ASSIGNMENT 1

Textbook assignment: pages 2-1 through 2-47.

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2-1. The induction field is made up of which of 2-6. A frequency of 3.5 GHz falls into what rf
the following fields? band?

1. E field only 1. High

2. H field only 2. Very high
3. Both E and H fields 3. Super high
4. Extremely high
2-2. After the radiation field leaves an antenna,
what is the relationship between the E and 2-7. A radio wavelength expressed as 250
H fields with respect to (a) phase and meters may also be expressed as how
(b) physical displacement in space? many feet?

1. (a) In phase (b) 90 degrees 1. 410

2. (a) Out of phase (b) 90 degrees 2. 820
3. (a) In phase (b) 180 degrees 3. 1,230
4. (a) Out of phase (b) 180 degrees 4. 1,640

2-3. What is the first harmonic of a radio wave 2-8. An increase in the frequency of a radio
that has a fundamental frequency of 2,000 wave will have what effect, if any, on the
kHz? velocity of the radio wave?

1. 6,000 kHz 1. Increase

2. 2,000 kHz 2. Decrease
3. 3,000 kHz 3. None
4. 4,000 kHz
2-9. An increase in frequency of a radio wave
2-4. In a radio wave with a fundamental will have what effect, if any, on the
frequency of 1.5 kHz, which of the wavelength of the radio wave?
following frequencies is NOT a harmonic?
1. Increase
1. 6,000 kHz 2. Decrease
2. 5,000 kHz 3. None
3. 3,000 kHz
4. 4,500 kHz 2-10. What is the frequency, in kiloHertz, of a
radio wave that is 40 meters long?
2-5. A radio wave with a frequency of 32 kHz
is part of which of the following frequency 1. 75
bands? 2. 750
3. 7,500
1. The lf band 4. 75,000
2. The mf band
3. The hf band
4. The vhf band

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2-11. What is the approximate wavelength, in
feet, of a radio wave with a frequency of
5,000 kHz?

1. 197 feet
2. 1,970 feet
3. 19,700 feet
4. 197,000 feet

2-12. The polarity of a radio wave is determined

by the orientation of (a) what moving field Figure 2-A.—Reflected radio waves.
with respect to (b) what reference?
IN ANSWERING QUESTION 2-15, REFER TO
1. (a) Electric (b) earth FIGURE 2-A.
2. (a) Electric (b) antenna
3. (a) Magnetic (b) antenna 2-15. If the two reflected radio waves shown in
4. (a) Magneti (b) earth the figure are received at the same instant
at the receiving site, what will be the
2-13. Energy radiated from an antenna is effect, if any, on signal quality?
considered horizontally polarized under
which of the following conditions? 1. A stronger signal will be produced
2. A weak or fading signal will be
1. If the wavefront is in the horizontal produced
plane 3. The signal will be completely canceled
2. If the magnetic field is in the horizontal out
plane 4. None
3. If the electric field is in the horizontal
plane 2-16. The bending of a radio wave because of a
4. If the induction field is in the change in its velocity through a medium is
horizontal plane known as

2-14. The ability of a reflecting surface to reflect 1. refraction

a specific radio wave depends on which of 2. reflection
the following factors? 3. deflection
4. diffraction
1. Striking angle
2. Wavelength of the wave 2-17. Radio communications can be diffracted
3. Size of the reflecting area to exceptionally long distances through the
4. All of the above use of (a) what frequency band at (b) what
relative power level?

THIS SPACE LEFT BLANK 1. (a) Very low frequency

INTENTIONALLY. (b) Low power
2. (a) Very high frequency
(b) Low power
3. (a) Very low frequency
(b) High power
4. (a) Very high frequency
(b) High power

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2-18. Electrically charged particles that affect 2-23. A space wave (a) is primarily a result of
the propagation of radio waves are found refraction in what atmospheric layer and
in what atmospheric layer? (b) extends approximately what distance
beyond the horizon?
1. Troposphere
2. Ionosphere 1. (a) Ionosphere
3. Chronosphere (b) One-tenth farther
4. Stratosphere 2. (a) Ionosphere
(b) One-third farther
2-19. Most weather phenomena take place in 3. (a) Troposphere
which of the following region of the (b) One-third farther
atmosphere? 4. (a) Troposphere
(b) One-tenth farther
1. Troposphere
2. Ionosphere 2-24. The signal of a space wave is sometimes
3. Chronosphere significantly reduced at the receiving site
4. Stratosphere because of which of the following
interactions?
2-20. Radio wave propagation has the least
effect because of its constancy on which 1. Space-wave refraction
of the following atmospheric layers? 2. Space-wave reflections
3. Ground-wave diffraction
1. Troposphere 4. Ground-wave reflections
2. Ionosphere
3. Chronosphere 2-25. For long-range communications in the hf
4. Stratosphere band, which of the following types of
waves is most satisfactory?
2-21. Long range, surface-wave
communications are best achieved when 1. Sky wave
the signal is transmitted over seawater 2. Space wave
with (a) what polarization at (b) what 3. Surface wave
relative frequency? 4. Reflected ground wave

1. (a) Vertical (b) Low 2-26. Ionization in the atmosphere is produced

2. (a) Vertical (b) High chiefly by which of the following types of
3. (a) Horizontal (b) High radiation?
4. (a) Horizontal (b) Low
1. Alpha radiation
2-22. The Navy’s long-range vlf broadcasts are 2. Cosmic radiation
possible because of the advantages of 3. Infrared radiation
which of the following types of 4. Ultraviolet radiation
propagation?
2-27. Ultraviolet waves of higher frequencies
1. Diffraction produce ionized layers at what relative
2. Ionospheric refraction altitude(s)?
3. Repeated reflection and refraction
4. Both 2 and 3 above 1. Lower
2. Higher
3. Both 1 and 2 above

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2-28. The density of ionized layers is normally 2-33. A 10-MHz wave entering the ionosphere
greatest during which of the following at an angle greater than its critical angle
periods? will pass through the ionosphere and be
lost in space unless which of the following
1. At night actions is taken?
2. Before sunrise
3. Between early morning and late 1. The ground wave is canceled
afternoon 2. The frequency of the wave is increased
4. Between afternoon and sunset 3. The frequency of the wave is decreased
4. The ground wave is reinforced
2-29. Compared to the other ionospheric layers
at higher altitudes, the ionization density 2-34. The distance between the transmitter and
of the D layer is the nearest point at which refracted waves
return to earth is referred to as the
1. about the same
2. relatively low 1. skip distance
3. relatively high 2. return distance
3. reception distance
2-30. What two layers in the ionosphere 4. ground-wave distance
recombine and largely disappear at night?
2-35. When ground-wave coverage is LESS
1. D and F than the distance between the transmitter
2. D and E and the nearest point at which the
3. E and F2 refracted waves return to earth, which of
4. F1 and F2 the following reception possibilities
should you expect?
2-31. For hf-radio communications covering
long distances, what is the most important 1. No sky-wave
layer of the ionosphere? 2. Weak ground wave
3. A zone of silence
1. C 4. Strong ground wave
2. D
3. E 2-36. The greatest amount of absorption takes
4. F place in the ionosphere under which of the
following conditions?
2-32. Refraction of a sky wave in the ionosphere
is influenced by which of the following 1. When sky wave intensity is the greatest
factors? 2. When collision of particles is least
3. When the density of the ionized layer
1. Ionospheric density is the greatest
2. Frequency of the wave 4. When precipitation is greatest
3. Angle of incidence of the wave
4. All of the above 2-37. Which of the following layers provide the
greatest amount of absorption to the
ionospheric wave?

1. D and E
2. D and F1
3. E and F1
4. F1 and F2

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2-38. If the signal strength of an incoming signal 2-43. Which of the following ionospheric
is reduced for a prolonged period, what variation causes densities to vary with the
type of fading is most likely involved? axial rotation of the sun?

1. Selective 1. Daily variation

2. Multipath 2. Seasonal variation
3. Absorption 3. 27-day sunspot cycle
4. Polarization 4. 11-year sunspot cycle

2-39. Radio waves that arrive at a receiving site 2-44. Which of the following ionospheric
along different paths can cause signal variation causes densities to vary with the
fading if these waves have different position of the earth in its orbit around the
sun?
1. velocities
2. amplitudes 1. Daily variation
3. phase relationships 2. Seasonal variation
4. modulation percentages 3. 27-day sunspot cycle
4. 11-year sunspot cycle
2-40. The technique of reducing multipath
fading by using several receiving antennas 2-45. Which of the following ionospheric
at different locations is known as what variation causes densities to vary with the
type of diversity? time of the day?

1. Space 1. Daily variation

2. Receiver 2. Seasonal variation
3. Frequency 3. 27-day sunspot cycle
4. Modulation 4. 11-year sunspot cycle

2-41. The amount of rf energy lost because of 2-46. What relative range of operating
ground reflections depends on which of frequencies is required during periods of
the following factors? maximum sunspot activity?

1. Angle of incidence 1. Lower

2. Ground irregularities 2. Medium
3. Frequency of the wave 3. Higher
4. Each of the above
2-47. What factor significantly affects the
2-42. Receiving sites located near industrial frequency of occurrence of the sporadic-E
areas can expect to have exceptionally layer?
large losses in signal quality as a result of
which of the following propagation 1. Seasons
situations? 2. Latitude
3. Weather conditions
1. Absorption 4. Ionospheric storms
2. Multihop refraction
3. Natural interference
4. Man-made interference

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2-48. What effect can the sporadic-E layer have 2-53. The most consistent communications can
on the propagation of sky waves? be expected at which of the following
frequencies?
1. Causes multipath interference
2. Permits long distance communications 1. Critical frequency
at unusually high frequencies 2. Maximum usable frequency
3. Permits short-distance communications 3. Maximum working frequency
in the normal skip zone 4. Optimum working frequency
4. Each of the above
2-54. If the optimum working frequency for a
2-49. A sudden and intense burst of ultraviolet communications link is 4,250 kHz, what is
light is especially disruptive to the approximate maximum usable
communications in which of the following frequency?
frequency bands?
1. 4,500 kHz
1. Hf 2. 5,000 kHz
2. Mf 3. 5,500 kHz
3. Lf 4. 6,000 kHz
4. Vlf
2-55. In determining the success of radio
2-50. The density of what ionosphere layer transmission, which of the following
increases because of a violent eruption on factors is the LEAST predictable?
the surface of the sun?
1. Antenna capabilities
1. D 2. Weather conditions along the path of
2. E communication
3. F1 3. Density of ionized layers
4. F2 4. Presence of ionized layers

2-51. Which irregular variation in ionospheric 2-56. At frequencies above 100 MHz, the
conditions can cause a waiting period of greatest attenuation of rf energy from
several days before communications raindrops is caused by which of the
return to normal? following factors?

1. Sporadic E 1. Ducting
2. Ionospheric storms 2. Heat loss
3. Sudden ionospheric disturbance 3. Scattering
4. Each of the above 4. Absorption

2-52. For a radio wave entering the atmosphere 2-57. Under certain conditions, such as ducting,
of the earth at a given angle, the highest line-of-sight radio waves often propagate
frequency at which refraction will occur is for distances far beyond their normal
known by which of the following terms? ranges because of which of the following
factors?
1. Usable frequency
2. Refraction frequency 1. Low cloud masses
3. Maximum usable frequency 2. Ionospheric storms
4. Optimum working frequency 3. Temperature inversions
4. Frequency fluctuations

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2-58. When ducting is present in the 2-62. Which of the following descriptions of
atmosphere, multihop refraction of tropospheric scatter signal reception is
line-of-sight transmission can occur NOT true?
because of which of the following factors?
1. Receiver signal strength decreases as
1. Operating frequency of the transmitter the turbulence height is increased
2. Height of the transmitting antenna 2. The level of reception depends on the
3. Angle of incidence of the radio wave number of turbulences causing scatter
4. Each of the above 3. The energy received is the portion of
the wave reradiated by the turbulence
2-59. A propagation technique used to extend 4. Increased communications distance
uhf transmission range beyond the horizon enables more turbulence to act on the
uses which of the following propagation signal, thereby raising the received
characteristics? signal level

1. Ground reflection 2-63. The tropospheric scatter signal is often

2. Ionospheric scatter characterized by very rapid fading caused
3. Tropospheric scatter by which of the following factors?
4. Atmospheric refraction
1. Extreme path lengths
2-60. Communications by tropospheric scatter 2. Multipath propagation
can be affected by which of the following 3. Turbulence in the atmosphere
conditions? 4. Angle of the transmitted beam

1. Sunspot activity 2-64. For which of the following

2. Atmospheric conditions communications situations would
3. Ionospheric disturbances turbulence in the troposphere scatter
4. All of the above transmission?

2-61. What effect, if any, does the radiation 1. 10 MHz, range 200 miles
angle of a transmitting antenna have on 2. 30 MHz, range 800 miles
the reception of communications by 3. 50 MHz, range 600 miles
tropospheric scatter? 4. 100 MHz, range 400 miles

1. The lower the angle, the weaker the

signal
2. The lower the angle, the stronger the
signal
3. The lower the angle, the more
susceptible the signal is to distortion
4. None

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