following
requirements:
 H8P1(b) (Volume Two) and G7P1 (Volume One)
 H8D2 (Volume Two) and G7D2 (Volume One)
 Part 2 of the Standard.

4.3 Design and configuration of nominated entrance doors

4.3.1 Clear opening width

The Standard requires a clear opening width of 820 mm for the designated entrance door. This
means clear of the door leaf and frames. For example, where a swing door opening is used,
assuming the entry door leaf depth is 40 mm (a common industry standard for entrance doors)
and the depth of the door stops is 11 mm on each side, you could use an 870 mm leaf door to
achieve the required minimum opening. This is based on standard door sizes currently available
from most door suppliers. Note that different hinge types and their method of installation will also
impact calculations for clearances, as would door stops with greater depth than 11 mm.
Figure 4.1 illustrates the example given.
Other types of door assembly may be used, such as double, bi-fold and multiple-slider, provided
the overall clear open width is not less than 820 mm, when the door is in a fully open position.

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Figure 4.1 Plan view of a typical door frame with a swing door (dimensions in mm)

4.3.2 Threshold
Clause 2.2 of the Standard provides 4 options for complying with the threshold requirements for
an entrance door subject to Clause 2.1.
These are:
(1) provide a level threshold, or
(2) have a door sill threshold height no more than 5 mm (with rounded or bevelled edge), or
(3) provide a ramped threshold (maximum 1:8 gradient) within the depth and width of the door
jamb, between the entry landing and the inside floor level, or
(4) where the requirements of the above three points cannot meet the weatherproofing
requirements of the NCC–
(a) for external entrance doors containing a raised door sill, have no lip or upstand greater
than 15mm within the sill profile, and
(b) have no more than 5 mm height difference between the edge of the top surface of the
sill and the adjoining finished floor surface level.
Figure 4.2, Figure 4.3, Figure 4.4, and Figure 4.5 illustrate how each of the 4 options could be
applied in practice.

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Example: Threshold options for external step-free entrance

Figure 4.2 Option 1: Level threshold (example of rebated door threshold)

Figure 4.3 Option 2: Threshold sill 5 mm above entry level and landing (dimensions in mm)

Figure 4.4 Option 3: Threshold ramp (confined within depth of door jamb)

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Figure 4.5 Option 4: Threshold with no lip or upstand greater than 15 mm within the sill profile, with 5 mm
maximum height difference with adjoining finished floor surface levels (FFL, dimensions in mm)

4.3.3 Landing area

Clause 2.3 (Landing area) states that an entrance door subject to Clause 2.1 (Clear opening
width) must have a space of at least 1200 mm x 1200 mm on the external side of the door with a
crossfall gradient no steeper than 1:40. Access to this door must be unobstructed, other than by
a gate or screen door.
However, Clause 2.3 does not apply to an entrance door that ‘serves an appurtenant Class 10a
garage or carport’ in accordance with Clause 1.1. This means that where the step-free dwelling
access is provided from the garage or carport, the 1200 mm x 1200 mm landing area is not
required.
An access path to the accessible entrance must comply with Clause 1.2 (Parking space
incorporated into step-free access path), as the carport or garage will form part of the access
path.

4.3.4 Weatherproofing for an external step-free entrance

Clause 2.4 sets out several requirements for weatherproofing external step-free entrances.
These include:
 A channel drain to be provided for the width of the entrance, where the external surface of
the entrance is impermeable. This channel drain also needs to meet the requirements of
H2D2 (Drainage) of Volume Two. The channel drain should be designed and constructed in
a way to enable it to be inspected and cleaned. This will assist for the purposes of termite
inspection (where applicable, see AS 3660.1) and keeping the drain clear (which is
particularly important in bushfire prone areas).

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 Where the external entrance area surface is decking or another permeable surface, the
drainage surface below also needs to meet the requirements of H2D2 (Drainage) of Volume
Two, and AS 3959 (for designated bushfire prone areas).
 A roof covering the landing area (no smaller than 1200 mm x 1200 mm) where the area is
also provided with a fall away from the building shallower than 1:40. Note any posts,
columns, or other supports for the roof cover must not obstruct the minimum
1200 mm x 1200 mm space required for the landing area in front of the entry door, as
per Clause 1.1(4).
Figure 4.6, Figure 4.7 and Figure 4.8 illustrates examples of these requirements.

Figure 4.6 Channel drain at entrance door

Figure 4.7 Permeable decking surface

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Figure 4.8 Front porch area with roof cover over landing area

4.4 Other relevant NCC provisions for dwelling entrance

There are other NCC Provisions relevant to dwelling entrances, including slip resistance and
weatherproofing.

4.4.1 Slip resistance and dwelling entrance

If the dwelling entrance landing is served by a ramp, the ramp will need to meet the slip
resistance requirements in Volume Two H5D2 as detailed in Clause 11.2.4 of the Housing
Provisions.

4.4.2 Surface water drainage and landing for dwelling entrance

Volume Two H2P1 Rainwater management includes Performance Requirements relating to
surface water, as shown in the extract below.

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H2P1 Rainwater management

(1) Surface water, resulting from a storm having an annual exceedance probability of 5% and
which is collected or concentrated by a building or sitework, must be disposed of in a way that
avoids the likelihood of damage or nuisance to any other property.
(2) Surface water, resulting from a storm having an annual exceedance probability of 1% must
not enter the building.
(3) A drainage system for the disposal of surface water resulting from a storm having an
annual exceedance probability of—
(c) 5% must—
(i) convey surface water to an appropriate outfall; and
(ii) avoid surface water damaging the building; and
(d) 1% must avoid the entry of surface water into a building.

The corresponding DTS Provisions are found in Volume Two Clause H2D2(b) Drainage. This
includes requirements for drainage of:
 roofs in some areas where a drainage system is required
 sub-soil areas where excessive soil moisture problems may occur
 land adjoining or under buildings.
Clause H2D2 calls up Clause 3.3.3 of the Housing Provisions which contains an important
limitation statement that excludes a landing area provided for the purposes of Clause 2.3 of the
Standard.

3.3.3 Surface water drainage

Limitation
3.3.3 does not apply to a landing area provided for the purposes of Clause 2.3 of the ABCB
Standard for Livable Housing Design, except for a channel drain or drainage surface provided
under Clause 2.4 of that Standard.

The appropriate authority should be able to provide information on the need for site drainage
systems.

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5 Internal doors and corridors

5.1 Introduction
The intent of the requirements in Part 3 of the Standard is to assist unimpeded movement within
dwellings to improve their useability. Part 3 specifies the minimum requirements for the design of
internal doors and corridors in a dwelling.

5.2 Application
With regards to livable housing design, internal doors and corridors are covered by the following
requirements:
 H8P1 (Volume Two) and G7P1 (Volume One)
 H8D2 (Volume Two) and G7D2 (Volume One)
 Part 3 of the Standard.

5.3 Clear opening width

Clause 3.1 requires internal doorways to have a minimum clear opening of 820 mm, regardless
of the type of door used – for example, swing doors, sliding doors, concertina doors and cavity
sliding doors. Clear opening width is not the same as door width. This is shown in the following
example.

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Example: Clear opening width

Let’s consider the following example for an internal swing door. The 820 mm door leaf size is a
common size used for internal doors in residential dwellings. If you allow 3 mm tolerance gaps
either side of the door leaf and the door framing, the framing spacing would be 826 mm. When
you deduct 22 mm (11 mm door stops either side of the door) from 826 mm, we are left with
804 mm, without even considering the depth of the door leaf itself. This does not meet the
requirement for a clearance of 820 mm. So we need to use a wider door leaf.
Figure 5.1 illustrates how an 870 mm door leaf size could achieve the required minimum
clearance of 820 mm, based on the following assumptions. Note that different hinge types and
their method of installation will also impact calculations for clearances.
internal door leaf width (mm): 870
2 x 3 mm gaps each side(mm): + 6
overall door frame spacing (mm): = 876
internal door depth (mm): - 35
door stop depth (mm): - 11
door hinge gap from frame when in open position (mm): - 5
clear opening width (mm): = 825

Figure 5.1 Plan view of typical internal door frame with a swing door (dimensions in mm)

As illustrated, an 870 mm door would give us a total clearance of 825 mm, which exceeds the
minimum clearance requirement of 820 mm. The Standard does not require the door handle to
be considered for the minimum clearance.
Note that this example is based on several assumptions, which may differ depending on the
materials and methods used for door framing and installation. Check door hardware and
installation method to ensure minimum clear opening width is achieved.

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5.3.1 Threshold
The thresholds of internal doorways, subject to Clause 3.1, must:
 be level, or
 have a height no more than 5 mm if the lip is rounded or bevelled, or
 be ramped within the depth of the door frame and have a gradient not more than 1:8 (the
ramp also needs to be as wide as the door frame that it sits in).
Figure 5.2 and Figure 5.3 illustrate examples of these points.

Figure 5.2 Example of a ramped threshold within a door jamb

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Figure 5.3 Example of a level threshold through the doorway

5.3.2 Corridor width

A minimum clear width of 1000 mm is required for corridors, hallways, and the like if they are
connected to a door that is subject to Clause 3.1. The clear width is measured between finished
wall surfaces (e.g. plasterboard or timber cladding). You do not take the measurement between
the wall skirting boards or other wall mouldings such as picture rails. Features such as power
outlets, wall tiles, door stops and so on are also excluded from this measurement. Door
hardware may encroach the minimum required corridor width.

Alert:
The requirement for corridor widths does not apply to a stairway that is part of a path of travel
to a shower complying with Parts 5 and 6 on a level other than the entry level.

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6 Sanitary compartment

6.1 Introduction
The sanitary compartment requirements in the Standard are intended to improve their
accessibility and useability for occupants and visitors, including older people and those with a
mobility-related disability. Part 4 specifies the minimum requirements for the design and
construction of at least one sanitary compartment in a dwelling. ‘Sanitary compartment’ is an
NCC defined term and means a room or space containing a closet pan or urinal.
In the following figures, Figure 6.1 and Figure 6.2 illustrate that a room is a sanitary compartment
when it contains a closet pan or urinal. In Figure 6.1, the room containing the bath is not a
sanitary compartment as it does not contain a closet pan or urinal. The sanitary compartment in
Figure 6.1 is the room on the left.

Sanitary compartments in the NCC

Figure 6.1 Identification of sanitary compartments

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Figure 6.2 Identification of sanitary compartments

6.2 Application
With regard to livable housing design, sanitary compartments are covered by the following
requirements:
 H8P1(d) (Volume Two) and G7P1 (Volume One)
 H8D2 (Volume Two) and G7D2 (Volume One)
 Part 4 of the Standard
 Part 6 of the Standard.

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6.3 Location
Clause 4.1 Location requires at least one sanitary compartment to be located on the ground floor
or entry level of a dwelling. This sanitary compartment must include a toilet.

6.4 Circulation space

A sanitary compartment that is subject to Clause 4.1, needs to meet certain circulation
requirements in the Standard. The key requirement is a clear zone of 900 mm x 1200 mm
immediately in front of the front edge of the toilet pan. Figure 6.3 shows the application of this
zone.
Skirting boards, architraves, toilet roll holders, door stops etc. may encroach on the circulation
space. However, the circulation space must be clear of the door swing. Clear space in front of
and to the side of the toilet pan improves useability for children, older people and people with a
mobility disability.

Figure 6.3 Circulation zone for a toilet

Where the toilet is located between opposing side walls, such as a typical stand-alone sanitary
compartment, there must be a minimum of 900 mm between the finished wall surfaces. Where
the toilet pan is within a room with other fixtures, the side of a vanity or other obstruction
(e.g. bath) needs to be at least 450 mm from the centreline of the toilet pan. Figure 6.4 and
Figure 6.5 illustrates different examples of the application of these requirements.

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Example: Applying the circulation zone

Figure 6.4 Applying the circulation zone – toilet in separate compartment (dimensions in mm)

Figure 6.5 Applying the circulation zone and the 450 mm clearance from obstructions with bath adjacent
(dimensions in mm)

Note: Examples of room layouts showing positioning of fixtures and reinforcing are shown in Appendix D.

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7 Shower

7.1 Introduction
Part 5 of the Standard seeks to ensure easy and independent access for all home occupants to
at least one shower in a dwelling.

7.2 Application
With regard to livable housing design, showers are covered by the following requirements:
 H8P1(e) (Volume Two) and G7P1 (Volume One)
 H8D2 (Volume Two) and G7D2 (Volume One)
 Part 5 of the Standard
 Part 6 of the Standard.

7.2.1 Only one shower needs to comply

Regardless of the total number of showers in a dwelling, the Standard only requires that one
shower needs to comply with the requirements of Part 5. The compliant shower does not require
to be on the ground or entry level.

7.2.2 Hobless and step-free entry

Clause 5.2 of the Standard requires that at least one shower must have a hobless and step-free
entry. This means the floor level at the entry to the shower recess must be level with the floor
level outside of that recess, while still allowing for necessary falls to enable drainage of water to
the recess floor waste. Clause 5.2(2) permits a 5 mm high lip (such as a waterstop angle)
commonly placed at the perimeter of the shower recess) for water retention purposes.
Figure 7.1 and Figure 7.2 show examples of hobless and step-free entry. Examples of room
layouts showing positioning of fixtures and reinforcing are shown in Appendix D.

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Example: Hobless and step-free entry showers

Figure 7.1 Image of a step-free and hobless shower with glazed screen, no door

Figure 7.2 Image of a step-free and hobless shower with no screen

7.3 Other relevant NCC Provisions for shower

Performance Requirement H4P1 in Volume Two covers what is required for wet areas in Class
1a dwellings. DTS Clause H4D2 states that compliance with AS 3740 or Part 10.2 of the Housing
Provisions satisfies Performance Requirement H4P1 for wet areas.

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8 Reinforcement of bathroom and sanitary

compartment walls

8.1 Introduction
Part 6 of the Standard specifies the requirements for the reinforcement of bathroom and sanitary
compartment walls. The intent of these requirements is to ensure that certain walls adjacent to a
shower, a toilet and in some cases a bath, can support the future installation of grabrails.

8.2 Application
Reinforcement is covered by the following requirements:
 H8P1(f) (Volume Two) and G7P1 (Volume One)
 H8D2 (Volume Two) and G7D2 (Volume One)
 Part 6 of the Standard.

8.2.1 Location
Wall reinforcement is not required if the walls are constructed of concrete, masonry, or other
material capable of supporting grabrails. This includes plaster applied to masonry or concrete.
For materials other than concrete or masonry, Part 6 only applies to the sanitary compartment or
bathroom subject to the requirements of Part 4 and Part 5.

Alert: Free-standing bath

A free-standing bath is excluded because it does not have adjoining walls to fix grabrails.

8.2.2 Construction
Reinforcing must be constructed using a minimum 12 mm thick standard grade plywood (or
similar), or minimum 25 mm thick timber noggings. The Standard provides figures showing the
required locations for sheeting or noggings.

Alert: Grabrails
There is no requirement to install grabrails.

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Alert: Nogging size

Nogging sizes are minimum; larger thicknesses are permitted e.g. offcuts from framing timber.

Alert: Cavity slider doors

Care is required when locating a cavity slider door in a wall requiring reinforcement adjacent to
a fixture. This is to ensure the door operation is not impeded by future fixings. It is also to
ensure the ability to support loads from sheeting (if used), linings and potential grabrails under
load (i.e. in use).

For showers and baths, reinforcing need only be provided to the available width of the wall. This
includes where the available wall is narrower than the specified reinforcing width, or where a
window sill terminates lower than the area specified for reinforcing.
For toilet pans, the full extent of either:
 side wall reinforcing, as stipulated in Figure 6.2e of the Standard, or
 rear wall reinforcing, as stipulated in Figure 6.2f or Figure 6.2g of the Standard,
is to be provided.
See examples in Figure 8.1, Figure 8.2, and Figure 8.3.

Example: Reinforcing to a bath wall with only one adjoining wall

Figure 8.1 Bath with one adjoining wall, only requires reinforcing to the one adjoining wall (dimensions
in mm)

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Example: Reinforcing the wall behind the toilet pan

Figure 8.2 Examples of reinforcing behind the toilet pan

(1) Window sill encroaches on side reinforcement location.

(2) Door location encroaches on side reinforcement location.
(3) Toilet pan centreline more than 460 mm away from wall.

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Example: Reinforcing bath (and shower) wall where a wall terminates at a window sill
lower than required for reinforcement height

Figure 8.3 Window terminates at a window sill lower than the specified reinforcement height
(dimensions in mm)

(1) Reinforcement sheeting (or nogging) only required to the wall adjacent the end of the bath. Note it extends
225 mm beyond the width of the bath.
(2) Reinforcement sheeting ordinarily extends 600 mm above bath; sheeting may be provided for the available
extent of the area specified in Figure 6.2b of the Standard.
(3) Provision of noggings in accordance with Figure 6.2a of the Standard, as an alternative to providing
sheeting for the available extent of the specified area.
Note: Examples of room layouts showing positioning of fixtures and reinforcing are shown in Appendix D.

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Appendices

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Appendix A Abbreviations
The following table, Table A.1, contains abbreviations used in this document.

Table A.1 Abbreviations

Abbreviations Meaning
ABCB Australian Building Codes Board
AS Australian Standard
DTS Deemed-to-Satisfy
FFL Finished floor level
NASH National Association of Steel-framed Housing
NCC National Construction Code
SOU Sole-occupancy unit

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Appendix B Compliance with the NCC

B.1 Responsibilities for regulation of building and plumbing

in Australia
State and territory governments are responsible for regulation of building, plumbing, and
development/planning in their respective state or territory.
The NCC is a joint initiative of the Commonwealth and State and Territory Governments in
Australia and is produced and maintained by the ABCB on behalf of the Australian Government
and each state and territory government. The NCC provides a uniform set of technical provisions
for the design and construction of buildings and other structures and plumbing and drainage
systems throughout Australia. It allows for variations in climate and geological or geographic
conditions.
The NCC is given legal effect by building and plumbing regulatory legislation in each state and
territory. This legislation consists of an Act of Parliament and subordinate legislation (e.g.
Building Regulations) which empowers the regulation of certain aspects of buildings and
structures and contains the administrative provisions necessary to give effect to the legislation.
Each state's and territory's legislation adopts the NCC subject to the variation or deletion of some
of its provisions, or the addition of extra provisions. These variations, deletions and additions are
generally signposted within the relevant section of the NCC and located within appendices to the
NCC. Notwithstanding this, any provision of the NCC may be overridden by, or subject to, state
or territory legislation. The NCC must therefore be read in conjunction with that legislation.

B.2 Demonstrating compliance with the NCC

Compliance with the NCC is achieved by complying with the NCC Governing Requirements and
relevant Performance Requirements.
The Governing Requirements are a set of governing rules outlining how the NCC must be used
and the process that must be followed.
The Performance Requirements prescribe the minimum necessary requirements for buildings,
building elements, and plumbing and drainage systems. They must be met to demonstrate
compliance with the NCC.

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There are 3 options available to demonstrate compliance with the Performance Requirements.
These are:
 a Performance Solution
 a Deemed-to-Satisfy Solution, or
 a combination of a Performance Solution and a Deemed-to-Satisfy Solution.
A Performance Solution must be assessed using one or a combination of Assessment Methods,
as appropriate. These include:
 Evidence of Suitability
 Expert Judgement
 Verification Methods
 Comparison with DTS Provisions.
Evidence of Suitability or Expert Judgement may be used for assessing the compliance of a DTS
Solution, as appropriate.
A figure showing hierarchy of the NCC, and its compliance options is provided in Figure B.1. It
should be read in conjunction with the NCC.
To access the NCC or for further general information regarding demonstrating compliance with
the NCC visit the ABCB website.

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Figure B.1 Demonstrating compliance with the NCC

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Appendix C Examples of bathroom layouts

C.1 Bathroom layout

The following examples illustrate bathroom layouts that meet the requirements of the Standard
and the Voluntary Standard.

Example: Bathroom layout – 3.96 m2

This layout complies with the Standard. There are options for different door configurations.

Figure C.1 Bathroom layout – 3.96 m2 (dimensions in mm)

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Example: Bathroom layout – room area 4.86 m2

This layout complies with the Standard. There are options for different door configurations.

Figure C.2 Bathroom layout – 4.86 m2 (dimensions in mm)

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Example: Bathroom layout – room area 4.62 m2

The layout complies with the Standard and the ABCB Voluntary Standard for minimum
circulation and clear opening door width.
There are options for different door configurations.
The minimum circulation space for the toilet pan specified in the Voluntary Standard (1200 mm
x 1200 mm) overlaps with the circulation space for a shower specified in the Voluntary
Standard (1200 mm x 1200 mm).

Figure C.3 Bathroom layout – 4.62 m2 (dimensions in mm)

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Example: Bathroom layout – room area 6.3 m2

The layout complies with the Standard and the enhanced Voluntary Standard for minimum
circulation and clear opening door width.
There are options for different door configurations.
The minimum circulation space for the toilet pan specified in the Voluntary Standard
(1200 mm x 1200 mm) overlaps with the circulation space for a shower specified in the
Voluntary Standard (1200 mm x 1200 mm).

Figure C.4 Bathroom layout – 6.3 m2 (dimensions in mm)

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Example: Bathroom layout – room area 5.04 m2

The layout complies with the Standard and (subject to swinging door location) the Voluntary
Standard for minimum circulation and clear opening door width.
There are options for different door configurations.
The minimum circulation space for the toilet pan specified in the Voluntary Standard (1200 mm
x 1200 mm) overlaps with the circulation space for a shower (1200 mm x 1200 mm).
To meet the requirements of the Standard, a 900 mm x 1200 mm circulation space for the toilet
pan need only be provided. This is reflected in the diagram; by hatching, and by the permitted
location of a door leaf that swings into the sanitary compartment (i.e. ‘Any door’).
To meet the specifications of the Voluntary Standard, a 1200 x 1200 mm circulation space for
the toilet pan is necessary. Further, to meet the Voluntary Standard, a swinging door leaf
cannot encroach that circulation space.

Figure C.5 Bathroom layout – 5.04 m2 (dimensions in mm)

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Appendix D Resources

D.1 ABCB publications

Australian Building Codes Board (2022), ABCB Housing Provisions Standard.
Australian Building Codes Board (2022), ABCB Standard for Livable Housing Design.
Australian Building Codes Board (2023), ABCB Voluntary Standard for Livable Housing Design –
Beyond Minimum.
Australian Building Codes Board (2022), National Construction Code.

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