PERSONAL DEVLOPMENT

Ms. Marvs | Second Semester

concrete changes in the present that will help you take steps toward
your goals.
Topic Outline: Money
● Laws of Attraction and Love
● Sternberg Triangular theory of love → Manifesting financial changes in your life requires small steps and
● Social Exchange theory steady progress. Instead of simply wishing for more, it's important to
● Personal Relationships assess your financial life and set goals for what you want to achieve
● Family Structures and Legacies both now and in the future.
● Career Concepts
● What influences your career choice? Impact of the Law of Attraction
● Super’s Career Development Theory
While the law of attraction lacks scientific support, proponents suggest that it can
● Five Factor Model of Personality
● Environmental Interest produce positive changes in a person's life.
● Choose Your Career First Some reasons why people may experience benefits from this philosophy
include:

Spiritual Effects
LAWS OF ATTRACTION AND LOVE
→ The law of attraction may produce results because it taps into
people's spirituality.
The law of attraction is a philosophy suggesting that positive thoughts bring
→ Spirituality itself is connected to a variety of health benefits including
positive results into a person's life, while negative thoughts bring negative
reduced stress, better health, lower depression, and better overall
outcomes. In other words, a positive mindset will attract more success and
well-being.
happiness than a negative one.

Better Well-Being
The Laws of Attraction
How does the law of attraction work? → Utilizing the law of attraction may also bring about positive impacts on
mental well-being.
Essentially, the energy of your thoughts manifest your experiences. Advocates
suggest there are central universal principles that make up the law of attraction: → By focusing on attaining a new reality, and by believing it is possible,
we tend to take more risks, notice more opportunities, and open
1.Like attracts like ourselves up to new possibilities.
→ This law suggests that similar things are attracted to one another. → Conversely, when we don’t believe that something is in the realm of
possibilities for us, we tend to let opportunities pass by unnoticed.
→ It means that people tend to attract people who are similar to them—
but it also suggests that people's thoughts tend to attract similar
results. ROBERT STERNBERG’S TRIANGLE THEORY OF LOVE
→ Negative thinking is believed to attract negative experiences, while
positive thinking is believed to produce desirable experiences.
THE 8 COMBINATIONS OF LOVE,
2.Nature abhors a vacuum ACCORDING TO STERNBERG:
→ This law of attraction suggests that removing negative things from 1. None of the three + non-love
your life can make space for more positive things to take their place. 2. Intimacy+ friendship
→ It is based on the notion that it is impossible to have a completely 3. Passion = infatuated love
empty space in your mind and in your life. 4. Commitment + empty love
5. Intimacy + passion = romantic love
→ Since something will always fill this space, it is important to fill that
6. Intimacy + commitment +
space with positivity, proponents of this philosophy say.
compassionate love
7. Passion + commitment + foolish or
3.The present is always perfect
fatuous love
→ This law focuses on the idea that there are always things you can do
8. Intimacy + passion + commitment
to improve the present moment.
= complete or consummate love
→ While it might always seem like the present is somehow flawed, this
law proposes that, rather than feeling dread or unhappiness, you
Love
should focus your energy on finding ways to make the present
→ is a complex and multifaceted emotion that has intrigued humans for
moment the best that it can be.
centuries.
→ While it is often seen as an abstract concept, psychologist Robert J.
How to Use the Law of Attraction
Sternberg proposed a comprehensive theory that aims to define and
So how do you get started with the law of attraction?
understand love in a more structured manner.
• According to this philosophy, you create your own reality.
• What you focus on is what you draw into your life. It suggests that
Sternberg’s Theory of Love, also known as the Triangular Theory of Love
what you believe will happen in your life is what does happen.
→ provides a framework to analyze and categorize the various
components that contribute to the experience of love.
Relationships
→ You can use some elements of the law of attraction to work toward
We often think of love as an emotion. It’s not that. Love is action. Love is
your relationship goals.
something that we do.
→ One way to do this is to become more aware of the things that might
be holding you back when it comes to allowing love in your life.
The Triangular Theory of Love:

Work
→ At the heart of Sternberg’s theory lies the concept of the love triangle,
→ The law of attraction can also be useful for achieving your
which encompasses three fundamental components: intimacy,
professional goals.
passion, and commitment.
→ While people sometimes mistakenly believe that simply thinking
→ According to Sternberg, the different combinations of these
positively about your career aspirations will manifest positive
components give rise to various types of love.
changes, the key is to use your long-term goals to make specific,

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Intimacy: Sternberg’s Theory of Love provides a valuable framework for
→ Intimacy refers to the emotional closeness, connection, and bond understanding the complex nature of love and its different manifestations.
shared between individuals.
→ It involves feelings of trust, openness, and vulnerability. Intimacy LOVE IS A VERB
alone is characterized as liking or friendship, where two people feel • According to Sternberg, consummate love may be harder to maintain
close to each other without any romantic or passionate involvement. than it is to achieve, as the components of love must be put into
Passion: action.
→ Passion encompasses the intense physical and sexual attraction • Without behavior and expression, passion is lost, and love may revert
between individuals. back to the companionate type.
→ It involves feelings of desire, arousal, and longing. Passion alone is • Love is not a black or white concept. It is dynamic and ever changing.
seen in infatuation, which is often characterized by a strong physical Love can transition in and out of different types of love, depending on
and sexual attraction without any significant emotional connection. the inclusion or exclusion of the main three components.

Commitment: • Lovers who share intimacy, passion, and commitment through

→ Commitment involves the decision and determination to maintain a consummate love may find themselves no longer aligned on one of
long-term relationship. those and can become friends or nothing at all. Friends who share
→ It is the cognitive aspect of love, representing the conscious choice to intimacy and commitment can find themselves experiencing passion
stay devoted to a partner over time. Commitment alone is described for each other and thus a new relationship is born.
as empty love, where individuals may remain in a relationship without
any deep emotional connection or passionate feelings. • By recognizing the importance of all three components – intimacy,
passion, and commitment – people can examine the different types of
7 TYPES OF LOVE love in their lives and identify what is exists, what is needed, and
what could be strengthened.
a) Friendship
→ Components: Liking Passionate Love =>Romantic Love => Companionate Love
→ This type of love Is when the intimacy of liking component is present, but
feelings of passion or commitment in the romantic sense are missing. SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY
→ Friendship love can be the root of other forms of love.
Social Exchange Theory
b) Infatuation → is a social psychological perspective that views social interactions
→ Components: Passion and relationships as a process of cost-benefit analysis, where
→ Infatuation is characterized by feelings of lust ang physical passion. individuals seek to maximize rewards and minimize costs.
→ The initial infatuation is often very powerful. → It was developed by sociologist George Homans and later expanded
upon by sociologist Peter Blau in the mid-20th century.
c) Empty Love
→ Empty love represents commitment without intimacy or passion. It may be • The theory was created to understand how individuals make decisions in
found in long-term relationships where the emotional connection and social situations, particularly in the context of relationships.
passion have faded, but the commitment remains. • Its main premise is that people engage in relationships based on the
expectation that the benefits they receive will outweigh the costs incurred.
d) Romantic Love • This framework helps explain why individuals choose to initiate, maintain, or
→ Components: Intimacy and Passion terminate relationships.
→ Romantic love bonds people emotionally through intimacy and physical
passion. In real life, Social Exchange Theory can be applied to various situations:
→ Partners in this type of relationship have deep conversations that help
them know intimate details about each other. 1. Interpersonal Relationships
→ They enjoy sexual passion and affection. These couples may be at the • It helps explain why individuals stay in friendships, romantic
point where long-term commitment or future plans are still undecided. relationships, or marriages.
• People assess the benefits (companionship, emotional support, etc.)
e) Compassionate Love against the costs (time, effort, conflicts, etc.) to determine the overall
→ Components: Liking and Intimacy satisfaction and commitment to the relationship.
→ Companionate love is intimate, but non- passionate sort of love.
→ It includes the intimacy of liking component and the commitment 2. Workplace Dynamics
component of the triangle. • Employees weigh the rewards (salary, benefits, recognition) against
→ It is stronger than friendship, because there is a long-term commitment, the costs (long hours, stress, conflicts) when deciding to stay in a job
but there is minimal or no sexual desire. or seek alternative employment.
→ This type of love is often found in marriages where the passion has died, • Employers also use this theory to understand employee motivation
but the couple continues to have deep affection or a strong bond. and satisfaction.

f) Fatuous Love 3. Economic Transactions

→ Components: Commitment and Passion • Social Exchange Theory can be applied to economic exchanges
→ In this type of love commitment and passion are present while intimacy or where individuals assess the benefits and costs of transactions
liking is absent. before engaging in them.
→ Fatuous love is typified by a whirlwind courtship in whish passion • For example, consumers weigh the price of a product against its
motivates a commitment without that stabilizing influence of intimacy. perceived value before making a purchase.

g) Consummate Love 4. Friendship Networks

→ components: Intimacy, Passion, and Commitment • People evaluate the benefits (emotional support, shared interests)
→ Consummate love is made up of all three components and is the total and costs (time investment, conflicts) of maintaining friendships and
form of love. decide which ones to prioritize or invest in.
→ It represents an ideal relationship.
→ They cannot imagine themselves with anyone else. They also cannot see
themselves truly happy without their partners.
→ They manage to overcome differences and face stressors together.

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 PERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS Deal with Stress- A study of over 100 individuals revealed that individuals who
completed a stressful task recovered faster when reminded of strong
…And a woman who was getting on in years and had never found relationships, while those reminded of stressful relationships experienced
a husband said “Love has always passed me by.” increased stress and higher blood pressure.

-Paulo Coelho, Manuscript Found in Accra

Feel Richer- A survey by the National Bureau of Economic Research of 5,000
PERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS people found that doubling your group of friends has the same effect on your
→ show us how to love and be loved as well as whom we want to be in wellbeing as a 50% increase in income!
life and whom we don't.
→ Having serious trusting relationships allows us to truly be our true → Positive relationships continue to predict health, psychological well-
selves. As humans, the relationships we form with other people are being, and longevity and career success.
vital to our mental and emotional well-being, and really, our survival.
low social support is linked to a number of health consequences:
• We humans are essentially social beings.
• We have an innate desire to relate to others.
Depression. Loneliness has long been commonly associated with depression,
A child discovers who she is through her caregivers who become her mirrors. and now research is backing this correlation up: a 2012 study of breast cancer
Through their behaviors towards her, verbal and nonverbal, she builds a sense of patients found that those with fewer satisfying social connections experienced
self. If the mirrors are distorting, then she is likely to develop a distorted image of higher levels of depression, pain, and fatigue.
self. In the future, the distorted image will affect all of her relationship. (Tony D’
Souza, Discovering Awareness; 2010) Decreased immune function. The authors of the same study also found a
correlation between loneliness and immune system dysregulation, meaning that
Swami Vivekananda
• "Relationships are more important than life, but it is important for those a lack of social connections can increase your chances of becoming sick.
relationships to have life in them."
• This conveys that, the most precious thing you have are your Higher blood pressure. University of Chicago researchers who studied a group
relationships. But these relationships are only valuable when they are of 229 adults over five years found that loneliness could predict higher blood
true and sincere. pressure even years later, indicating that the effects of isolation have long-lasting
consequences.
Human relations
→ “ability to interact effectively with diverse others in a variety of
situations (Hamilton, 2007, p. 5). → The absence of positive relationships is often linked to
→ allows us to move away from an exclusive focus on romantic, intimate disappointment, loneliness, and various other social and
relationships, to one that encompasses the broad array of close psychological issues among most individuals.
interactions that all individuals are engaged in on a continuous basis. → The study suggests that humans have an inherent evolutionary
→ allows us to understand the development and maintenance of disposition to associate with others, which was crucial for survival in
relationships as a process that can be improved on over time and with previous times.
some self-knowledge.

Advancements in technology are transforming human interactions globally, NURTURING RELATIONSHIPS

allowing individuals to form friendships without ever meeting in person, highlighting
the growing global dimension of human interactions. …interpersonal communication is truly “a reciprocation of
emotions—a dance of emotions.”
Relationships are not static, they are continually evolving, and to fully enjoy and —Zajonc, (1998, p. 593).
benefit from them we need skills, information, inspiration, practice, and social
support.
All interpersonal relationships are characterized by a certain amount of
conflict, and yet, the truly significant challenge understands how conflict can be
THREE KINDS OF PERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS
managed and used to strengthen interpersonal communication.
Family • Relationships can also be characterized by a “dark” side that includes
jealousy, envy, teasing and bullying.
The Bureau of the Census defines family as "two or more persons who are
related by birth, marriage, or adoption and who live together as one household."
Forbes contributor Margie Warrell
Friends
A friendship can be thought of as a close tie between two people that is often → points out that “digital communication can never replace in person,
built upon mutual experiences, shared interests, proximity, and emotional face-to-face, contact in building relationships – personal and
bonding. Friends are able to turn to each other in times of need. professional.
Partnerships → She mentioned that technology and social media can be incredible
Romantic partnerships, including marriage, are close relationships formed resources for individuals and organizations.
between two people that are built upon affection, trust, intimacy, and romantic → They provide ways to connect with people, customers, and the public
love. as a whole.
→ But without real, face-to-face interactions, we are truly missing out.
WHY PERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS ARE IMPORTANT?
Another relationship challenge comprehends why some relationships are
• Research shows that already very young children are cognizant of the characterized by infidelity and disloyalty. Understanding why those behaviors
importance of both their parents and their peers in their lives (Kupersmidt, take place and how we can learn to control and eliminate them, allows us to
DeRosier & Patterson, 1995). improve individuals’ lives and assist them in building positive human interactions.
• In a technologically and globally influenced world, social networks are It takes time and commitment to create a nurturing and passionate relationship,
expanding rapidly, allowing us to interact across borders and virtual spaces, but it can be done.
exposing us to new cultural experiences and values, as discussed in Bahira
Sherif Trask's book, The Complex Nature of Personal Relationships. The following are some tools to enhance your relationship.
→ Connect with your family.
Live longer- Dan Buettner's Blue Zones research calculates that committing to a → Communication
life partner can add 3 years to life expectancy (Researchers Nicholas Christakis → Practice Gratitude
and James Fowler have found that men's life expectancy benefits from marriage → Be Compassionate
more than women's do.) → Learn to forgive.
→ Accept others.
Be Healthier- According to research by psychologist Sheldon Cohen, college → Create rituals together.
students who reported having strong relationships were half as likely to catch a → Spend the right amount of time together
common cold when exposed to the virus.

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Creating a loving and nurturing relationship takes time and dedication, but by Chemical Basis of Love
putting these strategies into practice, you are on the right track to relationship
happiness.

ON PERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS

A healthy relationship with friends is a source of lifetime happiness.

• Attachment
• Attraction
• Love
• Intimacy
• Commitment Rozenberg Quarterly
→ Things related to attraction and liking.
Attachment Syles
• describe people’s comfort and confidence in close relationships, fear 1.Transference Effect
of rejection and yearning for intimacy, and preference for self- Associating new person with someone else
sufficiency or interpersonal distance. Someone This makes your You treat another person
• comprise cognitions relating to both the self (‘Am I worthy of love’) wearing a feel positive kindly because they’re also
and others (‘Can I depend on others during times of stress’). hat is kind wearing a hat. Not because
• Adult attachment styles derived from past relationship histories are to you they are kind to you.
conceptualized as internal working models.
2. Propinquity Effect
3 ATTACHMENT STYLES
Familiar people are more likable.
1. Secure Attachment
→ Mere Exposure Effect
o Securely attached adults tend to hold positive self-images and positive
• Occurs when people tend to develop a preference for things merely
images of others, meaning that they have both a sense of worthiness and
because they are familiar with them.
an expectation that other people are generally accepting and responsive.
• In intrapersonal relationships, people may appear more likable of
o Secure attachment is characterized by trust, an adaptive response to
attractive to others the more they are seen.
being abandoned, and the belief that one is worthy of love.
3. Similarity
→ As Children: Secure attachment occurs because the mother meets the
Promotes intimacy, trust, empathy, and long-lasting relationships.
emotional needs of the infant.
→ As Adults:
4.Reciprocity
• Adults who demonstrate a secure attachment style value relationships and
The more we are liked by someone we equally like, the more we behave in ways
affirm the impact of relationships on their personalities.
that promote mutual feelings of liking.
• They display a readiness to recall and discuss attachments that suggest
much reflection regarding previous relationships.
5. Physical Attractiveness
• Components of Beauty: higher cheekbones, thinner jaws, and
2.Avoidant Attachment
larger eyes.
o Dismissive attachment style is demonstrated by adults with a positive self-
• Less attractive individuals may compensate by offering other
image and a negative image of others. Their internal working model is
qualities like wealth and status.
based on an avoidant attachment established during infancy.
→ As Children: Children with an avoidant attachment do not use the mother
FAMILY STRUCTURES AND LEGACEIS
as a safe base; they are not distressed on separation from their caregiver
and are not joyful when the mother returns. They show little stranger
anxiety. Genogram
→ As Adult: They prefer to avoid close relationships and intimacy with • Useful tool to gather information about a person’s family.
others to maintain a sense of independence and invulnerability. This • Visual representation of a family
means they struggle with intimacy and value autonomy and self-reliance • Helps us identify patterns or themes within families that may be
(Cassidy, 1994) influencing or driving a person’s current behavior.
3. Anxious-ambivalent Attachment FAMILY STRUCTURE
o Individuals with a preoccupied attachment (called anxious when referring
to children) hold a negative self-image and a positive image of others, 1.Nuclear Family
meaning that they have a sense of unworthiness but generally evaluate • Consists of a father, mother, and dependent children
others positively. • Considered as the “Traditional” family.
o As such, they strive for self-acceptance by attempting to gain approval 2. Extended Family
and validation from their relationships with significant others. • Consists of parents and children, along with either grandparents,
o They also require higher levels of contact and intimacy in relationships grandchildren, aunts, or uncles, cousins etc.
with others. 3. Step Families
→ As Children: Children with this type of attachment are clingy to their • Two families were brought together due to divorce, separation, and
mother in a new situation and are not willing to explore – suggesting that remarriage.
they do not have trust in her. 4.Single-Parent Family
→ As Adult: Such individuals crave intimacy but remain anxious about • This can be either a father or a mother who is singly responsible for
whether other romantic partners will meet their emotional needs. raising a child.
Autonomy and independence can make them feel anxious. 5. Adoptive Family
• A family where one or more of the children has been adopted.
Helen Fisher 6.Bi-racial or Multi-racial family
→ Attraction is based on physiology. • A family where the parents are members of different racial identity
groups.
3 Stages of Falling in Love 7.Trans-racial adoptive family
• Lust • A family where the adopted child is of a different racial identity group
• Attraction than the parents.
• Attachment 8. Blended family
• A family that consists of members from two (or more) previous
families.
9. Conditionally separated families

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 • A family member is separated from the rest of the family. THINGS THAT CAN INFLUENCE ONE’S CAREER CHOICE
10. Foster Family
• A family where one or more of the children is legally a temporary A lot of things can influence one's career choice.
member of the household. Trait and Factor model
11. Gay or Lesbian Family • believes that skills and abilities need to fit the demands of a particular
• A family where one or both of the parents sexual orientation is gay or career field.
lesbian • A popular career development model.
12. Immigrant Family → This being said, it is then important that you take stock of the skills,
• A family where the parents have immigrated to another country as knowledge and abilities that you currently possess and those that
adults. you still need to develop as these greatly impacts that kind of career
13. Migrant Family that could be a good match for you.
• A family that moves regularly to places where they have employment.
a) personality and interests.
FAMILY LEGACIES → John Holland, a popular career counselor proposed a theory that
Family Legacies strongly believes that certain careers require certain personality traits
• No matter who we are, where we live, or what our goals may be, we and must also fit our interests.
all have one thing in common: a heritage.
b) life roles
The Emotional Legacy • are yet strong factors that influence our career choices.
In order to prosper, our children need an enduring sense of security and stability • Your role as a child, a-sister, a student, and eventually if you choose
nurtured in an environment of safety and love. it, that of a parent would have an impact on the decisions that you
would have to make as an adult.
A strong emotional legacy:
• Provides a safe environment in which deep emotional roots can graw. Donald Super
• Fosters confidence through stability. • career development theorist
• Conveys a tone of trusting support • believes that since we play an array of roles in our lives, these roles
• Nurtures a strong sense of positive identity. are likely to change over time thus requirements, needs and other
• Creates a "resting place for the soul. external forces would come into play when we are trying to figure out
• Demonstrates unconditional love. or maintain a career.

The Social Legacy c) Race and ethnicity.

→ To really succeed in life, children needs to learn the fine art of relating • One’s race and ethnicity could also impact our choices.
people. • The culture in which we belong to shape our values and
→ If they learn how to relate well to others, they'll have an edge in the expectations., In the Philippines, our collectivist this area.
game of life.
d)Orientation
The Spiritual Legacy • makes our family a strong influence in our career decisions.
→ Remember considering that children, particularly young children, • More often than not, the choice of course to take in college, the
perceive God the way they perceive their parents. If their parents are location of our job, how strong- willed we will be in achieving great
loving, affirming, forgiving and yet strong in what they believe, heights in our career, would most likely be influenced by our family
children will think of God that way. roles, duties and obligations.
→ He is someone who cares, who is principled and who loves them
above all else. e) Our social identity
• Gender plays a significant role in career choices, with both
The Legacy You Want to Give challenges and opportunities, and while the gender divide has
→ You may be asking, "How do I give something I didn't receive? narrowed, stereotypes still persist.
Nobody modeled this stuff for me."
→ Remember: Hope is not lost STRONGEST CONSIDERATIONS IN CAREER DECISION MAKING
CAREER CONCEPTS
One of the strongest considerations in career decision making has a lot to do
Career with social and economic conditions.
→ A career is defined as the combination and sequence of roles → Our choice of career is contingent to our capabilities to sustain the
played by a person during the course of a lifetime (Super, 1980). monetary demands of pursuing formal education to train for it.
→ dictates a lot of things in your life-it can determine the kind of lifestyle → Also, our financial obligations and roles likewise would determine the kind of
that you will be leading, the quality of relationships that you have with occupation we would be pursuing in order to fulfill these duties.
people around you like your family and friends, the kind of balance
you will be able to keep with your life and your responsibilities. Certain life events
• can also influence our career choices. ‘
There are two other concepts that we often associate with the concept of • Unpredictability of events may lead to concessions to meet demands,
career. while volatile economic landscape impacts supply and demand for
Job. people and jobs, potentially affecting career progression.
→ A job is a position an individual holds doing specific duties.
→ For example, if you would look closely at the job of a lawyer, you can say Lastly, we are so familiar with the question "What do you want to be when you
that a lawyer's job is working as an associate in X Law Firm. grow up?". It is highly probable that these childhood-fantasies may have
Occupation. influenced how you view yourself and your career.
→ An occupation is defined as the similar work for which people have similar
responsibilities and for which they develop a common set of skills and
knowledge. WHAT INFLUENCES YOUR CAREER CHOICE?
→ For example, people who are in the mental health occupation would
include psychologists, clinical psychologists, counselors, and Melissa Venable
psychiatrists. • Since 2011, Dr. Melissa Venable has served as an Online Education Advisor
and Writer at HigherEducation.com.
• Also an Adjunct Instructor and Course Designer at Saint Leo University and the
University of South Florida, and an Independent Contractor at Design Doc, LLC.

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• Before her career in higher education, Venable served in the U.S. Army as a • Ginzberg proposed a three-stage theory for career development,
Protocol Officer for 2 years. starting with fantasy, where early ideas about careers are formed up
to age 11. This helps shape how individuals think about careers and
INFLUENCE FACTORS their future career paths.

a) Skills and Abilities Work with your career counselor!

• Considering your skills and abilities and how they may fit a particular it's important to understand that career choice is not made based on any o factor
occupation come out of one of the earliest career development fields. Our choices are subject to many influences’ individual, cultural, social an
environmental the combination and interaction of various influences on you
Trait Factors decision-making are unique to you and your situation. There may also be
→ Still used today. multiple.
→ These theories recommend creating occupational profiles for
specific jobs as well as identifying individual differences,
matching individuals to occupations based on these SUPER’S CAREER DEVELOPMENT THEORY
differences.
→ Identify activities your enjoy and those in which you have a Donald Super
level of competency through a formal assessment. • Influenced the idea that developing a sense of self and realizing that
you change over time is important when planning your career.
b) Interest and Personality Type • “Self-concept changes over time and develops as a result of
Holland’s Career Typology experience. As such, career development is lifelong”
→ widely used to connect personality types and career fields. • He argued that individuals should not view their career path as static
→ This theory establishes a classification system that matches or fixed entity.
personality characteristics and personal preferences to job • He developed the theories and work of colleague, Eli Ginzberg.
characteristics. • developed the concept of vocational maturity.
→ Holland codes are six personality/career types that help describe a
wide range of occupations. .SUPER’S 5 LIFE AND CAREER DEVELOPMENT STAGES
Stage Age Characteristics
c) Life Roles Growth Birth-14 Development of Self-concept, attitudes, needs
→ Super's Lifespan theory highlights that we each have multiple life and general world of work
roles, including work, short, parent, and child, which evolve over time. Exploration 15-2-4 "Trying out” through classes, work hobbies.
→ How we think about ourselves in these roles, their requirements of Tentative choice and skill development
Establishment 25-44 Entry-level skill building and stabilization through
them, and the external forces that affect them, may influence how we
work experience
look at careers in general and how we make choices for ourselves.
Maintenance 45-64 Continual adjustment process to improve
position
d) Previous Experiences Decline 65+ Reduced output, prepare for retirement
Krumholtz’s Social Learning and Planned Happenstance theories
• address factors related to our experiences with others and in previous DEVELOPMENTAL TASKS ATHESE STAGES
work situations. Life Stage Adolescence Early Middle Late
• Having positive experiences and role models working in specific 14-15 Adulthood Adulthood Adulthood
careers may influence the set of careers we consider as options for 24-45 25-45 65+
ourselves. Decline Giving less Reducing Focusing on Reducing
time to Sports essentials working hours
Social Cognitive Career Theory
hobbies participation
• addresses the fact that we are likely to consider continuing a Maintenance Verifying Making Holding one’s Keeping what
particular task if we have had a positive experience doing it. current occupationa own against one enjoys
• In this way, we focus on areas in which we have had proven success occupational l position competition
and achieve positive self-esteem. choice secure
Establishment Getting Setting Developing Doing things
e) Culture started in a down in a skills one had
chosen field suitable wanted to do
• Racial, ethnic, and cultural backgrounds influence career decisions. position
• Multicultural career counseling addresses these influences, helping Exploration Learning more Finding Identifying Finding a
clients understand their values and expectations. about desired new tasks to good
• While culture cannot be attributed to individuals, understanding these opportunities opportunity work on retirement
influences can help in career choices. place
Growth Developing a Learning to Accepting Developing
realistic self- relate to one’s own and valuing
d) Gender
concept others limitations non-
• Gender plays a significant role in career development, influencing occupational
both men and women. roles
• Social Learning and multicultural career counseling are approaches
that consider gender.
• Understanding one's individuality can influence career decisions,
highlighting the ongoing research on gender roles in the workforce
and higher education.

e) Social and Economic Conditions

• Career theories like Social Cognitive Career Theory and Social
Learning consider the context of society and the economy,
highlighting how choices are influenced by events, changes in the
economy, and the job market, ultimately shaping our career
development.

f) Childhood Fantasies
• Career counseling theories are expanding as programs for career
choice are developed for all ages, including the very young.

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 ELI GINZBERG’S DEVELOPMENTAL THEORY • Classifies jobs/careers/work environments into six: Realistic,
Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, and Conventional.
Eli Ginzberg • A person’s job may combine:
• Occupational choice is a process. → ESA (Enterprising, Social, and Artistic )
• The process is irreversible. → ISA (Investigative, Social, and Conventional). Any or two or three
• Compromise is an essential aspect of every choice other possible combinations

1 Fantasy stage (from birth – 11) INTEREST TYPES

• children largely engage in play, simulating different jobs and careers. Realistic
Ginsberg believed that children first engage in play (dressing up → Realistic individuals enjoy creating things with their hands and
linked to jobs) to later on during the fantasy stage play out different working with tools and objects, preferring to work outdoors.
actual jobs. → Examples of occupations that are primarily realistic in nature include
2 Tentative stage (age 11 – 17) foresters, industrial arts teachers, radio operators, auto engineers,
• older children and adolescents recognize more of the intricacies of mechanical engineers, surveyors, dental technicians, architectural
the different job roles. draftsmen, electricians, jewelers, and more.
This stage is divided into four different periods: Investigative
the interest stage – children learn likes and dislikes. → Occupations high in investigative characteristics tend to focus on
the capacity stage – children learn how their capacities line up with the scientific activities.
requirements of different jobs and careers. → They would rather work alone and are usually seen as idea-
the values stage – adolescents start to recognize how different jobs can fulfill oriented and creative in scientific areas.
their personal values. → They are analytical, abstract, intellectual and task oriented.
the transition stage – adolescents start taking responsibility for their own → They are found in various fields such as economists, internists,
actions. They become more independent and exercise more freedom of choice. physicians, anthropologists, astronomers, pathologists, physicists,
chemists, and more.
3 Realistic stage (age 17 – early 20s) → They are also involved in various professions such as medical lab
the young person plans for and establishes alternative career paths or backups. assistants, actuaries, and geologists.
Development of personal values and gradually focusing on their ideal career Artistic
choice or option.
→ Artistic jobs include drama coach, language teacher, journalist,
Exploration stage – individual chooses their career path but remains open interpreter, philosopher, art teacher, music teacher, musician,
to other possibilities orchestra conductor, advertising manager, entertainer, public
Crystallisation – more focus on one particular career path; there is more relations person, fashion model, writer, editor, and more.
commitment Social
Specification – commitment to a specific area of their career choice
→ Socially-oriented individuals are sociable, popular, and
responsible, preferring social interaction and presence.
FIVE FACTOR MODEL OF PERSONALITY → They are interested in solving others' problems and enjoy activities
that allow them to teach, inform, train, develop, and help. Jobs in this
Costa and McCrae, along with Eysenck, developed the Maudsley Personality area include education, teaching, social welfare, human
Inventory, Eysenck Personality Inventory, and Eysenck Personality development, counseling, health professions, social service,
Questionnaire to measure extraversion and neuroticism. They initially proposed compensation advising, and more.
openness as a factor, but later added agreeableness and conscientiousness. Enterprising
They developed the NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI) to measure → Primarily enterprising occupations involve leading or convincing
neuroticism, extraversion, and openness, and later the Revised NEO-PI-R. others to achieve team or organizational goals or economic
gain.
a) Neuroticism
→ People with this theme are enthusiastic, dominant, and impatient.
Low-Score Description: Calm, Even-tempered, Self-satisfied, Comfortable,
→ Examples include sales, marketing, bankers, insurance underwriters,
Unemotional, Hardy.
real estate appraisers, florists, industrial engineers, warehouse
High-Score Description: Worrying, Temperamental, Self-pitying, Self-
managers, lawyers, and more.
conscious, Emotional, Vulnerable
Conventional
→ High conventional individuals prefer jobs with firm structure and clear
b) Extraversion
expectations.
Low-Score Description: Reserved, Loner, Quiet, Passive, Sober, Unfeeling
→ They are conscientious, efficient, and calm, and enjoy precise data
High-Score Description: Affectionate, Joiner, Talkative, Active, Fun-loving,
use.
Passionate
→ They enjoy systematic and structured jobs like clerical, administrative,
and financial roles, accounting, sales, and more.
c) Openness to experience
Low-Score Experience: Down-to-earth, Uncreative, Conventional, Prefer
Work/ Occupational Environments
routine, Uncurious, Conservative
High-Score Experience: Imaginative, Creative, Original, Prefer variety, Curious, → Realistic
Liberal. → Investigative
→ Artistic
d) Agreeableness → Social
Low-Score Experience: Ruthless, Suspicious, Stingy, Antagonistic, Critical, → Enterprising
Irritable → Conventional
High-Score Experience: Softhearted, Trusting, Generous, Acquiescent,
Lenient, Good-natured If our interest patterns are ESA (Le, Enterprising, Social and Artistic), we may be
attracted to a job/career with ESA work activities, considering our enjoyment and
e) Conscientiousness personality traits.
Low-Score Experience: Negligent, Lazy, Disorganized, Late, Aimless, Quitting
High-Score Experience: Conscientious, Hardworking, Well-organized, Job personality types can be combined to create hundreds of unique matches for
Punctual, Ambitious, Persevering an individual's occupation. For instance, a realistic, artistic, and entrepreneurial
person might find a public relations job at the Department of Environment and
ENVIRONMENTAL INTEREST Natural Resources satisfying.

John Holland

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 CHOOSE YOUR CAREER FIRST

→ Around 80% of college freshmen don't declare a major, 50% switch,

and 70% change their major.
→ This highlights the importance of students being molded before
making major decisions, as a four-year graduation is unlikely for
students who change majors frequently.

YOUR COLLEGE ROAD MAP

• The typical college search involves choosing a college, major, and
career path. However, students should focus on their future career for
over 40+ years after graduation.
• A personalized college roadmap should be developed by asking
counselors, "What am I wired to do?" .Understanding one's
personality can help identify career opportunities.
• Utilizing resources like the Bureau of Labor and Statistics
Occupational Outlook Handbook and O'Net Online can help
categorize job prospects.
• The Birkman Assessment tool can be helpful in identifying 77
personality scores, which can provide profound career insights.

THE BACK-UP PLAN

→ Students should prioritize their majors that align with their desired
careers and research respected colleges in those fields.
→ Choosing a career first is an investment in college savings, as it
allows students to save time and money by knowing their degree path
upfront.
→ This approach can help students navigate their college journey
effectively.

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