DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

17MECC89- HEAT TRANSFER LAB (UG)

LAB MANUal

Prepared by

c.THIAGARAJAN, B.E., M.E., MISTE.,(PHD)

ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR/MECH

HOD/MECH
 17MECC89- HEAT TRANSFER LAB(UG)

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

Sl. No Date Name of the experiments Page no Signature

1. Determination of Thermal conductivity
(Lagged pipe)
2. Determination of Thermal conductivity
(Two slabs guarded hot plate method )
3. Determination of Thermal conductivity of
the Composite wall
4 Determination Of Heat Transfer Co
Efficient Through Pin - Fin
5 Determination of Heat transfer co -
efficient through Forced convection
6 Determination of heat transfer co efficient
through Natural convection
7 Determination of Emissivity
8 Determination of Effectiveness of a heat
exchanger by Parallel flow
9 Determination of Effectiveness of a heat
exchanger by Counter flow
10 Determination of Stefan Boltzmann’s
constant
11 Determination of Thermal conductivity of
Insulating powder
 1. DETERMINATION OF THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
(LAGGED PIPE)

AIM
To determine the thermal conductivity of the given Lagged pipe.

SPECIFICATIONS:

d1 - Heater diameter = 20mm

d2 - Heater with asbestos diameter = 40 mm
d3- asbestos & saw dust diameter = 80mm
Length = 500 mm

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Experimental setup
2. Stabilized power supply
3. Stop clock
DIAGRAM:

SAW DUST

ASBESTOS

HEATER

ASBESTOS

SAW DUST

T1 T4 T7 T2 T8 T5 T3 T6
PROCEDURE:
• Switch on the heater and set the voltage using the regulator.
• The electrical heater transforms heat from the coil to the steel pipe filled with
asbestos and it further transforms to the outer pipe filled with saw dust through
conduction.
• Wait for reasonable time for allow temperature at various points to reach
steady state.
• Measure the voltage current and temperature from t 1 to t6 at equal intervals
until the system reaches steady state.
• Calculate the thermal conductivity of asbestos and sawdust.
OBSERVATIONS:

Heat input (Q) Heater Asbestos Saw dust Thermal

Temperature Temperature temp conductivity
SL. V I Q= T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 (K)
No. Volts amperes V*I (0C) (0C) (0C) (0C) (0C) (0C) (0C) (0C) W/mk
Watts
FORMULA USED
Heat Flow from the heater to outer surface asbestos lagging
Q= 2 π L K1 (Tb-Ta) Watts
In [(r2) / (r1)]
Where,
Q = Heat input in watts
K1 = Thermal Conductivity of the asbestos in W/m K
R2 = Radius of the asbestos pipe in m
R1 = Radius of the heater Pipe in m
Tb = Heater Temperature (T1+ T2+ T3) / 3
Ta = Asbestos Temperature (T4 + T5+ T6) / 3

K1 = ____ ____________________________W/m K

Heat flow from the heater to outer surface a Sawdust

Q = 2 π L K2 (Tb-Ta) Watts
In [(r3) / (r2)]
Where,
Q `= Heat input in watts
K2 = Thermal Conductivity of the Sawdust in W/m K
R2 = Radius of the asbestos pipe in m
R3 = Radius of the heater Pipe in m

Tb = Asbestos Temperature ( T4+ T5+ T6) / 3

Ta = Saw dust Temperature (T7 + T8 ) / 2

K2 = ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ W/m K

RESULT
Thus the thermal Conductivity of the asbestos is (K1) _______ W/m k
Thermal Conductivity of the Sawdust is (K2) __________________ W/m K
 VIVA –VOCE Questions

1) What is steady-state condition?

Steady state implies that temperature at each point of system remains constant in due
course of time.
2) What is heat conduction?
Conduction is the transfer of heat from one part of a substance to another part or to
another substance in physical contact with it.
3) What is thermal conductivity?
Thermal conductivity is the rate of heat transfer through a unit thickness of material
per unit area per unit temperature difference
4) Name the material having highest & least thermal conductivity?
Diamond & Freon-12.

5) Write down the equation for conduction of heat through a hollow cylinder.
Heat conduction is a mechanism of heat transfer from a region of high temperature to
a region of low temperature within a medium [solid, liquid or gases] or different
medium in direct physical contact

6) State Fourier’s law of conduction

The rate of heat conduction is proportional to the area measured normal to
the direction of heat flow and tothe temperature gradient in that direction
Q = -kA dT /dxWhere, A- Area in m2. dT / dx,- Temperature gradient, K/m,
K-Thermal conductivity, W/mK

7) Define Thermal conductivity

Thermal conductivity is defined as the ability of a substance to conduct heat

8) Write down the equation for conduction of heat through a slab or plane wall.
Heat transfer, Q = Toverall / R; Where, _ T = T1 - T2;
R = L / kAThermal resistance of slab, L- Thickness of slab; K-Thermal conductivity of slab;
A- Area
Heat transfer, Q = _ Toverall / R, Where _ T = T 1- T2; R = 1 / 2_Lk in [r2 / r1] –
Thermalresistance of slab,
L – Length of cylinder; k – Thermal conductivity; r2 – Outer radius, r1–Inner radius.
 2. DETERMINATION OF THE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

(TWO SLABS GUARDED HOT PLATE METHOD)

AIM:

To find the thermal conductivity of the specimen by two slab guarded hot plate
method.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1) Experimental setup of two slab guarded hot plate method.

2) Stabilized Power supply
3) Stop clock

PROCEDURE:

• Switch on the heater and set an input voltage (60V) using the Voltage regulator
• The main heater transfer heat by conduction to the wood disc specimen placed on
both sides.
• Observe the readings of thermocouples T1, T2, T3 & T4 fixed on both sides of the
heater plate & tabulate them after few minutes of start of heat transfer.
• Observe the reading of thermocouples of T 5 & T6 fixed on the water side of
wooden disc specimen and tabulate them.
• Take readings until the system reaches steady state and use the steady state reading
for calculation.
• Calculate the thermal conductivity of the wooden disc specimen by applying Fourier’s
law of conduction.
OBSERVATIONS :

V1 l1 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8
SL.NO
Volts Amps (o C) (o C) (o C) (o C) (o C) (o C) (o C) (o C)
FORMULA USED:

Applying the Fourier’s Law of conduction for a Composite wall structure.

1. Thermal conductivity (K) = qL W/mK

2A (Th –Tc)
Th = Specimen bottom temperature in ( oC)
Tc = Specimen top temperature in ( oC)
q = heat input to central heater in watts
L = Thickness of specimen in m
A = Metering area of specimen in m 2

2. Central heater input (q ) = V * I Watts

3. Metering area (A) = π (10 + x)2 in m

4

Where, X = gap between heater plate = 0.003 m.

4. Specimen hot side temperature ( Th) = [ T1+T2 / 2] (oC)

5. Specimen cold side temperature ( Tc) = [ T5+T6 / 2] (oC)

6. Thermal conductivity of specimen ( K) = q*L /2A ( Th –Tc ) in W/ mK

RESULT :

The thermal conductivity of insulating slab is ............................ W/mK

 VIVA –VOCE Questions

1) What is effect of temperature on thermal conductivity of gases?

Thermal conductivity of gases increases with increasing temperature
2) State Fourier law?
Fourier law: the rate of heat conduction through a material depends on geometry of
medium, its thickness & material of the medium as well as temperature across the
medium.
3) What is effect of temperature on thermal conductivity of metals?
Thermal conductivity of the metals decreases with increase in temperature.
4) What are the factors affecting the thermal conductivity?
a.Moisture b. Density of material c. Pressure d. Temperature e. Structure of material
5) What is thermal conductivity?
Thermal conductivity is the rate of heat transfer through a unit thickness of material
per unit area per unit temperature difference
6) Name the material having highest & least thermal conductivity?
Diamond & Freon-12.

7) Write down the equation for conduction of heat through a hollow cylinder.
Heat conduction is a mechanism of heat transfer from a region of high temperature to
a region of low temperature within a medium [solid, liquid or gases] or different
medium in direct physical contact.
 3. DETERMINATION OF THE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF THE
COMPOSITE WALL
AIM:
To determine the thermal conductivity of the composite wall.

SPECIFICATIONS:
Thickness of wood (L1) = 10 mm
Thickness of Asbestos (L2) = 6 mm
Thickness of MS Plate (L3) = 10 mm
Diameter of the Plate (D) = 300 mm

DIAGRAM :

T8
Wood
T7

Asbestos
T6

MS

T5
Heater Plate

T4
MS
T

T3
Asbestos

T2
Wood
T1
PROCEDURE:

• This Apparatus is designed and fabricated mainly to study the characteristics of

the composite structure. Here three slabs of different materials are provided,
namely asbestos, wood & mild steel.

• Heat input to this composite wall is given by a nichrome wire heater bounded
in mica. On both sides of the heater identical structure of composites, walls are
placed. Thermocouples (Iron – Constantine) are provided at proper positions in
the composite wall to record the temperature.

• A small hand press is binding the plates together. A digital temperature

indicator with room temperature compositions is provided with selector switch.

• Heat input to the heater is given through a variac and measured by a wattmeter.
An enclosure is given around the composite walls to ensure steady atmosphere
conditions with transparent windows for visualization.

• The Heater is switched on after making sure that hand press applies sufficient
pressure on the slabs so that they make proper contact with each other. The
Heating value can be adjusted to a suitable level.

• Thermocouples reading are taken at regular intervals till consecutive readings

are same indicating that steady state has been achieved. After establishing the
steady state, the readings are tabulated and the power supply to the equipment
is switched off.
OBSERVATIONS:

Themal
SL.
Heat input (Q) Watts Conductivity
NO
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 W/m K
(oC) (oC) (oC) (oC) (oC) (oC) (oC) (oC)
V I Q=V*I
KA KB KC
volts Amperes Watts
FORMULA USED:

Wood Temperature (TA) = T1+T8 oC

Asbestos Temperature (TB) = T2+T7 oC

Mild steel Temperature (TC ) = T3+T6 oC

Heater Temperature (TD) = T4+T5 oC

A = 2(π D2 /4) in m2

L = L1+L2+L3 in m

Thermal conductivity of Wood (KA) = QL1 W/ mK

A (TA-TB)

Thermal conductivity of Asbestos (KB) = QL2 W/ mK

A (TB-TC)

Thermal conductivity of Mild Steel (KC) = QL3 W/ mK

A (TC-TD)

RESULT:

Thermal conductivity of wood is (KA) __ ________________ W/ mK

Thermal conductivity of Asbestos is( KB)____ ______________ W/ mK
Thermal conductivity of Mild steel Plate is (KC) ____ ______________ W/ mK
 VIVA –VOCE Questions

1) What is effect of temperature on thermal conductivity of gases?

Thermal conductivity of gases increases with increasing temperature
2) State Fourier law?
Fourier law: the rate of heat conduction through a material depends on geometry of
medium, its thickness & material of the medium as well as temperature across the
medium.
3) What is effect of temperature on thermal conductivity of metals?
Thermal conductivity of the metals decreases with increase in temperature

4) What is steady-state condition?

Steady state implies that temperature at each point of system remains constant in due
course of time.
5) What is heat conduction?
Conduction is the transfer of heat from one part of a substance to another part or to
another substance in physical contact with it.
6) What is thermal conductivity?
Thermal conductivity is the rate of heat transfer through a unit thickness of material
per unit area per unit temperature difference
7) Name the material having highest & least thermal conductivity?
Diamond & Freon-12.
 4. DETERMINATION OF HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT
THROUGH PIN- FIN

AIM:
To determine the temperature distribution of the PIN - FIN for forced convection and
to find the FIN efficiency.

SPECIFICATIONS:

Duct width (b) = 150mm

Duct height (w) = 100mm
Orifice Diameter (do) = 24mm
Orifice coefficient (Cd) = 0.6
Fin length (L) = 14.5cm
Fin diameter (Df) = 12mm
(Characteristic length)

DIAGRAM:
T7 T6 T5 T4 T3 T2 T1

HEATER

BRASS
PIN FIN

T8

ORIFICE DIAMETER = 20 mm LENGTH = 145 mm

PIPE DIAMETER = 40 mm DIAMETER = 12 mm
APPRATUS REQUIRED:

1) Experimental set up of a Pin-Fin inside a horizontal tube with forced convection

Environment
2) Stabilized power supply
3) Stop Clock

PROCEDURE:
• Switch on the heater and set an input voltage of (60V) Using the voltage regulator.

• The heater starts to conduct heat through the pin-fin. Allow the heater to heat the Pin-

Fin to a sufficient temperature.

• Switch on the blower for a set the flow rate of air for a particular pressure head in the

U tube manometer.

• The air forced through the blower removes the heat from the pin-fin by convection.

• Observe the temperature readings of thermocouple at different location on the pin-fin

and also the forced air temperature at equal intervals of time and tabulate them.

• Using appropriate formulae calculate the heat transfer coefficient and fin efficiency.

• Plot the temperature distribution along the length of the fin.

OBSERVATIONS :
Amb
Manometer Power
Temperature temp
SL. reading (cm) (watts)
Mode
No
h= Q= T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8
h1 h2 V I
(h1-h2) VxI (oC) (oC) (oC) (oC) (oC) (oC) (oC) (oC)

Forced
1 convection
FORMULA USED:
Ref :- Heat and Mass Transfer Data book by C.P Kothandaraman & Subramannian , New
Age publishers.

Flim Temperature ( Tf) = --------------

1. Volume of air flowing through the duet
Vo = Cd*a1*a2*Ѵ2gha/(a 21 –a 22)
Where Cd = Co – efficient of orifice = 0.6
g= Gravitational constant = 9.81 m/sec 2
h = heat of pipe ( pw/pa)h
a1= area of the Pipe
a2 = area of the orifice
2. Velocity of air in the pipe = V / (W +B)
W = width of duct
B = Breadth of the duct

3. Reynold’s Number = Va x ρ a / µa
Where Va - Velacity of the duct
ρ a = Density of the duct
µa = Viscosity of air at T8 oC

4. Prandltl Number = ( C pa * µa) / Ka

Where Cpa = Specific heat of air
µa = Viscosity of air
Ka = Thermal conductivity of air
5. Heat Transfer Coefficient Calculation
Nusselt number ( Nnu)
For 40 < NRe < 4000
Nnu = 0.683 ( NRe) * 0.466 (Npr) 0.331
For 1 < NRe < 4
Nnu = 0.989 ( NRe) 0.33 (Npr) 0.33
For 4< NRe < 40
Nnu = 0.911 ( NRe) 0.385 (Npr) 0.333
 For 4000 < NRe < 40000 NRe
Nnu = 0.193 ( NRe) 0.618 (Npr) 0.33

For NRe > 40000

Nnu = 0.0266 ( NRe) 0.805 (Npr) 0.333

Heat transfer co - efficient h=Nnu * ( Ka / L)

Ka = Thermal conductivity of air
L = Length of Fin

6. Efficiency of the Pin –fin = [ ( tan h mL) /mL]

Where,
H= heat transfer co-efficient
L = Length of the fin
m = Ѵ(hp / (Kb x A))
P = Perimeter of the fin = ( π* Diameter of the fin)
A = cross section area of the fin
Kb = Themal conductivity of brass rod

Temperature distribution = T x = { [ ( Cosh m(L-X) /Cosh (M )] * (To –Ta)} + T

X= distance between thermocouple and heater
Distance between thermocouples = 20 mm

7. Evaluation of the heat transfer co -efficient (h)

Natural Convection
N nav = (hD)/K = 1.1 (Gr Pr) 1/6 for 1/10 < Gr Pr < 104
Nnav = 0.53 (Gr Pr)1/4 for 104 < Gr Pr < 109
Nnav = 0.13 (Gr Pr) 1/3 for 109 < Gr Pr < 1012

Where Nnav = average Nusselt Number = (h D)/K

D= Diameter of fin
K = Thermal conductivity of air
Gr= Grashof number - g β T D 3 / γ2
β = Coefficient of thermal expansion - 1/ ( Tav + 273) T = ( Tav - Tamb)
Pr = Prandtl number = ( µ Cp / K)

RESULT :
The heat transfer rates of the fin is determined and the values are
i) Temperature distribution
ii) Fin efficiency
 VIVA –VOCE Questions
1) What is Orifice - meter?
Orifice- meter is used to measure discharge.
2) What is the function of blower?
Blower is an external mechanical device which is essential for forced convection
process
3) What is Newton’s law of cooling?
The rate equations for convective heat transfer between a surface and an adjacent
fluid is prescribed by Newton’s law of cooling
4) What is the range of ‘h’ for Natural convection in gases & liquids?
Range of ‘h’for natural convection in gases is 3-25W/m2 -k & for liquids it is 50-
350W/m2 -k.. Boundary layer is a thin layer at the surface where gradients of both
velocity& temperature are large.
5) What is Nusselt Number?
Nusselt Number represents the enhancement of heat transfer through a fluid layer as a
result of convection relative to conduction across a same layer. Larger the Nu, more
effective is convection.
6) What is a boundary layer?
Boundary layer is a thin layer at the surface where gradients of both velocity &
temperature are large.
 5. DETERMINATION OF HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT
THROUGH FORCED CONVECTION

AIM:
To determine the heat transfer coefficient of a steel pipe in a forced convection
environment.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Forced convection experimental setup
2. Stabilized power supply
3. Stop clock

DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
• Switch on the heater and set an input voltage (50V) using the regulator
• After a short interval of time, Switch on the blower to establish a forced convection
environment.
• Set the blower speed regulator to a desired flow rate of air.
• The heating coil transfers heat to the surface of the steel pipe through conduction. As
the blower blows air inside the pipe, the inner surface of the pipe loses heat through
convection.
• Allowing the heater to continuously heat the pipe and also the blower to convect the
heat, observe the temperatures at specific locations at equal internals of time until the
system reaches steady state and tabulate them.
• Observe the pressure load readings on the u - Tube manometer to calculate the flow
rate of air.
• Using heat and mass transfer data book choose formula for forced convection internal
flow heat transfer and calculate the heat transfer co- efficient for the surface.
OBSERVATIONS:

SL.No Voltage Current Temperature (oC) Manometer head

(V) (I) (Cm)
Volts Amps T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 h1 h2 h1 -h2
FORMULA USED:

Ref: Heat and Mass Transfer Data book by C.P. Kothandaraman & Subramanian, New Age
Publishers.

1. Heat input (q) V*I Watts

2. Average air temperature (Ta) = (T1+T6) /2 (oC)
3. Average surface temperature ( Ts) = ( T2+T3+T4+T5) /4 (oC)
4. Volume of air flow (QB) = Cd (π d2 /4) (Ѵ2g hw) (Pw/Pa) m3

Where
Cd - Co –efficient of discharge = 0.64
hw - Difference of water level in manometer in meter
d - Diameter of orifice = 0.0.14 m

5. Velocity of air in Pipe (V) = QB / cross section of pipe in m/sec

6. Reynolds number = VD / γ
Where,
γ = Kinematic viscosity of air from HMT DATA BOOK
7. Nusselt Number (Nu) = 0.023 (Re)0.8 (Pr) 0.4

Prandtl no from HMT Data Book of (T a)

8. Heat transfer co-efficient = Nu K /D Wm2/K

RESULT:

The convective heat transfer coefficient is (ha) _____ _______ Wm2/K

 VIVA –VOCE Questions

1) What is Orifice - meter?

Orifice- meter is used to measure discharge.
2) What is the function of blower?
Blower is an external mechanical device which is essential for forced convection
process
3) What is Newton’s law of cooling?
The rate equations for convective heat transfer between a surface and an adjacent
fluid is• prescribed by Newton’s law of cooling.
4) What is meant by free or natural convection?
It is fluid motion is produced due to change in density resulting from temperature
gradients, the mode ofheat transfer is said to be free or natural convection.
5) Define Grashof number [Gr].
It is defined as the ratio of product of inertia force and buoyancy force to the square of
viscous force. Gr =Inertia force x Buoyancy force / [Viscous force]
6) Define Stanton number [St].
It is the ratio of Nusselt number to the product of Reynolds number and Prandtl
number. St = Nu / Re x Pr.
7) Define Reynolds number [Re].
It is defined as the ratio of inertia force to viscous force. Re = Inertia force / Viscous
force
 6. DETERMINATION OF HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT
THROUGH NATURAL CONVECTION
AIM
To determine the surface Heat transfer coefficient along the length of the tube by
Natural convection.

SPECIFICATIONS:

Diameter of the cylinder (D) : 35mm

Length of the tube (L) : 500mm
Duct size : 250 mm x 250 mm x 700 mm
No. of thermocouples : 8
Temperature indicator : 0-400oC

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1) Natural convection experimental setup

2) Stabilized power supply
3) Stop clock

PROCEDURE:

• Switch ‘ON’ The heater and Set an input Voltage (60V) Using the voltage regulator.
• The heater inside the vertical tube heats the steel tube through the conduction. As the
tube gets heated, the heat from the outer surface of tube transfer to the surrounding by
natural convection.
• Allowing the heater to heat the tube, observe the readings of thermocouple at different
locations at equal intervals of time until the system reaches steady state and tabulate
them.
• Choosing appropriate formulae for a natural convection of a horizontal tubes, external
surface from HMT data book, calculate the heat transfer coefficient.
OBSERVATIONS:

SL. Voltage Current Ambient Heat

No (V) (I) Temperature (0C) Temp transfer
Volts Amps coefficient
(ha)
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8=Ta
(oC) (oC) (oC) (oC) (oC) (oC) (oC) (oC)
W/m2K
FORMULA USED:

Ref: Heat and Mass Transfer Data book by Kothandaraman & Subramaian, New Age
Publishers.

Heat input: (q) = V*l Watts

Average surface temp (Ts) = T1+T2+T3+T4+T5+T6+T7

7
=---------------------- oC
Ambient air temp (Ta) = T8 oC

Mean film temp (Tf) = Ts + T a oC

2
= l
Tf in K
Properties of air at ’Tf’ from the at and Mass Transfer data book
Grashof No Gr = gβ TL3
γ2
T = Ts- Ta (oC)
Gr Pr = ___ _ __
Nusselt No, Nu = 0.13 (Gr Pr )1/3

Heat transfer coefficient, (ha) = NuK W/m2K

D

RESULT :

The surface of Heat transfer coefficient along the length of the tube is (h a) ___ _ __
 VIVA –VOCE Questions

1) What is the range of ‘h’ for Natural convection in gases & liquids?
Range of ‘h’for natural convection in gases is 3-25W/m2 -k & for liquids it is 50-
350W/m2 -k.. Boundary layer is a thin layer at the surface where gradients of both
velocity & temperature are large.
2) What is Nusselt Number?
Nusselt Number represents the enhancement of heat transfer through a fluid layer as a
result of convection relative to conduction across a same layer. Larger the Nu, more
effective is convection.
3) What is a boundary layer?
Boundary layer is a thin layer at the surface where gradients of both velocity &
temperature are large.
4) What is meant by laminar flow ?Laminar flow:
Laminar flow is sometimes called stream line flow. In this type of flow, the fluid
moves inlayers and each fluid particle follows a smooth continuous path. The fluid
particles in each layer remain inan orderly sequence without mixing with each other.
5) Define Convection.
Convection is a process of heat transfer that will occur between a solid surface and a
fluid medium when they are at different temperatures.
6) What is meant by Newtonion and non-newtonion fluids?
The fluids which obey the Newton’s law of viscosity are called Newtonion fluids and
those which do not obey are called no-newtonion fluids.
 7. DETERMINATION OF EMISSIVITY
AIM:
To determine the Emissivity of a surface in a closed radioactive heat transfer
environment.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Experimental setup with plates and heater for irradiative heat exchange
2. Stabilized power supply
3. Stop clock

DIAGRAM:

CHAMBER

T4
T1 T5

T2 T3 T6 T7

TEST PLATE BLACK PLATE

DIAMETER -150 mm DIAMETER – 150 mm

PROCEDURE:

• Switch on the heater and set an input voltage (50V) using the regulator.
• The Heater transfers heat to the plate through conduction and once a
temperature difference establishes, heat transfer occurs through radiation from
black plate to test plate.
• Allow the plates to get heated for a reasonable time so the temperatures on the
plate reaches a steady state
• Measure the temperatures from 1 to 7 at equal intervals of time until the
system reaches steady state.
• Calculate the emissivity of the test plate in applying Stefan’s Boltzmann Law.
OBSERVATIONS:

Temperature Chamber
Heat Input (Q) Temperature of
of test plate temperature
SL.No Watts 0
black Body (0C) Emissivity
( C) (0C)
Ta = T4
V 1 Q=V*I T1 T2 T3 T5 T6 T7
FORMULA USED:

Ref : Heat and Mass Transfer Date book by C P Kothandaraman & Subramanian New Age
Publishers
Stefan’s Boltzmann’s Law
Heat transfer through `radiation i.e
Emissive Power (E) = £ A σ(T1 4 - T 24)
Heat Input (q) = V* I Watts

Average of Test Plate Surface temperature ( Ttp) = ( T1+T2+T3) /3 o C _______ _ K

Average of Black Plate Surface temperature ( Tbp) = ( T5+T6+T7) /3 o C ____________ K

Surface Area (A) = π D2 / 4 in m2

Emissive Power of the black Plate ( Ebp ) = £ σ (Tbp4 - T 4)

abpAbp
Emissive Power of the test Plate ( Etp) = £tp Atp σ (Ttp - Ta4)
4

Equating the emissive power of a both Plates as it reaches a steady State.

Ebp = Etp

£bp Abp σ (T bp4 - T a 4) = £ σ (T tp4 - T 4a)tp

Atp
Since Abp = Atp

£tp = £bp (T bp4 - T a4)

(Ttp4 - Ta4)
Where
Q – Heat input in watts
A – Area of the Plate in m2
Ttp – Teat Plate surface temperature in K
Tbp – Black Plate surface temperature in K
Ta – Chamber temperature in K
£bp – Emissivity of Block Plate Surface – 1
£tb - Emissivity of Test Plate Surface
σ - Stefan Boltzmann’s Constant = 5.67x10-8 m2 k4
RESULT :-

The emissivity of the test Plate is determined as ( £tp) ______ _ _ _

 VIVA –VOCE Questions

1) What is the effect on internal energy of an object during radiation?

In radiation, internal energy of an object decreases.
2) Define Emissive Power.
It is defined as the total amount of radiation emitted by the body per unit time and unit
area.
3) Define Monochromatic emissive Power.
The energy emitted by the surface at a given length per unit time per unit area in all
dimensions is known as monochromatic emissive power.
4) Define Radiation.
The heat transfer from one body to another without any transmitting medium is
known as radiation
5) Define Emissivity.
It is defined as the ability of the surface of a body to radiate the heat.
6) What is meant by Gray body?
If a body absorbs a definite percentage of incident radiation irrespective of their
wavelength, the body is known as Gray body.
7) Define intensity of Radiation.
It is defined as the rate of energy having a surface in a given direction per unit solid
angle per unit area of the emitting surface normal to the mean direction in space.
8) Define Max emissive power.
A combination of Planck’s law & Wien’s displacement law yields the condition for
the max monochromatic emissive power of a black body.
8. DETERMINATION OF EFECTIVENESS OF A HEAT EXCHANGER
BY PARALLEL FLOW
AIM:

To determine the overall heat transfer co-efficient in Parallel flow heat exchanger.

SPECIFICATIONS:

Length of the heat exchanger = 1800 mm

Inner Copper Tube (ID) = 12 mm

Inner Copper tube (OD) = 15 mm

Outer GI tube Id = 40 mm

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1) Experimental setup of heat exchanger

2) Stabilized power Supply
3) Stop clock

DIAGRAM: COLD

Tci

T hi Tho

HOT

TCO
PROCEDURE :

• Connect water supply to the pipe arrangement.

• Adjust the water supply on hot and cold sides by opening the valves, so that cold
water flows parallel to the hot water.
• Set a constant flow rate of 2 lit / min for hot water and 5 lit / min for cold water by
controlling the valves.
• Switch on the water heater and allow the water to get heated to a higher temperature
and reach a steady state.
• Observe the temperature of water at the inlet and exit of gold water & hot water after
a steady state is reached.
• Measure time taken for flow of water by collecting water in a 500 ml flask.
OBSERVATIONS:
Time for 500 ml
Hot water Cold water Flow rate
water collection (t)
Flow Temperature (oC) Temperature (oC) (m) Kg / Sec
Sec
type
Inlet Outlet Inlet Outlet Hot Cold Hot Cold
(Thi) (Tho) (TCi) (TCo) water water water water

Parallel
Flow

FORMULA UESD:

Heat content of Hot Water

Qh = mh Cph ( Thi - Tho) watts
Where,

mh - Mass flow rate of hot water, kg,/sec

Thi - Temperature of hot water inlet (oC)
Tho - Temperature of hot water outlet (oC)
Cph - Specific heat of hot water in kJ/kg K

Heat content of cold water:

Qc = mc Cpc ( Tco – Tci) watts

Where,
mc - Mass flow rate of cold water, kg,/sec
Tci - Temperature of inlet cold water (oC)
Tco - Temperature of outlet cold water (oC)
Cpc - Specific heat of cold water in kJ /Kg K

Q = Qh +Qc KJ / Sec

2
Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference ( LMTD):
LMTD ( Tm) = ( Ti - To )
ln ( Ti - To )
= (Tho–Tco) - (Thi – Tci)
ln ( Tho – Tco / Thi - Tci)
Where,
Ti = Tho -Tco

To = Thi – Tci

Overall Heat Transfer Co-Efficient

Ui - = Q W/ m2 0 C
Ai Tm

Where,
2o
Ui - Overall heat transfer coefficient based on inner surface area in W / m C
2
Ai - Inner surface area in m
Tm – Logarithmic mean temperature difference

U0 - = Q W/ m2 0 C
Ao Tm
Where,
2o
Uo - Overall heat transfer coefficient based on outer surface area in W / m C
2
Ao - Outer surface area in m
Tm – Logarithmic mean temperature difference

Effectiveness of Heat Exchanger = mc Cpo(Tco – Tci)

mh Cph (Thi – Tho)
RESULT :

The effectiveness of heat exchanger for Parallel flow is ____ ______

The overall heat transfer co –efficient based on inner surface area of heat exchanger is ___
The overall heat transfer co –efficient based on outer surface area of heat exchanger is ___
 VIVA –VOCE Questions

1) What is heat exchanger?

Heat exchanger is equipment which transfers the energy from a hot fluid to cold
fluids, with maximum rate & minimum investment
2) Explain LMTD?
LMTD is defined as the temperature difference which, if constant, would give the
same rate of heat transfer as actually occurs under variable conditions of temperature
difference.
3) For evaporators & condensers, what is the value of LMTD for parallel & counter
flow?
For evaporators & condensers, LMTD for parallel & counter flow is equal/same.
4) What is the value of LMTD if heat capacity of both fluids is same?
If heat capacity of both fluids is same, then LMTD is equal to temperature difference
at either ends.
5) What is Relative direction of motion of fluids?
Relative direction of motion of fluids: Parallel, Counter & Cross flow.
6) When NTU method is particularly useful in design of heat exchangers?
NTU method is necessary if outlet temperature of both fluids is not known as priority.
9. DETERMINATION OF EFFECTIVENESS OF A HEATEXCHANGER
BY COUNTER FLOW

AIM:
To determine the overall heat transfer co –efficient in Counter flow heat exchanger.

SPECIFICATIONS:

Length of the heat exchanger = 1800 mm

Inner copper tube (ID) = 12 mm

Inner copper tube (OD) = 15 mm

Outer GI tube ID = 40 mm

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1) Experimental setup of heat exchanger.

2) Stabilized Power Supply.
3) Stop clock.

DIAGRAM: TCo

T hi Tho

HOT

COLD TC
PROCEDURE :

• Connect water supply to the pipe arrangement.

• Adjust the water supply on hot and cold sides by opening the valves, so
that cold water flows counter to the hot water.
• Set a constant flow rate of 2 lit /min for hot water and 5 lit / min for cold
water by controlling the valves.
• Switch on the water heater and allow the water to get heated to a higher
temperature and reach a steady state.
• Observe the temperature of water at the inlet and exit of cold water & hot
water after a steady state is reached.
• Measure time taken for flow of water by collecting water in a 500 ml
flask.

OBSERVATIONS:

Time for 500 ml

Hot water Cold water Flow rate
water collection (t)
Flow Temperature (oC) Temperature (oC) (m) Kg / Sec
Sec
type
Inlet Outlet Inlet Outlet Hot Cold Hot Cold
(Thi) (Tho) (TCi) (TCo) water water water water

Counter
Flow
FORMULA UESD:

Heat content of Hot Water

Qh = mh Cph ( Thi - Tho) watts
Where,

mh - Mass flow rate of hot water, kg,/sec

Thi - Temperature of hot water inlet (oC)
Tho - Temperature of hot water outlet (oC)
Cph - Specific heat of hot water in kJ/kg K

Heat content of cold water:

Qc = mc Cpc ( Tco – Tci) watts

Where,
mc - Mass flow rate of cold water, kg,/sec
Tci - Temperature of inlet cold water (oC)
Tco - Temperature of outlet cold water (oC)
Cpc - Specific heat of cold water in kJ /Kg K

Q = Qh +Qc KJ / Sec

Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD):

LMTD ( Tm) = ( Ti - To )
ln ( Ti - To )

= (Tho –Tco) - (Thi – Tci)

ln ( Tho – Tco / Thi - Tci)

Where,
Ti = Tho -Tco

To = Thi – Tci
Overall Heat Transfer Co-Efficient

Ui - = Q W/ m2 0 C
Ai Tm

Where,
2o
Ui - Overall heat transfer coefficient based on inner surface area in W / m C
2
Ai - Inner surface area in m

Tm – Logarithmic mean temperature difference

U0 - = Q W/ m2 0 C
Ao Tm

Where,
2o
Uo - Overall heat transfer coefficient based on outer surface area in W / m C
2
Ao - Outer surface area in m
Tm – Logarithmic mean temperature difference

Effectiveness of Heat Exchanger = mc Cpo(Tco – Tci)

mh Cph (Thi – Tho)

RESULT :

The effectiveness of heat exchanger for Counter flow is ______ _ __

The overall heat transfer co –efficient based on inner surface area of heat exchanger is ___
The overall heat transfer co –efficient based on outer surface area of heat exchanger is ___
 VIVA –VOCE Questions

1) What is heat exchanger?

Heat exchanger is equipment which transfers the energy from a hot fluid to cold
fluids, with maximum rate & minimum investment
2) Explain LMTD?
LMTD is defined as the temperature difference which, if constant, would give the
same rate of heat transfer as actually occurs under variable conditions of temperature
difference.
3) For evaporators & condensers, what is the value of LMTD for parallel & counter
flow?
For evaporators & condensers, LMTD for parallel & counter flow is equal/same.
4) What is the value of LMTD if heat capacity of both fluids is same?
If heat capacity of both fluids is same, then LMTD is equal to temperature difference
at either ends.
5) What is Relative direction of motion of fluids?
Relative direction of motion of fluids: Parallel, Counter & Cross flow.
6) When NTU method is particularly useful in design of heat exchangers?
NTU method is necessary if outlet temperature of both fluids is not known as priority.
 10. DETERMINATION OF STEFAN BOLTZMANN’S CONSTANT

AIM :
To determine the value of Stefan Boltzmann’s constant.

SPECIFICATIONS:
Hemispherical enclosure diameter - 200 mm
Size of water jacket for hemisphere - 260 mm
Base Plate, hylum diameter - 240 mm
Test disc diameter - 20 mm
Specific heat of test disc (Cp) - 0.4168 kJ/kg K
No. of thermocouples mounted of enclosure - 4
No. of thermocouples mounted on the disc - 1
No. of thermocouples mounted water heater - 1
Immersion water heating capacity - 2000 watts
Mass of test disc - 0.008 kg

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1) Experimental setup for Stefan Boltzmann’s constant determination, with heater

arrangement.
2) Stabilized power supply
3) Stop clock
PROCEDURE:

• Switch on the power supply and set an input voltage (65 V) using the Voltage
regulator.
• Fill the Stainless Steel cubical vessel with 7 litres of water and heat the water to 80oC.
• Open the Values & allow the hot water to fill the chamber
• Allow the hot water to stabilize for 10 minutes & measure the temperature of the
chamber and three different locations on the inner hemispherical surface.
• Insert the test disc from the bottom exposing it to the hemispherical surface for
radioactive of the test disc absorb heat by radiation.
• Measure temperature of test surface to evenly 10 secs until it reaches a steady state
• Calculate the Stefan Boltzmann’s constant by applying Stefan Boltzmann’s law.

OBSERVATIONS:

Temperature of hot water T1 = 80oC

Temperature of hemispherical enclosure inner surface

SL.NO
T2 ( oC) T3 (o C) T4 (oC)
OBSERVATION OF DISC TEMPERATURE (T5):

SL.NO TIME (t) (Sec) TEMPERATURE ( T5) (oC)

FORMULA USED :

Ref: Heat and Mass Transfer Data book by Kothandaraman & Subramanian, New
Age Publishers.

The radiation energy falling on the disc ‘D’ from the hemispherical Enclosure ‘E’ is

Emissive power (E) = σ AD TS4

Where.
AD = Area of the disc ‘D’ in m2
TS = Average surface temp of Enclosure = T2+T3+T4 in K
3
The radiant energy of the disc D, emitting into the enclosure E D is

ED = σ AD TD4 = σ AD ( T avg 4 - T 4d )

Where,
TD = Temperature of disc T5 in K

The net energy transferred to the disc

m Cp dT = σ AD ( TD4 - Ts4 )
dt
Where,
m – Mass rate of test disc in kg
Cp - Specific heat of test disc in kJ/kg K

Stefan Boltzmann’s Constant (σ) = m Cp ( dT/dt) W/m2K4

AD ( TD4 - Ts4 )
MODEL GRAPH :

Time

Temperature

RESULT:

Thus the Stefan Boltzmann’s constant is determined as (σ) ……………………

 VIVA –VOCE Questions

1) State Stephan Boltzmann law & its constant value?

The emissive power of a black body is proportional to fourth power of its absolute
temperature & its constant’s value is 5.67x10 -8 W/m2 K4
2) What is the effect on internal energy of an object during radiation?
In radiation, internal energy of an object decreases.
3) Define Emissive Power.
It is defined as the total amount of radiation emitted by the body per unit time and unit
area.
4) Define Monochromatic emissive Power.
The energy emitted by the surface at a given length per unit time per unit area in all
dimensions is known as monochromatic emissive power.
5) Define Radiation.
The heat transfer from one body to another without any transmitting medium is
known as radiation
6) Define Emissivity.
It is defined as the ability of the surface of a body to radiate the heat.
7) What is meant by Gray body?
If a body absorbs a definite percentage of incident radiation irrespective of their
wavelength, the body is known as Gray body.
 11. DETERMINATION OF THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
(INSULATING POWDER)

AIM :

To determine the thermal conductivity of the given Insulating powder.

SPECIFICATIONS:

Radius of inner sphere : 37.5 mm

Radius of outer sphere : 75 mm

Insulating Powder : Magnesium oxide Powder

DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:

• The apparatus consisting of concentric spheres made of copper. The inner Sphere is a
heater, and in between the spheres insulating powder is (Magnesium oxide) filled and
sealed.

• There are two thermocouples fixed to the heater T 1 & T2 and two thermocouples fixed
on the inner wall of the outer sphere T 3 & T4. A multiunit digital temperature
indicator is provided to measure temperature at different locations.

• The whole unit mounted on a laminated work bench with panel. An ammeter &
voltmeter is provided to measure the input power and a dimmerstat is provided to vary
the input power.

• The Heater is switched on. The input voltage can be adjusted to a suitable level,
which in turn will vary the input heat.

• The heater supplies heat to the inner pipe, which in turn passes through the insulating
powder to the outer pipe.

• The Thermocouple readings are noted frequently till consecutive readings are same
indicating steady has been reached.

• After establishing the steady state, the input voltage is reduced and the power supply
is switched off.
OBSERVATIONS:

Heater Insulating Powder

Heat input (Q)
Temperature Temperature Themal
SL.
Conductivity (K)
NO
V I Q=V*I T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 W/m K
volts Amperes Watts (oC) (oC) (oC) (oC) (oC) (oC)
FORMULA USED :

Q = (Ti – To ) Watts

(r2 –r1) / (4 πKr1r2)

Where,

Q = Heat input in watts

K = Thermal Conductivity of the material in W/m K

r0 = Radius of the Outer sphere in m

ri = Radius of the Inner sphere in m

T0 = Insulating powder Temperature (T 3+T4+T5+T6) / 4

T1 = Heater Temperature ( T1+T2) / 2

(K) = __ ______________________________ W/m K

RESULT:

Thus, the thermal Conductivity of the insulting powder is (K) ______ _______ W/m K
 VIVA –VOCE Questions

1) What is steady-state condition?

Steady state implies that temperature at each point of system remains constant in due
course of time.
2) What is heat conduction?
Conduction is the transfer of heat from one part of a substance to another part or to
another substance in physical contact with it.
3) What is thermal conductivity?
Thermal conductivity is the rate of heat transfer through a unit thickness of material
per unit area per unit temperature difference.
4) What are the factors affecting the thermal conductivity?
a.Moisture b. Density of material c. Pressure d. Temperature e. Structure of material
5) Define heat flux.
The quantity of heat transfer per unit time per unit area of the internal surface as Heat
flux.
6) Define temperature gradient.
The greatest temp variation is in direction normal to the iso thermal surface is known
as temperature gradient.