CIS Debian Linux 12 Benchmark v1.0.0

CIS Debian Linux 12
Benchmark
v1.0.0 - 02-28-2024
Terms of Use
Please see the below link for our current terms of use:
https://www.cisecurity.org/cis-securesuite/cis-securesuite-membership-terms-of-use/
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Table of Contents
Terms of Use ................................................................................................................. 1
Table of Contents .......................................................................................................... 2
Overview ...................................................................................................................... 10
Intended Audience................................................................................................................10
Consensus Guidance ...........................................................................................................11
Typographical Conventions .................................................................................................12
Recommendation Definitions ..................................................................................... 13
Title ........................................................................................................................................13
Assessment Status...............................................................................................................13
Automated ............................................................................................................................................ 13
Manual ................................................................................................................................................... 13
Profile ....................................................................................................................................13
Description ............................................................................................................................13
Rationale Statement .............................................................................................................13
Impact Statement ..................................................................................................................14
Audit Procedure ....................................................................................................................14
Remediation Procedure........................................................................................................14
Default Value .........................................................................................................................14
References ............................................................................................................................14
CIS Critical Security Controls® (CIS Controls®) ..................................................................14
Additional Information..........................................................................................................14
Profile Definitions .................................................................................................................15
Acknowledgements ..............................................................................................................16
1 Initial Setup ........................................................................................................................17
1.1 Filesystem ...................................................................................................................................... 18
1.1.1 Configure Filesystem Kernel Modules ................................................................................... 19
1.1.1.1 Ensure cramfs kernel module is not available (Automated) ......................................... 20
1.1.1.2 Ensure freevxfs kernel module is not available (Automated) ....................................... 25
1.1.1.3 Ensure hfs kernel module is not available (Automated) ............................................... 30
1.1.1.4 Ensure hfsplus kernel module is not available (Automated) ........................................ 35
1.1.1.5 Ensure jffs2 kernel module is not available (Automated) ............................................. 40
1.1.1.6 Ensure squashfs kernel module is not available (Automated) ..................................... 45
1.1.1.7 Ensure udf kernel module is not available (Automated) ............................................... 50
1.1.1.8 Ensure usb-storage kernel module is not available (Automated) ................................. 55
1.1.2 Configure Filesystem Partitions ............................................................................................. 60
1.1.2.1 Configure /tmp .................................................................................................................... 61
1.1.2.1.1 Ensure /tmp is a separate partition (Automated) ....................................................... 62
1.1.2.1.2 Ensure nodev option set on /tmp partition (Automated) ............................................ 66
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1.1.2.1.3 Ensure nosuid option set on /tmp partition (Automated) ........................................... 68
1.1.2.1.4 Ensure noexec option set on /tmp partition (Automated) .......................................... 70
1.1.2.2 Configure /dev/shm ............................................................................................................ 72
1.1.2.2.1 Ensure /dev/shm is a separate partition (Automated) ............................................... 73
1.1.2.2.2 Ensure nodev option set on /dev/shm partition (Automated) .................................... 75
1.1.2.2.3 Ensure nosuid option set on /dev/shm partition (Automated) .................................... 77
1.1.2.2.4 Ensure noexec option set on /dev/shm partition (Automated) ................................... 79
1.1.2.3 Configure /home ................................................................................................................. 81
1.1.2.3.1 Ensure separate partition exists for /home (Automated) ........................................... 82
1.1.2.3.2 Ensure nodev option set on /home partition (Automated) ......................................... 85
1.1.2.3.3 Ensure nosuid option set on /home partition (Automated) ........................................ 87
1.1.2.4 Configure /var ..................................................................................................................... 89
1.1.2.4.1 Ensure separate partition exists for /var (Automated) ............................................... 90
1.1.2.4.2 Ensure nodev option set on /var partition (Automated) ............................................. 93
1.1.2.4.3 Ensure nosuid option set on /var partition (Automated) ............................................ 95
1.1.2.5 Configure /var/tmp .............................................................................................................. 97
1.1.2.5.1 Ensure separate partition exists for /var/tmp (Automated) ........................................ 98
1.1.2.5.2 Ensure nodev option set on /var/tmp partition (Automated) .................................... 100
1.1.2.5.3 Ensure nosuid option set on /var/tmp partition (Automated) ................................... 102
1.1.2.5.4 Ensure noexec option set on /var/tmp partition (Automated) .................................. 104
1.1.2.6 Configure /var/log ............................................................................................................. 106
1.1.2.6.1 Ensure separate partition exists for /var/log (Automated) ....................................... 107
1.1.2.6.2 Ensure nodev option set on /var/log partition (Automated) ..................................... 109
1.1.2.6.3 Ensure nosuid option set on /var/log partition (Automated) .................................... 111
1.1.2.6.4 Ensure noexec option set on /var/log partition (Automated) ................................... 113
1.1.2.7 Configure /var/log/audit ................................................................................................... 115
1.1.2.7.1 Ensure separate partition exists for /var/log/audit (Automated) .............................. 116
1.1.2.7.2 Ensure nodev option set on /var/log/audit partition (Automated) ............................ 118
1.1.2.7.3 Ensure nosuid option set on /var/log/audit partition (Automated) ............................ 120
1.1.2.7.4 Ensure noexec option set on /var/log/audit partition (Automated)........................... 122
1.2 Package Management ................................................................................................................. 124
1.2.1 Configure Package Repositories .......................................................................................... 125
1.2.1.1 Ensure GPG keys are configured (Manual) ................................................................ 126
1.2.1.2 Ensure package manager repositories are configured (Manual) ............................... 128
1.2.2 Configure Package Updates ................................................................................................. 130
1.2.2.1 Ensure updates, patches, and additional security software are installed (Manual) ... 131
1.3 Mandatory Access Control ......................................................................................................... 134
1.3.1 Configure AppArmor.............................................................................................................. 135
1.3.1.1 Ensure AppArmor is installed (Automated) ................................................................ 136
1.3.1.2 Ensure AppArmor is enabled in the bootloader configuration (Automated) ............... 138
1.3.1.3 Ensure all AppArmor Profiles are in enforce or complain mode (Automated) ............ 140
1.3.1.4 Ensure all AppArmor Profiles are enforcing (Automated) .......................................... 142
1.4 Configure Bootloader .................................................................................................................. 144
1.4.1 Ensure bootloader password is set (Automated) ........................................................... 145
1.4.2 Ensure access to bootloader config is configured (Automated) .................................... 148
1.5 Configure Additional Process Hardening ................................................................................. 150
1.5.1 Ensure address space layout randomization is enabled (Automated) .......................... 151
1.5.2 Ensure ptrace_scope is restricted (Automated) ............................................................ 155
1.5.3 Ensure core dumps are restricted (Automated) ............................................................. 159
1.5.4 Ensure prelink is not installed (Automated) ................................................................... 162
1.6 Configure Command Line Warning Banners ............................................................................ 164
1.6.1 Ensure message of the day is configured properly (Automated) .................................. 165
1.6.2 Ensure local login warning banner is configured properly (Automated) ........................ 167
1.6.3 Ensure remote login warning banner is configured properly (Automated) .................... 169
1.6.4 Ensure access to /etc/motd is configured (Automated) ................................................. 171
1.6.5 Ensure access to /etc/issue is configured (Automated)................................................. 173
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1.6.6 Ensure access to /etc/issue.net is configured (Automated) .......................................... 175
1.7 Configure GNOME Display Manager .......................................................................................... 177
1.7.1 Ensure GDM is removed (Automated) .......................................................................... 178
1.7.2 Ensure GDM login banner is configured (Automated) ................................................... 180
1.7.3 Ensure GDM disable-user-list option is enabled (Automated) ...................................... 184
1.7.4 Ensure GDM screen locks when the user is idle (Automated) ...................................... 188
1.7.5 Ensure GDM screen locks cannot be overridden (Automated) ..................................... 191
1.7.6 Ensure GDM automatic mounting of removable media is disabled (Automated) .......... 194
1.7.7 Ensure GDM disabling automatic mounting of removable media is not overridden
(Automated) ............................................................................................................................ 200
1.7.8 Ensure GDM autorun-never is enabled (Automated) .................................................... 203
1.7.9 Ensure GDM autorun-never is not overridden (Automated) .......................................... 208
1.7.10 Ensure XDCMP is not enabled (Automated) ............................................................... 211
2 Services............................................................................................................................214
2.1 Configure Server Services .......................................................................................................... 215
2.1.1 Ensure autofs services are not in use (Automated) ....................................................... 216
2.1.2 Ensure avahi daemon services are not in use (Automated) .......................................... 219
2.1.3 Ensure dhcp server services are not in use (Automated).............................................. 222
2.1.4 Ensure dns server services are not in use (Automated)................................................ 225
2.1.5 Ensure dnsmasq services are not in use (Automated) .................................................. 228
2.1.6 Ensure ftp server services are not in use (Automated) ................................................. 231
2.1.7 Ensure ldap server services are not in use (Automated)............................................... 234
2.1.8 Ensure message access server services are not in use (Automated) .......................... 237
2.1.9 Ensure network file system services are not in use (Automated) .................................. 240
2.1.10 Ensure nis server services are not in use (Automated) ............................................... 243
2.1.11 Ensure print server services are not in use (Automated) ............................................ 246
2.1.12 Ensure rpcbind services are not in use (Automated)................................................... 249
2.1.13 Ensure rsync services are not in use (Automated) ...................................................... 252
2.1.14 Ensure samba file server services are not in use (Automated) ................................... 255
2.1.15 Ensure snmp services are not in use (Automated) ...................................................... 258
2.1.16 Ensure tftp server services are not in use (Automated) .............................................. 261
2.1.17 Ensure web proxy server services are not in use (Automated) ................................... 264
2.1.18 Ensure web server services are not in use (Automated) ............................................. 267
2.1.19 Ensure xinetd services are not in use (Automated) ..................................................... 271
2.1.20 Ensure X window server services are not in use (Automated) .................................... 274
2.1.21 Ensure mail transfer agent is configured for local-only mode (Automated) ................ 276
2.1.22 Ensure only approved services are listening on a network interface (Manual) ........... 279
2.2 Configure Client Services ........................................................................................................... 282
2.2.1 Ensure NIS Client is not installed (Automated) ............................................................. 283
2.2.2 Ensure rsh client is not installed (Automated) ............................................................... 285
2.2.3 Ensure talk client is not installed (Automated) ............................................................... 287
2.2.4 Ensure telnet client is not installed (Automated) ........................................................... 289
2.2.5 Ensure ldap client is not installed (Automated) ............................................................. 291
2.2.6 Ensure ftp client is not installed (Automated) ................................................................ 293
2.3 Configure Time Synchronization ............................................................................................... 295
2.3.1 Ensure time synchronization is in use................................................................................. 296
2.3.1.1 Ensure a single time synchronization daemon is in use (Automated) ........................ 297
2.3.2 Configure systemd-timesyncd.............................................................................................. 301
2.3.2.1 Ensure systemd-timesyncd configured with authorized timeserver (Automated) ...... 303
2.3.2.2 Ensure systemd-timesyncd is enabled and running (Manual) .................................... 307
2.3.3 Configure chrony ................................................................................................................... 309
2.3.3.1 Ensure chrony is configured with authorized timeserver (Manual) ............................. 310
2.3.3.2 Ensure chrony is running as user _chrony (Automated) ............................................ 314
2.3.3.3 Ensure chrony is enabled and running (Automated) .................................................. 316
2.4 Job Schedulers ............................................................................................................................ 318
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2.4.1 Configure cron ........................................................................................................................ 319
2.4.1.1 Ensure cron daemon is enabled and active (Automated) .......................................... 320
2.4.1.2 Ensure permissions on /etc/crontab are configured (Automated) .............................. 322
2.4.1.3 Ensure permissions on /etc/cron.hourly are configured (Automated) ........................ 324
2.4.1.4 Ensure permissions on /etc/cron.daily are configured (Automated) ........................... 326
2.4.1.5 Ensure permissions on /etc/cron.weekly are configured (Automated) ....................... 328
2.4.1.6 Ensure permissions on /etc/cron.monthly are configured (Automated)...................... 330
2.4.1.7 Ensure permissions on /etc/cron.d are configured (Automated) ................................ 332
2.4.1.8 Ensure crontab is restricted to authorized users (Automated) ................................... 334
2.4.2 Configure at ............................................................................................................................ 338
2.4.2.1 Ensure at is restricted to authorized users (Automated) ............................................ 339
3 Network ............................................................................................................................343
3.1 Configure Network Devices ........................................................................................................ 344
3.1.1 Ensure IPv6 status is identified (Manual) ...................................................................... 345
3.1.2 Ensure wireless interfaces are disabled (Automated) ................................................... 348
3.1.3 Ensure bluetooth services are not in use (Automated).................................................. 352
3.2 Configure Network Kernel Modules ........................................................................................... 355
3.2.1 Ensure dccp kernel module is not available (Automated) ............................................. 356
3.2.2 Ensure tipc kernel module is not available (Automated) ............................................... 361
3.2.3 Ensure rds kernel module is not available (Automated) ................................................ 366
3.2.4 Ensure sctp kernel module is not available (Automated) .............................................. 371
3.3 Configure Network Kernel Parameters ...................................................................................... 376
3.3.1 Ensure ip forwarding is disabled (Automated) ............................................................... 377
3.3.2 Ensure packet redirect sending is disabled (Automated) .............................................. 381
3.3.3 Ensure bogus icmp responses are ignored (Automated) .............................................. 385
3.3.4 Ensure broadcast icmp requests are ignored (Automated) ........................................... 389
3.3.5 Ensure icmp redirects are not accepted (Automated) ................................................... 393
3.3.6 Ensure secure icmp redirects are not accepted (Automated) ....................................... 397
3.3.7 Ensure reverse path filtering is enabled (Automated) ................................................... 401
3.3.8 Ensure source routed packets are not accepted (Automated) ...................................... 405
3.3.9 Ensure suspicious packets are logged (Automated) ..................................................... 410
3.3.10 Ensure tcp syn cookies is enabled (Automated) ......................................................... 414
3.3.11 Ensure ipv6 router advertisements are not accepted (Automated) ............................. 418
4 Host Based Firewall .........................................................................................................422
4.1 Configure UncomplicatedFirewall .............................................................................................. 423
4.1.1 Ensure ufw is installed (Automated) .............................................................................. 424
4.1.2 Ensure iptables-persistent is not installed with ufw (Automated) .................................. 426
4.1.3 Ensure ufw service is enabled (Automated) .................................................................. 428
4.1.4 Ensure ufw loopback traffic is configured (Automated) ................................................. 431
4.1.5 Ensure ufw outbound connections are configured (Manual) ......................................... 433
4.1.6 Ensure ufw firewall rules exist for all open ports (Automated) ...................................... 435
4.1.7 Ensure ufw default deny firewall policy (Automated) ..................................................... 438
4.2 Configure nftables ....................................................................................................................... 440
4.2.1 Ensure nftables is installed (Automated) ....................................................................... 443
4.2.2 Ensure ufw is uninstalled or disabled with nftables (Automated) .................................. 445
4.2.3 Ensure iptables are flushed with nftables (Manual) ....................................................... 447
4.2.4 Ensure a nftables table exists (Automated) ................................................................... 449
4.2.5 Ensure nftables base chains exist (Automated) ............................................................ 451
4.2.6 Ensure nftables loopback traffic is configured (Automated) .......................................... 453
4.2.7 Ensure nftables outbound and established connections are configured (Manual) ........ 455
4.2.8 Ensure nftables default deny firewall policy (Automated) .............................................. 458
4.2.9 Ensure nftables service is enabled (Automated) ........................................................... 461
4.2.10 Ensure nftables rules are permanent (Automated) ...................................................... 463
4.3 Configure iptables ....................................................................................................................... 466
4.3.1 Configure iptables software .................................................................................................. 467
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4.3.1.1 Ensure iptables packages are installed (Automated) ................................................. 468
4.3.1.2 Ensure nftables is not installed with iptables (Automated) ......................................... 470
4.3.1.3 Ensure ufw is uninstalled or disabled with iptables (Automated) ............................... 472
4.3.2 Configure IPv4 iptables ......................................................................................................... 474
4.3.2.1 Ensure iptables default deny firewall policy (Automated) ........................................... 475
4.3.2.2 Ensure iptables loopback traffic is configured (Automated) ....................................... 477
4.3.2.3 Ensure iptables outbound and established connections are configured (Manual) ..... 479
4.3.2.4 Ensure iptables firewall rules exist for all open ports (Automated) ............................. 481
4.3.3 Configure IPv6 ip6tables ....................................................................................................... 484
4.3.3.1 Ensure ip6tables default deny firewall policy (Automated) ......................................... 485
4.3.3.2 Ensure ip6tables loopback traffic is configured (Automated) ..................................... 488
4.3.3.3 Ensure ip6tables outbound and established connections are configured (Manual) ... 491
4.3.3.4 Ensure ip6tables firewall rules exist for all open ports (Automated) ........................... 493
5 Access Control ................................................................................................................496
5.1 Configure SSH Server ................................................................................................................. 497
5.1.1 Ensure permissions on /etc/ssh/sshd_config are configured (Automated) ................... 499
5.1.2 Ensure permissions on SSH private host key files are configured (Automated) ........... 502
5.1.3 Ensure permissions on SSH public host key files are configured (Automated) ............ 506
5.1.4 Ensure sshd access is configured (Automated) ............................................................ 510
5.1.5 Ensure sshd Banner is configured (Automated) ............................................................ 513
5.1.6 Ensure sshd Ciphers are configured (Automated) ........................................................ 515
5.1.7 Ensure sshd ClientAliveInterval and ClientAliveCountMax are configured (Automated)
................................................................................................................................................ 518
5.1.8 Ensure sshd DisableForwarding is enabled (Automated) ............................................. 521
5.1.9 Ensure sshd GSSAPIAuthentication is disabled (Automated) ...................................... 524
5.1.10 Ensure sshd HostbasedAuthentication is disabled (Automated) ................................. 526
5.1.11 Ensure sshd IgnoreRhosts is enabled (Automated) .................................................... 528
5.1.12 Ensure sshd KexAlgorithms is configured (Automated) .............................................. 530
5.1.13 Ensure sshd LoginGraceTime is configured (Automated) ........................................... 533
5.1.14 Ensure sshd LogLevel is configured (Automated) ....................................................... 535
5.1.15 Ensure sshd MACs are configured (Automated) ......................................................... 537
5.1.16 Ensure sshd MaxAuthTries is configured (Automated) ............................................... 540
5.1.17 Ensure sshd MaxSessions is configured (Automated) ................................................ 542
5.1.18 Ensure sshd MaxStartups is configured (Automated) ................................................. 544
5.1.19 Ensure sshd PermitEmptyPasswords is disabled (Automated) .................................. 546
5.1.20 Ensure sshd PermitRootLogin is disabled (Automated) .............................................. 548
5.1.21 Ensure sshd PermitUserEnvironment is disabled (Automated) .................................. 550
5.1.22 Ensure sshd UsePAM is enabled (Automated) ........................................................... 552
5.2 Configure privilege escalation ................................................................................................... 554
5.2.1 Ensure sudo is installed (Automated) ............................................................................ 555
5.2.2 Ensure sudo commands use pty (Automated) .............................................................. 557
5.2.3 Ensure sudo log file exists (Automated) ........................................................................ 559
5.2.4 Ensure users must provide password for privilege escalation (Automated) ................. 561
5.2.5 Ensure re-authentication for privilege escalation is not disabled globally (Automated) 563
5.2.6 Ensure sudo authentication timeout is configured correctly (Automated) ..................... 565
5.2.7 Ensure access to the su command is restricted (Automated) ....................................... 567
5.3 Pluggable Authentication Modules ............................................................................................ 569
5.3.1 Configure PAM software packages ...................................................................................... 570
5.3.1.1 Ensure latest version of pam is installed (Automated) ............................................... 571
5.3.1.2 Ensure libpam-modules is installed (Automated) ....................................................... 572
5.3.1.3 Ensure libpam-pwquality is installed (Automated) ...................................................... 573
5.3.2 Configure pam-auth-update profiles .................................................................................... 574
5.3.2.1 Ensure pam_unix module is enabled (Automated)..................................................... 575
5.3.2.2 Ensure pam_faillock module is enabled (Automated) ................................................ 577
5.3.2.3 Ensure pam_pwquality module is enabled (Automated) ............................................ 580
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5.3.2.4 Ensure pam_pwhistory module is enabled (Automated) ............................................ 583
5.3.3 Configure PAM Arguments ................................................................................................... 586
5.3.3.1 Configure pam_faillock module ...................................................................................... 587
5.3.3.1.1 Ensure password failed attempts lockout is configured (Automated)...................... 588
5.3.3.1.2 Ensure password unlock time is configured (Automated) ....................................... 590
5.3.3.1.3 Ensure password failed attempts lockout includes root account (Automated) ........ 593
5.3.3.2 Configure pam_pwquality module .................................................................................. 596
5.3.3.2.1 Ensure password number of changed characters is configured (Automated) ........ 598
5.3.3.2.2 Ensure minimum password length is configured (Automated) ................................ 602
5.3.3.2.3 Ensure password complexity is configured (Manual) .............................................. 606
5.3.3.2.4 Ensure password same consecutive characters is configured (Automated) ........... 610
5.3.3.2.5 Ensure password maximum sequential characters is configured (Automated) ...... 614
5.3.3.2.6 Ensure password dictionary check is enabled (Automated) .................................... 618
5.3.3.2.7 Ensure password quality checking is enforced (Automated) ................................... 621
5.3.3.2.8 Ensure password quality is enforced for the root user (Automated) ....................... 623
5.3.3.3 Configure pam_pwhistory module ................................................................................. 626
5.3.3.3.1 Ensure password history remember is configured (Automated) ............................. 627
5.3.3.3.2 Ensure password history is enforced for the root user (Automated) ....................... 630
5.3.3.3.3 Ensure pam_pwhistory includes use_authtok (Automated) .................................... 633
5.3.3.4 Configure pam_unix module ........................................................................................... 635
5.3.3.4.1 Ensure pam_unix does not include nullok (Automated) .......................................... 636
5.3.3.4.2 Ensure pam_unix does not include remember (Automated) ................................... 639
5.3.3.4.3 Ensure pam_unix includes a strong password hashing algorithm (Automated) ..... 641
5.3.3.4.4 Ensure pam_unix includes use_authtok (Automated) ............................................. 645
5.4 User Accounts and Environment ............................................................................................... 648
5.4.1 Configure shadow password suite parameters .................................................................. 649
5.4.1.1 Ensure password expiration is configured (Automated) ............................................. 650
5.4.1.2 Ensure minimum password age is configured (Manual) ............................................ 654
5.4.1.3 Ensure password expiration warning days is configured (Automated) ....................... 657
5.4.1.4 Ensure strong password hashing algorithm is configured (Automated) ..................... 659
5.4.1.5 Ensure inactive password lock is configured (Automated) ......................................... 662
5.4.1.6 Ensure all users last password change date is in the past (Automated) .................... 665
5.4.2 Configure root and system accounts and environment .................................................... 667
5.4.2.1 Ensure root is the only UID 0 account (Automated) ................................................... 668
5.4.2.2 Ensure root is the only GID 0 account (Automated) ................................................... 669
5.4.2.3 Ensure group root is the only GID 0 group (Automated) ............................................ 671
5.4.2.4 Ensure root password is set (Automated) .................................................................. 673
5.4.2.5 Ensure root path integrity (Automated) ....................................................................... 675
5.4.2.6 Ensure root user umask is configured (Automated) ................................................... 678
5.4.2.7 Ensure system accounts do not have a valid login shell (Automated) ....................... 681
5.4.2.8 Ensure accounts without a valid login shell are locked (Automated) ......................... 684
5.4.3 Configure user default environment .................................................................................... 686
5.4.3.1 Ensure nologin is not listed in /etc/shells (Automated) ............................................... 687
5.4.3.2 Ensure default user shell timeout is configured (Automated) ..................................... 688
5.4.3.3 Ensure default user umask is configured (Automated) .............................................. 692
6 Logging and Auditing ......................................................................................................699
6.1 Configure Integrity Checking ..................................................................................................... 700
6.1.1 Ensure AIDE is installed (Automated) ........................................................................... 701
6.1.2 Ensure filesystem integrity is regularly checked (Automated) ....................................... 703
6.2 System Logging ........................................................................................................................... 705
6.2.1 Configure journald ................................................................................................................. 706
6.2.1.1 Configure systemd-journald service .............................................................................. 707
6.2.1.1.1 Ensure journald service is enabled and active (Automated) ................................... 708
6.2.1.1.2 Ensure journald log file access is configured (Manual) ........................................... 710
6.2.1.1.3 Ensure journald log file rotation is configured (Manual) .......................................... 712
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6.2.1.1.4 Ensure journald ForwardToSyslog is disabled (Automated) ................................... 714
6.2.1.1.5 Ensure journald Storage is configured (Automated)................................................ 718
6.2.1.1.6 Ensure journald Compress is configured (Automated) ............................................ 722
6.2.1.2 Configure systemd-journal-remote................................................................................. 726
6.2.1.2.1 Ensure systemd-journal-remote is installed (Automated) ........................................ 727
6.2.1.2.2 Ensure systemd-journal-remote authentication is configured (Manual) .................. 729
6.2.1.2.3 Ensure systemd-journal-upload is enabled and active (Automated) ....................... 731
6.2.1.2.4 Ensure systemd-journal-remote service is not in use (Automated) ......................... 733
6.2.2 Configure Logfiles.................................................................................................................. 735
6.2.2.1 Ensure access to all logfiles has been configured (Automated) ................................. 736
6.4 System Auditing ........................................................................................................................... 742
6.4.1 Configure auditd Service ....................................................................................................... 744
6.4.1.1 Ensure auditd is installed (Automated) ....................................................................... 745
6.4.1.2 Ensure auditd service is enabled and active (Automated) ......................................... 747
6.4.1.3 Ensure auditing for processes that start prior to auditd is enabled (Automated) ....... 749
6.4.1.4 Ensure audit_backlog_limit is sufficient (Automated) ................................................. 751
6.4.2 Configure Data Retention ...................................................................................................... 753
6.4.2.1 Ensure audit log storage size is configured (Automated) ........................................... 754
6.4.2.2 Ensure audit logs are not automatically deleted (Automated) .................................... 756
6.4.2.3 Ensure system is disabled when audit logs are full (Automated) ............................... 758
6.4.2.4 Ensure system warns when audit logs are low on space (Automated) ...................... 761
6.4.3 Configure auditd Rules .......................................................................................................... 764
6.4.3.1 Ensure changes to system administration scope (sudoers) is collected (Automated)765
6.4.3.2 Ensure actions as another user are always logged (Automated) ............................... 768
6.4.3.3 Ensure events that modify the sudo log file are collected (Automated) ..................... 772
6.4.3.4 Ensure events that modify date and time information are collected (Automated) ...... 776
6.4.3.5 Ensure events that modify the system's network environment are collected
(Automated) ............................................................................................................................ 780
6.4.3.6 Ensure use of privileged commands are collected (Automated) ................................ 784
6.4.3.7 Ensure unsuccessful file access attempts are collected (Automated) ....................... 788
6.4.3.8 Ensure events that modify user/group information are collected (Automated) .......... 793
6.4.3.9 Ensure discretionary access control permission modification events are collected
(Automated) ............................................................................................................................ 797
6.4.3.10 Ensure successful file system mounts are collected (Automated) ........................... 802
6.4.3.11 Ensure session initiation information is collected (Automated) ................................ 806
6.4.3.12 Ensure login and logout events are collected (Automated) ...................................... 810
6.4.3.13 Ensure file deletion events by users are collected (Automated) .............................. 813
6.4.3.14 Ensure events that modify the system's Mandatory Access Controls are collected
(Automated) ............................................................................................................................ 817
6.4.3.15 Ensure successful and unsuccessful attempts to use the chcon command are
recorded (Automated) ............................................................................................................. 821
6.4.3.16 Ensure successful and unsuccessful attempts to use the setfacl command are
6.4.3.17 Ensure successful and unsuccessful attempts to use the chacl command are
6.4.3.18 Ensure successful and unsuccessful attempts to use the usermod command are
6.4.3.19 Ensure kernel module loading unloading and modification is collected (Automated)
................................................................................................................................................ 837
6.4.3.20 Ensure the audit configuration is immutable (Automated) ........................................ 842
6.4.3.21 Ensure the running and on disk configuration is the same (Manual) ....................... 845
6.4.4 Configure auditd File Access ................................................................................................ 847
6.4.4.1 Ensure audit log files mode is configured (Automated) .............................................. 848
6.4.4.2 Ensure only authorized users own audit log files (Automated) .................................. 850
6.4.4.3 Ensure only authorized groups are assigned ownership of audit log files (Automated)
................................................................................................................................................ 852
Page 8
6.4.4.4 Ensure the audit log directory mode is configured (Automated) ................................ 854
6.4.4.5 Ensure audit configuration files mode is configured (Automated) .............................. 856
6.4.4.6 Ensure audit configuration files are owned by root (Automated) ................................ 858
6.4.4.7 Ensure audit configuration files belong to group root (Automated) ............................ 860
6.4.4.8 Ensure audit tools mode is configured (Automated)................................................... 862
6.4.4.9 Ensure audit tools are owned by root (Automated) .................................................... 864
6.4.4.10 Ensure audit tools belong to group root (Automated) ............................................... 866
7 System Maintenance .......................................................................................................868
7.1 System File Permissions ............................................................................................................ 869
7.1.1 Ensure permissions on /etc/passwd are configured (Automated) ................................. 870
7.1.2 Ensure permissions on /etc/passwd- are configured (Automated) ................................ 872
7.1.3 Ensure permissions on /etc/group are configured (Automated) .................................... 874
7.1.4 Ensure permissions on /etc/group- are configured (Automated) ................................... 876
7.1.5 Ensure permissions on /etc/shadow are configured (Automated) ................................. 878
7.1.6 Ensure permissions on /etc/shadow- are configured (Automated) ................................ 880
7.1.7 Ensure permissions on /etc/gshadow are configured (Automated) ............................... 882
7.1.8 Ensure permissions on /etc/gshadow- are configured (Automated) .............................. 884
7.1.9 Ensure permissions on /etc/shells are configured (Automated) .................................... 886
7.1.10 Ensure permissions on /etc/security/opasswd are configured (Automated) ............... 888
7.1.11 Ensure world writable files and directories are secured (Automated) ......................... 890
7.1.12 Ensure no files or directories without an owner and a group exist (Automated) ......... 894
7.1.13 Ensure SUID and SGID files are reviewed (Manual) ................................................... 897
7.2 Local User and Group Settings .................................................................................................. 900
7.2.1 Ensure accounts in /etc/passwd use shadowed passwords (Automated) .................... 901
7.2.2 Ensure /etc/shadow password fields are not empty (Automated) ................................. 904
7.2.3 Ensure all groups in /etc/passwd exist in /etc/group (Automated) ................................. 906
7.2.4 Ensure shadow group is empty (Automated) ................................................................ 908
7.2.5 Ensure no duplicate UIDs exist (Automated) ................................................................. 910
7.2.6 Ensure no duplicate GIDs exist (Automated) ................................................................ 911
7.2.7 Ensure no duplicate user names exist (Automated) ...................................................... 913
7.2.8 Ensure no duplicate group names exist (Automated).................................................... 915
7.2.9 Ensure local interactive user home directories are configured (Automated) ................. 917
7.2.10 Ensure local interactive user dot files access is configured (Automated) ................... 922
Appendix: Summary Table ....................................................................................... 928
Appendix: CIS Controls v7 IG 1 Mapped Recommendations ................................ 950
Appendix: CIS Controls v7 Unmapped Recommendations ................................... 976
Appendix: CIS Controls v8 Unmapped Recommendations ................................. 1005
Appendix: Change History ..................................................................................... 1007
Page 9
Overview
All CIS Benchmarks focus on technical configuration settings used to maintain and/or
increase the security of the addressed technology, and they should be used in
conjunction with other essential cyber hygiene tasks like:
• Monitoring the base operating system for vulnerabilities and quickly updating with
the latest security patches
• Monitoring applications and libraries for vulnerabilities and quickly updating with
the latest security patches
In the end, the CIS Benchmarks are designed as a key component of a comprehensive
cybersecurity program.
This document provides prescriptive guidance for establishing a secure configuration

posture for *Debian Linux 12 running on x86_64 platforms.
This guide was developed and tested against Debian Linux 12.5
The guidance within broadly assumes that operations are being performed as the root
user, and executed under the default Bash version for the applicable distribution.
Operations performed using sudo instead of the root user, or executed under another
shell, may produce unexpected results, or fail to make the intended changes to the
system. Non-root users may not be able to access certain areas of the system,
especially after remediation has been performed. It is advisable to verify root users
path integrity and the integrity of any programs being run prior to execution of
commands and scripts included in this benchmark.
The default prompt for the root user is #, and as such all sample commands will have #
as an additional indication that it is to be executed as root.
To obtain the latest version of this guide, please visit http://workbench.cisecurity.org. If
you have questions, comments, or have identified ways to improve this guide, please
write us at [email protected].
Intended Audience
This benchmark is intended for system and application administrators, security
specialists, auditors, help desk, and platform deployment personnel who plan to
develop, deploy, assess, or secure solutions that incorporate Debian Linux 12 on
x86_64 platforms.
Page 10
Consensus Guidance
This CIS Benchmark was created using a consensus review process comprised of a
global community of subject matter experts. The process combines real world
experience with data-based information to create technology specific guidance to assist
users to secure their environments. Consensus participants provide perspective from a
diverse set of backgrounds including consulting, software development, audit and
compliance, security research, operations, government, and legal.
Each CIS Benchmark undergoes two phases of consensus review. The first phase
occurs during initial Benchmark development. During this phase, subject matter experts
convene to discuss, create, and test working drafts of the Benchmark. This discussion
occurs until consensus has been reached on Benchmark recommendations. The
second phase begins after the Benchmark has been published. During this phase, all
feedback provided by the Internet community is reviewed by the consensus team for
incorporation in the Benchmark. If you are interested in participating in the consensus
process, please visit https://workbench.cisecurity.org/.
Page 11
Typographical Conventions
The following typographical conventions are used throughout this guide:
Convention Meaning
Used for blocks of code, command, and script

Stylized Monospace font examples. Text should be interpreted exactly as
presented.
Monospace font Used for inline code, commands, or examples.

Text should be interpreted exactly as presented.
Italic texts set in angle brackets denote a variable

<italic font in brackets> requiring substitution for a real value.
Used to denote the title of a book, article, or other

Italic font
publication.
Note Additional information or caveats
Page 12
Recommendation Definitions
The following defines the various components included in a CIS recommendation as
applicable. If any of the components are not applicable it will be noted or the
component will not be included in the recommendation.
Title
Concise description for the recommendation's intended configuration.
Assessment Status
An assessment status is included for every recommendation. The assessment status
indicates whether the given recommendation can be automated or requires manual
steps to implement. Both statuses are equally important and are determined and
supported as defined below:
Automated
Represents recommendations for which assessment of a technical control can be fully
automated and validated to a pass/fail state. Recommendations will include the
necessary information to implement automation.
Manual
Represents recommendations for which assessment of a technical control cannot be
fully automated and requires all or some manual steps to validate that the configured
state is set as expected. The expected state can vary depending on the environment.
Profile
A collection of recommendations for securing a technology or a supporting platform.
Most benchmarks include at least a Level 1 and Level 2 Profile. Level 2 extends Level 1
recommendations and is not a standalone profile. The Profile Definitions section in the
benchmark provides the definitions as they pertain to the recommendations included for
the technology.
Description
Detailed information pertaining to the setting with which the recommendation is
concerned. In some cases, the description will include the recommended value.
Rationale Statement
Detailed reasoning for the recommendation to provide the user a clear and concise
understanding on the importance of the recommendation.
Page 13
Impact Statement
Any security, functionality, or operational consequences that can result from following
the recommendation.
Audit Procedure
Systematic instructions for determining if the target system complies with the
recommendation.
Remediation Procedure
Systematic instructions for applying recommendations to the target system to bring it
into compliance according to the recommendation.
Default Value
Default value for the given setting in this recommendation, if known. If not known, either
not configured or not defined will be applied.
References
Additional documentation relative to the recommendation.
CIS Critical Security Controls® (CIS Controls®)

The mapping between a recommendation and the CIS Controls is organized by CIS
Controls version, Safeguard, and Implementation Group (IG). The Benchmark in its
entirety addresses the CIS Controls safeguards of (v7) “5.1 - Establish Secure
Configurations” and (v8) '4.1 - Establish and Maintain a Secure Configuration Process”
so individual recommendations will not be mapped to these safeguards.
Additional Information
Supplementary information that does not correspond to any other field but may be
useful to the user.
Page 14
Profile Definitions
The following configuration profiles are defined by this Benchmark:
• Level 1 - Server
Items in this profile intend to:
o be practical and prudent;

o provide a clear security benefit; and
o not inhibit the utility of the technology beyond acceptable means.
This profile is intended for servers.
This profile extends the "Level 1 - Server" profile. Items in this profile exhibit one
or more of the following characteristics:
o are intended for environments or use cases where security is paramount.

o acts as defense in depth measure.
o may negatively inhibit the utility or performance of the technology.
This profile is intended for servers.
• Level 1 - Workstation
Items in this profile intend to:
o be practical and prudent;

o provide a clear security benefit; and
o not inhibit the utility of the technology beyond acceptable means.
This profile is intended for workstations.
This profile extends the "Level 1 - Workstation" profile. Items in this profile exhibit
one or more of the following characteristics:
o are intended for environments or use cases where security is paramount.

o acts as defense in depth measure.
o may negatively inhibit the utility or performance of the technology.
This profile is intended for workstations.
Page 15
Acknowledgements
This Benchmark exemplifies the great things a community of users, vendors, and
subject matter experts can accomplish through consensus collaboration. The CIS
community thanks the entire consensus team with special recognition to the following
individuals who contributed greatly to the creation of this guide:
This benchmark is based upon previous Linux benchmarks published and would not be
possible without the contributions provided over the history of all of these benchmarks.
The CIS community thanks everyone who has contributed to the Linux benchmarks.
Contributor
Ron Colvin
Dave Billing
Dominic Pace
Koen Laevens
Mark Birch
Thomas Sjögren
James Trigg
Matthew Burket
Marcus Burghardt
Graham Eames
Robert McSulla
Chad Streck
Ryan Jaynes
Agustin Gonzalez
Tamas Tevesz
Cory Sherman
Simon John
Nym Coy
Editor
Jonathan Lewis Christopherson
Eric Pinnell
Justin Brown
Gokhan Lus
Randie Bejar
Page 16
Recommendations
1 Initial Setup
Items in this section are advised for all systems, but may be difficult or require extensive
preparation after the initial setup of the system.
Page 17
1.1 Filesystem
The file system is generally a built-in layer used to handle the data management of the
storage.
Page 18
1.1.1 Configure Filesystem Kernel Modules
A number of uncommon filesystem types are supported under Linux. Removing support
for unneeded filesystem types reduces the local attack surface of the system. If a
filesystem type is not needed it should be disabled. Native Linux file systems are
designed to ensure that built-in security controls function as expected. Non-native
filesystems can lead to unexpected consequences to both the security and functionality
of the system and should be used with caution. Many filesystems are created for niche
use cases and are not maintained and supported as the operating systems are updated
and patched. Users of non-native filesystems should ensure that there is attention and
ongoing support for them, especially in light of frequent operating system changes.
Standard network connectivity and Internet access to cloud storage may make the use
of non-standard filesystem formats to directly attach heterogeneous devices much less
attractive.
Note: This should not be considered a comprehensive list of filesystems. You may wish
to consider additions to those listed here for your environment. For the current available
file system modules on the system see /usr/lib/modules/$(uname -r)/kernel/fs
Start up scripts
Kernel modules loaded directly via insmod will ignore what is configured in the relevant
/etc/modprobe.d/*.conf files. If modules are still being loaded after a reboot whilst
having the correctly configured blacklist and install command, check for insmod
entries in start up scripts such as .bashrc.
You may also want to check /lib/modprobe.d/. Please note that this directory should
not be used for user defined module loading. Ensure that all such entries resides in
/etc/modprobe.d/*.conf files.
Return values
Using /bin/false as the command in disabling a particular module serves two

purposes; to convey the meaning of the entry to the user and cause a non-zero return
value. The latter can be tested for in scripts. Please note that insmod will ignore what is
configured in the relevant /etc/modprobe.d/*.conf files. The preferred way to load
modules is with modprobe.
Page 19
1.1.1.1 Ensure cramfs kernel module is not available (Automated)
Profile Applicability:
Description:
The cramfs filesystem type is a compressed read-only Linux filesystem embedded in
small footprint systems. A cramfs image can be used without having to first decompress
the image.
Rationale:
Removing support for unneeded filesystem types reduces the local attack surface of the
system. If this filesystem type is not needed, disable it.
Audit:
Run the following script to verify the cramfs module is disabled:
-IF- the module is available in the running kernel:
• An entry including /bin/true or /bin/false exists in a file within the

/etc/modprobe.d/ directory
• The module is deny listed in a file within the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory
• The module is not loaded in the kernel
-IF- available in ANY installed kernel:
-IF- the kernel module is not available on the system, or pre-compiled into the kernel:
• No additional configuration is necessary
Page 20
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
l_output="" l_output2="" l_output3="" l_dl="" # Unset output variables
l_mname="cramfs" # set module name
l_mtype="fs" # set module type
l_searchloc="/lib/modprobe.d/*.conf /usr/local/lib/modprobe.d/*.conf /run/modprobe.d/*.conf
/etc/modprobe.d/*.conf"
l_mpath="/lib/modules/**/kernel/$l_mtype"
l_mpname="$(tr '-' '_' <<< "$l_mname")"
l_mndir="$(tr '-' '/' <<< "$l_mname")"
module_loadable_chk()
{
# Check if the module is currently loadable
l_loadable="$(modprobe -n -v "$l_mname")"
[ "$(wc -l <<< "$l_loadable")" -gt "1" ] && l_loadable="$(grep -P --
"(^\h*install|\b$l_mname)\b" <<< "$l_loadable")"
if grep -Pq -- '^\h*install \/bin\/(true|false)' <<< "$l_loadable"; then
l_output="$l_output\n - module: \"$l_mname\" is not loadable: \"$l_loadable\""
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - module: \"$l_mname\" is loadable: \"$l_loadable\""
fi
}
module_loaded_chk()
{
# Check if the module is currently loaded
if ! lsmod | grep "$l_mname" > /dev/null 2>&1; then
l_output="$l_output\n - module: \"$l_mname\" is not loaded"
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - module: \"$l_mname\" is loaded"
fi
}
module_deny_chk()
{
# Check if the module is deny listed
l_dl="y"
if modprobe --showconfig | grep -Pq -- '^\h*blacklist\h+'"$l_mpname"'\b'; then
l_output="$l_output\n - module: \"$l_mname\" is deny listed in: \"$(grep -Pls --
"^\h*blacklist\h+$l_mname\b" $l_searchloc)\""
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - module: \"$l_mname\" is not deny listed"
fi
}
# Check if the module exists on the system
for l_mdir in $l_mpath; do
if [ -d "$l_mdir/$l_mndir" ] && [ -n "$(ls -A $l_mdir/$l_mndir)" ]; then
l_output3="$l_output3\n - \"$l_mdir\""
[ "$l_dl" != "y" ] && module_deny_chk
if [ "$l_mdir" = "/lib/modules/$(uname -r)/kernel/$l_mtype" ]; then
module_loadable_chk
module_loaded_chk
fi
else
l_output="$l_output\n - module: \"$l_mname\" doesn't exist in \"$l_mdir\""
fi
done
# Report results. If no failures output in l_output2, we pass
[ -n "$l_output3" ] && echo -e "\n\n -- INFO --\n - module: \"$l_mname\" exists in:$l_output3"
if [ -z "$l_output2" ]; then
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n ** PASS **\n$l_output\n"
else
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n ** FAIL **\n - Reason(s) for audit failure:\n$l_output2\n"
[ -n "$l_output" ] && echo -e "\n- Correctly set:\n$l_output\n"
fi
}
Page 21
Remediation:
Run the following script to disable the cramfs module:
• Create a file ending in .conf with install cramfs /bin/false in the

• Create a file ending in .conf with blacklist cramfs in the /etc/modprobe.d/
directory
• Unload cramfs from the kernel
• Create a file ending in .conf with blacklist cramfs in the /etc/modprobe.d/

directory
-IF- the kernel module is not available on the system or pre-compiled into the kernel:
• No remediation is necessary
Page 22
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
l_mname="cramfs" # set module name
l_mndir="$(tr '-' '/' <<< "$l_mname")"
module_loadable_fix()
{
# If the module is currently loadable, add "install {MODULE_NAME} /bin/false" to a file in
"/etc/modprobe.d"
if ! grep -Pq -- '^\h*install \/bin\/(true|false)' <<< "$l_loadable"; then
echo -e "\n - setting module: \"$l_mname\" to be not loadable"
echo -e "install $l_mname /bin/false" >> /etc/modprobe.d/"$l_mpname".conf
fi
}
module_loaded_fix()
{
# If the module is currently loaded, unload the module
if lsmod | grep "$l_mname" > /dev/null 2>&1; then
echo -e "\n - unloading module \"$l_mname\""
modprobe -r "$l_mname"
fi
}
module_deny_fix()
{
# If the module isn't deny listed, denylist the module
if ! modprobe --showconfig | grep -Pq -- "^\h*blacklist\h+$l_mpname\b"; then
echo -e "\n - deny listing \"$l_mname\""
echo -e "blacklist $l_mname" >> /etc/modprobe.d/"$l_mpname".conf
fi
}
echo -e "\n - module: \"$l_mname\" exists in \"$l_mdir\"\n - checking if disabled..."
module_deny_fix
module_loadable_fix
module_loaded_fix
fi
else
echo -e "\n - module: \"$l_mname\" doesn't exist in \"$l_mdir\"\n"
fi
done
echo -e "\n - remediation of module: \"$l_mname\" complete\n"
}
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7
Page 23
CIS Controls:
Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version
4.8 Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on

Enterprise Assets and Software
v8 Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, ● ●
such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service
function.
9.2 Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services

v7 Are Running ● ●
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system
with validated business needs, are running on each system.
MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1005, T1005.000 TA0005 M1050
Page 24
1.1.1.2 Ensure freevxfs kernel module is not available
(Automated)
Description:
The freevxfs filesystem type is a free version of the Veritas type filesystem. This is the
primary filesystem type for HP-UX operating systems.
Rationale:
Audit:
Run the following script to verify the freevxfs module is disabled:

Page 25
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
l_mname="freevxfs" # set module name
l_mndir="$(tr '-' '/' <<< "$l_mname")"
{
else
fi
}
module_loaded_chk()
{
else
fi
}
module_deny_chk()
{
l_dl="y"
else
fi
}
module_loadable_chk
module_loaded_chk
fi
else
fi
done
else
fi
}
Page 26
Remediation:
Run the following script to disable the freevxfs module:
• Create a file ending in .conf with install freevxfs /bin/false in the

• Create a file ending in .conf with blacklist freevxfs in the /etc/modprobe.d/
directory
• Unload freevxfs from the kernel
• Create a file ending in .conf with blacklist freevxfs in the /etc/modprobe.d/

directory
Page 27
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
l_mname="freevxfs" # set module name
l_mndir="$(tr '-' '/' <<< "$l_mname")"
{
"/etc/modprobe.d"
fi
}
module_loaded_fix()
{
fi
}
module_deny_fix()
{
fi
}
module_deny_fix
module_loadable_fix
module_loaded_fix
fi
else
fi
done
}
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7
Page 28
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

function.

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1005, T1005.000 TA0005 M1050
Page 29
1.1.1.3 Ensure hfs kernel module is not available (Automated)
Description:
The hfs filesystem type is a hierarchical filesystem that allows you to mount Mac OS
filesystems.
Rationale:
Audit:
Run the following script to verify the hfs module is disabled:

Page 30
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
l_mname="hfs" # set module name
l_mndir="$(tr '-' '/' <<< "$l_mname")"
{
else
fi
}
module_loaded_chk()
{
else
fi
}
module_deny_chk()
{
l_dl="y"
else
fi
}
module_loadable_chk
module_loaded_chk
fi
else
fi
done
else
fi
}
Page 31
Remediation:
Run the following script to disable the hfs module:
• Create a file ending in .conf with install hfs /bin/false in the

• Create a file ending in .conf with blacklist hfs in the /etc/modprobe.d/
directory
• Unload hfs from the kernel
• Create a file ending in .conf with blacklist hfs in the /etc/modprobe.d/

directory
Page 32
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
l_mname="hfs" # set module name
l_mndir="$(tr '-' '/' <<< "$l_mname")"
{
"/etc/modprobe.d"
fi
}
module_loaded_fix()
{
fi
}
module_deny_fix()
{
fi
}
module_deny_fix
module_loadable_fix
module_loaded_fix
fi
else
fi
done
}
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7
Page 33
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

function.

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1005, T1005.000 TA0005 M1050
Page 34
1.1.1.4 Ensure hfsplus kernel module is not available (Automated)
Description:
The hfsplus filesystem type is a hierarchical filesystem designed to replace hfs that
allows you to mount Mac OS filesystems.
Rationale:
Audit:
Run the following script to verify the hfsplus module is disabled:

Page 35
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
l_mname="hfsplus" # set module name
l_mndir="$(tr '-' '/' <<< "$l_mname")"
{
else
fi
}
module_loaded_chk()
{
else
fi
}
module_deny_chk()
{
l_dl="y"
else
fi
}
module_loadable_chk
module_loaded_chk
fi
else
fi
done
else
fi
}
Page 36
Remediation:
Run the following script to disable the hfsplus module:
• Create a file ending in .conf with install hfsplus /bin/false in the

• Create a file ending in .conf with blacklist hfsplus in the /etc/modprobe.d/
directory
• Unload hfsplus from the kernel
• Create a file ending in .conf with blacklist hfsplus in the /etc/modprobe.d/

directory
Page 37
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
l_mname="hfsplus" # set module name
l_mndir="$(tr '-' '/' <<< "$l_mname")"
{
"/etc/modprobe.d"
fi
}
module_loaded_fix()
{
fi
}
module_deny_fix()
{
fi
}
module_deny_fix
module_loadable_fix
module_loaded_fix
fi
else
fi
done
}
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7
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Version

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techniques
T1005, T1005.000 TA0005 M1050
Page 39
1.1.1.5 Ensure jffs2 kernel module is not available (Automated)
Description:
The jffs2 (journaling flash filesystem 2) filesystem type is a log-structured filesystem
used in flash memory devices.
Rationale:
Audit:
Run the following script to verify the jffs2 module is disabled:

Page 40
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
l_mname="jffs2" # set module name
l_mndir="$(tr '-' '/' <<< "$l_mname")"
{
else
fi
}
module_loaded_chk()
{
else
fi
}
module_deny_chk()
{
l_dl="y"
else
fi
}
module_loadable_chk
module_loaded_chk
fi
else
fi
done
else
fi
}
Page 41
Remediation:
Run the following script to disable the jffs2 module:
• Create a file ending in .conf with install jffs2 /bin/false in the

• Create a file ending in .conf with blacklist jffs2 in the /etc/modprobe.d/
directory
• Unload jffs2 from the kernel
• Create a file ending in .conf with blacklist jffs2 in the /etc/modprobe.d/

directory
Page 42
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
l_mname="jffs2" # set module name
l_mndir="$(tr '-' '/' <<< "$l_mname")"
{
"/etc/modprobe.d"
fi
}
module_loaded_fix()
{
fi
}
module_deny_fix()
{
fi
}
module_deny_fix
module_loadable_fix
module_loaded_fix
fi
else
fi
done
}
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7
Page 43
CIS Controls:
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Version

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techniques
T1005, T1005.000 TA0005 M1050
Page 44
1.1.1.6 Ensure squashfs kernel module is not available
(Automated)
Description:
The squashfs filesystem type is a compressed read-only Linux filesystem embedded in
small footprint systems. A squashfs image can be used without having to first
decompress the image.
Rationale:
Impact:
As Snap packages utilize squashfs as a compressed filesystem, disabling squashfs will
cause Snap packages to fail.
Snap application packages of software are self-contained and work across a range of
Linux distributions. This is unlike traditional Linux package management approaches,
like APT or RPM, which require specifically adapted packages per Linux distribution on
an application update and delay therefore application deployment from developers to
their software's end-user. Snaps themselves have no dependency on any external store
("App store"), can be obtained from any source and can be therefore used for upstream
software deployment.
Audit:
Run the following script to verify the squashfs module is disabled:

Page 45
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
l_mname="squashfs" # set module name
l_mndir="$(tr '-' '/' <<< "$l_mname")"
{
else
fi
}
module_loaded_chk()
{
else
fi
}
module_deny_chk()
{
l_dl="y"
else
fi
}
module_loadable_chk
module_loaded_chk
fi
else
fi
done
else
fi
}
Page 46
Note: On operating systems where squashfs is pre-build into the kernel:
• This is considered an acceptable "passing" state

• The kernel should not be re-compiled to remove squashfs
• This audit will return as passing state with "module: "squashfs" doesn't exist in ..."
Remediation:
Run the following script to disable the squashfs module:
• Create a file ending in .conf with install squashfs /bin/false in the

• Create a file ending in .conf with blacklist squashfs in the /etc/modprobe.d/
directory
• Unload squashfs from the kernel
• Create a file ending in .conf with blacklist squashfs in the /etc/modprobe.d/

directory
Page 47
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
l_mname="squashfs" # set module name
l_mndir="$(tr '-' '/' <<< "$l_mname")"
{
"/etc/modprobe.d"
fi
}
module_loaded_fix()
{
fi
}
module_deny_fix()
{
fi
}
module_deny_fix
module_loadable_fix
module_loaded_fix
fi
else
fi
done
}
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7
Page 48
CIS Controls:
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Version

function.

Techniques / Sub-
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techniques
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Page 49
1.1.1.7 Ensure udf kernel module is not available (Automated)
Description:
The udf filesystem type is the universal disk format used to implement ISO/IEC 13346
and ECMA-167 specifications. This is an open vendor filesystem type for data storage
on a broad range of media. This filesystem type is necessary to support writing DVDs
and newer optical disc formats.
Rationale:
Impact:
Microsoft Azure requires the usage of udf.
udf should not be disabled on systems run on Microsoft Azure.
Audit:
Run the following script to verify the udf module is disabled:

Page 50
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
l_mname="udf" # set module name
l_mndir="$(tr '-' '/' <<< "$l_mname")"
{
else
fi
}
module_loaded_chk()
{
else
fi
}
module_deny_chk()
{
l_dl="y"
else
fi
}
module_loadable_chk
module_loaded_chk
fi
else
fi
done
else
fi
}
Page 51
Remediation:
Run the following script to disable the udf module:
• Create a file ending in .conf with install udf /bin/false in the

• Create a file ending in .conf with blacklist udf in the /etc/modprobe.d/
directory
• Unload udf from the kernel
• Create a file ending in .conf with blacklist udf in the /etc/modprobe.d/

directory
Page 52
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
l_mname="udf" # set module name
l_mndir="$(tr '-' '/' <<< "$l_mname")"
{
"/etc/modprobe.d"
fi
}
module_loaded_fix()
{
fi
}
module_deny_fix()
{
fi
}
module_deny_fix
module_loadable_fix
module_loaded_fix
fi
else
fi
done
}
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7
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Version

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Page 54
1.1.1.8 Ensure usb-storage kernel module is not available
(Automated)
Description:
USB storage provides a means to transfer and store files ensuring persistence and
availability of the files independent of network connection status. Its popularity and utility
has led to USB-based malware being a simple and common means for network
infiltration and a first step to establishing a persistent threat within a networked
environment.
Rationale:
Restricting USB access on the system will decrease the physical attack surface for a
device and diminish the possible vectors to introduce malware.
Impact:
Disabling the usb-storage module will disable any usage of USB storage devices.
If requirements and local site policy allow the use of such devices, other solutions
should be configured accordingly instead. One example of a commonly used solution is
USBGuard.
Audit:
Run the following script to verify the usb-storage module is disabled:

Page 55
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
l_mname="usb-storage" # set module name
l_mtype="drivers" # set module type
l_mndir="$(tr '-' '/' <<< "$l_mname")"
{
else
fi
}
module_loaded_chk()
{
else
fi
}
module_deny_chk()
{
l_dl="y"
else
fi
}
module_loadable_chk
module_loaded_chk
fi
else
fi
done
else
fi
}
Page 56
Remediation:
Run the following script to disable the usb-storage module:
• Create a file ending in .conf with install usb-storage /bin/false in the

• Create a file ending in .conf with blacklist usb-storage in the
• Unload usb-storage from the kernel
• Create a file ending in .conf with blacklist usb-storage in the

Page 57
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
l_mname="usb-storage" # set module name
l_mtype="drivers" # set module type
l_mndir="$(tr '-' '/' <<< "$l_mname")"
{
"/etc/modprobe.d"
fi
}
module_loaded_fix()
{
fi
}
module_deny_fix()
{
fi
}
module_deny_fix
module_loadable_fix
module_loaded_fix
fi
else
fi
done
}
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SI-3
Additional Information:
An alternative solution to disabling the usb-storage module may be found in USBGuard.
Use of USBGuard and construction of USB device policies should be done in alignment
with site policy.
Page 58
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version
v8 10.3 Disable Autorun and Autoplay for Removable Media ● ● ●

Disable autorun and autoplay auto-execute functionality for removable media.
13.7 Manage USB Devices

v7 If USB storage devices are required, enterprise software should be used that
can configure systems to allow the use of specific devices. An inventory of such
● ●
devices should be maintained.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1052, T1052.001, T1091,

T1091.000, T1200, TA0001, TA0010 M1034
T1200.000
Page 59
1.1.2 Configure Filesystem Partitions
Directories that are used for system-wide functions can be further protected by placing
them on separate partitions. This provides protection for resource exhaustion and
enables the use of mounting options that are applicable to the directory's intended use.
Users' data can be stored on separate partitions and have stricter mount options. A user
partition is a filesystem that has been established for use by the users and does not
contain software for system operations.
The recommendations in this section are easier to perform during initial system
installation. If the system is already installed, it is recommended that a full backup be
performed before repartitioning the system.
Note:
-IF- you are repartitioning a system that has already been installed (This may require
the system to be in single-user mode):
• Mount the new partition to a temporary mountpoint e.g. mount /dev/sda2 /mnt
• Copy data from the original partition to the new partition. e.g. cp -a /var/tmp/*
/mnt
• Verify that all data is present on the new partition. e.g. ls -la /mnt
• Unmount the new partition. e.g. umount /mnt
• Remove the data from the original directory that was in the old partition. e.g. rm -
Rf /var/tmp/* Otherwise it will still consume space in the old partition that will be
masked when the new filesystem is mounted.
• Mount the new partition to the desired mountpoint. e.g. mount /dev/sda2
/var/tmp
• Update /etc/fstab with the new mountpoint. e.g. /dev/sda2 /var/tmp xfs
defaults,rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0
Page 60
1.1.2.1 Configure /tmp
The /tmp directory is a world-writable directory used to store data used by the system
and user applications for a short period of time. This data should have no expectation of
surviving a reboot, as this directory is intended to be emptied after each reboot.
Page 61
1.1.2.1.1 Ensure /tmp is a separate partition (Automated)
Description:
The /tmp directory is a world-writable directory used for temporary storage by all users
and some applications.
-IF- an entry for /tmp exists in /etc/fstab it will take precedence over entries in
systemd default unit file.
Note: In an environment where the main system is diskless and connected to iSCSI,
entries in /etc/fstab may not take precedence.
/tmp can be configured to use tmpfs.
tmpfs puts everything into the kernel internal caches and grows and shrinks to
accommodate the files it contains and is able to swap unneeded pages out to swap
space. It has maximum size limits which can be adjusted on the fly via mount -o
remount.
Since tmpfs lives completely in the page cache and on swap, all tmpfs pages will be
shown as "Shmem" in /proc/meminfo and "Shared" in free. Notice that these counters
also include shared memory. The most reliable way to get the count is using df and du.
tmpfs has three mount options for sizing:
• size: The limit of allocated bytes for this tmpfs instance. The default is half of
your physical RAM without swap. If you oversize your tmpfs instances the
machine will deadlock since the OOM handler will not be able to free that
memory.
• nr_blocks: The same as size, but in blocks of PAGE_SIZE.
• nr_inodes: The maximum number of inodes for this instance. The default is half
of the number of your physical RAM pages, or (on a machine with highmem) the
number of lowmem RAM pages, whichever is the lower.
These parameters accept a suffix k, m or g and can be changed on remount. The size
parameter also accepts a suffix % to limit this tmpfs instance to that percentage of your
physical RAM. The default, when neither size nor nr_blocks is specified, is size=50%.
Page 62
Rationale:
Making /tmp its own file system allows an administrator to set additional mount options
such as the noexec option on the mount, making /tmp useless for an attacker to install
executable code. It would also prevent an attacker from establishing a hard link to a
system setuid program and wait for it to be updated. Once the program was updated,
the hard link would be broken, and the attacker would have his own copy of the
program. If the program happened to have a security vulnerability, the attacker could
continue to exploit the known flaw.
This can be accomplished by either mounting tmpfs to /tmp, or creating a separate
partition for /tmp.
Impact:
By design files saved to /tmp should have no expectation of surviving a reboot of the
system. tmpfs is ram based and all files stored to tmpfs will be lost when the system is
rebooted.
If files need to be persistent through a reboot, they should be saved to /var/tmp not
/tmp.
Since the /tmp directory is intended to be world-writable, there is a risk of resource

exhaustion if it is not bound to tmpfs or a separate partition.
Running out of /tmp space is a problem regardless of what kind of filesystem lies under
it, but in a configuration where /tmp is not a separate file system it will essentially have
the whole disk available, as the default installation only creates a single / partition. On
the other hand, a RAM-based /tmp (as with tmpfs) will almost certainly be much
smaller, which can lead to applications filling up the filesystem much more easily.
Another alternative is to create a dedicated partition for /tmp from a separate volume or
disk. One of the downsides of a disk-based dedicated partition is that it will be slower
than tmpfs which is RAM-based.
Page 63
Audit:
Run the following command and verify the output shows that /tmp is mounted. Particular
requirements pertaining to mount options are covered in ensuing sections.
# findmnt -nk /tmp
Example output:
/tmp tmpfs tmpfs rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec
Ensure that systemd will mount the /tmp partition at boot time.
# systemctl is-enabled tmp.mount
Example output:
generated
Verify output is not masked or disabled.
Note: By default, systemd will output generated if there is an entry in /etc/fstab for
/tmp. This just means systemd will use the entry in /etc/fstab instead of its default unit
file configuration for /tmp.
Remediation:
First ensure that systemd is correctly configured to ensure that /tmp will be mounted at
boot time.
# systemctl unmask tmp.mount
For specific configuration requirements of the /tmp mount for your environment, modify
/etc/fstab.
Example of using tmpfs with specific mount options:
tmpfs /tmp tmpfs defaults,rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,size=2G 0
0
Note: the size=2G is an example of setting a specific size for tmpfs.
Example of using a volume or disk with specific mount options. The source location of
the volume or disk will vary depending on your environment:
<device> /tmp <fstype> defaults,nodev,nosuid,noexec 0 0
References:
1. https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/APIFileSystems/
2. https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd-fstab-generator.html
3. https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/filesystems/tmpfs.txt
4. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7
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1.1.2.1.2 Ensure nodev option set on /tmp partition (Automated)
Description:
The nodev mount option specifies that the filesystem cannot contain special devices.
Rationale:
Since the /tmp filesystem is not intended to support devices, set this option to ensure
that users cannot create a block or character special devices in /tmp.
Audit:
- IF - a separate partition exists for /tmp, verify that the nodev option is set.
Run the following command to verify that the nodev mount option is set.
Example:
# findmnt -kn /tmp | grep -v nodev
Nothing should be returned
Remediation:
- IF - a separate partition exists for /tmp.
Edit the /etc/fstab file and add nodev to the fourth field (mounting options) for the /tmp
partition.
Example:
<device> /tmp <fstype> defaults,rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0
Run the following command to remount /tmp with the configured options:
# mount -o remount /tmp
References:
1. See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.

2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7
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Page 67
1.1.2.1.3 Ensure nosuid option set on /tmp partition (Automated)
Description:
The nosuid mount option specifies that the filesystem cannot contain setuid files.
Rationale:
Since the /tmp filesystem is only intended for temporary file storage, set this option to
ensure that users cannot create setuid files in /tmp.
Audit:
- IF - a separate partition exists for /tmp, verify that the nosuid option is set.
Run the following command to verify that the nosuid mount option is set.
Example:
# findmnt -kn /tmp | grep -v nosuid
Remediation:
Edit the /etc/fstab file and add nosuid to the fourth field (mounting options) for the
/tmp partition.
Example:
References:

2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2
Page 68
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version
3.3 Configure Data Access Control Lists

v8 Configure data access control lists based on a user’s need to know. Apply data
access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file
● ● ●
systems, databases, and applications.
14.6 Protect Information through Access Control Lists

Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share,
v7 claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will
enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the
● ● ●
information based on their need to access the information as a part of their
responsibilities.
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techniques
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1.1.2.1.4 Ensure noexec option set on /tmp partition (Automated)
Description:
The noexec mount option specifies that the filesystem cannot contain executable
binaries.
Rationale:
Since the /tmp filesystem is only intended for temporary file storage, set this option to
ensure that users cannot run executable binaries from /tmp.
Impact:
Setting the noexec option on /tmp may prevent installation and/or updating of some 3rd
party software.
Audit:
- IF - a separate partition exists for /tmp, verify that the noexec option is set.
Run the following command to verify that the noexec mount option is set.
Example:
# findmnt -kn /tmp | grep -v noexec
Remediation:
Edit the /etc/fstab file and add noexec to the fourth field (mounting options) for the
/tmp partition.
Example:
References:

2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2
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CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●

● ● ●
responsibilities.
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techniques
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Page 71
1.1.2.2 Configure /dev/shm
The /dev/shm directory is a world-writable directory that can function as shared memory
that facilitates inter process communication (IPC)
Page 72
1.1.2.2.1 Ensure /dev/shm is a separate partition (Automated)
Description:
The /dev/shm directory is a world-writable directory that can function as shared memory
that facilitates inter process communication (IPC).
Rationale:
Making /dev/shm its own file system allows an administrator to set additional mount
options such as the noexec option on the mount, making /dev/shm useless for an
attacker to install executable code. It would also prevent an attacker from establishing a
hard link to a system setuid program and wait for it to be updated. Once the program
was updated, the hard link would be broken and the attacker would have his own copy
of the program. If the program happened to have a security vulnerability, the attacker
could continue to exploit the known flaw.
This can be accomplished by mounting tmpfs to /dev/shm.
Impact:
Since the /dev/shm directory is intended to be world-writable, there is a risk of resource
exhaustion if it is not bound to a separate partition.
/dev/shm utilizing tmpfs can be resized using the size={size} parameter in the relevant
entry in /etc/fstab.
Audit:
-IF- /dev/shm is to be used on the system, run the following command and verify the
output shows that /dev/shm is mounted. Particular requirements pertaining to mount
options are covered in ensuing sections.
# findmnt -kn /dev/shm
Example output:
/dev/shm tmpfs tmpfs rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,seclabel
Page 73
Remediation:
For specific configuration requirements of the /dev/shm mount for your environment,
modify /etc/fstab.
Example:
tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs
defaults,rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,size=2G 0 0
References:
1. https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/APIFileSystems/
2. https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd-fstab-generator.html
3. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7
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Version

function.

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1.1.2.2.2 Ensure nodev option set on /dev/shm partition
(Automated)
Description:
Rationale:
Since the /dev/shm filesystem is not intended to support devices, set this option to
ensure that users cannot attempt to create special devices in /dev/shm partitions.
Audit:
- IF - a separate partition exists for /dev/shm, verify that the nodev option is set.
# findmnt -kn /dev/shm | grep -v 'nodev'
Remediation:
- IF - a separate partition exists for /dev/shm.
Edit the /etc/fstab file and add nodev to the fourth field (mounting options) for the
/dev/shm partition. See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.
Example:
tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults,rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0
Run the following command to remount /dev/shm with the configured options:
# mount -o remount /dev/shm
Note: It is recommended to use tmpfs as the device/filesystem type as /dev/shm is used
as shared memory space by applications.
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2
Page 75
Some distributions mount /dev/shm through other means and require /dev/shm to be
added to /etc/fstab even though it is already being mounted on boot. Others may
configure /dev/shm in other locations and may override /etc/fstab configuration.
Consult the documentation appropriate for your distribution.
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●

● ● ●
responsibilities.
Techniques / Sub-
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techniques
T1200, T1200.000 TA0005 M1022
Page 76
1.1.2.2.3 Ensure nosuid option set on /dev/shm partition
(Automated)
Description:
Rationale:
Setting this option on a file system prevents users from introducing privileged programs
onto the system and allowing non-root users to execute them.
Audit:
- IF - a separate partition exists for /dev/shm, verify that the nosuid option is set.
# findmnt -kn /dev/shm | grep -v 'nosuid'
Remediation:
/dev/shm partition. See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.
Example:
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2
Some distributions mount /dev/shm through other means and require /dev/shm to be
added to /etc/fstab even though it is already being mounted on boot. Others may
configure /dev/shm in other locations and may override /etc/fstab configuration.
Consult the documentation appropriate for your distribution.
Page 77
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● ● ●

● ● ●
responsibilities.
Techniques / Sub-
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techniques
T1548, T1548.001 TA0005 M1038
Page 78
1.1.2.2.4 Ensure noexec option set on /dev/shm partition
(Automated)
Description:
binaries.
Rationale:
Setting this option on a file system prevents users from executing programs from shared
memory. This deters users from introducing potentially malicious software on the
system.
Audit:
- IF - a separate partition exists for /dev/shm, verify that the noexec option is set.
# findmnt -kn /dev/shm | grep -v 'noexec'
Remediation:
/dev/shm partition.
Example:
References:

2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2
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● ● ●
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Page 80
1.1.2.3 Configure /home
Please note that home directories could be mounted anywhere and are not necessarily
restricted to /home, nor restricted to a single location, nor is the name restricted in any
way.
Finding user home directories can done by looking in /etc/passwd, looking over the
mounted file systems with mount or querying the relevant database with getent.
for user in $(awk -F ':' '{print $1}' /etc/passwd); do echo "${user} - $(sudo
getent passwd ${user} | awk -F ':' '{print $NF}')"; done
Page 81
1.1.2.3.1 Ensure separate partition exists for /home (Automated)
Description:
The /home directory is used to support disk storage needs of local users.
Rationale:
The reasoning for mounting /home on a separate partition is as follows.
Protection from resource exhaustion
The default installation only creates a single / partition. Since the /home directory
contains user generated data, there is a risk of resource exhaustion. It will essentially
have the whole disk available to fill up and impact the system as a whole. In addition,
other operations on the system could fill up the disk unrelated to /home and impact all
local users.
Fine grained control over the mount
Configuring /home as its own file system allows an administrator to set additional mount
options such as noexec/nosuid/nodev. These options limit an attacker's ability to create
exploits on the system. In the case of /home options such as usrquota/grpquota may be
considered to limit the impact that users can have on each other with regards to disk
resource exhaustion. Other options allow for specific behavior. See man mount for exact
details regarding filesystem-independent and filesystem-specific options.
Protection of user data
As /home contains user data, care should be taken to ensure the security and integrity of
the data and mount point.
Impact:
Resizing filesystems is a common activity in cloud-hosted servers. Separate filesystem
partitions may prevent successful resizing, or may require the installation of additional
tools solely for the purpose of resizing operations. The use of these additional tools may
introduce their own security considerations.
Page 82
Audit:
Run the following command and verify output shows /home is mounted:
# findmnt -nk /home
/home /dev/sdb ext4 rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,seclabel
Remediation:
For new installations, during installation create a custom partition setup and specify a
separate partition for /home.
For systems that were previously installed, create a new partition and configure
/etc/fstab as appropriate.
References:
1. AJ Lewis, "LVM HOWTO", http://tldp.org/HOWTO/LVM-HOWTO/

2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7
When modifying /home it is advisable to bring the system to emergency mode (so auditd
is not running), rename the existing directory, mount the new file system, and migrate
the data over before returning to multi-user mode.
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

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● ● ●
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Page 83
Techniques / Sub-
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techniques
T1499, T1499.001 TA0005 M1038
Page 84
1.1.2.3.2 Ensure nodev option set on /home partition (Automated)
Description:
Rationale:
Since the /home filesystem is not intended to support devices, set this option to ensure
that users cannot create a block or character special devices in /home.
Audit:
- IF - a separate partition exists for /home, verify that the nodev option is set.
Example:
# findmnt -nk /home | grep -v nodev
Remediation:
- IF - a separate partition exists for /home.
/home partition.
Example:
<device> /home <fstype> defaults,rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0
Run the following command to remount /home with the configured options:
# mount -o remount /home
References:

2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2
Page 85
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

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responsibilities.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1200, T1200.000 TA0005 M1038
Page 86
1.1.2.3.3 Ensure nosuid option set on /home partition (Automated)
Description:
Rationale:
Since the /home filesystem is only intended for user file storage, set this option to ensure
that users cannot create setuid files in /home.
Audit:
- IF - a separate partition exists for /home, verify that the nosuid option is set.
Example:
# findmnt -nk /home | grep -v nosuid
Remediation:
- IF - a separate partition exists for /home.
/home partition.
Example:
<device> /home <fstype> defaults,rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0
Run the following command to remount /home with the configured options:
# mount -o remount /home
References:

2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2
Page 87
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●

● ● ●
responsibilities.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1548, T1548.001 TA0005 M1022
Page 88
1.1.2.4 Configure /var
The /var directory is used by daemons and other system services to temporarily store
dynamic data. Some directories created by these processes may be world-writable.
Page 89
1.1.2.4.1 Ensure separate partition exists for /var (Automated)
Description:
The /var directory is used by daemons and other system services to temporarily store
dynamic data. Some directories created by these processes may be world-writable.
Rationale:
The reasoning for mounting /var on a separate partition is as follows.
The default installation only creates a single / partition. Since the /var directory may
contain world-writable files and directories, there is a risk of resource exhaustion. It will
essentially have the whole disk available to fill up and impact the system as a whole. In
addition, other operations on the system could fill up the disk unrelated to /var and
cause unintended behavior across the system as the disk is full. See man auditd.conf
for details.
Configuring /var as its own file system allows an administrator to set additional mount
options such as noexec/nosuid/nodev. These options limits an attackers ability to create
exploits on the system. Other options allow for specific behavior. See man mount for
exact details regarding filesystem-independent and filesystem-specific options.
Protection from exploitation
An example of exploiting /var may be an attacker establishing a hard-link to a system

setuid program and wait for it to be updated. Once the program was updated, the hard-
link would be broken and the attacker would have his own copy of the program. If the
program happened to have a security vulnerability, the attacker could continue to exploit
the known flaw.
Impact:
Page 90
Audit:
Run the following command and verify output shows /var is mounted.
Example:
# findmnt -nk /var
/var /dev/sdb ext4 rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,seclabel
Remediation:
separate partition for /var.
References:

2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7
When modifying /var it is advisable to bring the system to emergency mode (so auditd
is not running), rename the existing directory, mount the new file system, and migrate
the data over before returning to multi-user mode.
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●

● ● ●
responsibilities.
Page 91
Techniques / Sub-
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techniques
T1499, T1499.001 TA0006 M1022
Page 92
1.1.2.4.2 Ensure nodev option set on /var partition (Automated)
Description:
Rationale:
Since the /var filesystem is not intended to support devices, set this option to ensure
that users cannot create a block or character special devices in /var.
Audit:
- IF - a separate partition exists for /var, verify that the nodev option is set.
Example:
# findmnt -nk /var | grep -v nodev
Remediation:
- IF - a separate partition exists for /var.
Edit the /etc/fstab file and add nodev to the fourth field (mounting options) for the /var
partition.
Example:
<device> /var <fstype> defaults,rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0
Run the following command to remount /var with the configured options:
# mount -o remount /var
References:

2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2
Page 93
CIS Controls:
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Version

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responsibilities.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1200, T1200.000 TA0005 M1022
Page 94
1.1.2.4.3 Ensure nosuid option set on /var partition (Automated)
Description:
Rationale:
Since the /var filesystem is only intended for variable files such as logs, set this option
to ensure that users cannot create setuid files in /var.
Audit:
- IF - a separate partition exists for /var, verify that the nosuid option is set.
Example:
# findmnt -nk /var | grep -v nosuid
Remediation:
- IF - a separate partition exists for /var.
/var partition.
Example:
<device> /var <fstype> defaults,rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0
Run the following command to remount /var with the configured options:
# mount -o remount /var
References:

2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2
Page 95
CIS Controls:
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Version

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responsibilities.
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techniques
T1548, T1548.001 TA0005 M1022
Page 96
1.1.2.5 Configure /var/tmp
The /var/tmp directory is a world-writable directory used for temporary storage by all
users and some applications. Temporary files residing in /var/tmp are to be preserved
between reboots.
Page 97
1.1.2.5.1 Ensure separate partition exists for /var/tmp
(Automated)
Description:
The /var/tmp directory is a world-writable directory used for temporary storage by all
users and some applications. Temporary files residing in /var/tmp are to be preserved
between reboots.
Rationale:
The default installation only creates a single / partition. Since the /var/tmp directory is
world-writable, there is a risk of resource exhaustion. In addition, other operations on
the system could fill up the disk unrelated to /var/tmp and cause potential disruption to
daemons as the disk is full.
Configuring /var/tmp as its own file system allows an administrator to set additional
mount options such as noexec/nosuid/nodev. These options limits an attackers ability to
create exploits on the system.
Impact:
Audit:
Run the following command and verify output shows /var/tmp is mounted.
Example:
# findmnt -nk /var/tmp
/var/tmp /dev/sdb ext4 rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,seclabel
Remediation:
separate partition for /var/tmp.
Page 98
References:

2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7
When modifying /var/tmp it is advisable to bring the system to emergency mode (so
auditd is not running), rename the existing directory, mount the new file system, and
migrate the data over before returning to multi-user mode.
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●

● ● ●
responsibilities.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1499, T1499.001 TA0005 M1022
Page 99
1.1.2.5.2 Ensure nodev option set on /var/tmp partition
(Automated)
Description:
Rationale:
Since the /var/tmp filesystem is not intended to support devices, set this option to
ensure that users cannot create a block or character special devices in /var/tmp.
Audit:
- IF - a separate partition exists for /var/tmp, verify that the nodev option is set.
Example:
# findmnt -nk /var/tmp | grep -v nodev
Remediation:
- IF - a separate partition exists for /var/tmp.
/var/tmp partition.
Example:
<device> /var/tmp <fstype> defaults,rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0
0
Run the following command to remount /var/tmp with the configured options:
# mount -o remount /var/tmp
References:

2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2
Page 100
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

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● ● ●
responsibilities.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1499, T1499.001 TA0005 M1022
Page 101
1.1.2.5.3 Ensure nosuid option set on /var/tmp partition
(Automated)
Description:
Rationale:
Since the /var/tmp filesystem is only intended for temporary file storage, set this option
to ensure that users cannot create setuid files in /var/tmp.
Audit:
- IF - a separate partition exists for /var/tmp, verify that the nosuid option is set.
Example:
# findmnt -nk /var/tmp | grep -v nosuid
Remediation:
/var/tmp partition.
Example:
0
References:

2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2
Page 102
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

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● ● ●
responsibilities.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1548, T1548.001 TA0005 M1022
Page 103
1.1.2.5.4 Ensure noexec option set on /var/tmp partition
(Automated)
Description:
binaries.
Rationale:
Since the /var/tmp filesystem is only intended for temporary file storage, set this option
to ensure that users cannot run executable binaries from /var/tmp.
Audit:
- IF - a separate partition exists for /var/tmp, verify that the noexec option is set.
Example:
# findmnt -nk /var/tmp | grep -v noexec
Remediation:
/var/tmp partition.
Example:
0
References:

2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2
Page 104
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

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● ● ●
responsibilities.
Techniques / Sub-
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techniques
T1204, T1204.002 TA0005 M1022
Page 105
1.1.2.6 Configure /var/log
The /var/log directory is used by system services to store log data.
Page 106
1.1.2.6.1 Ensure separate partition exists for /var/log (Automated)
Description:
The /var/log directory is used by system services to store log data.
Rationale:
The reasoning for mounting /var/log on a separate partition is as follows.
The default installation only creates a single / partition. Since the /var/log directory
contains log files which can grow quite large, there is a risk of resource exhaustion. It
will essentially have the whole disk available to fill up and impact the system as a whole.
Configuring /var/log as its own file system allows an administrator to set additional
mount options such as noexec/nosuid/nodev. These options limit an attackers ability to
create exploits on the system. Other options allow for specific behavior. See man mount
for exact details regarding filesystem-independent and filesystem-specific options.
Protection of log data
As /var/log contains log files, care should be taken to ensure the security and integrity
of the data and mount point.
Impact:
Page 107
Audit:
Run the following command and verify output shows /var/log is mounted:
# findmnt -nk /var/log
/var/log /dev/sdb ext4 rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,seclabel
Remediation:
separate partition for /var/log .
References:

2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7
When modifying /var/log it is advisable to bring the system to emergency mode (so
auditd is not running), rename the existing directory, mount the new file system, and
migrate the data over before returning to multiuser mode.
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version
8.3 Ensure Adequate Audit Log Storage

v8 Ensure that logging destinations maintain adequate storage to comply with ● ● ●
the enterprise’s audit log management process.
6.4 Ensure adequate storage for logs

v7 Ensure that all systems that store logs have adequate storage space for the ● ●
logs generated.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1499, T1499.001 TA0005 M1022
Page 108
1.1.2.6.2 Ensure nodev option set on /var/log partition
(Automated)
Description:
Rationale:
Since the /var/log filesystem is not intended to support devices, set this option to
ensure that users cannot create a block or character special devices in /var/log.
Audit:
- IF - a separate partition exists for /var/log, verify that the nodev option is set.
Example:
# findmnt -nk /var/log | grep -v nodev
Remediation:
- IF - a separate partition exists for /var/log.
/var/log partition.
Example:
<device> /var/log <fstype> defaults,rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0
0
Run the following command to remount /var/log with the configured options:
# mount -o remount /var/log
References:

2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2
Page 109
CIS Controls:
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Version

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● ● ●
responsibilities.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1200, T1200.000 TA0005 M1038
Page 110
1.1.2.6.3 Ensure nosuid option set on /var/log partition
(Automated)
Description:
Rationale:
Since the /var/log filesystem is only intended for log files, set this option to ensure that
users cannot create setuid files in /var/log.
Audit:
- IF - a separate partition exists for /var/log, verify that the nosuid option is set.
Example:
# findmnt -nk /var/log | grep -v nosuid
Remediation:
/var/log partition.
Example:
0
References:

2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2
Page 111
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Version

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Techniques / Sub-
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techniques
T1548, T1548.001 TA0005 M1022
Page 112
1.1.2.6.4 Ensure noexec option set on /var/log partition
(Automated)
Description:
binaries.
Rationale:
Since the /var/log filesystem is only intended for log files, set this option to ensure that
users cannot run executable binaries from /var/log.
Audit:
- IF - a separate partition exists for /var/log, verify that the noexec option is set.
Example:
# findmnt -nk /var/log | grep -v noexec
Remediation:
/var/log partition.
Example:
0
References:

2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2
Page 113
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techniques
T1204, T1204.002 TA0005 M1022
Page 114
1.1.2.7 Configure /var/log/audit
The auditing daemon, auditd, stores log data in the /var/log/audit directory.
Page 115
1.1.2.7.1 Ensure separate partition exists for /var/log/audit
(Automated)
Description:
The auditing daemon, auditd, stores log data in the /var/log/audit directory.
Rationale:
The reasoning for mounting /var/log/audit on a separate partition is as follows.
The default installation only creates a single / partition. Since the /var/log/audit
directory contains the audit.log file which can grow quite large, there is a risk of
resource exhaustion. It will essentially have the whole disk available to fill up and impact
the system as a whole. In addition, other operations on the system could fill up the disk
unrelated to /var/log/audit and cause auditd to trigger it's space_left_action as the
disk is full. See man auditd.conf for details.
Configuring /var/log/audit as its own file system allows an administrator to set

additional mount options such as noexec/nosuid/nodev. These options limit an
attacker's ability to create exploits on the system. Other options allow for specific
behavior. See man mount for exact details regarding filesystem-independent and
filesystem-specific options.
Protection of audit data
As /var/log/audit contains audit logs, care should be taken to ensure the security and
integrity of the data and mount point.
Impact:
Page 116
Audit:
Run the following command and verify output shows /var/log/audit is mounted:
# findmnt -nk /var/log/audit
/var/log/audit /dev/sdb ext4 rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,seclabel
Remediation:
separate partition for /var/log/audit.
References:

2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7
When modifying /var/log/audit it is advisable to bring the system to emergency mode
(so auditd is not running), rename the existing directory, mount the new file system, and
migrate the data over before returning to multi-user mode.
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version


logs generated.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1499, T1499.001 TA0005 M1022
Page 117
1.1.2.7.2 Ensure nodev option set on /var/log/audit partition
(Automated)
Description:
Rationale:
Since the /var/log/audit filesystem is not intended to support devices, set this option
to ensure that users cannot create a block or character special devices in
/var/log/audit.
Audit:
- IF - a separate partition exists for /var/log/audit, verify that the nodev option is set.
Example:
# findmnt -nk /var/log/audit | grep -v nodev
Remediation:
- IF - a separate partition exists for /var/log/audit.
/var/log/audit partition.
Example:
<device> /var/log/audit <fstype>
Run the following command to remount /var/log/audit with the configured options:
# mount -o remount /var/log/audit
References:

2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2
Page 118
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

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● ● ●
responsibilities.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1200, T1200.000 TA0005 M1022
Page 119
1.1.2.7.3 Ensure nosuid option set on /var/log/audit partition
(Automated)
Description:
Rationale:
Since the /var/log/audit filesystem is only intended for variable files such as logs, set
this option to ensure that users cannot create setuid files in /var/log/audit.
Audit:
- IF - a separate partition exists for /var/log/audit, verify that the nosuid option is set.
Example:
# findmnt -nk /var/log/audit | grep -v nosuid
Remediation:
Example:
References:

2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2
Page 120
CIS Controls:
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Version

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responsibilities.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1548, T1548.001 TA0005 M1022
Page 121
1.1.2.7.4 Ensure noexec option set on /var/log/audit partition
(Automated)
Description:
binaries.
Rationale:
Since the /var/log/audit filesystem is only intended for audit logs, set this option to
ensure that users cannot run executable binaries from /var/log/audit.
Audit:
- IF - a separate partition exists for /var/log/audit, verify that the noexec option is set.
Example:
# findmnt -nk /var/log/audit | grep -v noexec
Remediation:
Example:
References:

2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2
Page 122
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Version

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techniques
T1204, T1204.002 TA0005 M1022
Page 123
1.2 Package Management
Patch management procedures may vary widely between enterprises. Large enterprises
may choose to install a local updates server that can be used in place of their
distributions servers, whereas a single deployment of a system may prefer to get
updates directly. Updates can be performed automatically or manually, depending on
the site's policy for patch management. Organizations may prefer to test patches
against their environment on a non-production system before rolling out to production.
Outdated software is vulnerable to cyber criminals and hackers. Software updates help
reduce the risk to your organization. The release of software update notes often reveal
the patched exploitable entry points to the public. Public knowledge of these exploits
cans your organization more vulnerable to malicious actors attempting to gain entry to
your system's data.
Software updates often offer new and improved features and speed enhancements
For the purpose of this benchmark, the requirement is to ensure that a patch
management process is defined and maintained, the specifics of which are left to the
organization.
Page 124
1.2.1 Configure Package Repositories
Outdated software is vulnerable to cyber criminals and hackers. Software updates help
reduce the risk to your organization. The release of software update notes often reveal
the patched exploitable entry points to the public. Public knowledge of these exploits
cans your organization more vulnerable to malicious actors attempting to gain entry to
your system's data.
Software updates often offer new and improved features and speed enhancements
Page 125
1.2.1.1 Ensure GPG keys are configured (Manual)
Description:
Most package managers implement GPG key signing to verify package integrity during
installation.
Rationale:
It is important to ensure that updates are obtained from a valid source to protect against
spoofing that could lead to the inadvertent installation of malware on the system.
Audit:
Verify GPG keys are configured correctly for your package manager:
# apt-key list
Remediation:
Update your package manager GPG keys in accordance with site policy.
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SI-2
Page 126
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version
7.3 Perform Automated Operating System Patch

v8 Management ● ● ●
Perform operating system updates on enterprise assets through automated
patch management on a monthly, or more frequent, basis.
7.4 Perform Automated Application Patch Management

v8 Perform application updates on enterprise assets through automated patch ● ● ●
management on a monthly, or more frequent, basis.
3.4 Deploy Automated Operating System Patch

Management Tools
v7 Deploy automated software update tools in order to ensure that the operating ● ● ●
systems are running the most recent security updates provided by the software
vendor.
3.5 Deploy Automated Software Patch Management

Tools
v7 Deploy automated software update tools in order to ensure that third-party ● ● ●
software on all systems is running the most recent security updates provided by
the software vendor.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1195, T1195.001,
TA0001 M1051
T1195.002
Page 127
1.2.1.2 Ensure package manager repositories are configured
(Manual)
Description:
Systems need to have package manager repositories configured to ensure they receive
the latest patches and updates.
Rationale:
If a system's package repositories are misconfigured important patches may not be
identified or a rogue repository could introduce compromised software.
Audit:
Run the following command and verify package repositories are configured correctly:
# apt-cache policy
Remediation:
Configure your package manager repositories according to site policy.
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SI-2
Page 128
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version



Management Tools
vendor.

Tools
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1195, T1195.001,
TA0001 M1051
T1195.002
Page 129
1.2.2 Configure Package Updates
Page 130
1.2.2.1 Ensure updates, patches, and additional security software
are installed (Manual)
Description:
Periodically patches are released for included software either due to security flaws or to
include additional functionality.
Rationale:
Newer patches may contain security enhancements that would not be available through
the latest full update. As a result, it is recommended that the latest software patches be
used to take advantage of the latest functionality. As with any software installation,
organizations need to determine if a given update meets their requirements and verify
the compatibility and supportability of any additional software against the update
revision that is selected.
Audit:
Verify there are no updates or patches to install:
# apt update
# apt -s upgrade
Remediation:
Run the following command to update all packages following local site policy guidance
on applying updates and patches:
# apt update
# apt upgrade
- OR -
# apt dist-upgrade
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SI-2
Page 131
Site policy may mandate a testing period before install onto production systems for
available updates.
• upgrade - is used to install the newest versions of all packages currently installed
on the system from the sources enumerated in /etc/apt/sources.list. Packages
currently installed with new versions available are retrieved and upgraded; under
no circumstances are currently installed packages removed, or packages not
already installed retrieved and installed. New versions of currently installed
packages that cannot be upgraded without changing the install status of another
package will be left at their current version. An update must be performed first so
that apt knows that new versions of packages are available.
• dist-upgrade - in addition to performing the function of upgrade, also intelligently
handles changing dependencies with new versions of packages; apt has a
"smart" conflict resolution system, and it will attempt to upgrade the most
important packages at the expense of less important ones if necessary. So, dist-
upgrade command may remove some packages. The /etc/apt/sources.list file
contains a list of locations from which to retrieve desired package files. See also
apt_preferences(5) for a mechanism for overriding the general settings for
individual packages.
CIS Controls:
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Management Tools
vendor.

Tools
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Page 133
1.3 Mandatory Access Control
Mandatory Access Control (MAC) provides an additional layer of access restrictions to

processes on top of the base Discretionary Access Controls. By restricting how
processes can access files and resources on a system the potential impact from
vulnerabilities in the processes can be reduced.
Impact: Mandatory Access Control limits the capabilities of applications and daemons
on a system, while this can prevent unauthorized access the configuration of MAC can
be complex and difficult to implement correctly preventing legitimate access from
occurring.
Page 134
1.3.1 Configure AppArmor
AppArmor provides a Mandatory Access Control (MAC) system that greatly augments
the default Discretionary Access Control (DAC) model. Under AppArmor MAC rules are
applied by file paths instead of by security contexts as in other MAC systems. As such it
does not require support in the filesystem and can be applied to network mounted
filesystems for example. AppArmor security policies define what system resources
applications can access and what privileges they can do so with. This automatically
limits the damage that the software can do to files accessible by the calling user. The
user does not need to take any action to gain this benefit. For an action to occur, both
the traditional DAC permissions must be satisfied as well as the AppArmor MAC rules.
The action will not be allowed if either one of these models does not permit the action.
In this way, AppArmor rules can only make a system's permissions more restrictive and
secure.
References:
1. AppArmor Documentation: http://wiki.apparmor.net/index.php/Documentation

2. Ubuntu AppArmor Documentation: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/AppArmor
3. SUSE AppArmor Documentation:
https://www.suse.com/documentation/apparmor/
Page 135
1.3.1.1 Ensure AppArmor is installed (Automated)
Description:
AppArmor provides Mandatory Access Controls.
Rationale:
Without a Mandatory Access Control system installed only the default Discretionary
Access Control system will be available.
Audit:
Verify that AppArmor is installed:
# dpkg-query -W -f='${binary:Package}\t${Status}\t${db:Status-Status}\n'
apparmor apparmor-utils
apparmor install ok installed installed

apparmor-utils install ok installed installed
Remediation:
Install AppArmor.
# apt install apparmor apparmor-utils
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3
Page 136
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●

● ● ●
responsibilities.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1068, T1068.000, T1565,

TA0003 M1026
T1565.001, T1565.003
Page 137
1.3.1.2 Ensure AppArmor is enabled in the bootloader
configuration (Automated)
Description:
Configure AppArmor to be enabled at boot time and verify that it has not been
overwritten by the bootloader boot parameters.
Note: This recommendation is designed around the grub bootloader, if LILO or another
bootloader is in use in your environment enact equivalent settings.
Rationale:
AppArmor must be enabled at boot time in your bootloader configuration to ensure that
the controls it provides are not overridden.
Audit:
Run the following commands to verify that all linux lines have the apparmor=1 and
security=apparmor parameters set:
# grep "^\s*linux" /boot/grub/grub.cfg | grep -v "apparmor=1"

# grep "^\s*linux" /boot/grub/grub.cfg | grep -v "security=apparmor"
Remediation:
Edit /etc/default/grub and add the apparmor=1 and security=apparmor parameters to
the GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX= line
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="apparmor=1 security=apparmor"
Run the following command to update the grub2 configuration:
# update-grub
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3
Page 138
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●

● ● ●
responsibilities.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1068, T1068.000, T1565,

TA0003 M1026
T1565.001, T1565.003
Page 139
1.3.1.3 Ensure all AppArmor Profiles are in enforce or complain
mode (Automated)
Description:
AppArmor profiles define what resources applications are able to access.
Rationale:
Security configuration requirements vary from site to site. Some sites may mandate a
policy that is stricter than the default policy, which is perfectly acceptable. This item is
intended to ensure that any policies that exist on the system are activated.
Audit:
Run the following command and verify that profiles are loaded, and are in either enforce
or complain mode:
# apparmor_status | grep profiles
Review output and ensure that profiles are loaded, and in either enforce or complain
mode:
37 profiles are loaded.
35 profiles are in enforce mode.
2 profiles are in complain mode.
4 processes have profiles defined.
Run the following command and verify no processes are unconfined
# apparmor_status | grep processes
Review the output and ensure no processes are unconfined:
4 processes are in enforce mode.
0 processes are in complain mode.
0 processes are unconfined but have a profile defined.
Page 140
Remediation:
Run the following command to set all profiles to enforce mode:
# aa-enforce /etc/apparmor.d/*
OR
Run the following command to set all profiles to complain mode:
# aa-complain /etc/apparmor.d/*
Note: Any unconfined processes may need to have a profile created or activated for
them and then be restarted
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●

● ● ●
responsibilities.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1497 TA0005
Page 141
1.3.1.4 Ensure all AppArmor Profiles are enforcing (Automated)
Description:
AppArmor profiles define what resources applications are able to access.
Rationale:
Security configuration requirements vary from site to site. Some sites may mandate a
policy that is stricter than the default policy, which is perfectly acceptable. This item is
intended to ensure that any policies that exist on the system are activated.
Audit:
Run the following commands and verify that profiles are loaded and are not in complain
mode:
# apparmor_status | grep profiles
Review output and ensure that profiles are loaded, and in enforce mode:
34 profiles are loaded.
34 profiles are in enforce mode.
0 profiles are in complain mode.
Run the following command and verify that no processes are unconfined:
apparmor_status | grep processes
Review the output and ensure no processes are unconfined:
2 processes are in enforce mode.
0 processes are in complain mode.
0 processes are unconfined but have a profile defined.
Remediation:
Run the following command to set all profiles to enforce mode:
# aa-enforce /etc/apparmor.d/*
Note: Any unconfined processes may need to have a profile created or activated for
them and then be restarted
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3
Page 142
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●

● ● ●
responsibilities.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1068, T1068.000, T1565,

TA0005 M1048
T1565.001, T1565.003
Page 143
1.4 Configure Bootloader
The recommendations in this section focus on securing the bootloader and settings
involved in the boot process directly.
Page 144
1.4.1 Ensure bootloader password is set (Automated)
Description:
Setting the boot loader password will require that anyone rebooting the system must
enter a password before being able to set command line boot parameters
Rationale:
Requiring a boot password upon execution of the boot loader will prevent an
unauthorized user from entering boot parameters or changing the boot partition. This
prevents users from weakening security (e.g. turning off AppArmor at boot time).
Impact:
If password protection is enabled, only the designated superuser can edit a GRUB 2
menu item by pressing "e" or access the GRUB 2 command line by pressing "c"
If GRUB 2 is set up to boot automatically to a password-protected menu entry the user
has no option to back out of the password prompt to select another menu entry. Holding
the SHIFT key will not display the menu in this case. The user must enter the correct
username and password. If unable to do so, the configuration files will have to be edited
via a LiveCD or other means to fix the problem
You can add --unrestricted to the menu entries to allow the system to boot without
entering a password. A password will still be required to edit menu items.
More Information: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Grub2/Passwords
Audit:
Run the following commands and verify output matches:
# grep "^set superusers" /boot/grub/grub.cfg
set superusers="<username>"
# grep "^password" /boot/grub/grub.cfg
password_pbkdf2 <username> <encrypted-password>
Page 145
Remediation:
Create an encrypted password with grub-mkpasswd-pbkdf2:
# grub-mkpasswd-pbkdf2
Enter password: <password>

Reenter password: <password>
PBKDF2 hash of your password is <encrypted-password>
Add the following into a custom /etc/grub.d configuration file:
cat <<EOF
set superusers="<username>"
password_pbkdf2 <username> <encrypted-password>
EOF
The superuser/user information and password should not be contained in the
/etc/grub.d/00_header file as this file could be overwritten in a package update.
If there is a requirement to be able to boot/reboot without entering the password, edit
/etc/grub.d/10_linux and add --unrestricted to the line CLASS=
Example:
CLASS="--class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os --unrestricted"
# update-grub
Default Value:
This recommendation is designed around the grub bootloader, if LILO or another
Replace /boot/grub/grub.cfg with the appropriate grub configuration file for your
environment.
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3
Changes to /etc/grub.d/10_linux may be overwritten during updates to the grub-
common package. You should review any changes to this file before rebooting otherwise
the system may unexpectedly prompt for a password on the next boot.
Page 146
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Controls
Version

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● ● ●
responsibilities.
Techniques / Sub-
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techniques
T1542, T1542.000 TA0003 M1046
Page 147
1.4.2 Ensure access to bootloader config is configured
(Automated)
Description:
The grub configuration file contains information on boot settings and passwords for
unlocking boot options.
Rationale:
Setting the permissions to read and write for root only prevents non-root users from
seeing the boot parameters or changing them. Non-root users who read the boot
parameters may be able to identify weaknesses in security upon boot and be able to
exploit them.
Audit:
Run the following command and verify Uid and Gid are both 0/root and Access is 0600
or more restrictive.
# stat -Lc 'Access: (%#a/%A) Uid: ( %u/ %U) Gid: ( %g/ %G)'
/boot/grub/grub.cfg
Access: (0600/-rw-------) Uid: ( 0/ root) Gid: ( 0/ root)
Remediation:
Run the following commands to set permissions on your grub configuration:
# chown root:root /boot/grub/grub.cfg
# chmod u-x,go-rwx /boot/grub/grub.cfg
Default Value:
Access: (0644/-rw-r--r--) Uid: ( 0/ root) Gid: ( 0/ root)
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3
Page 148
This recommendation is designed around the grub bootloader, if LILO or another
Replace /boot/grub/grub.cfg with the appropriate grub configuration file for your
environment
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

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● ● ●
responsibilities.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1542, T1542.000 TA0005, TA0007 M1022
Page 149
1.5 Configure Additional Process Hardening
Page 150
1.5.1 Ensure address space layout randomization is enabled
(Automated)
Description:
Address space layout randomization (ASLR) is an exploit mitigation technique which
randomly arranges the address space of key data areas of a process.
Rationale:
Randomly placing virtual memory regions will make it difficult to write memory page
exploits as the memory placement will be consistently shifting.
Audit:
Run the following script to verify the following kernel parameter is set in the running
configuration and correctly loaded from a kernel parameter configuration file:
• kernel.randomize_va_space is set to 2
Note: kernel parameters are loaded by file and parameter order precedence. The
following script observes this precedence as part of the auditing procedure. The
parameters being checked may be set correctly in a file. If that file is superseded, the
parameter is overridden by an incorrect setting later in that file, or in a canonically later
file, that "correct" setting will be ignored both by the script and by the system during a
normal kernel parameter load sequence.
Page 151
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
l_output="" l_output2=""
a_parlist=(kernel.randomize_va_space=2)
l_ufwscf="$([ -f /etc/default/ufw ] && awk -F= '/^\s*IPT_SYSCTL=/ {print $2}'
/etc/default/ufw)"
kernel_parameter_chk()
{
l_krp="$(sysctl "$l_kpname" | awk -F= '{print $2}' | xargs)" # Check running configuration
if [ "$l_krp" = "$l_kpvalue" ]; then
l_output="$l_output\n - \"$l_kpname\" is correctly set to \"$l_krp\" in the running
configuration"
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - \"$l_kpname\" is incorrectly set to \"$l_krp\" in the running
configuration and should have a value of: \"$l_kpvalue\""
fi
unset A_out; declare -A A_out # Check durable setting (files)
while read -r l_out; do
if [ -n "$l_out" ]; then
if [[ $l_out =~ ^\s*# ]]; then
l_file="${l_out//# /}"
else
l_kpar="$(awk -F= '{print $1}' <<< "$l_out" | xargs)"
[ "$l_kpar" = "$l_kpname" ] && A_out+=(["$l_kpar"]="$l_file")
fi
fi
done < <(/usr/lib/systemd/systemd-sysctl --cat-config | grep -Po
'^\h*([^#\n\r]+|#\h*\/[^#\n\r\h]+\.conf\b)')
if [ -n "$l_ufwscf" ]; then # Account for systems with UFW (Not covered by systemd-sysctl -
-cat-config)
l_kpar="$(grep -Po "^\h*$l_kpname\b" "$l_ufwscf" | xargs)"
l_kpar="${l_kpar//\//.}"
[ "$l_kpar" = "$l_kpname" ] && A_out+=(["$l_kpar"]="$l_ufwscf")
fi
if (( ${#A_out[@]} > 0 )); then # Assess output from files and generate output
while IFS="=" read -r l_fkpname l_fkpvalue; do
l_fkpname="${l_fkpname// /}"; l_fkpvalue="${l_fkpvalue// /}"
if [ "$l_fkpvalue" = "$l_kpvalue" ]; then
l_output="$l_output\n - \"$l_kpname\" is correctly set to \"$l_fkpvalue\" in
\"$(printf '%s' "${A_out[@]}")\"\n"
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - \"$l_kpname\" is incorrectly set to \"$l_fkpvalue\" in
\"$(printf '%s' "${A_out[@]}")\" and should have a value of: \"$l_kpvalue\"\n"
fi
done < <(grep -Po -- "^\h*$l_kpname\h*=\h*\H+" "${A_out[@]}")
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - \"$l_kpname\" is not set in an included file\n ** Note:
\"$l_kpname\" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure **\n"
fi
}
while IFS="=" read -r l_kpname l_kpvalue; do # Assess and check parameters
l_kpname="${l_kpname// /}"; l_kpvalue="${l_kpvalue// /}"
if ! grep -Pqs '^\h*0\b' /sys/module/ipv6/parameters/disable && grep -q '^net.ipv6.' <<<
"$l_kpname"; then
l_output="$l_output\n - IPv6 is disabled on the system, \"$l_kpname\" is not applicable"
else
kernel_parameter_chk
fi
done < <(printf '%s\n' "${a_parlist[@]}")
if [ -z "$l_output2" ]; then # Provide output from checks
else
fi
}
Page 152
Remediation:
Set the following parameter in /etc/sysctl.conf or a file in /etc/sysctl.d/ ending in
.conf:
• kernel.randomize_va_space = 2
Example:
# printf "%s\n" "kernel.randomize_va_space = 2" >> /etc/sysctl.d/60-
kernel_sysctl.conf
Run the following command to set the active kernel parameter:
# sysctl -w kernel.randomize_va_space=2
Note: If these settings appear in a canonically later file, or later in the same file, these
settings will be overwritten
Default Value:
kernel.randomize_va_space = 2
References:
1. http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/focal/man5/sysctl.d.5.html
2. CCI-000366: The organization implements the security configuration settings
3. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-6
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version
10.5 Enable Anti-Exploitation Features

Enable anti-exploitation features on enterprise assets and software, where
v8 possible, such as Microsoft® Data Execution Prevention (DEP), Windows® ● ●
Defender Exploit Guard (WDEG), or Apple® System Integrity Protection (SIP) and
Gatekeeper™.
8.3 Enable Operating System Anti-Exploitation Features/

Deploy Anti-Exploit Technologies
v7 Enable anti-exploitation features such as Data Execution Prevention (DEP) or
Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR) that are available in an operating
● ●
system or deploy appropriate toolkits that can be configured to apply protection to a
broader set of applications and executables.
Page 153
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1068, T1068.000 TA0002 M1050
Page 154
1.5.2 Ensure ptrace_scope is restricted (Automated)
Description:
The ptrace() system call provides a means by which one process (the "tracer") may
observe and control the execution of another process (the "tracee"), and examine and
change the tracee's memory and registers.
Rationale:
If one application is compromised, it would be possible for an attacker to attach to other
running processes (e.g. Bash, Firefox, SSH sessions, GPG agent, etc) to extract
additional credentials and continue to expand the scope of their attack.
Enabling restricted mode will limit the ability of a compromised process to
PTRACE_ATTACH on other processes running under the same user. With restricted
mode, ptrace will continue to work with root user.
Audit:
• kernel.yama.ptrace_scope is set to 1
Page 155
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
a_parlist=("kernel.yama.ptrace_scope=1")
/etc/default/ufw)"
{
configuration"
else
fi
if [[ $l_out =~ ^\s*# ]]; then
else
fi
fi
'^\h*([^#\n\r]+|#\h*\/[^#\n\r\h]+\.conf\b)')
-cat-config)
fi
l_output="$l_output\n - \"$l_kpname\" is correctly set to \"$l_krp\" in \"$(printf
'%s' "${A_out[@]}")\"\n"
else
fi
else
fi
}
"$l_kpname"; then
else
fi
else
fi
}
Page 156
Remediation:
.conf:
• kernel.yama.ptrace_scope = 1
Example:
# printf "%s\n" "kernel.yama.ptrace_scope = 1" >> /etc/sysctl.d/60-
kernel_sysctl.conf
# sysctl -w kernel.yama.ptrace_scope=1
References:
1. https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/security/Yama.txt
2. https://github.com/raj3shp/termspy
3. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-6
Ptrace is very rarely used by regular applications and is mostly used by debuggers such
as gdb and strace.
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

function.

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Techniques / Sub-
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techniques
T1055, T1055.008 TA0005 M1040
Page 158
1.5.3 Ensure core dumps are restricted (Automated)
Description:
A core dump is the memory of an executable program. It is generally used to determine
why a program aborted. It can also be used to glean confidential information from a core
file. The system provides the ability to set a soft limit for core dumps, but this can be
overridden by the user.
Rationale:
Setting a hard limit on core dumps prevents users from overriding the soft variable. If
core dumps are required, consider setting limits for user groups (see limits.conf(5) ).
In addition, setting the fs.suid_dumpable variable to 0 will prevent setuid programs from
dumping core.
Audit:
Run the following command and verify output matches:
# grep -Ps -- '^\h*\*\h+hard\h+core\h+0\b' /etc/security/limits.conf
/etc/security/limits.d/*
* hard core 0
Run the following script to verify fs.suid_dumpable = 0:
• fs.suid_dumpable is set to 0
Page 159
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
a_parlist=("fs.suid_dumpable=0")
/etc/default/ufw)"
{
configuration"
else
fi
if [[ $l_out =~ ^\s*# ]]; then
else
fi
fi
'^\h*([^#\n\r]+|#\h*\/[^#\n\r\h]+\.conf\b)')
-cat-config)
fi
\"$(printf '%s' "${A_out[@]}")\"\n"
else
fi
else
fi
}
"$l_kpname"; then
else
fi
else
fi
}
Run the following command to check if systemd-coredump is installed:
Page 160
# systemctl list-unit-files | grep coredump
if anything is returned systemd-coredump is installed
Remediation:
Add the following line to /etc/security/limits.conf or a /etc/security/limits.d/*
file:
* hard core 0
.conf:
• fs.suid_dumpable = 0
Example:
# printf "%s\n" "fs.suid_dumpable = 0" >> /etc/sysctl.d/60-fs_sysctl.conf
# sysctl -w fs.suid_dumpable=0
-IF- systemd-coredump is installed:
edit /etc/systemd/coredump.conf and add/modify the following lines:
Storage=none
ProcessSizeMax=0
Run the command:
systemctl daemon-reload
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-6
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1005, T1005.000 TA0007 M1057
Page 161
1.5.4 Ensure prelink is not installed (Automated)
Description:
prelink is a program that modifies ELF shared libraries and ELF dynamically linked
binaries in such a way that the time needed for the dynamic linker to perform relocations
at startup significantly decreases.
Rationale:
The prelinking feature can interfere with the operation of AIDE, because it changes
binaries. Prelinking can also increase the vulnerability of the system if a malicious user
is able to compromise a common library such as libc.
Audit:
Verify prelink is not installed:
prelink
dpkg-query: no packages found matching prelink
Remediation:
Run the following command to restore binaries to normal:
# prelink -ua
Uninstall prelink using the appropriate package manager or manual installation:
# apt purge prelink
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-6, CM-1, CM-3
Page 162
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version
v8 3.14 Log Sensitive Data Access ●

Log sensitive data access, including modification and disposal.
14.9 Enforce Detail Logging for Access or Changes to

Sensitive Data
v7 Enforce detailed audit logging for access to sensitive data or changes to ●
sensitive data (utilizing tools such as File Integrity Monitoring or Security
Information and Event Monitoring).
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1055, T1055.009, T1065,

TA0002 M1050
T1065.001
Page 163
1.6 Configure Command Line Warning Banners
Presenting a warning message prior to the normal user login may assist in the
prosecution of trespassers on the computer system. Changing some of these login
banners also has the side effect of hiding OS version information and other detailed
system information from attackers attempting to target specific exploits at a system.
Guidelines published by the US Department of Defense require that warning messages
include at least the name of the organization that owns the system, the fact that the
system is subject to monitoring and that such monitoring is in compliance with local
statutes, and that use of the system implies consent to such monitoring. It is important
that the organization's legal counsel review the content of all messages before any
system modifications are made, as these warning messages are inherently site-specific.
More information (including citations of relevant case law) can be found at
http://www.justice.gov/criminal/cybercrime/
The /etc/motd, /etc/issue, and /etc/issue.net files govern warning banners for
standard command line logins for both local and remote users.
Note: The text provided in the remediation actions for these items is intended as an
example only. Please edit to include the specific text for your organization as approved
by your legal department.
Page 164
1.6.1 Ensure message of the day is configured properly
(Automated)
Description:
The contents of the /etc/motd file are displayed to users after login and function as a
message of the day for authenticated users.
Unix-based systems have typically displayed information about the OS release and
patch level upon logging in to the system. This information can be useful to developers
who are developing software for a particular OS platform. If mingetty(8) supports the
following options, they display operating system information: \m - machine architecture
\r - operating system release \s - operating system name \v - operating system version
Rationale:
Warning messages inform users who are attempting to login to the system of their legal
status regarding the system and must include the name of the organization that owns
the system and any monitoring policies that are in place. Displaying OS and patch level
information in login banners also has the side effect of providing detailed system
information to attackers attempting to target specific exploits of a system. Authorized
users can easily get this information by running the " uname -a " command once they
have logged in.
Audit:
Run the following command and verify that the contents match site policy:
# cat /etc/motd
Run the following command and verify no results are returned:
# grep -E -i "(\\\v|\\\r|\\\m|\\\s|$(grep 'ÎD=' /etc/os-release | cut -d= -
f2 | sed -e 's/"//g'))" /etc/motd
Page 165
Remediation:
Edit the /etc/motd file with the appropriate contents according to your site policy,
remove any instances of \m , \r , \s , \v or references to the OS platform
- OR -
- IF - the motd is not used, this file can be removed.
Run the following command to remove the motd file:
# rm /etc/motd
References:
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1082, T1082.000, T1592,

TA0007
T1592.004
Page 166
1.6.2 Ensure local login warning banner is configured properly
(Automated)
Description:
The contents of the /etc/issue file are displayed to users prior to login for local
terminals.
- or the operating system's name
Rationale:
have logged in.
Audit:
# cat /etc/issue
f2 | sed -e 's/"//g'))" /etc/issue
Page 167
Remediation:
Edit the /etc/issue file with the appropriate contents according to your site policy,
Example:
# echo "Authorized users only. All activity may be monitored and reported." >
/etc/issue
References:
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1082, T1082.000, T1592,

TA0007
T1592.004
Page 168
1.6.3 Ensure remote login warning banner is configured properly
(Automated)
Description:
The contents of the /etc/issue.net file are displayed to users prior to login for remote
connections from configured services.
Rationale:
have logged in.
Audit:
# cat /etc/issue.net
f2 | sed -e 's/"//g'))" /etc/issue.net
Page 169
Remediation:
Edit the /etc/issue.net file with the appropriate contents according to your site policy,
Example:
# echo "Authorized users only. All activity may be monitored and reported." >
/etc/issue.net
References:
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1018, T1018.000, T1082,

T1082.000, T1592, TA0007
T1592.004
Page 170
1.6.4 Ensure access to /etc/motd is configured (Automated)
Description:
The contents of the /etc/motd file are displayed to users after login and function as a
message of the day for authenticated users.
Rationale:
- IF - the /etc/motd file does not have the correct access configured, it could be
modified by unauthorized users with incorrect or misleading information.
Audit:
Run the following command and verify that if /etc/motd exists, Access is 644 or more
restrictive, Uid and Gid are both 0/root:
# [ -e /etc/motd ] && stat -Lc 'Access: (%#a/%A) Uid: ( %u/ %U) Gid: { %g/
%G)' /etc/motd

-- OR --
Nothing is returned
Remediation:
Run the following commands to set mode, owner, and group on /etc/motd:
# chown root:root $(readlink -e /etc/motd)
# chmod u-x,go-wx $(readlink -e /etc/motd)
- OR -
Run the following command to remove the /etc/motd file:
# rm /etc/motd
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2
Page 171
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●

● ● ●
responsibilities.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1222, T1222.002 TA0005 M1022
Page 172
1.6.5 Ensure access to /etc/issue is configured (Automated)
Description:
The contents of the /etc/issue file are displayed to users prior to login for local
terminals.
Rationale:
- IF - the /etc/issue file does not have the correct access configured, it could be
Audit:
Run the following command and verify Access is 644 or more restrictive and Uid and Gid
are both 0/root:
# stat -Lc 'Access: (%#a/%A) Uid: ( %u/ %U) Gid: { %g/ %G)' /etc/issue
Access: (0644/-rw-r--r--) Uid: ( 0/ root) Gid: { 0/ root)
Remediation:
Run the following commands to set mode, owner, and group on /etc/issue:
# chown root:root $(readlink -e /etc/issue)
# chmod u-x,go-wx $(readlink -e /etc/issue)
Default Value:
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2
Page 173
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●

● ● ●
responsibilities.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1222, T1222.002 TA0005 M1022
Page 174
1.6.6 Ensure access to /etc/issue.net is configured (Automated)
Description:
The contents of the /etc/issue.net file are displayed to users prior to login for remote
connections from configured services.
Rationale:
- IF - the /etc/issue.net file does not have the correct access configured, it could be
Audit:
Run the following command and verify Access is 644 or more restrictive and Uid and Gid
are both 0/root:
# stat -Lc 'Access: (%#a/%A) Uid: ( %u/ %U) Gid: { %g/ %G)' /etc/issue.net
Remediation:
Run the following commands to set mode, owner, and group on /etc/issue.net:
# chown root:root $(readlink -e /etc/issue.net)
# chmod u-x,go-wx $(readlink -e /etc/issue.net)
Default Value:
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2
Page 175
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●

● ● ●
responsibilities.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1222, T1222.002 TA0005 M1022
Page 176
1.7 Configure GNOME Display Manager
The GNOME Display Manager (GDM) is a program that manages graphical display
servers and handles graphical user logins.
Note: If GDM is not installed on the system, this section can be skipped
Page 177
1.7.1 Ensure GDM is removed (Automated)
Description:
The GNOME Display Manager (GDM) is a program that manages graphical display
servers and handles graphical user logins.
Rationale:
If a Graphical User Interface (GUI) is not required, it should be removed to reduce the
attack surface of the system.
Impact:
Removing the GNOME Display manager will remove the Graphical User Interface (GUI)
from the system.
Audit:
Run the following command and verify gdm3 is not installed:
# dpkg-query -W -f='${binary:Package}\t${Status}\t${db:Status-Status}\n' gdm3
gdm3 unknown ok not-installed not-installed
Remediation:
Run the following commands to uninstall gdm3 and remove unused dependencies:
# apt purge gdm3
# apt autoremove gdm3
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-11
Page 178
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

function.

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1543, T1543.002 TA0002 M1033
Page 179
1.7.2 Ensure GDM login banner is configured (Automated)
Description:
GDM is the GNOME Display Manager which handles graphical login for GNOME based
systems.
Rationale:
the system and any monitoring policies that are in place.
Audit:
- IF - GDM is installed:
Run the following script to verify that the text banner on the login screen is enabled and
set:
Page 180
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
l_pkgoutput=""
if command -v dpkg-query > /dev/null 2>&1; then
l_pq="dpkg-query -W"
elif command -v rpm > /dev/null 2>&1; then
l_pq="rpm -q"
fi
l_pcl="gdm gdm3" # Space seporated list of packages to check
for l_pn in $l_pcl; do
$l_pq "$l_pn" > /dev/null 2>&1 && l_pkgoutput="$l_pkgoutput\n - Package: \"$l_pn\" exists
on the system\n - checking configuration"
done
if [ -n "$l_pkgoutput" ]; then
echo -e "$l_pkgoutput"
# Look for existing settings and set variables if they exist
l_gdmfile="$(grep -Prils '^\h*banner-message-enable\b' /etc/dconf/db/*.d)"
if [ -n "$l_gdmfile" ]; then
# Set profile name based on dconf db directory ({PROFILE_NAME}.d)
l_gdmprofile="$(awk -F\/ '{split($(NF-1),a,".");print a[1]}' <<< "$l_gdmfile")"
# Check if banner message is enabled
if grep -Pisq '^\h*banner-message-enable=true\b' "$l_gdmfile"; then
l_output="$l_output\n - The \"banner-message-enable\" option is enabled in
\"$l_gdmfile\""
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - The \"banner-message-enable\" option is not enabled"
fi
l_lsbt="$(grep -Pios '^\h*banner-message-text=.*$' "$l_gdmfile")"
if [ -n "$l_lsbt" ]; then
l_output="$l_output\n - The \"banner-message-text\" option is set in \"$l_gdmfile\"\n
- banner-message-text is set to:\n - \"$l_lsbt\""
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - The \"banner-message-text\" option is not set"
fi
if grep -Pq "^\h*system-db:$l_gdmprofile" /etc/dconf/profile/"$l_gdmprofile"; then
l_output="$l_output\n - The \"$l_gdmprofile\" profile exists"
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - The \"$l_gdmprofile\" profile doesn't exist"
fi
if [ -f "/etc/dconf/db/$l_gdmprofile" ]; then
l_output="$l_output\n - The \"$l_gdmprofile\" profile exists in the dconf database"
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - The \"$l_gdmprofile\" profile doesn't exist in the dconf
database"
fi
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - The \"banner-message-enable\" option isn't configured"
fi
else
echo -e "\n\n - GNOME Desktop Manager isn't installed\n - Recommendation is Not
Applicable\n- Audit result:\n *** PASS ***\n"
fi
else
fi
}
Note: banner-message-text may be set in accordance with local site policy
Page 181
Remediation:
Run the following script to set and enable the text banner message on the login screen:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
l_pkgoutput=""
l_pq="rpm -q"
fi
done
l_gdmprofile="gdm" # Set this to desired profile name IaW Local site policy
l_bmessage="'Authorized uses only. All activity may be monitored and reported'" # Set to
desired banner message
if [ ! -f "/etc/dconf/profile/$l_gdmprofile" ]; then
echo "Creating profile \"$l_gdmprofile\""
echo -e "user-db:user\nsystem-db:$l_gdmprofile\nfile-
db:/usr/share/$l_gdmprofile/greeter-dconf-defaults" > /etc/dconf/profile/$l_gdmprofile
fi
if [ ! -d "/etc/dconf/db/$l_gdmprofile.d/" ]; then
echo "Creating dconf database directory \"/etc/dconf/db/$l_gdmprofile.d/\""
mkdir /etc/dconf/db/$l_gdmprofile.d/
fi
if ! grep -Piq '^\h*banner-message-enable\h*=\h*true\b' /etc/dconf/db/$l_gdmprofile.d/*;
then
echo "creating gdm keyfile for machine-wide settings"
if ! grep -Piq -- '^\h*banner-message-enable\h*=\h*' /etc/dconf/db/$l_gdmprofile.d/*;
then
l_kfile="/etc/dconf/db/$l_gdmprofile.d/01-banner-message"
echo -e "\n[org/gnome/login-screen]\nbanner-message-enable=true" >> "$l_kfile"
else
l_kfile="$(grep -Pil -- '^\h*banner-message-enable\h*=\h*'
/etc/dconf/db/$l_gdmprofile.d/*)"
! grep -Pq '^\h*\[org\/gnome\/login-screen\]' "$l_kfile" && sed -ri '/^\s*banner-
message-enable/ i\[org/gnome/login-screen]' "$l_kfile"
! grep -Pq '^\h*banner-message-enable\h*=\h*true\b' "$l_kfile" && sed -ri
's/^\s*(banner-message-enable\s*=\s*)(\S+)(\s*.*$)/\1true \3//' "$l_kfile"
# sed -ri '/^\s*\[org\/gnome\/login-screen\]/ a\\nbanner-message-enable=true'
"$l_kfile"
fi
fi
if ! grep -Piq "^\h*banner-message-text=[\'\"]+\S+" "$l_kfile"; then
sed -ri "/^\s*banner-message-enable/ a\banner-message-text=$l_bmessage" "$l_kfile"
fi
dconf update
else
echo -e "\n\n - GNOME Desktop Manager isn't installed\n - Recommendation is Not
Applicable\n - No remediation required\n"
fi
}
Notes:
• There is no character limit for the banner message. gnome-shell autodetects

longer stretches of text and enters two column mode.
• The banner message cannot be read from an external file.
Page 182
Default Value:
disabled
References:
1. https://help.gnome.org/admin/system-admin-guide/stable/login-banner.html.en
2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1,CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5
Additional options and sections may appear in the /etc/dconf/db/gdm.d/01-banner-
message file.
If a different GUI login service is in use, consult your documentation and apply an
equivalent banner.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1078, T1078.001,
T1078.002, T1078.003,
TA0007 M1028
T1087, T1087.001,
T1087.002
Page 183
1.7.3 Ensure GDM disable-user-list option is enabled (Automated)
Description:
GDM is the GNOME Display Manager which handles graphical login for GNOME based
systems.
The disable-user-list option controls if a list of users is displayed on the login screen
Rationale:
Displaying the user list eliminates half of the Userid/Password equation that an
unauthorized person would need to log on.
Audit:
Run the following script and to verify that the disable-user-list option is enabled or
GNOME isn't installed:
Page 184
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
l_pkgoutput=""
l_pq="rpm -q"
fi
$l_pq "$l_pn" > /dev/null 2>&1 && l_pkgoutput="$l_pkgoutput\n -
Package: \"$l_pn\" exists on the system\n - checking configuration"
done
output="" output2=""
l_gdmfile="$(grep -Pril '^\h*disable-user-list\h*=\h*true\b'
/etc/dconf/db)"
if [ -n "$l_gdmfile" ]; then
output="$output\n - The \"disable-user-list\" option is enabled in
\"$l_gdmfile\""
l_gdmprofile="$(awk -F\/ '{split($(NF-1),a,".");print a[1]}' <<<
"$l_gdmfile")"
if grep -Pq "^\h*system-db:$l_gdmprofile"
/etc/dconf/profile/"$l_gdmprofile"; then
output="$output\n - The \"$l_gdmprofile\" exists"
else
output2="$output2\n - The \"$l_gdmprofile\" doesn't exist"
fi
if [ -f "/etc/dconf/db/$l_gdmprofile" ]; then
output="$output\n - The \"$l_gdmprofile\" profile exists in the
dconf database"
else
output2="$output2\n - The \"$l_gdmprofile\" profile doesn't exist
in the dconf database"
fi
else
output2="$output2\n - The \"disable-user-list\" option is not
enabled"
fi
if [ -z "$output2" ]; then
echo -e "$l_pkgoutput\n- Audit result:\n *** PASS: ***\n$output\n"
else
echo -e "$l_pkgoutput\n- Audit Result:\n *** FAIL:
***\n$output2\n"
[ -n "$output" ] && echo -e "$output\n"
fi
else
echo -e "\n\n - GNOME Desktop Manager isn't installed\n -
Recommendation is Not Applicable\n- Audit result:\n *** PASS ***\n"
fi
}
Page 185
Remediation:
Run the following script to enable the disable-user-list option:
Note: the l_gdm_profile variable in the script can be changed if a different profile name
is desired in accordance with local site policy.
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
l_gdmprofile="gdm"
if [ ! -f "/etc/dconf/profile/$l_gdmprofile" ]; then
echo "Creating profile \"$l_gdmprofile\""
echo -e "user-db:user\nsystem-db:$l_gdmprofile\nfile-
db:/usr/share/$l_gdmprofile/greeter-dconf-defaults" >
/etc/dconf/profile/$l_gdmprofile
fi
if [ ! -d "/etc/dconf/db/$l_gdmprofile.d/" ]; then
echo "Creating dconf database directory
\"/etc/dconf/db/$l_gdmprofile.d/\""
mkdir /etc/dconf/db/$l_gdmprofile.d/
fi
if ! grep -Piq '^\h*disable-user-list\h*=\h*true\b'
/etc/dconf/db/$l_gdmprofile.d/*; then
echo "creating gdm keyfile for machine-wide settings"
if ! grep -Piq -- '^\h*\[org\/gnome\/login-screen\]'
/etc/dconf/db/$l_gdmprofile.d/*; then
echo -e "\n[org/gnome/login-screen]\n# Do not show the user
list\ndisable-user-list=true" >> /etc/dconf/db/$l_gdmprofile.d/00-login-
screen
else
sed -ri '/^\s*\[org\/gnome\/login-screen\]/ a\# Do not show the user
list\ndisable-user-list=true' $(grep -Pil -- '^\h*\[org\/gnome\/login-
screen\]' /etc/dconf/db/$l_gdmprofile.d/*)
fi
fi
dconf update
}
Note: When the user profile is created or changed, the user will need to log out and log
in again before the changes will be applied.
Default Value:
false
References:
1. https://help.gnome.org/admin/system-admin-guide/stable/login-userlist-
disable.html.en
Page 186
If a different GUI login service is in use and required on the system, consult your
documentation to disable displaying the user list
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1078, T1078.001,
T1078.002, T1078.003,
TA0007 M1028
T1087, T1087.001,
T1087.002
Page 187
1.7.4 Ensure GDM screen locks when the user is idle
(Automated)
Description:
GNOME Desktop Manager can make the screen lock automatically whenever the user
is idle for some amount of time.
Rationale:
Setting a lock-out value reduces the window of opportunity for unauthorized user access
to another user's session that has been left unattended.
Audit:
Run the following commands to verify that the screen locks when the user is idle:
# gsettings get org.gnome.desktop.screensaver lock-delay
uint32 5
# gsettings get org.gnome.desktop.session idle-delay
uint32 900
Notes:
• lock-delay=uint32 {n} - should be 5 seconds or less and follow local site policy
• idle-delay=uint32 {n} - Should be 900 seconds (15 minutes) or less, not 0
(disabled) and follow local site policy
Page 188
Remediation:
Run the following commands to enable screen locks when the user is idle:
# gsettings set org.gnome.desktop.screensaver lock-delay 5
# gsettings set org.gnome.desktop.session idle-delay 900
- OR-
1. Create or edit the user profile in the /etc/dconf/profile/ and verify it includes
the following:
user-db:user
system-db:{NAME_OF_DCONF_DATABASE}
Note: local is the name of a dconf database used in the examples.
2. Create the directory /etc/dconf/db/local.d/ if it doesn't already exist:

3. Create the key file /etc/dconf/db/local.d/00-screensaver to provide
information for the local database:
Example key file:

# Specify the dconf path
[org/gnome/desktop/session]
# Number of seconds of inactivity before the screen goes blank

# Set to 0 seconds if you want to deactivate the screensaver.
idle-delay=uint32 180
# Specify the dconf path

[org/gnome/desktop/screensaver]
# Number of seconds after the screen is blank before locking the screen
lock-delay=uint32 0
Note: You must include the uint32 along with the integer key values as shown.
4. Run the following command to update the system databases:
# dconf update
5. Users must log out and back in again before the system-wide settings take effect.
Note: Users must log out and back in again before the system-wide settings take effect.
Page 189
References:
1. https://help.gnome.org/admin/system-admin-guide/stable/desktop-
lockscreen.html.en
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version
4.3 Configure Automatic Session Locking on Enterprise

Assets
v8 Configure automatic session locking on enterprise assets after a defined period ● ● ●
of inactivity. For general purpose operating systems, the period must not exceed
15 minutes. For mobile end-user devices, the period must not exceed 2 minutes.
v7 16.11 Lock Workstation Sessions After Inactivity ● ● ●

Automatically lock workstation sessions after a standard period of inactivity.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1461 TA0027 M1012
Page 190
1.7.5 Ensure GDM screen locks cannot be overridden
(Automated)
Description:
GNOME Desktop Manager can lock down specific settings by using the lockdown mode
in dconf to prevent users from changing specific settings.
To lock down a dconf key or subpath, create a locks subdirectory in the keyfile directory.
The files inside this directory contain a list of keys or subpaths to lock. Just as with the
keyfiles, you may add any number of files to this directory.
Rationale:
Setting a lock-out value reduces the window of opportunity for unauthorized user access
to another user's session that has been left unattended.
Without locking down the system settings, user settings take precedence over the
system settings.
Page 191
Audit:
Run the following script to verify that the screen lock cannot be overridden:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
# Check if GNOME Desktop Manager is installed. If package isn't installed, recommendation is
Not Applicable
# Determine system's package manager
l_pkgoutput=""
l_pq="dpkg-query -s"
l_pq="rpm -q"
fi
# Check if GDM is installed
l_pcl="gdm gdm3" # Space-separated list of packages to check
done
# Check configuration (If applicable)
# Check if the idle-delay is locked
if grep -Psrilq '^\h*idle-delay\h*=\h*uint32\h+\d+\b' /etc/dconf/db/*/; then
if grep -Prilq '\/org\/gnome\/desktop\/session\/idle-delay\b' /etc/dconf/db/*/locks;
then
l_output="$l_output\n - \"idle-delay\" is locked"
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - \"idle-delay\" is not locked"
fi
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - \"idle-delay\" is not set so it cannot be locked"
fi
# Check if the lock-delay is locked
if grep -Psrilq '^\h*lock-delay\h*=\h*uint32\h+\d+\b' /etc/dconf/db/*/; then
if grep -Prilq '\/org\/gnome\/desktop\/screensaver\/lock-delay\b' /etc/dconf/db/*/locks;
then
l_output="$l_output\n - \"lock-delay\" is locked"
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - \"lock-delay\" is not locked"
fi
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - \"lock-delay\" is not set so it cannot be locked"
fi
else
l_output="$l_output\n - GNOME Desktop Manager package is not installed on the system\n -
Recommendation is not applicable"
fi
[ -n "$l_pkgoutput" ] && echo -e "\n$l_pkgoutput"
else
fi
}
Page 192
Remediation:
1. To prevent the user from overriding these settings, create the file
/etc/dconf/db/local.d/locks/screensaver with the following content:
# Lock desktop screensaver settings

/org/gnome/desktop/session/idle-delay
/org/gnome/desktop/screensaver/lock-delay
2. Update the system databases:
# dconf update
Note: Users must log out and back in again before the system-wide settings take effect.
References:
1. https://help.gnome.org/admin/system-admin-guide/stable/desktop-
lockscreen.html.en
2. https://help.gnome.org/admin/system-admin-guide/stable/dconf-lockdown.html.en
3. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-11
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

Assets

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1456 TA0027 M1001
Page 193
1.7.6 Ensure GDM automatic mounting of removable media is
disabled (Automated)
Description:
By default GNOME automatically mounts removable media when inserted as a
convenience to the user.
Rationale:
With automounting enabled anyone with physical access could attach a USB drive or
disc and have its contents available in system even if they lacked permissions to mount
it themselves.
Impact:
The use of portable hard drives is very common for workstation users. If your
organization allows the use of portable storage or media on workstations and physical
access controls to workstations is considered adequate there is little value add in
turning off automounting.
Audit:
Run the following script to verify automatic mounting is disabled:
Page 194
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
l_pkgoutput="" l_output="" l_output2=""
# Check if GNOME Desktop Manager is installed. If package isn't
installed, recommendation is Not Applicable\n
# determine system's package manager
l_pq="rpm -q"
fi
done
l_kfile="$(grep -Prils -- '^\h*automount\b' /etc/dconf/db/*.d)"
l_kfile2="$(grep -Prils -- '^\h*automount-open\b' /etc/dconf/db/*.d)"
if [ -f "$l_kfile" ]; then
l_gpname="$(awk -F\/ '{split($(NF-1),a,".");print a[1]}' <<<
"$l_kfile")"
elif [ -f "$l_kfile2" ]; then
"$l_kfile2")"
fi
# If the profile name exist, continue checks
if [ -n "$l_gpname" ]; then
l_gpdir="/etc/dconf/db/$l_gpname.d"
# Check if profile file exists
if grep -Pq -- "^\h*system-db:$l_gpname\b" /etc/dconf/profile/*;
then
l_output="$l_output\n - dconf database profile file \"$(grep -Pl
-- "^\h*system-db:$l_gpname\b" /etc/dconf/profile/*)\" exists"
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - dconf database profile isn't set"
fi
# Check if the dconf database file exists
if [ -f "/etc/dconf/db/$l_gpname" ]; then
l_output="$l_output\n - The dconf database \"$l_gpname\" exists"
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - The dconf database \"$l_gpname\"
doesn't exist"
fi
# check if the dconf database directory exists
if [ -d "$l_gpdir" ]; then
l_output="$l_output\n - The dconf directory \"$l_gpdir\" exitst"
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - The dconf directory \"$l_gpdir\"
doesn't exist"
fi
Page 195
# check automount setting
if grep -Pqrs -- '^\h*automount\h*=\h*false\b' "$l_kfile"; then
l_output="$l_output\n - \"automount\" is set to false in:
\"$l_kfile\""
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - \"automount\" is not set correctly"
fi
# check automount-open setting
if grep -Pqs -- '^\h*automount-open\h*=\h*false\b' "$l_kfile2"; then
l_output="$l_output\n - \"automount-open\" is set to false in:
\"$l_kfile2\""
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - \"automount-open\" is not set
correctly"
fi
else
# Setings don't exist. Nothing further to check
l_output2="$l_output2\n - neither \"automount\" or \"automount-
open\" is set"
fi
else
l_output="$l_output\n - GNOME Desktop Manager package is not installed
on the system\n - Recommendation is not applicable"
fi
else
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n ** FAIL **\n - Reason(s) for audit
failure:\n$l_output2\n"
fi
}
Remediation:
Run the following script to disable automatic mounting of media for all GNOME users:
Page 196
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
l_pkgoutput=""
l_gpname="local" # Set to desired dconf profile name (default is local)
l_pq="rpm -q"
fi
done
l_kfile="$(grep -Prils -- '^\h*automount\b' /etc/dconf/db/*.d)"
l_kfile2="$(grep -Prils -- '^\h*automount-open\b' /etc/dconf/db/*.d)"
"$l_kfile")"
echo " - updating dconf profile name to \"$l_gpname\""
elif [ -f "$l_kfile2" ]; then
"$l_kfile2")"
fi
# check for consistency (Clean up configuration if needed)
if [ -f "$l_kfile" ] && [ "$(awk -F\/ '{split($(NF-1),a,".");print
a[1]}' <<< "$l_kfile")" != "$l_gpname" ]; then
sed -ri "/^\s*automount\s*=/s/^/# /" "$l_kfile"
l_kfile="/etc/dconf/db/$l_gpname.d/00-media-automount"
fi
if [ -f "$l_kfile2" ] && [ "$(awk -F\/ '{split($(NF-1),a,".");print
a[1]}' <<< "$l_kfile2")" != "$l_gpname" ]; then
sed -ri "/^\s*automount-open\s*=/s/^/# /" "$l_kfile2"
fi
[ -z "$l_kfile" ] && l_kfile="/etc/dconf/db/$l_gpname.d/00-media-
automount"
if grep -Pq -- "^\h*system-db:$l_gpname\b" /etc/dconf/profile/*; then
echo -e "\n - dconf database profile exists in: \"$(grep -Pl --
"^\h*system-db:$l_gpname\b" /etc/dconf/profile/*)\""
else
if [ ! -f "/etc/dconf/profile/user" ]; then
l_gpfile="/etc/dconf/profile/user"
else
l_gpfile="/etc/dconf/profile/user2"
fi
Page 197
echo -e " - creating dconf database profile"
{
echo -e "\nuser-db:user"
echo "system-db:$l_gpname"
} >> "$l_gpfile"
fi
# create dconf directory if it doesn't exists
echo " - The dconf database directory \"$l_gpdir\" exists"
else
echo " - creating dconf database directory \"$l_gpdir\""
mkdir "$l_gpdir"
fi
# check automount-open setting
if grep -Pqs -- '^\h*automount-open\h*=\h*false\b' "$l_kfile"; then
echo " - \"automount-open\" is set to false in: \"$l_kfile\""
else
echo " - creating \"automount-open\" entry in \"$l_kfile\""
! grep -Psq -- '\^\h*\[org\/gnome\/desktop\/media-handling\]\b'
"$l_kfile" && echo '[org/gnome/desktop/media-handling]' >> "$l_kfile"
sed -ri '/^\s*\[org\/gnome\/desktop\/media-handling\]/a
\\nautomount-open=false' "$l_kfile"
fi
# check automount setting
if grep -Pqs -- '^\h*automount\h*=\h*false\b' "$l_kfile"; then
echo " - \"automount\" is set to false in: \"$l_kfile\""
else
echo " - creating \"automount\" entry in \"$l_kfile\""
\\nautomount=false' "$l_kfile"
fi
# update dconf database
dconf update
else
echo -e "\n - GNOME Desktop Manager package is not installed on the
system\n - Recommendation is not applicable"
fi
}
References:
1. https://access.redhat.com/solutions/20107
Page 198
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version
10.3 Disable Autorun and Autoplay for Removable

v8 Media ● ● ●
Disable autorun and autoplay auto-execute functionality for removable
media.
v7 8.5 Configure Devices Not To Auto-run Content ● ● ●

Configure devices to not auto-run content from removable media.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1091, T1091.000 TA0008 M1042
Page 199
1.7.7 Ensure GDM disabling automatic mounting of removable
media is not overridden (Automated)
Description:
By default GNOME automatically mounts removable media when inserted as a
convenience to the user.
By using the lockdown mode in dconf, you can prevent users from changing specific
settings. To lock down a dconf key or subpath, create a locks subdirectory in the keyfile
directory. The files inside this directory contain a list of keys or subpaths to lock. Just as
with the keyfiles, you may add any number of files to this directory.
Rationale:
disc and have its contents available in system even if they lacked permissions to mount
it themselves.
Impact:
The use of portable hard drives is very common for workstation users
Audit:
Run the following script to verify automatic mounting of removable media is not
overridden and correctly configured in a configuration file:
• automount=false
• automount-open=false
Page 200
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
# Check if GNOME Desktop Manager is installed.
l_pkgoutput=""
if command -v dpkg-query &> /dev/null; then
elif command -v rpm &> /dev/null; then
l_pq="rpm -q"
fi
l_pcl="gdm gdm3" # space-separated list of packages to check
$l_pq "$l_pn" &> /dev/null && l_pkgoutput="$l_pkgoutput\n - Package:
\"$l_pn\" exists on the system\n - Checking configuration"
done
# Check for GDM configuration (If applicable)
l_output=""
l_output2=""
# Search /etc/dconf/db/local.d/ for automount settings
l_automount_setting=$(grep -Psir -- '^\h*automount=false\b'
/etc/dconf/db/local.d/*)
l_automount_open_setting=$(grep -Psir -- '^\h*automount-open=false\b'
# Check for automount setting
if [[ -n "$l_automount_setting" ]]; then
l_output="$l_output\n - \"automount\" setting found"
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - \"automount\" setting not found"
fi
# Check for automount-open setting
if [[ -n "$l_automount_open_setting" ]]; then
l_output="$l_output\n - \"automount-open\" setting found"
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - \"automount-open\" setting not found"
fi
else
fi
# Report results. If no failures in l_output2, we pass
else
fi
}
Page 201
Remediation:
/etc/dconf/db/local.d/locks/00-media-automount with the following content:
[org/gnome/desktop/media-handling]
automount=false
automount-open=false
2. Update the systems databases:
# dconf update
References:
1. https://help.gnome.org/admin/system-admin-guide/stable/dconf-lockdown.html.en
3. https://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/trusty/man1/gsettings.1.html
4. https://access.redhat.com/solutions/20107
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1091, T1091.000 TA0001, TA0008 M1042
Page 202
1.7.8 Ensure GDM autorun-never is enabled (Automated)
Description:
The autorun-never setting allows the GNOME Desktop Display Manager to disable
autorun through GDM.
Rationale:
Malware on removable media may taking advantage of Autorun features when the
media is inserted into a system and execute.
Audit:
Run the following script to verify that autorun-never is set to true for GDM:
Page 203
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
l_pq="rpm -q"
fi
l_pcl="gdm gdm3" # Space separated list of packages to check
done
l_kfile="$(grep -Prils -- '^\h*autorun-never\b' /etc/dconf/db/*.d)"
"$l_kfile")"
fi
# If the profile name exist, continue checks
if [ -n "$l_gpname" ]; then
if grep -Pq -- "^\h*system-db:$l_gpname\b" /etc/dconf/profile/*;
then
l_output="$l_output\n - dconf database profile file \"$(grep -Pl
-- "^\h*system-db:$l_gpname\b" /etc/dconf/profile/*)\" exists"
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - dconf database profile isn't set"
fi
# Check if the dconf database file exists
if [ -f "/etc/dconf/db/$l_gpname" ]; then
l_output="$l_output\n - The dconf database \"$l_gpname\" exists"
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - The dconf database \"$l_gpname\"
doesn't exist"
fi
# check if the dconf database directory exists
l_output="$l_output\n - The dconf directory \"$l_gpdir\" exitst"
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - The dconf directory \"$l_gpdir\"
doesn't exist"
fi
# check autorun-never setting
if grep -Pqrs -- '^\h*autorun-never\h*=\h*true\b' "$l_kfile"; then
l_output="$l_output\n - \"autorun-never\" is set to true in:
Page 204
\"$l_kfile\""
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - \"autorun-never\" is not set correctly"
fi
else
# Settings don't exist. Nothing further to check
l_output2="$l_output2\n - \"autorun-never\" is not set"
fi
else
fi
else
fi
}
Remediation:
Run the following script to set autorun-never to true for GDM users:
Page 205
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
l_gpname="local" # Set to desired dconf profile name (default is local)
l_pq="rpm -q"
fi
done
l_kfile="$(grep -Prils -- '^\h*autorun-never\b' /etc/dconf/db/*.d)"
"$l_kfile")"
fi
[ ! -f "$l_kfile" ] && l_kfile="/etc/dconf/db/$l_gpname.d/00-media-
autorun"
if grep -Pq -- "^\h*system-db:$l_gpname\b" /etc/dconf/profile/*; then
echo -e "\n - dconf database profile exists in: \"$(grep -Pl --
"^\h*system-db:$l_gpname\b" /etc/dconf/profile/*)\""
else
[ ! -f "/etc/dconf/profile/user" ] &&
l_gpfile="/etc/dconf/profile/user" || l_gpfile="/etc/dconf/profile/user2"
echo -e " - creating dconf database profile"
{
echo -e "\nuser-db:user"
echo "system-db:$l_gpname"
} >> "$l_gpfile"
fi
# create dconf directory if it doesn't exists
echo " - The dconf database directory \"$l_gpdir\" exists"
else
echo " - creating dconf database directory \"$l_gpdir\""
mkdir "$l_gpdir"
fi
# check autorun-never setting
if grep -Pqs -- '^\h*autorun-never\h*=\h*true\b' "$l_kfile"; then
echo " - \"autorun-never\" is set to true in: \"$l_kfile\""
Page 206
else
echo " - creating or updating \"autorun-never\" entry in
\"$l_kfile\""
if grep -Psq -- '^\h*autorun-never' "$l_kfile"; then
sed -ri 's/(^\s*autorun-never\s*=\s*)(\S+)(\s*.*)$/\1true \3/'
"$l_kfile"
else
\\nautorun-never=true' "$l_kfile"
fi
fi
else
echo -e "\n - GNOME Desktop Manager package is not installed on the
system\n - Recommendation is not applicable"
fi
# update dconf database
dconf update
}
Default Value:
false
References:
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

media.

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1091, T1091.000 TA0001, TA0008 M1042
Page 207
1.7.9 Ensure GDM autorun-never is not overridden (Automated)
Description:
The autorun-never setting allows the GNOME Desktop Display Manager to disable
autorun through GDM.
By using the lockdown mode in dconf, you can prevent users from changing specific
settings.
To lock down a dconf key or subpath, create a locks subdirectory in the keyfile directory.
The files inside this directory contain a list of keys or subpaths to lock. Just as with the
keyfiles, you may add any number of files to this directory.
Rationale:
Malware on removable media may taking advantage of Autorun features when the
media is inserted into a system and execute.
Page 208
Audit:
Run the following script to verify that autorun-never=true cannot be overridden:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
l_pkgoutput=""
if command -v dpkg-query &> /dev/null; then
elif command -v rpm &> /dev/null; then
l_pq="rpm -q"
fi
$l_pq "$l_pn" &> /dev/null && l_pkgoutput="$l_pkgoutput\n - Package:
\"$l_pn\" exists on the system\n - checking configuration"
done
# Search /etc/dconf/db/ for [org/gnome/desktop/media-handling] settings)
l_desktop_media_handling=$(grep -Psir -- '^\h*\[org/gnome/desktop/media-
handling\]' /etc/dconf/db/*)
if [[ -n "$l_desktop_media_handling" ]]; then
l_autorun_setting=$(grep -Psir -- '^\h*autorun-never=true\b'
# Check for auto-run setting
if [[ -n "$l_autorun_setting" ]]; then
l_output="$l_output\n - \"autorun-never\" setting found"
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - \"autorun-never\" setting not found"
fi
else
l_output="$l_output\n - [org/gnome/desktop/media-handling] setting
not found in /etc/dconf/db/*"
fi
else
fi
}
Page 209
Remediation:
/etc/dconf/db/local.d/locks/00-media-autorun with the following content:
[org/gnome/desktop/media-handling]
autorun-never=true
2. Update the systems databases:
# dconf update
References:
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

media.

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1091, T1091.000 TA0001, TA0008 M1028
Page 210
1.7.10 Ensure XDCMP is not enabled (Automated)
Description:
X Display Manager Control Protocol (XDMCP) is designed to provide authenticated
access to display management services for remote displays
Rationale:
XDMCP is inherently insecure.
• XDMCP is not a ciphered protocol. This may allow an attacker to capture

keystrokes entered by a user
• XDMCP is vulnerable to man-in-the-middle attacks. This may allow an attacker to
steal the credentials of legitimate users by impersonating the XDMCP server.
Audit:
Run the following script and verify the output:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
while IFS= read -r l_file; do
awk '/\[xdmcp\]/{ f = 1;next } /\[/{ f = 0 } f {if
(/^\s*Enable\s*=\s*true/) print "The file: \"'"$l_file"'\" includes: \"" $0
"\" in the \"[xdmcp]\" block"}' "$l_file"
done < <(grep -Psil -- '^\h*\[xdmcp\]'
/etc/{gdm3,gdm}/{custom,daemon}.conf)
}
Page 211
Remediation:
Edit all files returned by the audit and remove or commend out the Enable=true line in
the [xdmcp] block:
Example file:
# GDM configuration storage
#
# See /usr/share/gdm/gdm.schemas for a list of available options.
[daemon]
# Uncomment the line below to force the login screen to use Xorg
#WaylandEnable=false
# Enabling automatic login

# AutomaticLoginEnable = true
# AutomaticLogin = user1
# Enabling timed login

# TimedLoginEnable = true
# TimedLogin = user1
# TimedLoginDelay = 10
[security]
[xdmcp]
# Enable=true <- **This line should be removed or commented out**
[chooser]
[debug]
# Uncomment the line below to turn on debugging
# More verbose logs
# Additionally lets the X server dump core if it crashes
#Enable=true
Default Value:
false (This is denoted by no Enabled= entry in the [xdmcp] block
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SI-4
Page 212
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

function.

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1040, T1040.000, T1056,

T1056.001, T1557, TA0002 M1050
T1557.000
Page 213
2 Services
While applying system updates and patches helps correct known vulnerabilities, one of
the best ways to protect the system against as yet unreported vulnerabilities is to
disable all services that are not required for normal system operation. This prevents the
exploitation of vulnerabilities discovered at a later date. If a service is not enabled, it
cannot be exploited. The actions in this section of the document provide guidance on
some services which can be safely disabled and under which circumstances, greatly
reducing the number of possible threats to the resulting system. Additionally, some
services which should remain enabled but with secure configuration are covered as well
as insecure service clients.
Page 214
2.1 Configure Server Services
This section describes services that are installed on systems that specifically need to
run these services. If any of these services are not required, it is recommended that the
package be removed.
- IF - the package is required for a dependency:
• Ensure the dependent package is approved by local site policy

• Ensure stopping and masking the service and/or socket meets local site policy
• Stop and mask the service and/or socket to reduce the potential attack surface
The following commands can be used to stop and mask the service and socket:
# systemctl stop <service_name>.socket <service_name>.service
# systemctl mask <service_name>.socket <service_name>.service
Note: This should not be considered a comprehensive list of services not required for
normal system operation. You may wish to consider additions to those listed here for
your environment
Page 215
2.1.1 Ensure autofs services are not in use (Automated)
Description:
autofs allows automatic mounting of devices, typically including CD/DVDs and USB
drives.
Rationale:
disc and have its contents available in the filesystem even if they lacked permissions to
mount it themselves.
Impact:
The use of portable hard drives is very common for workstation users. If your
organization allows the use of portable storage or media on workstations and physical
access controls to workstations is considered adequate there is little value add in
turning off automounting.
There may be packages that are dependent on the autofs package. If the autofs
package is removed, these dependent packages will be removed as well. Before
removing the autofs package, review any dependent packages to determine if they are
required on the system.
- IF - a dependent package is required: stop and mask the autofs.service leaving the
autofs package installed.
Page 216
Audit:
As a preference autofs should not be installed unless other packages depend on it.
Run the following command to verify autofs is not installed:
autofs
dpkg-query: no packages found matching autofs

- OR -
- IF - the package is required for dependencies:
Run the following command to verify autofs.service is not enabled:
# systemctl is-enabled autofs.service 2>/dev/null | grep 'enabled'

Run the following command to verify the autofs.service is not active:
# systemctl is-active autofs.service 2>/dev/null | grep 'âctive'

Note: If the package is required for a dependency

Remediation:
Run the following commands to stop autofs.service and remove the autofs package:
# systemctl stop autofs.service
# apt purge autofs
- OR -
- IF - the autofs package is required as a dependency:
Run the following commands to stop and mask autofs.service:
# systemctl stop autofs.service
# systemctl mask autofs.service
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SI-3, MP-7
Page 217
This control should align with the tolerance of the use of portable drives and optical
media in the organization. On a server, requiring an admin to manually mount media
can be part of defense-in-depth to reduce the risk of unapproved software or information
being introduced or proprietary software or information being exfiltrated. If admins
commonly use flash drives and Server access has sufficient physical controls, requiring
manual mounting may not increase security.
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

media.

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1068, T1068.000, T1203,

T1203.000, T1211,
T1211.000, T1212,
T1212.000
Page 218
2.1.2 Ensure avahi daemon services are not in use (Automated)
Description:
Avahi is a free zeroconf implementation, including a system for multicast DNS/DNS-SD
service discovery. Avahi allows programs to publish and discover services and hosts
running on a local network with no specific configuration. For example, a user can plug
a computer into a network and Avahi automatically finds printers to print to, files to look
at and people to talk to, as well as network services running on the machine.
Rationale:
Automatic discovery of network services is not normally required for system
functionality. It is recommended to remove this package to reduce the potential attack
surface.
Impact:
There may be packages that are dependent on the avahi package. If the avahi package
is removed, these dependent packages will be removed as well. Before removing the
avahi package, review any dependent packages to determine if they are required on the
system.
- IF - a dependent package is required: stop and mask the avahi-daemon.socket and
avahi-daemon.service leaving the avahi package installed.
Page 219
Audit:
Run the following command to verify avahi-daemon is not installed:
avahi-daemon
dpkg-query: no packages found matching avahi-daemon

- OR -
- IF - the avahi package is required as a dependency:
Run the following command to verify avahi-daemon.socket and avahi-daemon.service
are not enabled:
# systemctl is-enabled avahi-daemon.socket avahi-daemon.service 2>/dev/null |
grep 'enabled'

Run the following command to verify avahi-daemon.socket and avahi-daemon.service
are not active:
# systemctl is-active avahi-daemon.socket avahi-daemon.service 2>/dev/null |
grep 'âctive'


Remediation:
Run the following commands to stop avahi-daemon.socket and avahi-daemon.service,
and remove the avahi-daemon package:
# systemctl stop avahi-daemon.socket avahi-daemon.service
# apt purge avahi-daemon
- OR -
- IF - the avahi-daemon package is required as a dependency:
Run the following commands to stop and mask the avahi-daemon.socket and avahi-
daemon.service:
# systemctl stop avahi-daemon.socket avahi-daemon.service

# systemctl mask avahi-daemon.socket avahi-daemon.service
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SI-4
Page 220
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

function.

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1203, T1203.000, T1210,

T1210.000, T1543, TA0008 M1042
T1543.002
Page 221
2.1.3 Ensure dhcp server services are not in use (Automated)
Description:
The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a service that allows machines to
be dynamically assigned IP addresses. There are two versions of the DHCP protocol
DHCPv4 and DHCPv6. At startup the server may be started for one or the other via the -4
or -6 arguments.
Rationale:
Unless a system is specifically set up to act as a DHCP server, it is recommended that
this package be removed to reduce the potential attack surface.
Impact:
There may be packages that are dependent on the isc-dhcp-server package. If the
isc-dhcp-server package is removed, these dependent packages will be removed as
well. Before removing the isc-dhcp-server package, review any dependent packages
to determine if they are required on the system.
- IF - a dependent package is required: stop and mask the isc-dhcp-server.service
and isc-dhcp-server6.service leaving the isc-dhcp-server package installed.
Page 222
Audit:
Run the following commands to verify isc-dhcp-server is not installed:
# dpkg-query -W -f='${binary:Package}\t${Status}\t${db:Status-Status}\n' isc-
dhcp-server
dpkg-query: no packages found matching isc-dhcp-server

- OR -
Run the following command to verify isc-dhcp-server.service and isc-dhcp-
server6.service are not enabled:
# systemctl is-enabled isc-dhcp-server.service isc-dhcp-server6.service

2>/dev/null | grep 'enabled'

Run the following command to verify isc-dhcp-server.service and isc-dhcp-
server6.service are not active:
# systemctl is-active isc-dhcp-server.service isc-dhcp-server6.service

2>/dev/null | grep 'âctive'


Remediation:
Run the following commands to stop isc-dhcp-server.service and isc-dhcp-
server6.service and remove the isc-dhcp-server package:
# systemctl stop isc-dhcp-server.service isc-dhcp-server6.service

# apt purge isc-dhcp-server
- OR -
- IF - the isc-dhcp-server package is required as a dependency:
Run the following commands to stop and mask isc-dhcp-server.service and isc-
dhcp-server6.service:
# systemctl stop isc-dhcp-server.service isc-dhcp-server6.service

# systemctl mask isc-dhcp-server isc-dhcp-server6.service
References:
1. More detailed documentation on DHCP is available at

http://www.isc.org/software/dhcp.
2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7
Page 223
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

function.

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1203, T1203.000, T1210,

T1210.000, T1543, TA0008 M1042
T1543.002
Page 224
2.1.4 Ensure dns server services are not in use (Automated)
Description:
The Domain Name System (DNS) is a hierarchical naming system that maps names to
IP addresses for computers, services and other resources connected to a network.
Rationale:
Unless a system is specifically designated to act as a DNS server, it is recommended
that the package be deleted to reduce the potential attack surface.
Impact:
There may be packages that are dependent on the bind9 package. If the bind9 package
bind9 package, review any dependent packages to determine if they are required on the
system.
- IF - a dependent package is required: stop and mask the bind9.service leaving the
bind9 package installed.
Page 225
Audit:
Run the following command to verify bind9 is not installed:
bind9
dpkg-query: no packages found matching bind9

- OR -
Run the following command to verify bind9.service is not enabled:
# systemctl is-enabled bind9.service 2>/dev/null | grep 'enabled'

Run the following command to verify the bind9.service is not active:
# systemctl is-active bind9.service 2>/dev/null | grep 'âctive'


Remediation:
Run the following commands to stop bind9.service and remove the bind9 package:
# systemctl stop bind9.service
# apt purge bind9
- OR -
- IF - the bind9 package is required as a dependency:
Run the following commands to stop and mask bind9.service:
# systemctl stop bind9.service
# systemctl mask bind9.service
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7
Page 226
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

function.

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1203, T1203.000, T1210,

T1210.000, T1543, TA0008 M1042
T1543.002
Page 227
2.1.5 Ensure dnsmasq services are not in use (Automated)
Description:
dnsmasqis a lightweight tool that provides DNS caching, DNS forwarding and DHCP
(Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) services.
Rationale:
Unless a system is specifically designated to act as a DNS caching, DNS forwarding
and/or DHCP server, it is recommended that the package be removed to reduce the
potential attack surface.
Impact:
There may be packages that are dependent on the dnsmasq package. If the dnsmasq
removing the dnsmasq package, review any dependent packages to determine if they
are required on the system.
- IF - a dependent package is required: stop and mask the dnsmasq.service leaving the
dnsmasq package installed.
Page 228
Audit:
Run one of the following commands to verify dnsmasq is not installed:
dnsmasq
dpkg-query: no packages found matching dnsmasq

- OR -
Run the following command to verify dnsmasq.service is not enabled:
# systemctl is-enabled dnsmasq.service 2>/dev/null | grep 'enabled'

Run the following command to verify the dnsmasq.service is not active:
# systemctl is-active dnsmasq.service 2>/dev/null | grep 'âctive'


Remediation:
Run the following commands to stop dnsmasq.service and remove dnsmasq package:
# systemctl stop dnsmasq.service
# apt purge dnsmasq
- OR -
- IF - the dnsmasq package is required as a dependency:
Run the following commands to stop and mask the dnsmasq.service:
# systemctl stop dnsmasq.service
# systemctl mask dnsmasq.service
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7
Page 229
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

function.

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1203, T1203.000, T1210,

T1210.000, T1543, TA0008 M1042
T1543.002
Page 230
2.1.6 Ensure ftp server services are not in use (Automated)
Description:
The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) provides networked computers with the ability to
transfer files.
Rationale:
FTP does not protect the confidentiality of data or authentication credentials. It is
recommended SFTP be used if file transfer is required. Unless there is a need to run
the system as a FTP server (for example, to allow anonymous downloads), it is
recommended that the package be deleted to reduce the potential attack surface.
Impact:
There may be packages that are dependent on the vsftpd package. If the vsftpd
removing the vsftpd package, review any dependent packages to determine if they are
- IF - a dependent package is required: stop and mask the vsftpd.service leaving the
vsftpd package installed.
Page 231
Audit:
Run the following command to verify vsftpd is not installed:
vsftpd
dpkg-query: no packages found matching vsftpd

- OR -
Run the following command to verify vsftpd service is not enabled:
# systemctl is-enabled vsftpd.service 2>/dev/null | grep 'enabled'

Run the following command to verify the vsftpd service is not active:
# systemctl is-active vsftpd.service 2>/dev/null | grep 'âctive'

Note:
• Other ftp server packages may exist. They should also be audited, if not required
and authorized by local site policy
• If the package is required for a dependency:
o Ensure the dependent package is approved by local site policy
o Ensure stopping and masking the service and/or socket meets local site
policy
Remediation:
Run the following commands to stop vsftpd.service and remove the vsftpd package:
# systemctl stop vsftpd.service
# apt purge vsftpd
- OR -
- IF - the vsftpd package is required as a dependency:
Run the following commands to stop and mask the vsftpd.service:
# systemctl stop vsftpd.service
# systemctl mask vsftpd.service
Note: Other ftp server packages may exist. If not required and authorized by local site
policy, they should also be removed. If the package is required for a dependency, the
service should be stopped and masked.
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7
Page 232
Additional FTP servers also exist and should be audited.
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

function.

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1203, T1203.000, T1210,

T1210.000, T1543, TA0008 M1042
T1543.002
Page 233
2.1.7 Ensure ldap server services are not in use (Automated)
Description:
The Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) was introduced as a replacement for
NIS/YP. It is a service that provides a method for looking up information from a central
database.
Rationale:
If the system will not need to act as an LDAP server, it is recommended that the
software be removed to reduce the potential attack surface.
Impact:
There may be packages that are dependent on the slapd package. If the slapd package
slapd package, review any dependent packages to determine if they are required on the
system.
- IF - a dependent package is required: stop and mask the slapd.service leaving the
slapd package installed.
Page 234
Audit:
Run the following command to verify slapd is not installed:
slapd
dpkg-query: no packages found matching slapd

- OR -
Run the following command to verify slapd.service is not enabled:
# systemctl is-enabled slapd.service 2>/dev/null | grep 'enabled'

Run the following command to verify slapd.service is not active:
# systemctl is-active slapd.service 2>/dev/null | grep 'âctive'


Remediation:
Run the following commands to stop slapd.service and remove the slapd package:
# systemctl stop slapd.service
# apt purge slapd
- OR -
- IF - the slapd package is required as a dependency:
Run the following commands to stop and mask slapd.service:
# systemctl stop slapd.service
# systemctl mask slapd.service
References:
1. For more detailed documentation on OpenLDAP, go to the project homepage at

http://www.openldap.org.
2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7
Page 235
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

function.

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1203, T1203.000, T1210,

T1210.000, T1543, TA0008 M1042
T1543.002
Page 236
2.1.8 Ensure message access server services are not in use
(Automated)
Description:
dovecot-imapdand dovecot-pop3d are an open source IMAP and POP3 server for Linux
based systems.
Rationale:
Unless POP3 and/or IMAP servers are to be provided by this system, it is
recommended that the package be removed to reduce the potential attack surface.
Note: Several IMAP/POP3 servers exist and can use other service names. These
should also be audited and the packages removed if not required.
Impact:
There may be packages that are dependent on dovecot-imapd and/or dovecot-pop3d
packages. If dovecot-imapd and dovecot-pop3d packages are removed, these
dependent packages will be removed as well. Before removing dovecot-imapd and/or
dovecot-pop3d packages, review any dependent packages to determine if they are
- IF - a dependent package is required: stop and mask dovecot.socket and
dovecot.service leaving dovecot-imapd and/or dovecot-pop3d packages installed.
Page 237
Audit:
Run the following command to verify dovecot-imapd and dovecot-pop3d are not
installed:
dovecot-imapd dovecot-pop3d
dpkg-query: no packages found matching dovecot-imapd

dpkg-query: no packages found matching dovecot-pop3d
- OR -
- IF - a package is installed and is required for dependencies:
Run the following commands to verify dovecot.socket and dovecot.service are not
enabled:
# systemctl is-enabled dovecot.socket dovecot.service 2>/dev/null | grep
'enabled'

Run the following command to verify dovecot.socket and dovecot.service are not
active:
# systemctl is-active dovecot.socket dovecot.service 2>/dev/null | grep
'âctive'


Remediation:
Run one of the following commands to remove dovecot-imapd and dovecot-pop3d:
Run the following commands to stop dovecot.socket and dovecot.service, and remove
the dovecot-imapd and dovecot-pop3d packages:
# systemctl stop dovecot.socket dovecot.service
# apt purge dovecot-imapd dovecot-pop3d
- OR -
Run the following commands to stop and mask dovecot.socket and dovecot.service:
# systemctl stop dovecot.socket dovecot.service
# systemctl mask dovecot.socket dovecot.service
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7
Page 238
Several IMAP/POP3 servers exist and can use other service names. courier-imap and
cyrus-imap are example services that provide a mail server. These and other services
should also be audited.
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

function.

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1203, T1203.000, T1210,

T1210.000, T1543, TA0008 M1042
T1543.002
Page 239
2.1.9 Ensure network file system services are not in use
(Automated)
Description:
The Network File System (NFS) is one of the first and most widely distributed file
systems in the UNIX environment. It provides the ability for systems to mount file
systems of other servers through the network.
Rationale:
If the system does not export NFS shares, it is recommended that the nfs-kernel-
server package be removed to reduce the remote attack surface.
Impact:
There may be packages that are dependent on the nfs-kernel-server package. If the
nfs-kernel-server package is removed, these dependent packages will be removed as
well. Before removing the nfs-kernel-server package, review any dependent
packages to determine if they are required on the system.
- IF - a dependent package is required: stop and mask the nfs-server.service leaving
the nfs-kernel-server package installed.
Page 240
Audit:
Run the following command to verify nfs-kernel-server is not installed:
# dpkg-query -W -f='${binary:Package}\t${Status}\t${db:Status-Status}\n' nfs-
kernel-server
nfs-kernel-server unknown ok not-installed not-installed

- OR - If package is required for dependencies:
Run the following command to verify that the nfs-server.service is not enabled:
# systemctl is-enabled nfs-server.service 2>/dev/null | grep 'enabled'

Run the following command to verify the nfs-server.service is not active:
# systemctl is-active nfs-server.service 2>/dev/null | grep 'âctive'


Remediation:
Run the following command to stop nfs-server.service and remove nfs-kernel-
server package:
# systemctl stop nfs-server.service

# apt purge nfs-kernel-server
- OR -
- IF - the nfs-kernel-server package is required as a dependency:
Run the following commands to stop and mask the nfs-server.service:
# systemctl stop nfs-server.service
# systemctl mask nfs-server.service
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-6, CM-7
Page 241
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

function.

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1005, T1005.000, T1039,

T1039.000, T1083,
T1083.000, T1135, TA0008 M1042
T1135.000, T1210,
T1210.000
Page 242
2.1.10 Ensure nis server services are not in use (Automated)
Description:
The Network Information Service (NIS) (formally known as Yellow Pages) is a client-
server directory service protocol for distributing system configuration files. The NIS
server is a collection of programs that allow for the distribution of configuration files. The
NIS client (ypbind) was used to bind a machine to an NIS server and receive the
distributed configuration files.
Rationale:
ypserv.service is inherently an insecure system that has been vulnerable to DOS
attacks, buffer overflows and has poor authentication for querying NIS maps. NIS
generally has been replaced by such protocols as Lightweight Directory Access
Protocol (LDAP). It is recommended that ypserv.service be removed and other, more
secure services be used
Impact:
There may be packages that are dependent on the ypserv package. If the ypserv
removing the ypserv package, review any dependent packages to determine if they are
- IF - a dependent package is required: stop and mask the ypserv.service leaving the
ypserv package installed.
Page 243
Audit:
Run the following command to verify ypserv is not installed:
ypserv
dpkg-query: no packages found matching ypserv

- OR -
Run the following command to verify ypserv.service is not enabled:
# systemctl is-enabled ypserv.service 2>/dev/null | grep 'enabled'

Run the following command to verify ypserv.service is not active:
# systemctl is-active ypserv.service 2>/dev/null | grep 'âctive'


Remediation:
Run the following commands to stop ypserv.service and remove ypserv package:
# systemctl stop ypserv.service
# apt purge ypserv
- OR -
- IF - the ypserv package is required as a dependency:
Run the following commands to stop and mask ypserv.service:
# systemctl stop ypserv.service
# systemctl mask ypserv.service
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7
Page 244
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

function.

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1203, T1203.000, T1210,

T1210.000, T1543, TA0008 M1042
T1543.002
Page 245
2.1.11 Ensure print server services are not in use (Automated)
Description:
The Common Unix Print System (CUPS) provides the ability to print to both local and
network printers. A system running CUPS can also accept print jobs from remote
systems and print them to local printers. It also provides a web based remote
administration capability.
Rationale:
If the system does not need to print jobs or accept print jobs from other systems, it is
recommended that CUPS be removed to reduce the potential attack surface.
Impact:
Removing the cups package, or disabling cups.socket and/or cups.service will prevent
printing from the system, a common task for workstation systems.
There may be packages that are dependent on the cups package. If the cups package is
removed, these dependent packages will be removed as well. Before removing the cups
package, review any dependent packages to determine if they are required on the
system.
- IF - a dependent package is required: stop and mask cups.socket and cups.service
leaving the cups package installed.
Page 246
Audit:
Run the following command to verify cups is not Installed:
# dpkg-query -W -f='${binary:Package}\t${Status}\t${db:Status-Status}\n' cups
dpkg-query: no packages found matching cups

- OR -
- IF - the cups package is required as a dependency:
Run the following command to verify the cups.socket and cups.service are not
enabled:
# systemctl is-enabled cups.socket cups.service 2>/dev/null | grep 'enabled'

Run the following command to verify the cups.socket and cups.service are not active:
# systemctl is-active cups.socket cups.service 2>/dev/null | grep 'âctive'


Remediation:
Run the following commands to stop cups.socket and cups.service, and remove the
cups package:
# systemctl stop cups.socket cups.service

# apt purge cups
- OR -
- IF - the cups package is required as a dependency:
Run the following commands to stop and mask the cups.socket and cups.service:
# systemctl stop cups.socket cups.service
# systemctl mask cups.socket cups.service
References:
1. http://www.cups.org
2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7
Page 247
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

function.

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1203, T1203.000, T1210,

T1210.000, T1543, TA0008 M1042
T1543.002
Page 248
2.1.12 Ensure rpcbind services are not in use (Automated)
Description:
The rpcbind utility maps RPC services to the ports on which they listen. RPC processes
notify rpcbind when they start, registering the ports they are listening on and the RPC
program numbers they expect to serve. The client system then contacts rpcbind on the
server with a particular RPC program number. The rpcbind.service redirects the client
to the proper port number so it can communicate with the requested service.
Portmapper is an RPC service, which always listens on tcp and udp 111, and is used to
map other RPC services (such as nfs, nlockmgr, quotad, mountd, etc.) to their
corresponding port number on the server. When a remote host makes an RPC call to
that server, it first consults with portmap to determine where the RPC server is listening.
Rationale:
A small request (~82 bytes via UDP) sent to the Portmapper generates a large
response (7x to 28x amplification), which makes it a suitable tool for DDoS attacks. If
rpcbind is not required, it is recommended to remove rpcbind package to reduce the
potential attack surface.
Impact:
Many of the libvirt packages used by Enterprise Linux virtualization, and the nfs-utils
package used for The Network File System (NFS), are dependent on the rpcbind
package. If the rpcbind package is removed, these dependent packages will be
removed as well. Before removing the rpcbind package, review any dependent
packages to determine if they are required on the system.
- IF - a dependent package is required: stop and mask the rpcbind.socket and
rpcbind.service leaving the rpcbind package installed.
Page 249
Audit:
Run the following command to verify rpcbind package is not installed:
rpcbind
dpkg-query: no packages found matching rpcbind

- OR -
- IF - the rpcbind package is required as a dependency:
Run the following command to verify rpcbind.socket and rpcbind.service are not
enabled:
# systemctl is-enabled rpcbind.socket rpcbind.service 2>/dev/null | grep
'enabled'

Run the following command to verify rpcbind.socket and rpcbind.service are not
active:
# systemctl is-active rpcbind.socket rpcbind.service 2>/dev/null | grep
'âctive'


Remediation:
Run the following commands to stop rpcbind.socket and rpcbind.service, and remove
the rpcbind package:
# systemctl stop rpcbind.socket rpcbind.service
# apt purge rpcbind
- OR -
- IF - the rpcbind package is required as a dependency:
Run the following commands to stop and mask the rpcbind.socket and
rpcbind.service:
# systemctl stop rpcbind.socket rpcbind.service

# systemctl mask rpcbind.socket rpcbind.service
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-6, CM-7
Page 250
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

function.

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1203, T1203.000, T1210,

T1210.000, T1498,
TA0008 M1042
T1498.002, T1543,
T1543.002
Page 251
2.1.13 Ensure rsync services are not in use (Automated)
Description:
The rsync service can be used to synchronize files between systems over network
links.
Rationale:
rsync.service presents a security risk as the rsync protocol is unencrypted.
The rsync package should be removed to reduce the attack area of the system.
Impact:
There may be packages that are dependent on the rsync package. If the rsync package
rsync package, review any dependent packages to determine if they are required on the
system.
- IF - a dependent package is required: stop and mask rsync.service leaving the rsync
package installed.
Page 252
Audit:
Run the following command to verify rsync is not installed:
dpkg-query -W -f='${binary:Package}\t${Status}\t${db:Status-Status}\n' rsync
dpkg-query: no packages found matching rsync

- OR -
- IF - the rsync package is required as a dependency:
Run the following command to verify rsync.service is not enabled:
# systemctl is-enabled rsync.service 2>/dev/null | grep 'enabled'

Run the following command to verify rsync.service is not active:
# systemctl is-active rsync.service 2>/dev/null | grep 'âctive'


Remediation:
Run the following commands to stop rsync.service, and remove the rsync package:
# systemctl stop rsync.service
# apt purge rsync
- OR -
- IF - the rsync package is required as a dependency:
Run the following commands to stop and mask rsync.service:
# systemctl stop rsync.service
# systemctl mask rsync.service
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7
Page 253
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

function.

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1105, T1105.000, T1203,

T1203.000, T1210,
T1210.000, T1543, TA0008 M1042
T1543.002, T1570,
T1570.000
Page 254
2.1.14 Ensure samba file server services are not in use
(Automated)
Description:
The Samba daemon allows system administrators to configure their Linux systems to
share file systems and directories with Windows desktops. Samba will advertise the file
systems and directories via the Server Message Block (SMB) protocol. Windows
desktop users will be able to mount these directories and file systems as letter drives on
their systems.
Rationale:
If there is no need to mount directories and file systems to Windows systems, then this
service should be deleted to reduce the potential attack surface.
Impact:
There may be packages that are dependent on the samba package. If the samba package
samba package, review any dependent packages to determine if they are required on the
system.
- IF - a dependent package is required: stop and mask the smbd.service leaving the
samba package installed.
Page 255
Audit:
Run the following command to verify samba is not installed:
samba
dpkg-query: no packages found matching samba

- OR -
Run the following command to verify smbd.service is not enabled:
# systemctl is-enabled smbd.service 2>/dev/null | grep 'enabled'

Run the following command to verify the smbd.service is not active:
# systemctl is-active smbd.service 2>/dev/null | grep 'âctive'
Remediation:
Run the following commands to stop smbd.service and remove samba package:
# systemctl stop smbd.service
# apt purge samba
- OR -
- IF - the samba package is required as a dependency:
Run the following commands to stop and mask the smbd.service:
# systemctl stop smbd.service
# systemctl mask smbd.service
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-6, CM-7
Page 256
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

function.

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1005, T1005.000, T1039,

T1039.000, T1083,
T1083.000, T1135,
T1135.000, T1203, TA0008
T1203.000, T1210,
T1210.000, T1543,
T1543.002
Page 257
2.1.15 Ensure snmp services are not in use (Automated)
Description:
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is a widely used protocol for monitoring
the health and welfare of network equipment, computer equipment and devices like
UPSs.
Net-SNMP is a suite of applications used to implement SNMPv1 (RFC 1157), SNMPv2
(RFCs 1901-1908), and SNMPv3 (RFCs 3411-3418) using both IPv4 and IPv6.
Support for SNMPv2 classic (a.k.a. "SNMPv2 historic" - RFCs 1441-1452) was dropped
with the 4.0 release of the UCD-snmp package.
The Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) server is used to listen for SNMP
commands from an SNMP management system, execute the commands or collect the
information and then send results back to the requesting system.
Rationale:
The SNMP server can communicate using SNMPv1, which transmits data in the clear and
does not require authentication to execute commands. SNMPv3 replaces the simple/clear
text password sharing used in SNMPv2 with more securely encoded parameters. If the
the SNMP service is not required, the snmpd package should be removed to reduce the
attack surface of the system.
Note: If SNMP is required:
• The server should be configured for SNMP v3 only. User Authentication and
Message Encryption should be configured.
• If SNMP v2 is absolutely necessary, modify the community strings' values.
Impact:
There may be packages that are dependent on the snmpd package. If the snmpd package
is removed, these packages will be removed as well.
Before removing the snmpd package, review any dependent packages to determine if
they are required on the system. If a dependent package is required, stop and mask the
snmpd.service leaving the snmpd package installed.
Page 258
Audit:
Run the following command to verify snmpd is not installed:
snmpd
dpkg-query: no packages found matching snmpd

- OR - If the package is required for dependencies:
Run the following command to verify the snmpd.service is not enabled:
# systemctl is-enabled snmpd.service 2>/dev/null | grep 'enabled'

Run the following command to verify the snmpd.service is not active:
# systemctl is-active snmpd.service 2>/dev/null | grep 'âctive'


Remediation:
Run the following commands to stop snmpd.service and remove the snmpd package:
# systemctl stop snmpd.service
# apt purge snmpd
- OR - If the package is required for dependencies:
Run the following commands to stop and mask the snmpd.service:
# systemctl stop snmpd.service
# systemctl mask snmpd.service
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7
Page 259
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

function.

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1203, T1203.000, T1210,

T1210.000, T1543, TA0008 M1042
T1543.002
Page 260
2.1.16 Ensure tftp server services are not in use (Automated)
Description:
Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) is a simple protocol for exchanging files between
two TCP/IP machines. TFTP servers allow connections from a TFTP Client for sending
and receiving files.
Rationale:
Unless there is a need to run the system as a TFTP server, it is recommended that the
package be removed to reduce the potential attack surface.
TFTP does not have built-in encryption, access control or authentication. This makes it
very easy for an attacker to exploit TFTP to gain access to files
Impact:
TFTP is often used to provide files for network booting such as for PXE based
installation of servers.
There may be packages that are dependent on the tftpd-hpa package. If the tftpd-hpa
removing the tftpd-hpa package, review any dependent packages to determine if they
- IF - a dependent package is required: stop and mask tftpd-hpa.service leaving the
tftpd-hpa package installed.
Page 261
Audit:
Run the following command to verify tftpd-hpa.service is not installed:
tftpd-hpa
dpkg-query: no packages found matching tftpd-hpa

- OR -
Run the following command to verify tftpd-hpa.service is not enabled:
# systemctl is-enabled tftpd-hpa.service 2>/dev/null | grep 'enabled'

Run the following command to verify the tftpd-hpa.service is not active:
# systemctl is-active tftpd-hpa.service 2>/dev/null | grep 'âctive'


Remediation:
Run the following commands to stop tftpd-hpa.service, and remove the tftpd-hpa
package:
# systemctl stop tftpd-hpa.service
# apt purge tftpd-hpa
- OR -
- IF - the tftpd-hpa package is required as a dependency:
Run the following commands to stop and mask tftpd-hpa.service:
# systemctl stop tftpd-hpa.service
# systemctl mask tftpd-hpa.service
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7
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techniques
T1203, T1203.000, T1210,

T1210.000, T1543, TA0008 M1042
T1543.002
Page 263
2.1.17 Ensure web proxy server services are not in use
(Automated)
Description:
Squid is a standard proxy server used in many distributions and environments.
Rationale:
Unless a system is specifically set up to act as a proxy server, it is recommended that
the squid package be removed to reduce the potential attack surface.
Note: Several HTTP proxy servers exist. These should be checked and removed unless
required.
Impact:
There may be packages that are dependent on the squid package. If the squid package
squid package, review any dependent packages to determine if they are required on the
system.
- IF - a dependent package is required: stop and mask the squid.service leaving the
squid package installed.
Page 264
Audit:
Run the following command to verify squid is not installed:
squid
squid unknown ok not-installed not-installed

- OR -
Run the following command to verify squid.service is not enabled:
# systemctl is-enabled squid.service 2>/dev/null | grep 'enabled'

Run the following command to verify the squid.service is not active:
# systemctl is-active squid.service 2>/dev/null | grep 'âctive'


Remediation:
Run the following commands to stop squid.service and remove the squid package:
# systemctl stop squid.service
# apt purge squid
- OR - If the squid package is required as a dependency:
Run the following commands to stop and mask the squid.service:
# systemctl stop squid.service
# systemctl mask squid.service
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7
Several HTTP proxy servers exist. These and other services should be checked
Page 265
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Controls
Version

function.

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1203, T1203.000, T1210,

T1210.000, T1543, TA0008 M1042
T1543.002
Page 266
2.1.18 Ensure web server services are not in use (Automated)
Description:
Web servers provide the ability to host web site content.
Rationale:
Unless there is a local site approved requirement to run a web server service on the
system, web server packages should be removed to reduce the potential attack surface.
Impact:
Removal of web server packages will remove that ability for the server to host web
services.
- IF - the web server package is required for a dependency, any related service or
socket should be stopped and masked.
Note: If the remediation steps to mask a service are followed and that package is not
installed on the system, the service and/or socket will still be masked. If the package is
installed due to an approved requirement to host a web server, the associated service
and/or socket would need to be unmasked before it could be enabled and/or started.
Page 267
Audit:
Run the following command to verify apache2 and nginx and not installed:
apache2 nginx
dpkg-query: no packages found matching apache2

dpkg-query: no packages found matching nginx
- OR -
Run the following command to verify apache2.socket, apache2.service, and
nginx.service are not enabled:
# systemctl is-enabled apache2.socket apache2.service nginx.service

2>/dev/null | grep 'enabled'

Run the following command to verify apache2.socket, apache2.service, and
nginx.service are not active:
# systemctl is-active apache2.socket apache2.service nginx.service

2>/dev/null | grep 'âctive'

Note:
• Other web server packages may exist. They should also be audited, if not
required and authorized by local site policy
• If the package is required for a dependency:
o Ensure the dependent package is approved by local site policy
o Ensure stopping and masking the service and/or socket meets local site
policy
Page 268
Remediation:
Run the following commands to stop httpd.socket, httpd.service, and nginx.service,
and remove httpd and nginx packages:
# systemctl stop apache2.socket httpd.service nginx.service
# apt purge apache2 nginx
- OR -
Run the following commands to stop and mask apache2.socket, apache2.service, and
nginx.service:
# systemctl stop apache2.socket apache2.service nginx.service

# systemctl mask apache2.socket apache2.service nginx.service
Note: Other web server packages may exist. If not required and authorized by local site
policy, they should also be removed. If the package is required for a dependency, the
service and socket should be stopped and masked.
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7
Several httpd servers exist and can use other service names. apache2 and nginx are
example services that provide an HTTP server. These and other services should also
be audited
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

function.

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Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1203, T1203.000, T1210,

T1210.000, T1543, TA0008 M1042
T1543.002
Page 270
2.1.19 Ensure xinetd services are not in use (Automated)
Description:
The X Window System provides a Graphical User Interface (GUI) where users can have
multiple windows in which to run programs and various add on. The X Windows system
is typically used on workstations where users login, but not on servers where users
typically do not login.
Rationale:
Unless your organization specifically requires graphical login access via X Windows,
remove it to reduce the potential attack surface.
Impact:
There may be packages that are dependent on the xinetd package. If the xinetd
removing the xinetd package, review any dependent packages to determine if they are
-IF- a dependent package is required: stop and mask xinetd.service leaving the xinetd
package installed.
Page 271
Audit:
Run the following command to verify the xinetd package is not installed:
xinetd
dpkg-query: no packages found matching xinetd

-OR-
-IF- the xinetd package is required as a dependency:
Run the following command to verify xinetd.service is not enabled:
# systemctl is-enabled xinetd.service 2>/dev/null | grep 'enabled'

Run the following command to verify xinetd.service is not active:
# systemctl is-active xinetd.service 2>/dev/null | grep 'âctive'


Remediation:
Run the following commands to stop xinetd.service, and remove the xinetd package:
# systemctl stop xinetd.service
# apt purge xinetd
-OR-
-IF- the xinetd package is required as a dependency:
Run the following commands to stop and mask the xinetd.service:
# systemctl stop xinetd.service
# systemctl mask xinetd.service
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7
Page 272
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techniques
T1203, T1203.000, T1210,

T1210.000, T1543, TA0008 M1042
T1543.002
Page 273
2.1.20 Ensure X window server services are not in use
(Automated)
Description:
The X Window System provides a Graphical User Interface (GUI) where users can have
multiple windows in which to run programs and various add on. The X Windows system
is typically used on workstations where users login, but not on servers where users
typically do not login.
Rationale:
Unless your organization specifically requires graphical login access via X Windows,
remove it to reduce the potential attack surface.
Impact:
If a Graphical Desktop Manager (GDM) is in use on the system, there may be a
dependency on the xorg-x11-server-common package. If the GDM is required and
approved by local site policy, the package should not be removed.
Many Linux systems run applications which require a Java runtime. Some Linux Java
packages have a dependency on specific X Windows xorg-x11-fonts. One workaround
to avoid this dependency is to use the "headless" Java packages for your specific Java
runtime.
Audit:
- IF - a Graphical Desktop Manager or X-Windows server is not required and approved
by local site policy:
Run the following command to Verify X Windows Server is not installed.
dpkg-query -W -f='${binary:Package}\t${Status}\t${db:Status-Status}\n'
xserver-common | grep -Pi '\h+installed\b'
- OR -
dpkg-query: no packages found matching xserver-common
Page 274
Remediation:
- IF - a Graphical Desktop Manager or X-Windows server is not required and approved
by local site policy:
Run the following command to remove the X Windows Server package:
# apt purge xserver-common
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-11
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

function.
2.6 Address unapproved software

v7 Ensure that unauthorized software is either removed or the inventory is ● ● ●
updated in a timely manner
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1203, T1203.000, T1210,

T1210.000, T1543, TA0008 M1042
T1543.002
Page 275
2.1.21 Ensure mail transfer agent is configured for local-only
mode (Automated)
Description:
Mail Transfer Agents (MTA), such as sendmail and Postfix, are used to listen for
incoming mail and transfer the messages to the appropriate user or mail server. If the
system is not intended to be a mail server, it is recommended that the MTA be
configured to only process local mail.
Rationale:
The software for all Mail Transfer Agents is complex and most have a long history of
security issues. While it is important to ensure that the system can process local mail
messages, it is not necessary to have the MTA's daemon listening on a port unless the
server is intended to be a mail server that receives and processes mail from other
systems.
Page 276
Audit:
Run the following script to verify that the MTA is not listening on any non-loopback
address ( 127.0.0.1 or ::1
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
l_output=""
l_output2=""
a_port_list=("25" "465" "587")
# Check if inet_interfaces is not set to all

if [ "$(postconf -n inet_interfaces)" != "inet_interfaces = all" ]; then
for l_port_number in "${a_port_list[@]}"; do
if ss -plntu | grep -P -- ':'"$l_port_number"'\b' | grep -Pvq --
'\h+(127\.0\.0\.1|\[?::1\]?):'"$l_port_number"'\b'; then
l_output2="$l_output2\n - Port \"$l_port_number\" is listening on
a non-loopback network interface"
else
l_output="$l_output\n - Port \"$l_port_number\" is not listening
on a non-loopback network interface"
fi
done
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - Postfix is bound to all interfaces"
fi
unset a_port_list
# Provide output from checks

else
# If error output (l_output2) is not empty, we fail. Also output anything
that's correctly configured
fi
}
Page 277
Remediation:
Edit /etc/postfix/main.cf and add the following line to the RECEIVING MAIL section.
If the line already exists, change it to look like the line below:
inet_interfaces = loopback-only
Run the following command to restart postfix:
# systemctl restart postfix
Note:
• This recommendation is designed around the postfix mail server.

• Depending on your environment you may have an alternative MTA installed such
as exim4. If this is the case consult the documentation for your installed MTA to
configure the recommended state.
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

function.

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1018, T1018.000, T1210,

TA0008 M1042
T1210.000
Page 278
2.1.22 Ensure only approved services are listening on a network
interface (Manual)
Description:
A network port is identified by its number, the associated IP address, and the type of the
communication protocol such as TCP or UDP.
A listening port is a network port on which an application or process listens on, acting as
a communication endpoint.
Each listening port can be open or closed (filtered) using a firewall. In general terms, an
open port is a network port that accepts incoming packets from remote locations.
Rationale:
Services listening on the system pose a potential risk as an attack vector. These
services should be reviewed, and if not required, the service should be stopped, and the
package containing the service should be removed. If required packages have a
dependency, the service should be stopped and masked to reduce the attack surface of
the system.
Impact:
There may be packages that are dependent on the service's package. If the service's
removing the service's package, review any dependent packages to determine if they
- IF - a dependent package is required: stop and mask the <service_name>.socket and
<service_name>.service leaving the service's package installed.
Page 279
Audit:
Run the following command:
# ss -plntu
Review the output to ensure:
• All services listed are required on the system and approved by local site policy.
• Both the port and interface the service is listening on are approved by local site
policy.
• If a listed service is not required:
o Remove the package containing the service
o
- IF - the service's package is required for a dependency, stop and mask
the service and/or socket
Remediation:
Run the following commands to stop the service and remove the package containing
the service:
# apt purge <package_name>
- OR - If required packages have a dependency:
Run the following commands to stop and mask the service and socket:
# systemctl mask <service_name>.socket <service_name>.service
Note: replace <service_name> with the appropriate service name.
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7
Page 280
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techniques
T1203, T1203.000, T1210,

T1210.000, T1543, TA0008 M1042
T1543.002
Page 281
2.2 Configure Client Services
A number of insecure services exist. While disabling the servers prevents a local attack
against these services, it is advised to remove their clients unless they are required.
Note: This should not be considered a comprehensive list of insecure service clients.
You may wish to consider additions to those listed here for your environment.
Page 282
2.2.1 Ensure NIS Client is not installed (Automated)
Description:
The Network Information Service (NIS), formerly known as Yellow Pages, is a client-
server directory service protocol used to distribute system configuration files. The NIS
client was used to bind a machine to an NIS server and receive the distributed
configuration files.
Rationale:
The NIS service is inherently an insecure system that has been vulnerable to DOS
attacks, buffer overflows and has poor authentication for querying NIS maps. NIS
generally has been replaced by such protocols as Lightweight Directory Access
Protocol (LDAP). It is recommended that the service be removed.
Impact:
Many insecure service clients are used as troubleshooting tools and in testing
environments. Uninstalling them can inhibit capability to test and troubleshoot. If they
are required it is advisable to remove the clients after use to prevent accidental or
intentional misuse.
Audit:
Verify nis is not installed. Use the following command to provide the needed
information:
# dpkg-query -W -f='${binary:Package}\t${Status}\t${db:Status-Status}\n' nis
nis unknown ok not-installed not-installed
Remediation:
Uninstall nis:
# apt purge nis
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7, CM-11
Page 283
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Controls
Version

function.
2.6 Address unapproved software

v7 Ensure that unauthorized software is either removed or the inventory is ● ● ●
updated in a timely manner
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1203, T1203.000, T1543,

TA0008 M1042
T1543.002
Page 284
2.2.2 Ensure rsh client is not installed (Automated)
Description:
The rsh-client package contains the client commands for the rsh services.
Rationale:
These legacy clients contain numerous security exposures and have been replaced with
the more secure SSH package. Even if the server is removed, it is best to ensure the
clients are also removed to prevent users from inadvertently attempting to use these
commands and therefore exposing their credentials. Note that removing the rsh-client
package removes the clients for rsh , rcp and rlogin .
Impact:
intentional misuse.
Audit:
Verify rsh-client is not installed. Use the following command to provide the needed
information:
# dpkg-query -W -f='${binary:Package}\t${Status}\t${db:Status-Status}\n' rsh-
client
dpkg-query: no packages found matching rsh-client
Remediation:
Uninstall rsh:
# apt purge rsh-client
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7
Page 285
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Version

function.

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1040, T1040.000, T1203,

T1203.000, T1543, TA0008 M1041, M1042
T1543.002
Page 286
2.2.3 Ensure talk client is not installed (Automated)
Description:
The talk software makes it possible for users to send and receive messages across
systems through a terminal session. The talk client, which allows initialization of talk
sessions, is installed by default.
Rationale:
The software presents a security risk as it uses unencrypted protocols for
communication.
Impact:
intentional misuse.
Audit:
Verify talk is not installed. The following command may provide the needed
information:
# dpkg-query -W -f='${binary:Package}\t${Status}\t${db:Status-Status}\n' talk
dpkg-query: no packages found matching talk
Remediation:
Uninstall talk:
# apt purge talk
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7
Page 287
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

function.

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1203, T1203.000, T1543,

TA0006, TA0008 M1041, M1042
T1543.002
Page 288
2.2.4 Ensure telnet client is not installed (Automated)
Description:
The telnet package contains the telnet client, which allows users to start connections
to other systems via the telnet protocol.
Rationale:
The telnet protocol is insecure and unencrypted. The use of an unencrypted
transmission medium could allow an unauthorized user to steal credentials. The ssh
package provides an encrypted session and stronger security and is included in most
Linux distributions.
Impact:
intentional misuse.
Audit:
Verify telnet is not installed. Use the following command to provide the needed
information:
telnet
telnet unknown ok not-installed not-installed
Remediation:
Uninstall telnet:
# apt purge telnet
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7, CM-11
Page 289
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

function.

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1040, T1040.000, T1203,

T1203.000, T1543, TA0006, TA0008 M1041, M1042
T1543.002
Page 290
2.2.5 Ensure ldap client is not installed (Automated)
Description:
The Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) was introduced as a replacement for
NIS/YP. It is a service that provides a method for looking up information from a central
database.
Rationale:
If the system will not need to act as an LDAP client, it is recommended that the software
be removed to reduce the potential attack surface.
Impact:
Removing the LDAP client will prevent or inhibit using LDAP for authentication in your
environment.
Audit:
Verify that ldap-utils is not installed. Use the following command to provide the
needed information:
ldap-utils
ldap-utils unknown ok not-installed not-installed
Remediation:
Uninstall ldap-utils:
# apt purge ldap-utils
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7
Page 291
CIS Controls:
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Version

function.

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1203, T1203.000, T1543,

TA0008 M1042
T1543.002
Page 292
2.2.6 Ensure ftp client is not installed (Automated)
Description:
FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is a traditional and widely used standard tool for
transferring files between a server and clients over a network, especially where no
authentication is necessary (permits anonymous users to connect to a server).
Rationale:
FTP does not protect the confidentiality of data or authentication credentials. It is
recommended SFTP be used if file transfer is required. Unless there is a need to run
the system as a FTP server (for example, to allow anonymous downloads), it is
recommended that the package be removed to reduce the potential attack surface.
Audit:
Verify ftp is not installed. Use the following command to provide the needed
information:
# dpkg-query -W -f='${binary:Package}\t${Status}\t${db:Status-Status}\n' ftp
dpkg-query: no packages found matching ftp
Remediation:
Run the following command to uninstall ftp:
# apt purge ftp
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7, CM-11
Page 293
CIS Controls:
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Version

function.

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1203, T1203.000, T1543,

TA0008 M1042
T1543.002
Page 294
2.3 Configure Time Synchronization
It is recommended that systems be configured to synchronize their time using a service

such as systemd-timesyncd, or chrony.
Virtual systems may be configured to receive their time synchronization from their host
system.
The host system must be configured to synchronize its time from an authoritative source
to be considered compliant with this section.
Any "physical" clock present on a system should be synchronized from an authoritative
time source.
Only one time synchronization method should be in use on the system
Notes: Only the section related to the time synchronization method in use on the
system should be followed, all other time synchronization recommendations should be
skipped
Page 295
2.3.1 Ensure time synchronization is in use
It is recommended that physical systems and virtual guests lacking direct access to the
physical host's clock be configured to synchronize their time using a service such as
systemd-timesyncd, or chrony.
Page 296
2.3.1.1 Ensure a single time synchronization daemon is in use
(Automated)
Description:
System time should be synchronized between all systems in an environment. This is
typically done by establishing an authoritative time server or set of servers and having
all systems synchronize their clocks to them.
Notes:
• On virtual systems where host based time synchronization is available

consult your virtualization software documentation and verify that host
based synchronization is in use and follows local site policy. In this
scenario, this section should be skipped
• Only one time synchronization method should be in use on the system.
Configuring multiple time synchronization methods could lead to unexpected or
unreliable results
Rationale:
Time synchronization is important to support time sensitive security mechanisms and
ensures log files have consistent time records across the enterprise, which aids in
forensic investigations.
Audit:
On physical systems, and virtual systems where host based time synchronization is not
available.
One of the two time synchronization daemons should be available; chrony or systemd-
timesyncd
Run the following script to verify that a single time synchronization daemon is available
on the system:
Page 297
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
service_not_enabled_chk()
{
l_out2=""
if systemctl is-enabled "$l_service_name" 2>/dev/null | grep -q 'enabled'; then
l_out2="$l_out2\n - Daemon: \"$l_service_name\" is enabled on the system"
fi
if systemctl is-active "$l_service_name" 2>/dev/null | grep -q 'âctive'; then
l_out2="$l_out2\n - Daemon: \"$l_service_name\" is active on the system"
fi
}
l_service_name="systemd-timesyncd.service" # Check systemd-timesyncd daemon
service_not_enabled_chk
if [ -n "$l_out2" ]; then
l_timesyncd="y"
l_out_tsd="$l_out2"
else
l_timesyncd="n"
l_out_tsd="\n - Daemon: \"$l_service_name\" is not enabled and not active on the system"
fi
l_service_name="chrony.service" # Check chrony
service_not_enabled_chk
l_chrony="y"
l_out_chrony="$l_out2"
else
l_chrony="n"
l_out_chrony="\n - Daemon: \"$l_service_name\" is not enabled and not active on the
system"
fi
l_status="$l_timesyncd$l_chrony"
case "$l_status" in
yy)
l_output2=" - More than one time sync daemon is in use on the
system$l_out_tsd$l_out_chrony"
;;
nn)
l_output2=" - No time sync daemon is in use on the system$l_out_tsd$l_out_chrony"
;;
yn|ny)
l_output=" - Only one time sync daemon is in use on the
system$l_out_tsd$l_out_chrony"
;;
*)
l_output2=" - Unable to determine time sync daemon(s) status"
;;
esac
else
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n ** FAIL **\n - * Reasons for audit failure *
:\n$l_output2\n"
fi
}
Note: Follow the guidance in the subsection for the time synchronization daemon
available on the system and skip the other two time synchronization daemon
subsections.
Page 298
Remediation:
On physical systems, and virtual systems where host based time synchronization is not
available.
Select one of the two time synchronization daemons; chrony (1) or systemd-timesyncd
(2) and following the remediation procedure for the selected daemon.
Note: enabling more than one synchronization daemon could lead to unexpected or
unreliable results:
1. chrony
Run the following command to install chrony:

# apt install chrony
Run the following commands to stop and mask the systemd-timesyncd daemon:
# systemctl stop systemd-timesyncd.service
# systemctl mask systemd-timesyncd.service

Note:
• Subsection: Configure chrony should be followed

• Subsection: Configure systemd-timesyncd should be skipped
2. systemd-timesyncd
Run the following command to remove the chrony package:

# apt purge chrony
# apt autoremove chrony
Note:
• Subsection: Configure systemd-timesyncd should be followed

• Subsection: Configure chrony should be skipped
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3, AU-12
Page 299
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version
8.4 Standardize Time Synchronization

v8 Standardize time synchronization. Configure at least two synchronized time ● ●
sources across enterprise assets, where supported.
6.1 Utilize Three Synchronized Time Sources

v7 Use at least three synchronized time sources from which all servers and
network devices retrieve time information on a regular basis so that timestamps
● ●
in logs are consistent.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1070, T1070.002, T1562,

TA0005
T1562.001
Page 300
2.3.2 Configure systemd-timesyncd
systemd-timesyncd is a daemon that has been added for synchronizing the system
clock across the network. It implements an SNTP client. In contrast to NTP
implementations such as chrony or the NTP reference server this only implements a
client side, and does not bother with the full NTP complexity, focusing only on querying
time from one remote server and synchronizing the local clock to it. The daemon runs
with minimal privileges, and has been hooked up with networkd to only operate when
network connectivity is available. The daemon saves the current clock to disk every time
a new NTP sync has been acquired, and uses this to possibly correct the system clock
early at bootup, in order to accommodate for systems that lack an RTC such as the
Raspberry Pi and embedded devices, and make sure that time monotonically
progresses on these systems, even if it is not always correct. To make use of this
daemon a new system user and group "systemd-timesync" needs to be created on
installation of systemd.
The default configuration is set during compilation, so configuration is only needed
when it is necessary to deviate from those defaults. Initially, the main configuration file
in /etc/systemd/ contains commented out entries showing the defaults as a guide to the
administrator. Local overrides can be created by editing this file or by creating drop-ins,
as described below. Using drop-ins for local configuration is recommended over
modifications to the main configuration file.
In addition to the "main" configuration file, drop-in configuration snippets are read from
/usr/lib/systemd/*.conf.d/, /usr/local/lib/systemd/*.conf.d/, and
/etc/systemd/*.conf.d/. Those drop-ins have higher precedence and override the
main configuration file. Files in the *.conf.d/ configuration subdirectories are sorted by
their filename in lexicographic order, regardless of in which of the subdirectories they
reside. When multiple files specify the same option, for options which accept just a
single value, the entry in the file sorted last takes precedence, and for options which
accept a list of values, entries are collected as they occur in the sorted files.
When packages need to customize the configuration, they can install drop-ins under
/usr/. Files in /etc/ are reserved for the local administrator, who may use this logic to
override the configuration files installed by vendor packages. Drop-ins have to be used
to override package drop-ins, since the main configuration file has lower precedence. It
is recommended to prefix all filenames in those subdirectories with a two-digit number
and a dash, to simplify the ordering of the files.
To disable a configuration file supplied by the vendor, the recommended way is to place
a symlink to /dev/null in the configuration directory in /etc/, with the same filename as
the vendor configuration file.
Page 301
Notes:
• The recommendations in this section only apply if timesyncd is in use on the

system
• The systemd-timesyncd service specifically implements only SNTP.
o This minimalistic service will set the system clock for large offsets or
slowly adjust it for smaller deltas
o More complex use cases are not covered by systemd-timesyncd
• If chrony is used, systemd-timesyncd should be stopped and masked, and
this section skipped
• One, and only one, time synchronization method should be in use on the
system
Page 302
2.3.2.1 Ensure systemd-timesyncd configured with authorized
timeserver (Automated)
Description:
NTP=
• A space-separated list of NTP server host names or IP addresses. During

runtime this list is combined with any per-interface NTP servers acquired from
systemd-networkd.service(8). systemd-timesyncd will contact all configured
system or per-interface servers in turn, until one responds. When the empty
string is assigned, the list of NTP servers is reset, and all prior assignments will
have no effect. This setting defaults to an empty list.
FallbackNTP=
• A space-separated list of NTP server host names or IP addresses to be used as

the fallback NTP servers. Any per-interface NTP servers obtained from systemd-
networkd.service(8) take precedence over this setting, as do any servers set via
NTP= above. This setting is hence only relevant if no other NTP server
information is known. When the empty string is assigned, the list of NTP servers
is reset, and all prior assignments will have no effect. If this option is not given, a
compiled-in list of NTP servers is used.
Rationale:
Time synchronization is important to support time sensitive security mechanisms and to
ensure log files have consistent time records across the enterprise to aid in forensic
investigations
Page 303
Audit:
Run the following command to verify the NTP and/or FallbackNTP option is set to local
site approved authoritative time server(s):
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
a_parlist=("NTP=[^#\n\r]+" "FallbackNTP=[^#\n\r]+")
l_systemd_config_file="/etc/systemd/timesyncd.conf" # Main systemd configuration file
config_file_parameter_chk()
{
unset A_out; declare -A A_out # Check config file(s) setting
if [[ $l_out =~ ^\s*# ]]; then
else
l_systemd_parameter="$(awk -F= '{print $1}' <<< "$l_out" | xargs)"
grep -Piq -- "^\h*$l_systemd_parameter_name\b" <<< "$l_systemd_parameter" &&
A_out+=(["$l_systemd_parameter"]="$l_file")
fi
fi
done < <(/usr/bin/systemd-analyze cat-config "$l_systemd_config_file" | grep -Pio
'^\h*([^#\n\r]+|#\h*\/[^#\n\r\h]+\.conf\b)')
while IFS="=" read -r l_systemd_file_parameter_name l_systemd_file_parameter_value; do
l_systemd_file_parameter_name="${l_systemd_file_parameter_name// /}"
l_systemd_file_parameter_value="${l_systemd_file_parameter_value// /}"
if grep -Piq "^\h*$l_systemd_parameter_value\b" <<<
"$l_systemd_file_parameter_value"; then
l_output="$l_output\n - \"$l_systemd_parameter_name\" is correctly set to
\"$l_systemd_file_parameter_value\" in \"$(printf '%s' "${A_out[@]}")\"\n"
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - \"$l_systemd_parameter_name\" is incorrectly set to
\"$l_systemd_file_parameter_value\" in \"$(printf '%s' "${A_out[@]}")\" and should have a value
matching: \"$l_systemd_parameter_value\"\n"
fi
done < <(grep -Pio -- "^\h*$l_systemd_parameter_name\h*=\h*\H+" "${A_out[@]}")
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - \"$l_systemd_parameter_name\" is not set in an included file\n
** Note: \"$l_systemd_parameter_name\" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure
**\n"
fi
}
while IFS="=" read -r l_systemd_parameter_name l_systemd_parameter_value; do # Assess and
check parameters
l_systemd_parameter_name="${l_systemd_parameter_name// /}"
l_systemd_parameter_value="${l_systemd_parameter_value// /}"
config_file_parameter_chk
else
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n ** FAIL **\n - Reason(s) for audit failure:\n$l_output2"
fi
}
Example output:
Page 304
- Audit Result:
** PASS **
- "NTP" is correctly set to "time.nist.gov" in "/etc/systemd/timesyncd.conf"
- "FallbackNTP" is correctly set to "time-a-g.nist.gov" in

"/etc/systemd/timesyncd.conf"
Remediation:
Set NTP and/or FallbackNPT parameters to local site approved authoritative time
server(s) in /etc/systemd/timesyncd.conf or a file in /etc/systemd/timesyncd.conf.d/
ending in .conf in the [Time] section:
Example file:
[Time]
NTP=time.nist.gov # Uses the generic name for NIST's time servers
FallbackNTP=time-a-g.nist.gov time-b-g.nist.gov time-c-g.nist.gov # Space
separated list of NIST time servers
Example script to create systemd drop-in file:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
[ ! -d /etc/systemd/timesyncd.conf.d/ ] && mkdir
/etc/systemd/timesyncd.conf.d/
printf '%s\n' "[Time]" "NTP=time.nist.gov" "FallbackNTP=time-a-g.nist.gov
time-b-g.nist.gov time-c-g.nist.gov" >> /etc/systemd/timesyncd.conf.d/60-
timesyncd.conf
}
Note: If this setting appears in a canonically later file, or later in the same file, the
setting will be overwritten
Run to following command to update the parameters in the service:
# systemctl reload-or-restart systemd-journald
Default Value:
#NTP=
#FallbackNTP=
References:
1. https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/timesyncd.conf.html
2. https://tf.nist.gov/tf-cgi/servers.cgi
3. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-7, AU-8
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2.3.2.2 Ensure systemd-timesyncd is enabled and running
(Manual)
Description:
systemd-timesyncd is a daemon that has been added for synchronizing the system
clock across the network
Rationale:
systemd-timesyncd needs to be enabled and running in order to synchronize the system
to a timeserver.
investigations
Audit:
- IF - systemd-timesyncd is in use on the system, run the following commands:
Run the following command to verify that the systemd-timesyncd service is enabled:
# systemctl is-enabled systemd-timesyncd.service
enabled
Run the following command to verify that the systemd-timesyncd service is active:
# systemctl is-active systemd-timesyncd.service
active
Page 307
Remediation:
- IF - systemd-timesyncd is in use on the system, run the following commands:
Run the following command to unmask systemd-timesyncd.service:
# systemctl unmask systemd-timesyncd.service
Run the following command to enable and start systemd-timesyncd.service:
# systemctl --now enable systemd-timesyncd.service
- OR -
If another time synchronization service is in use on the system, run the following
command to stop and mask systemd-timesyncd:
# systemctl --now mask systemd-timesyncd.service
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-7, AU-8
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2.3.3 Configure chrony
chrony is a daemon which implements the Network Time Protocol (NTP) and is
designed to synchronize system clocks across a variety of systems and use a source
that is highly accurate.
chrony can be configured to be a client and/or a server.
More information on chrony can be found at: http://chrony.tuxfamily.org/.
Notes:
• If systemd-timesyncd is being used, chrony should be removed and this section

skipped
• Only one time synchronization method should be in use on the system
Page 309
2.3.3.1 Ensure chrony is configured with authorized timeserver
(Manual)
Description:
• server
o The server directive specifies an NTP server which can be used as a time
source. The client-server relationship is strictly hierarchical: a client might
synchronize its system time to that of the server, but the server’s system
time will never be influenced by that of a client.
o This directive can be used multiple times to specify multiple servers.
o The directive is immediately followed by either the name of the server, or
its IP address.
• pool
o The syntax of this directive is similar to that for the server directive, except
that it is used to specify a pool of NTP servers rather than a single NTP
server. The pool name is expected to resolve to multiple addresses which
might change over time.
o This directive can be used multiple times to specify multiple pools.
o All options valid in the server directive can be used in this directive too.
Rationale:
investigations
Page 310
Audit:
- IF - chrony is in use on the system, run the following script to ensure chrony is
configured with authorized timeserver:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
l_output=""
l_output2=""
a_parlist=("^\h*(server|pool)\h+\H+")
l_chrony_config_dir="/etc/chrony" # Chrony configuration directory
config_file_parameter_chk() {
unset A_out
declare -A A_out
if [[ $l_out =~ ^\s*# ]]; then
else
l_chrony_parameter="$(awk -F= '{print $1}' <<< "$l_out" |
xargs)"
A_out+=(["$l_chrony_parameter"]="$l_file")
fi
fi
done < <(find "$l_chrony_config_dir" -name '*.conf' -exec systemd-
analyze cat-config {} + | grep -Pio
'^\h*([^#\n\r]+|#\h*\/[^#\n\r\h]+\.conf\b)')
if (( ${#A_out[@]} > 0 )); then

for l_chrony_parameter in "${!A_out[@]}"; do
l_file="${A_out[$l_chrony_parameter]}"
l_output="$l_output\n - \"$l_chrony_parameter\" is set in
\"$l_file\"\n"
done
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - No 'server' or 'pool' settings found in
Chrony configuration files\n"
fi
}
for l_chrony_parameter_regex in "${a_parlist[@]}"; do
done
else
fi
}
Page 311
Remediation:
Edit /etc/chrony/chrony.conf or a file ending in .sources in /etc/chrony/sources.d/
and add or edit server or pool lines as appropriate according to local site policy:
<[server|pool]> <[remote-server|remote-pool]>
Examples:
pool directive:
pool time.nist.gov iburst maxsources 4 #The maxsources option is unique to

the pool directive
server directive:
server time-a-g.nist.gov iburst
server 132.163.97.3 iburst
server time-d-b.nist.gov iburst
Run one of the following commands to load the updated time sources into chronyd
running config:
# systemctl restart chronyd
- OR if sources are in a .sources file -
# chronyc reload sources

- OR -
command to remove chrony from the system:
# apt purge chrony
References:
1. chrony.conf(5) Manual Page

2. https://tf.nist.gov/tf-cgi/servers.cgi
3. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3, AU-12
If pool and/or server directive(s) are set in a sources file in /etc/chrony/sources.d, the
line:
sourcedir /etc/chrony/sources.d
must be present in /etc/chrony/chrony.conf
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2.3.3.2 Ensure chrony is running as user _chrony (Automated)
Description:
The chrony package is installed with a dedicated user account _chrony. This account is
granted the access required by the chronyd service
Rationale:
The chronyd service should run with only the required privlidges
Audit:
- IF - chrony is in use on the system, run the following command to verify the chronyd
service is being run as the _chrony user:
# ps -ef | awk '(/[c]hronyd/ && $1!="_chrony") { print $1 }'
Remediation:
Add or edit the user line to /etc/chrony/chrony.conf or a file ending in .conf in
/etc/chrony/conf.d/:
user _chrony
- OR -
command to remove chrony from the system:
# apt purge chrony
Default Value:
user _chrony
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-8
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2.3.3.3 Ensure chrony is enabled and running (Automated)
Description:
chrony is a daemon for synchronizing the system clock across the network
Rationale:
chrony needs to be enabled and running in order to synchronize the system to a
timeserver.
investigations
Audit:
- IF - chrony is in use on the system, run the following commands:
Run the following command to verify that the chrony service is enabled:
# systemctl is-enabled chrony.service
enabled
Run the following command to verify that the chrony service is active:
# systemctl is-active chrony.service
active
Page 316
Remediation:
- IF - chrony is in use on the system, run the following commands:
Run the following command to unmask chrony.service:
# systemctl unmask chrony.service
Run the following command to enable and start chrony.service:
# systemctl --now enable chrony.service
- OR -
command to remove chrony:
# apt purge chrony
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-8
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2.4 Job Schedulers
A job scheduler is used to execute jobs, commands, or shell scripts, at fixed times,
dates, or intervals
Page 318
2.4.1 Configure cron
cron is a time based job scheduler

Note:
• Other methods, such as systemd timers, exist for scheduling jobs. If another
method is used, cron should be removed, and the alternate method should be
secured in accordance with local site policy
• -IF- cron is not installed on the system, this sub section can be skipped
Page 319
2.4.1.1 Ensure cron daemon is enabled and active (Automated)
Description:
The cron daemon is used to execute batch jobs on the system.
Rationale:
While there may not be user jobs that need to be run on the system, the system does
have maintenance jobs that may include security monitoring that have to run, and cron
is used to execute them.
Audit:
- IF - cron is installed on the system:
Run the following command to verify cron is enabled:
# systemctl list-unit-files | awk '$1~/^crond?\.service/{print $2}'
enabled
Run the following command to verify that cron is active:
# systemctl list-units | awk '$1~/^crond?\.service/{print $3}'
active
Remediation:
Run the following commands to unmask, enable, and start cron:
# systemctl unmask "$(systemctl list-unit-files | awk
'$1~/^crond?\.service/{print $1}')"
# systemctl --now enable "$(systemctl list-unit-files | awk
'$1~/^crond?\.service/{print $1}')"
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5
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2.4.1.2 Ensure permissions on /etc/crontab are configured
(Automated)
Description:
The /etc/crontab file is used by cron to control its own jobs. The commands in this
item make sure that root is the user and group owner of the file and that only the owner
can access the file.
Rationale:
This file contains information on what system jobs are run by cron. Write access to
these files could provide unprivileged users with the ability to elevate their privileges.
Read access to these files could provide users with the ability to gain insight on system
jobs that run on the system and could provide them a way to gain unauthorized
privileged access.
Audit:
Run the following command and verify Uid and Gid are both 0/root and Access does
not grant permissions to group or other :
# stat -Lc 'Access: (%a/%A) Uid: ( %u/ %U) Gid: ( %g/ %G)' /etc/crontab
Access: (600/-rw-------) Uid: ( 0/ root) Gid: ( 0/ root)
Remediation:
Run the following commands to set ownership and permissions on /etc/crontab:
# chown root:root /etc/crontab
# chmod og-rwx /etc/crontab
Default Value:
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2
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2.4.1.3 Ensure permissions on /etc/cron.hourly are configured
(Automated)
Description:
This directory contains system cron jobs that need to run on an hourly basis. The files in
this directory cannot be manipulated by the crontab command, but are instead edited
by system administrators using a text editor. The commands below restrict read/write
and search access to user and group root, preventing regular users from accessing this
directory.
Rationale:
Granting write access to this directory for non-privileged users could provide them the
means for gaining unauthorized elevated privileges. Granting read access to this
directory could give an unprivileged user insight in how to gain elevated privileges or
circumvent auditing controls.
Audit:
not grant permissions to group or other:
# stat -Lc 'Access: (%a/%A) Uid: ( %u/ %U) Gid: ( %g/ %G)' /etc/cron.hourly/
Access: (700/drwx------) Uid: ( 0/ root) Gid: ( 0/ root)
Remediation:
Run the following commands to set ownership and permissions on the
/etc/cron.hourly directory:
# chown root:root /etc/cron.hourly/

# chmod og-rwx /etc/cron.hourly/
Default Value:
Access: (755/drwxr-xr-x) Uid: ( 0/ root) Gid: ( 0/ root)
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2
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2.4.1.4 Ensure permissions on /etc/cron.daily are configured
(Automated)
Description:
The /etc/cron.daily directory contains system cron jobs that need to run on a daily
basis. The files in this directory cannot be manipulated by the crontab command, but
are instead edited by system administrators using a text editor. The commands below
restrict read/write and search access to user and group root, preventing regular users
from accessing this directory.
Rationale:
Audit:
# stat -Lc 'Access: (%a/%A) Uid: ( %u/ %U) Gid: ( %g/ %G)' /etc/cron.daily/
Remediation:
Run the following commands to set ownership and permissions on the /etc/cron.daily
directory:
# chown root:root /etc/cron.daily/
# chmod og-rwx /etc/cron.daily/
Default Value:
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2
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2.4.1.5 Ensure permissions on /etc/cron.weekly are configured
(Automated)
Description:
The /etc/cron.weekly directory contains system cron jobs that need to run on a weekly
basis. The files in this directory cannot be manipulated by the crontab command, but
are instead edited by system administrators using a text editor. The commands below
restrict read/write and search access to user and group root, preventing regular users
from accessing this directory.
Rationale:
Audit:
# stat -Lc 'Access: (%a/%A) Uid: ( %u/ %U) Gid: ( %g/ %G)' /etc/cron.weekly/
Remediation:
/etc/cron.weekly directory:
# chown root:root /etc/cron.weekly/

# chmod og-rwx /etc/cron.weekly/
Default Value:
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2
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2.4.1.6 Ensure permissions on /etc/cron.monthly are configured
(Automated)
Description:
The /etc/cron.monthly directory contains system cron jobs that need to run on a
monthly basis. The files in this directory cannot be manipulated by the crontab
command, but are instead edited by system administrators using a text editor. The
commands below restrict read/write and search access to user and group root,
preventing regular users from accessing this directory.
Rationale:
Audit:
# stat -Lc 'Access: (%a/%A) Uid: ( %u/ %U) Gid: ( %g/ %G)' /etc/cron.monthly/
Remediation:
/etc/cron.monthly directory:
# chown root:root /etc/cron.monthly/

# chmod og-rwx /etc/cron.monthly/
Default Value:
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2
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2.4.1.7 Ensure permissions on /etc/cron.d are configured
(Automated)
Description:
The /etc/cron.d directory contains system cron jobs that need to run in a similar
manner to the hourly, daily weekly and monthly jobs from /etc/crontab, but require
more granular control as to when they run. The files in this directory cannot be
manipulated by the crontab command, but are instead edited by system administrators
using a text editor. The commands below restrict read/write and search access to user
and group root, preventing regular users from accessing this directory.
Rationale:
Audit:
# stat -Lc 'Access: (%a/%A) Uid: ( %u/ %U) Gid: ( %g/ %G)' /etc/cron.d/
Remediation:
Run the following commands to set ownership and permissions on the /etc/cron.d
directory:
# chown root:root /etc/cron.d/
# chmod og-rwx /etc/cron.d/
Default Value:
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References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2
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2.4.1.8 Ensure crontab is restricted to authorized users
(Automated)
Description:
crontab is the program used to install, deinstall, or list the tables used to drive the cron
daemon. Each user can have their own crontab, and though these are files in
/var/spool/cron/crontabs, they are not intended to be edited directly.
If the /etc/cron.allow file exists, then you must be listed (one user per line) therein in
order to be allowed to use this command. If the /etc/cron.allow file does not exist but
the /etc/cron.deny file does exist, then you must not be listed in the /etc/cron.deny
file in order to use this command.
If neither of these files exists, then depending on site-dependent configuration
parameters, only the super user will be allowed to use this command, or all users will be
able to use this command.
If both files exist then /etc/cron.allow takes precedence. Which means that
/etc/cron.deny is not considered and your user must be listed in /etc/cron.allow in
order to be able to use the crontab.
Regardless of the existence of any of these files, the root administrative user is always
allowed to setup a crontab.
The files /etc/cron.allow and /etc/cron.deny, if they exist, must be either world-
readable, or readable by group crontab. If they are not, then cron will deny access to all
users until the permissions are fixed.
There is one file for each user's crontab under the /var/spool/cron/crontabs directory.
Users are not allowed to edit the files under that directory directly to ensure that only
users allowed by the system to run periodic tasks can add them, and only syntactically
correct crontabs will be written there. This is enforced by having the directory writable
only by the crontab group and configuring crontab command with the setgid bid set for
that specific group.
Note:
• Even though a given user is not listed in cron.allow, cron jobs can still be run as
that user
• The files /etc/cron.allow and /etc/cron.deny, if they exist, only controls
administrative access to the crontab command for scheduling and modifying cron
jobs
Page 334
Rationale:
On many systems, only the system administrator is authorized to schedule cron jobs.
Using the cron.allow file to control who can run cron jobs enforces this policy. It is
easier to manage an allow list than a deny list. In a deny list, you could potentially add a
user ID to the system and forget to add it to the deny files.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify /etc/cron.allow:
• Exists
• Is mode 0640 or more restrictive
• Is owned by the user root
• Is group owned by the group root
# stat -Lc 'Access: (%a/%A) Owner: (%U) Group: (%G)' /etc/cron.allow
Access: (640/-rw-r-----) Owner: (root) Group: (root)

Run the following command to verify either cron.deny doesn't exist or is:
• Mode 0640 or more restrictive

• Owned by the user root
• Group owned by the group root
# [ -e "/etc/cron.deny" ] && stat -Lc 'Access: (%a/%A) Owner: (%U) Group:

(%G)' /etc/cron.deny
else
Verify either nothing is returned or returned value is:
Page 335
Remediation:
Run the following script to:
• Create /etc/cron.allow if it doesn't exist

• Change owner or user root
• Change group owner to group root
• Change mode to 640 or more restrictive
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
[ ! -e "/etc/cron.allow" ] && touch /etc/cron.allow
chown root:root /etc/cron.allow
chmod u-x,g-wx,o-rwx /etc/cron.allow
}
- IF - /etc/cron.deny exists, run the following commands to:
• Change owner or user root

• Change group owner to group root
• Change mode to 640 or more restrictive
# [ -e "/etc/cron.deny" ] && chown root:root /etc/cron.deny

# [ -e "/etc/cron.deny" ] && chmod u-x,g-wx,o-rwx /etc/cron.deny
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●

● ● ●
responsibilities.
Page 336
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1053, T1053.003 TA0002 M1018
Page 337
2.4.2 Configure at
at is a command-line utility used to schedule a job for later execution

Note: if at is not installed on the system, this section can be skipped
Page 338
2.4.2.1 Ensure at is restricted to authorized users (Automated)
Description:
at allows fairly complex time specifications, extending the POSIX.2 standard. It accepts
times of the form HH:MM to run a job at a specific time of day. (If that time is already
past, the next day is assumed.) You may also specify midnight, noon, or teatime (4pm)
and you can have a time-of-day suffixed with AM or PM for running in the morning or
the evening. You can also say what day the job will be run, by giving a date in the form
month-name day with an optional year, or giving a date of the form MMDD[CC]YY,
MM/DD/[CC]YY, DD.MM.[CC]YY or [CC]YY-MM-DD. The specification of a date must
follow the specification of the time of day. You can also give times like now + count
time-units, where the time-units can be minutes, hours, days, or weeks and you can tell
at to run the job today by suffixing the time with today and to run the job tomorrow by
suffixing the time with tomorrow.
The /etc/at.allow and /etc/at.deny files determine which user can submit commands
for later execution via at or batch. The format of the files is a list of usernames, one on
each line. Whitespace is not permitted. If the file /etc/at.allow exists, only usernames
mentioned in it are allowed to use at. If /etc/at.allow does not exist, /etc/at.deny is
checked, every username not mentioned in it is then allowed to use at. An empty
/etc/at.deny means that every user may use at. If neither file exists, only the superuser
is allowed to use at.
Rationale:
On many systems, only the system administrator is authorized to schedule at jobs.
Using the at.allow file to control who can run at jobs enforces this policy. It is easier to
manage an allow list than a deny list. In a deny list, you could potentially add a user ID
to the system and forget to add it to the deny files.
Page 339
Audit:
-IF- at is installed on the system:
Run the following command to verify /etc/at.allow:
• Exists
• Is mode 0640 or more restrictive
• Is owned by the user root
• Is group owned by the group daemon or group root
# stat -Lc 'Access: (%a/%A) Owner: (%U) Group: (%G)' /etc/at.allow
Access: (640/-rw-r-----) Owner: (root) Group: (daemon)

-OR-
Verify mode is 640 or more restrictive, owner is root, and group is daemon or root
Run the following command to verify at.deny doesn't exist, -OR- is:

• Owned by the user root
• Group owned by the group daemon or group root
# [ -e "/etc/at.deny" ] && stat -Lc 'Access: (%a/%A) Owner: (%U) Group: (%G)'
/etc/at.deny
Access: (640/-rw-r-----) Owner: (root) Group: (daemon)

-OR-
-OR-
Nothing is returned
If a value is returned, Verify mode is 640 or more restrictive, owner is root, and group is
daemon or root
Page 340
Remediation:
-IF- at is installed on the system:
• /etc/at.allow:
o Create the file if it doesn't exist
o Change owner or user root
o If group daemon exists, change to group daemon, else change group to root
o Change mode to 640 or more restrictive
• -IF- /etc/at.deny exists:
o Change owner or user root
o If group daemon exists, change to group daemon, else change group to root
o Change mode to 640 or more restrictive
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
grep -Pq -- '^daemon\b' /etc/group && l_group="daemon" || l_group="root"
[ ! -e "/etc/at.allow" ] && touch /etc/at.allow
chown root:"$l_group" /etc/at.allow
chmod u-x,g-wx,o-rwx /etc/at.allow
[ -e "/etc/at.deny" ] && chown root:"$l_group" /etc/at.deny
[ -e "/etc/at.deny" ] && chmod u-x,g-wx,o-rwx /etc/at.deny
}
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●

● ● ●
responsibilities.
Page 341
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1053, T1053.003 TA0002 M1018
Page 342
3 Network
This section provides guidance on for securing the network configuration of the system
Page 343
3.1 Configure Network Devices
To reduce the attack surface of a system, unused devices should be disabled.

Note: This should not be considered a comprehensive list, you may wish to consider
additions to those listed here for your environment.
Page 344
3.1.1 Ensure IPv6 status is identified (Manual)
Description:
Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) is the most recent version of Internet Protocol (IP). It's
designed to supply IP addressing and additional security to support the predicted
growth of connected devices. IPv6 is based on 128-bit addressing and can support 340
undecillion, which is 340 trillion3 addresses.
Features of IPv6
• Hierarchical addressing and routing infrastructure

• Stateful and Stateless configuration
• Support for quality of service (QoS)
• An ideal protocol for neighboring node interaction
Rationale:
IETF RFC 4038 recommends that applications are built with an assumption of dual
stack. It is recommended that IPv6 be enabled and configured in accordance with
Benchmark recommendations.
-IF- dual stack and IPv6 are not used in your environment, IPv6 may be disabled to
reduce the attack surface of the system, and recommendations pertaining to IPv6 can
be skipped.
Note: It is recommended that IPv6 be enabled and configured unless this is against
local site policy
Impact:
IETF RFC 4038 recommends that applications are built with an assumption of dual
stack.
When enabled, IPv6 will require additional configuration to reduce risk to the system.
Page 345
Audit:
Run the following to identify if IPv6 is enabled on the system:
# grep -Pqs '^\h*0\b' /sys/module/ipv6/parameters/disable && echo -e "\n -
IPv6 is enabled\n" || echo -e "\n - IPv6 is not enabled\n"
Remediation:
Enable or disable IPv6 in accordance with system requirements and local site policy
Default Value:
IPv6 is enabled
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7
Having more addresses has grown in importance with the expansion of smart devices
and connectivity. IPv6 provides more than enough globally unique IP addresses for
every networked device currently on the planet, helping ensure providers can keep pace
with the expected proliferation of IP-based devices.
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

function.

Page 346
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1557, T1557.000, T1595,

TA0008 M1042
T1595.001, T1595.002
Page 347
3.1.2 Ensure wireless interfaces are disabled (Automated)
Description:
Wireless networking is used when wired networks are unavailable.
Rationale:
-IF- wireless is not to be used, wireless devices can be disabled to reduce the potential
attack surface.
Impact:
Many if not all laptop workstations and some desktop workstations will connect via
wireless requiring these interfaces be enabled.
Audit:
Run the following script to verify no wireless interfaces are active on the system:
Page 348
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
module_chk()
{
# Check how module will be loaded
if grep -Pq -- '^\h*install \/bin\/(true|false)' <<< "$l_loadable";
then
l_output="$l_output\n - module: \"$l_mname\" is not loadable:
\"$l_loadable\""
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - module: \"$l_mname\" is loadable:
\"$l_loadable\""
fi
# Check is the module currently loaded
else
fi
if modprobe --showconfig | grep -Pq -- "^\h*blacklist\h+$l_mname\b";
then
l_output="$l_output\n - module: \"$l_mname\" is deny listed in:
\"$(grep -Pl -- "^\h*blacklist\h+$l_mname\b" /etc/modprobe.d/*)\""
else
fi
}
if [ -n "$(find /sys/class/net/*/ -type d -name wireless)" ]; then
l_dname=$(for driverdir in $(find /sys/class/net/*/ -type d -name
wireless | xargs -0 dirname); do basename "$(readlink -f
"$driverdir"/device/driver/module)";done | sort -u)
for l_mname in $l_dname; do
module_chk
done
fi
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n ** PASS **"
if [ -z "$l_output" ]; then
echo -e "\n - System has no wireless NICs installed"
else
echo -e "\n$l_output\n"
fi
else
fi
}
Page 349
Remediation:
Run the following script to disable any wireless interfaces:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
module_fix()
{
if ! modprobe -n -v "$l_mname" | grep -P -- '^\h*install
\/bin\/(true|false)'; then
echo -e " - setting module: \"$l_mname\" to be un-loadable"
echo -e "install $l_mname /bin/false" >>
/etc/modprobe.d/"$l_mname".conf
fi
echo -e " - unloading module \"$l_mname\""
fi
if ! grep -Pq -- "^\h*blacklist\h+$l_mname\b" /etc/modprobe.d/*; then
echo -e " - deny listing \"$l_mname\""
echo -e "blacklist $l_mname" >> /etc/modprobe.d/"$l_mname".conf
fi
}
if [ -n "$(find /sys/class/net/*/ -type d -name wireless)" ]; then
l_dname=$(for driverdir in $(find /sys/class/net/*/ -type d -name
wireless | xargs -0 dirname); do basename "$(readlink -f
"$driverdir"/device/driver/module)";done | sort -u)
for l_mname in $l_dname; do
module_fix
done
fi
}
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7
Page 350
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

function.
15.4 Disable Wireless Access on Devices if Not Required

v7 Disable wireless access on devices that do not have a business purpose for ●
wireless access.
15.5 Limit Wireless Access on Client Devices

v7 Configure wireless access on client machines that do have an essential
wireless business purpose, to allow access only to authorized wireless networks
●
and to restrict access to other wireless networks.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1011, T1011.000, T1595,

TA0010 M1028
T1595.001, T1595.002
Page 351
3.1.3 Ensure bluetooth services are not in use (Automated)
Description:
Bluetooth is a short-range wireless technology standard that is used for exchanging
data between devices over short distances. It employs UHF radio waves in the ISM
bands, from 2.402 GHz to 2.48 GHz. It is mainly used as an alternative to wire
connections.
Rationale:
An attacker may be able to find a way to access or corrupt your data. One example of
this type of activity is bluesnarfing, which refers to attackers using a Bluetooth
connection to steal information off of your Bluetooth device. Also, viruses or other
malicious code can take advantage of Bluetooth technology to infect other devices. If
you are infected, your data may be corrupted, compromised, stolen, or lost.
Impact:
Many personal electronic devices (PEDs) use Bluetooth technology. For example, you
may be able to operate your computer with a wireless keyboard. Disabling Bluetooth will
prevent these devices from connecting to the system.
There may be packages that are dependent on the bluez package. If the bluez package
bluez package, review any dependent packages to determine if they are required on the
system.
-IF- a dependent package is required: stop and mask bluetooth.service leaving the
bluez package installed.
Page 352
Audit:
Run the following command to verify the bluez package is not installed:
bluez
bluez unknown ok not-installed not-installed

- OR -
- IF - the bluez package is required as a dependency:
Run the following command to verify bluetooth.service is not enabled:
# systemctl is-enabled bluetooth.service 2>/dev/null | grep 'enabled'

Run the following command to verify bluetooth.service is not active:
# systemctl is-active bluetooth.service 2>/dev/null | grep 'âctive'


Remediation:
Run the following commands to stop bluetooth.service, and remove the bluez
package:
# systemctl stop bluetooth.service
# apt purge bluez
- OR -
- IF - the bluez package is required as a dependency:
Run the following commands to stop and mask bluetooth.service:
# systemctl stop bluetooth.service
# systemctl mask bluetooth.service
Note: A reboot may be required
References:
1. https://www.cisa.gov/tips/st05-015
2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7
Page 353
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

function.

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1011, T1011.001 TA0010 M1042
Page 354
3.2 Configure Network Kernel Modules
The Linux kernel modules support several network protocols that are not commonly
used. If these protocols are not needed, it is recommended that they be disabled in the
kernel.
Note: This should not be considered a comprehensive list of uncommon network
protocols, you may wish to consider additions to those listed here for your environment.
Page 355
3.2.1 Ensure dccp kernel module is not available (Automated)
Description:
The Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP) is a transport layer protocol that
supports streaming media and telephony. DCCP provides a way to gain access to
congestion control, without having to do it at the application layer, but does not provide
in-sequence delivery.
Rationale:
-IF- the protocol is not required, it is recommended that the drivers not be installed to
reduce the potential attack surface.
Audit:
Run the following script to verify the dccp module is disabled:

Page 356
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
l_mname="dccp" # set module name
l_mtype="net" # set module type
l_mndir="$(tr '-' '/' <<< "$l_mname")"
{
else
fi
}
module_loaded_chk()
{
else
fi
}
module_deny_chk()
{
l_dl="y"
else
fi
}
module_loadable_chk
module_loaded_chk
fi
else
fi
done
else
fi
}
Page 357
Remediation:
Run the following script to disable the dccp module:
• Create a file with install dccp /bin/false in the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory

• Create a file with blacklist dccp in the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory
• Unload dccp from the kernel
• Create a file with blacklist dccp in the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory
Page 358
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
l_mname="dccp" # set module name
l_mndir="$(tr '-' '/' <<< "$l_mname")"
{
"/etc/modprobe.d"
fi
}
module_loaded_fix()
{
fi
}
module_deny_fix()
{
fi
}
module_deny_fix
module_loadable_fix
module_loaded_fix
fi
else
fi
done
}
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SI-4, CM-7
Page 359
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

function.

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1068, T1068.000, T1210,

TA0008 M1042
T1210.000
Page 360
3.2.2 Ensure tipc kernel module is not available (Automated)
Description:
The Transparent Inter-Process Communication (TIPC) protocol is designed to provide
communication between cluster nodes.
Rationale:
-IF- the protocol is not being used, it is recommended that kernel module not be loaded,
disabling the service to reduce the potential attack surface.
Audit:
Run the following script to verify the tipc module is disabled:

Page 361
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
l_mname="tipc" # set module name
l_mndir="$(tr '-' '/' <<< "$l_mname")"
{
else
fi
}
module_loaded_chk()
{
else
fi
}
module_deny_chk()
{
l_dl="y"
else
fi
}
module_loadable_chk
module_loaded_chk
fi
else
fi
done
else
fi
}
Page 362
Remediation:
Run the following script to disable the tipc module:
• Create a file with install tipc /bin/false in the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory

• Create a file with blacklist tipc in the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory
• Unload tipc from the kernel
• Create a file with blacklist tipc in the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory
Page 363
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
l_mname="tipc" # set module name
l_mndir="$(tr '-' '/' <<< "$l_mname")"
{
"/etc/modprobe.d"
fi
}
module_loaded_fix()
{
fi
}
module_deny_fix()
{
fi
}
module_deny_fix
module_loadable_fix
module_loaded_fix
fi
else
fi
done
}
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SI-4, CM-7
Page 364
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

function.

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1068, T1068.000, T1210,

TA0008 M1042
T1210.000
Page 365
3.2.3 Ensure rds kernel module is not available (Automated)
Description:
The Reliable Datagram Sockets (RDS) protocol is a transport layer protocol designed to
provide low-latency, high-bandwidth communications between cluster nodes. It was
developed by the Oracle Corporation.
Rationale:
Audit:
Run the following script to verify the rds module is disabled:

Page 366
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
l_mname="rds" # set module name
l_mndir="$(tr '-' '/' <<< "$l_mname")"
{
else
fi
}
module_loaded_chk()
{
else
fi
}
module_deny_chk()
{
l_dl="y"
else
fi
}
module_loadable_chk
module_loaded_chk
fi
else
fi
done
else
fi
}
Page 367
Remediation:
Run the following script to disable the rds module:
• Create a file with install rds /bin/false in the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory

• Create a file with blacklist rds in the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory
• Unload rds from the kernel
• Create a file with blacklist rds in the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory
Page 368
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
l_mname="rds" # set module name
l_mndir="$(tr '-' '/' <<< "$l_mname")"
{
"/etc/modprobe.d"
fi
}
module_loaded_fix()
{
fi
}
module_deny_fix()
{
fi
}
module_deny_fix
module_loadable_fix
module_loaded_fix
fi
else
fi
done
}
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SI-4, CM-7
Page 369
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

function.

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1068, T1068.000, T1210,

TA0008 M1042
T1210.000
Page 370
3.2.4 Ensure sctp kernel module is not available (Automated)
Description:
The Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) is a transport layer protocol used to
support message oriented communication, with several streams of messages in one
connection. It serves a similar function as TCP and UDP, incorporating features of both.
It is message-oriented like UDP, and ensures reliable in-sequence transport of
messages with congestion control like TCP.
Rationale:
Audit:
Run the following script to verify the sctp module is disabled:

Page 371
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
l_mname="sctp" # set module name
l_mndir="$(tr '-' '/' <<< "$l_mname")"
{
else
fi
}
module_loaded_chk()
{
else
fi
}
module_deny_chk()
{
l_dl="y"
else
fi
}
module_loadable_chk
module_loaded_chk
fi
else
fi
done
else
fi
}
Page 372
Remediation:
Run the following script to disable the sctp module:
• Create a file with install sctp /bin/false in the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory

• Create a file with blacklist sctp in the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory
• Unload sctp from the kernel
• Create a file with blacklist sctp in the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory
Page 373
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
l_mname="sctp" # set module name
l_mndir="$(tr '-' '/' <<< "$l_mname")"
{
"/etc/modprobe.d"
fi
}
module_loaded_fix()
{
fi
}
module_deny_fix()
{
fi
}
module_deny_fix
module_loadable_fix
module_loaded_fix
fi
else
fi
done
}
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SI-4, CM-7
Page 374
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

function.

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1068, T1068.000, T1210,

TA0008 M1042
T1210.000
Page 375
3.3 Configure Network Kernel Parameters
The following network parameters are intended for use on both host only and router
systems. A system acts as a router if it has at least two interfaces and is configured to
perform routing functions.
Note:
• sysctl settings are defined through files in /usr/local/lib, /usr/lib/, /lib/,

/run/, and /etc/
• Files are typically placed in the sysctl.d directory within the parent directory
• The paths where sysctl preload files usually exist
o /run/sysctl.d/*.conf
o /etc/sysctl.d/*.conf
o /usr/local/lib/sysctl.d/*.conf
o /usr/lib/sysctl.d/*.conf
o /lib/sysctl.d/*.conf
o /etc/sysctl.conf
• Files must have the ".conf" extension
• Vendors settings usually live in /usr/lib/ or /usr/local/lib/
• To override a whole file, create a new file with the same name in /etc/sysctl.d/
and put new settings there.
• To override only specific settings, add a file with a lexically later name in
/etc/sysctl.d/ and put new settings there.
• The command /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-sysctl --cat-config produces
output containing The system's loaded kernel parameters and the files they're
configured in:
o Entries listed latter in the file take precedence over the same settings
listed earlier in the file
o Files containing kernel parameters that are over-ridden by other files with
the same name will not be listed
o On systems running UncomplicatedFirewall, the kernel parameters may
be set or over-written. This will not be visible in the output of the command
• On systems with Uncomplicated Firewall, additional settings may be configured
in /etc/ufw/sysctl.conf
o The settings in /etc/ufw/sysctl.conf will override settings other settings
and will not be visible in the output of the /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-
sysctl --cat-config command
o This behavior can be changed by updating the IPT_SYSCTL parameter in
/etc/default/ufw
The system's loaded kernel parameters and the files they're configured in can be
viewed by running the following command:
# /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-sysctl --cat-config
Page 376
3.3.1 Ensure ip forwarding is disabled (Automated)
Description:
The net.ipv4.ip_forward and net.ipv6.conf.all.forwarding flags are used to tell the
system whether it can forward packets or not.
Rationale:
Setting net.ipv4.ip_forward and net.ipv6.conf.all.forwarding to 0 ensures that a
system with multiple interfaces (for example, a hard proxy), will never be able to forward
packets, and therefore, never serve as a router.
Impact:
IP forwarding is required on systems configured to act as a router. If these parameters
are disabled, the system will not be able to perform as a router.
Many Cloud Service Provider (CSP) hosted systems require IP forwarding to be
enabled. If the system is running on a CSP platform, this requirement should be
reviewed before disabling IP forwarding.
Audit:
Run the following script to verify the following kernel parameters are set in the running
• net.ipv4.ip_forward is set to 0
• net.ipv6.conf.all.forwarding is set to 0
Note:
• kernel parameters are loaded by file and parameter order precedence. The
parameters being checked may be set correctly in a file. If that file is superseded,
the parameter is overridden by an incorrect setting later in that file, or in a
canonically later file, that "correct" setting will be ignored both by the script and
by the system during a normal kernel parameter load sequence.
• IPv6 kernel parameters only apply to systems where IPv6 is enabled
Page 377
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
a_parlist=("net.ipv4.ip_forward=0" "net.ipv6.conf.all.forwarding=0")
/etc/default/ufw)"
{
configuration"
else
fi
if [[ $l_out =~ ^\s*# ]]; then
else
fi
fi
'^\h*([^#\n\r]+|#\h*\/[^#\n\r\h]+\.conf\b)')
-cat-config)
fi
\"$(printf '%s' "${A_out[@]}")\"\n"
else
fi
else
fi
}
"$l_kpname"; then
else
fi
else
fi
}
Page 378
Remediation:
.conf:
• net.ipv4.ip_forward = 0
Example:
# printf '%s\n' "net.ipv4.ip_forward = 0" >> /etc/sysctl.d/60-
netipv4_sysctl.conf
Run the following script to set the active kernel parameters:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=0
sysctl -w net.ipv4.route.flush=1
}
- IF - IPv6 is enabled on the system:
.conf:
• net.ipv6.conf.all.forwarding = 0
Example:
# printf '%s\n' "net.ipv6.conf.all.forwarding = 0" >> /etc/sysctl.d/60-
netipv6_sysctl.conf
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
sysctl -w net.ipv6.conf.all.forwarding=0
}
Default Value:
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 0
net.ipv6.conf.all.forwarding = 0
References:
Page 379
On systems with Uncomplicated Firewall, additional settings may be configured in
/etc/ufw/sysctl.conf
• The settings in /etc/ufw/sysctl.conf will override settings in /etc/sysctl.conf

• This behavior can be changed by updating the IPT_SYSCTL parameter in
/etc/default/ufw
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T1557, T1557.000 TA0006, TA0009 M1030, M1042
Page 380
3.3.2 Ensure packet redirect sending is disabled (Automated)
Description:
ICMP Redirects are used to send routing information to other hosts. As a host itself
does not act as a router (in a host only configuration), there is no need to send
redirects.
Rationale:
An attacker could use a compromised host to send invalid ICMP redirects to other
router devices in an attempt to corrupt routing and have users access a system set up
by the attacker as opposed to a valid system.
Impact:
IP forwarding is required on systems configured to act as a router. If these parameters
are disabled, the system will not be able to perform as a router.
Audit:
• net.ipv4.conf.all.send_redirects is set to 0
• net.ipv4.conf.default.send_redirects is set to 0
Page 381
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
a_parlist=("net.ipv4.conf.all.send_redirects=0" "net.ipv4.conf.default.send_redirects=0")
/etc/default/ufw)"
{
configuration"
else
fi
if [[ $l_out =~ ^\s*# ]]; then
else
fi
fi
'^\h*([^#\n\r]+|#\h*\/[^#\n\r\h]+\.conf\b)')
-cat-config)
fi
\"$(printf '%s' "${A_out[@]}")\"\n"
else
fi
else
fi
}
"$l_kpname"; then
else
fi
else
fi
}
Page 382
Remediation:
Set the following parameters in /etc/sysctl.conf or a file in /etc/sysctl.d/ ending in
.conf:
• net.ipv4.conf.all.send_redirects = 0
• net.ipv4.conf.default.send_redirects = 0
Example:
# printf '%s\n' "net.ipv4.conf.all.send_redirects = 0"
"net.ipv4.conf.default.send_redirects = 0" >> /etc/sysctl.d/60-
netipv4_sysctl.conf
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.all.send_redirects=0
sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.default.send_redirects=0
}
Default Value:
net.ipv4.conf.all.send_redirects = 1
net.ipv4.conf.default.send_redirects = 1
References:

/etc/default/ufw
Page 383
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T1557, T1557.000 TA0006, TA0009 M1030, M1042
Page 384
3.3.3 Ensure bogus icmp responses are ignored (Automated)
Description:
Setting net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses to 1 prevents the kernel from
logging bogus responses (RFC-1122 non-compliant) from broadcast reframes, keeping
file systems from filling up with useless log messages.
Rationale:
Some routers (and some attackers) will send responses that violate RFC-1122 and
attempt to fill up a log file system with many useless error messages.
Audit:
• net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses is set to 1
Page 385
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
a_parlist=("net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses=1")
/etc/default/ufw)"
{
configuration"
else
fi
if [[ $l_out =~ ^\s*# ]]; then
else
fi
fi
'^\h*([^#\n\r]+|#\h*\/[^#\n\r\h]+\.conf\b)')
-cat-config)
fi
\"$(printf '%s' "${A_out[@]}")\"\n"
else
fi
else
fi
}
"$l_kpname"; then
else
fi
else
fi
}
Page 386
Remediation:
.conf:
• net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses = 1
Example:
# printf '%s\n' "net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses = 1" >>
/etc/sysctl.d/60-netipv4_sysctl.conf
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
sysctl -w net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses=1
}
Default Value:
net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses = 1
References:

/etc/default/ufw
Page 387
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T1562, T1562.006 TA0040 M1053
Page 388
3.3.4 Ensure broadcast icmp requests are ignored (Automated)
Description:
Setting net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts to 1 will cause the system to ignore all
ICMP echo and timestamp requests to broadcast and multicast addresses.
Rationale:
Accepting ICMP echo and timestamp requests with broadcast or multicast destinations
for your network could be used to trick your host into starting (or participating) in a
Smurf attack. A Smurf attack relies on an attacker sending large amounts of ICMP
broadcast messages with a spoofed source address. All hosts receiving this message
and responding would send echo-reply messages back to the spoofed address, which is
probably not routable. If many hosts respond to the packets, the amount of traffic on the
network could be significantly multiplied.
Audit:
• net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts is set to 1
Page 389
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
a_parlist=("net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts=1")
/etc/default/ufw)"
{
configuration"
else
fi
if [[ $l_out =~ ^\s*# ]]; then
else
fi
fi
'^\h*([^#\n\r]+|#\h*\/[^#\n\r\h]+\.conf\b)')
-cat-config)
fi
\"$(printf '%s' "${A_out[@]}")\"\n"
else
fi
else
fi
}
"$l_kpname"; then
else
fi
else
fi
}
Page 390
Remediation:
.conf:
• net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts = 1
Example:
# printf '%s\n' "net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts = 1" >>
/etc/sysctl.d/60-netipv4_sysctl.conf
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
sysctl -w net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts=1
}
Default Value:
net.ipv4.conf.default.log_martians = 0
References:

/etc/default/ufw
Page 391
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T1498, T1498.001 TA0040 M1037
Page 392
3.3.5 Ensure icmp redirects are not accepted (Automated)
Description:
ICMP redirect messages are packets that convey routing information and tell your host
(acting as a router) to send packets via an alternate path. It is a way of allowing an
outside routing device to update your system routing tables.
Rationale:
ICMP redirect messages are packets that convey routing information and tell your host
(acting as a router) to send packets via an alternate path. It is a way of allowing an
outside routing device to update your system routing tables. By setting
net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects, net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects,
net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_redirects, and net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_redirects
to 0, the system will not accept any ICMP redirect messages, and therefore, won't allow
outsiders to update the system's routing tables.
Audit:
• net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects is set to 0
• net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects is set to 0
• net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_redirects is set to 0
• net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_redirects is set to 0
Note:
Page 393
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
a_parlist=("net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects=0" "net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects=0"
"net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_redirects=0" "net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_redirects=0")
/etc/default/ufw)"
{
configuration"
else
fi
if [[ $l_out =~ ^\s*# ]]; then
else
fi
fi
'^\h*([^#\n\r]+|#\h*\/[^#\n\r\h]+\.conf\b)')
-cat-config)
fi
\"$(printf '%s' "${A_out[@]}")\"\n"
else
fi
else
fi
}
"$l_kpname"; then
else
fi
else
fi
}
Page 394
Remediation:
.conf:
• net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects = 0
• net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects = 0
Example:
# printf '%s\n' "net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects = 0"
"net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects = 0" >> /etc/sysctl.d/60-
netipv4_sysctl.conf
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects=0
sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects=0
}
.conf:
• net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_redirects = 0
• net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_redirects = 0
Example:
# printf '%s\n' "net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_redirects = 0"
"net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_redirects = 0" >> /etc/sysctl.d/60-
netipv6_sysctl.conf
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
sysctl -w net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_redirects=0
sysctl -w net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_redirects=0
}
Page 395
Default Value:
net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects = 1
net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects = 1
net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_redirects = 1
net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_redirects = 1
References:

/etc/default/ufw
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function.

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T1557, T1557.000 TA0006, TA0009 M1030, M1042
Page 396
3.3.6 Ensure secure icmp redirects are not accepted (Automated)
Description:
Secure ICMP redirects are the same as ICMP redirects, except they come from
gateways listed on the default gateway list. It is assumed that these gateways are
known to your system, and that they are likely to be secure.
Rationale:
It is still possible for even known gateways to be compromised. Setting
net.ipv4.conf.all.secure_redirects and net.ipv4.conf.default.secure_redirects
to 0 protects the system from routing table updates by possibly compromised known
gateways.
Audit:
• net.ipv4.conf.all.secure_redirects is set to 0
• net.ipv4.conf.default.secure_redirects is set to 0
Page 397
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
a_parlist=("net.ipv4.conf.all.secure_redirects=0" "net.ipv4.conf.default.secure_redirects=0")
/etc/default/ufw)"
{
configuration"
else
fi
if [[ $l_out =~ ^\s*# ]]; then
else
fi
fi
'^\h*([^#\n\r]+|#\h*\/[^#\n\r\h]+\.conf\b)')
-cat-config)
fi
\"$(printf '%s' "${A_out[@]}")\"\n"
else
fi
else
fi
}
"$l_kpname"; then
else
fi
else
fi
}
Page 398
Remediation:
.conf:
• net.ipv4.conf.all.secure_redirects = 0
• net.ipv4.conf.default.secure_redirects = 0
Example:
# printf '%s\n' "net.ipv4.conf.all.secure_redirects = 0"
"net.ipv4.conf.default.secure_redirects = 0" >> /etc/sysctl.d/60-
netipv4_sysctl.conf
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.all.secure_redirects=0
sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.default.secure_redirects=0
}
Default Value:
net.ipv4.conf.all.secure_redirects = 1
net.ipv4.conf.default.secure_redirects = 1
References:

/etc/default/ufw
Page 399
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T1557, T1557.000 TA0006, TA0009 M1030, M1042
Page 400
3.3.7 Ensure reverse path filtering is enabled (Automated)
Description:
Setting net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter and net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter to 1
forces the Linux kernel to utilize reverse path filtering on a received packet to determine
if the packet was valid. Essentially, with reverse path filtering, if the return packet does
not go out the same interface that the corresponding source packet came from, the
packet is dropped (and logged if log_martians is set).
Rationale:
Setting net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter and net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter to 1 is a
good way to deter attackers from sending your system bogus packets that cannot be
responded to. One instance where this feature breaks down is if asymmetrical routing is
employed. This would occur when using dynamic routing protocols (bgp, ospf, etc) on
your system. If you are using asymmetrical routing on your system, you will not be able
to enable this feature without breaking the routing.
Impact:
If you are using asymmetrical routing on your system, you will not be able to enable this
feature without breaking the routing.
Audit:
• net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter is set to 1
• net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter is set to 1
Page 401
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
a_parlist=("net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter=1" "net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter=1")
/etc/default/ufw)"
{
configuration"
else
fi
if [[ $l_out =~ ^\s*# ]]; then
else
fi
fi
'^\h*([^#\n\r]+|#\h*\/[^#\n\r\h]+\.conf\b)')
-cat-config)
fi
\"$(printf '%s' "${A_out[@]}")\"\n"
else
fi
else
fi
}
"$l_kpname"; then
else
fi
else
fi
}
Page 402
Remediation:
.conf:
• net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter = 1
• net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = 1
Example:
# printf '%s\n' "net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter = 1"
"net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = 1" >> /etc/sysctl.d/60-netipv4_sysctl.conf
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter=1
sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter=1
}
Default Value:
net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter = 2
net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = 1
References:

/etc/default/ufw
Page 403
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function.

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T1498, T1498.001 TA0006, TA0040 M1030, M1042
Page 404
3.3.8 Ensure source routed packets are not accepted
(Automated)
Description:
In networking, source routing allows a sender to partially or fully specify the route
packets take through a network. In contrast, non-source routed packets travel a path
determined by routers in the network. In some cases, systems may not be routable or
reachable from some locations (e.g. private addresses vs. Internet routable), and so
source routed packets would need to be used.
Rationale:
Setting net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route,
net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route,
net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_source_route and
net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_source_route to 0 disables the system from accepting
source routed packets. Assume this system was capable of routing packets to Internet
routable addresses on one interface and private addresses on another interface.
Assume that the private addresses were not routable to the Internet routable addresses
and vice versa. Under normal routing circumstances, an attacker from the Internet
routable addresses could not use the system as a way to reach the private address
systems. If, however, source routed packets were allowed, they could be used to gain
access to the private address systems as the route could be specified, rather than rely
on routing protocols that did not allow this routing.
Page 405
Audit:
• net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route is set to 0
• net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route is set to 0
• net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_source_route is set to 0
• net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_source_route is set to 0
Note:
Page 406
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
a_parlist=("net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route=0"
"net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route=0" "net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_source_route=0"
"net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_source_route=0")
/etc/default/ufw)"
{
configuration"
else
fi
if [[ $l_out =~ ^\s*# ]]; then
else
fi
fi
'^\h*([^#\n\r]+|#\h*\/[^#\n\r\h]+\.conf\b)')
-cat-config)
fi
\"$(printf '%s' "${A_out[@]}")\"\n"
else
fi
else
fi
}
"$l_kpname"; then
else
fi
else
fi
}
Page 407
Remediation:
.conf:
• net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route = 0
• net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route = 0
Example:
# printf '%s\n' "net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route = 0"
"net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route = 0" >> /etc/sysctl.d/60-
netipv4_sysctl.conf
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route=0
sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route=0
}
.conf:
• net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_source_route = 0
• net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_source_route = 0
Example:
# printf '%s\n' "net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_source_route = 0"
"net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_source_route = 0" >> /etc/sysctl.d/60-
netipv6_sysctl.conf
Run the following command to set the active kernel parameters:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
sysctl -w net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_source_route=0
sysctl -w net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_source_route=0
}
Page 408
Default Value:
net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route = 0
net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route = 0
net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_source_route = 0
net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_source_route = 0
References:

/etc/default/ufw
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T1590, T1590.005 TA0007
Page 409
3.3.9 Ensure suspicious packets are logged (Automated)
Description:
When enabled, this feature logs packets with un-routable source addresses to the
kernel log.
Rationale:
Setting net.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians and net.ipv4.conf.default.log_martians to
1 enables this feature. Logging these packets allows an administrator to investigate the
possibility that an attacker is sending spoofed packets to their system.
Audit:
• net.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians is set to 1
• net.ipv4.conf.default.log_martians is set to 1
Page 410
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
a_parlist=("net.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians=1" "net.ipv4.conf.default.log_martians=1")
/etc/default/ufw)"
{
configuration"
else
fi
if [[ $l_out =~ ^\s*# ]]; then
else
fi
fi
'^\h*([^#\n\r]+|#\h*\/[^#\n\r\h]+\.conf\b)')
-cat-config)
fi
\"$(printf '%s' "${A_out[@]}")\"\n"
else
fi
else
fi
}
"$l_kpname"; then
else
fi
else
fi
}
Page 411
Remediation:
.conf:
• net.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians = 1
• net.ipv4.conf.default.log_martians = 1
Example:
# printf '%s\n' "net.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians = 1"
"net.ipv4.conf.default.log_martians = 1" >> /etc/sysctl.d/60-
netipv4_sysctl.conf
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians=1
sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.default.log_martians=1
}
Default Value:
net.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians = 0
net.ipv4.conf.default.log_martians = 0
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3

/etc/default/ufw
Page 412
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8.5 Collect Detailed Audit Logs

v8 Configure detailed audit logging for enterprise assets containing sensitive data.
Include event source, date, username, timestamp, source addresses, destination
● ●
addresses, and other useful elements that could assist in a forensic investigation.
6.2 Activate audit logging

v7 Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking ● ● ●
devices.
6.3 Enable Detailed Logging

v7 Enable system logging to include detailed information such as an event source,
date, user, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and other useful
● ●
elements.
Techniques / Sub-
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T1562, T1562.006 TA0005
Page 413
3.3.10 Ensure tcp syn cookies is enabled (Automated)
Description:
When tcp_syncookies is set, the kernel will handle TCP SYN packets normally until the
half-open connection queue is full, at which time, the SYN cookie functionality kicks in.
SYN cookies work by not using the SYN queue at all. Instead, the kernel simply replies
to the SYN with a SYN|ACK, but will include a specially crafted TCP sequence number
that encodes the source and destination IP address and port number and the time the
packet was sent. A legitimate connection would send the ACK packet of the three way
handshake with the specially crafted sequence number. This allows the system to verify
that it has received a valid response to a SYN cookie and allow the connection, even
though there is no corresponding SYN in the queue.
Rationale:
Attackers use SYN flood attacks to perform a denial of service attacked on a system by
sending many SYN packets without completing the three way handshake. This will
quickly use up slots in the kernel's half-open connection queue and prevent legitimate
connections from succeeding. Setting net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies to 1 enables SYN
cookies, allowing the system to keep accepting valid connections, even if under a denial
of service attack.
Audit:
• net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies is set to 1
Page 414
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
a_parlist=("net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies=1")
/etc/default/ufw)"
{
configuration"
else
fi
if [[ $l_out =~ ^\s*# ]]; then
else
fi
fi
'^\h*([^#\n\r]+|#\h*\/[^#\n\r\h]+\.conf\b)')
-cat-config)
fi
\"$(printf '%s' "${A_out[@]}")\"\n"
else
fi
else
fi
}
"$l_kpname"; then
else
fi
else
fi
}
Page 415
Remediation:
.conf:
• net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1
Example:
# printf '%s\n' "net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1" >> /etc/sysctl.d/60-
netipv4_sysctl.conf
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies=1
}
Default Value:
net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1
References:

/etc/default/ufw
Page 416
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Page 417
3.3.11 Ensure ipv6 router advertisements are not accepted
(Automated)
Description:
This setting disables the system's ability to accept IPv6 router advertisements.
Rationale:
It is recommended that systems do not accept router advertisements as they could be
tricked into routing traffic to compromised machines. Setting hard routes within the
system (usually a single default route to a trusted router) protects the system from bad
routes. Setting net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_ra and net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_ra
to 0 disables the system's ability to accept IPv6 router advertisements.
Audit:
• net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_ra is set to 0
• net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_ra is set to 0
Note:
Page 418
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
a_parlist=("net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_ra=0" "net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_ra=0")
/etc/default/ufw)"
{
configuration"
else
fi
if [[ $l_out =~ ^\s*# ]]; then
else
fi
fi
'^\h*([^#\n\r]+|#\h*\/[^#\n\r\h]+\.conf\b)')
-cat-config)
fi
\"$(printf '%s' "${A_out[@]}")\"\n"
else
fi
else
fi
}
"$l_kpname"; then
else
fi
else
fi
}
Page 419
Remediation:
.conf:
• net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_ra = 0
• net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_ra = 0
Example:
# printf '%s\n' "net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_ra = 0"
"net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_ra = 0" >> /etc/sysctl.d/60-netipv6_sysctl.conf
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
sysctl -w net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_ra=0
sysctl -w net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_ra=0
}
Default Value:
net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_ra = 1
net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_ra = 1
References:

/etc/default/ufw
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function.

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T1557, T1557.000 TA0006, TA0040 M1030, M1042
Page 421
4 Host Based Firewall
A firewall is a set of rules. When a data packet moves into or out of a protected network
space, its contents (in particular, information about its origin, target, and the protocol it
plans to use) are tested against the firewall rules to see if it should be allowed through
To provide a Host Based Firewall, the Linux kernel includes support for:
• Netfilter - A set of hooks inside the Linux kernel that allows kernel modules to
register callback functions with the network stack. A registered callback function
is then called back for every packet that traverses the respective hook within the
network stack. Includes the ip_tables, ip6_tables, arp_tables, and ebtables kernel
modules. These modules are some of the significant parts of the Netfilter hook
system.
• nftables - A subsystem of the Linux kernel providing filtering and classification of
network packets/datagrams/frames. nftables is supposed to replace certain parts
of Netfilter, while keeping and reusing most of it. nftables utilizes the building
blocks of the Netfilter infrastructure, such as the existing hooks into the
networking stack, connection tracking system, userspace queueing component,
and logging subsystem. Is available in Linux kernels 3.13 and newer.
In order to configure firewall rules for Netfilter or nftables, a firewall utility needs to be
installed. Guidance has been included for the following firewall utilities:
• UncomplicatedFirewall (ufw) - Provides firewall features by acting as a front-end

for the Linux kernel's netfilter framework via the iptables backend. ufw supports
both IPv4 and IPv6 networks
• nftables - Includes the nft utility for configuration of the nftables subsystem of the
Linux kernel
• iptables - Includes the iptables, ip6tables, arptables and ebtables utilities for
configuration Netfilter and the ip_tables, ip6_tables, arp_tables, and ebtables
kernel modules.
Note:
• Only one method should be used to configure a firewall on the system. Use of
more than one method could produce unexpected results
• This section is intended only to ensure the resulting firewall rules are in place, not
how they are configured
Page 422
4.1 Configure UncomplicatedFirewall
If nftables or iptables are being used in your environment, please follow the
guidance in their respective section and pass-over the guidance in this section.
Uncomplicated Firewall (UFW) is a program for managing a netfilter firewall designed to
be easy to use.
• Uses a command-line interface consisting of a small number of simple

commands
• Uses iptables for configuration
• Rules are processed until first matching rule. The first matching rule will be
applied.
Note:
• Configuration of a live system's firewall directly over a remote connection will

often result in being locked out
• Rules should be ordered so that ALLOW rules come before DENY rules.
Page 423
4.1.1 Ensure ufw is installed (Automated)
Description:
The Uncomplicated Firewall (ufw) is a frontend for iptables and is particularly well-suited
for host-based firewalls. ufw provides a framework for managing netfilter, as well as a
command-line interface for manipulating the firewall
Rationale:
A firewall utility is required to configure the Linux kernel's netfilter framework via the
iptables or nftables back-end.
The Linux kernel's netfilter framework host-based firewall can protect against threats
originating from within a corporate network to include malicious mobile code and poorly
configured software on a host.
Note: Only one firewall utility should be installed and configured. UFW is dependent on
the iptables package
Audit:
Run the following command to verify that Uncomplicated Firewall (UFW) is installed:
# dpkg-query -W -f='${binary:Package}\t${Status}\t${db:Status-Status}\n' ufw
ufw install ok installed installed
Remediation:
Run the following command to install Uncomplicated Firewall (UFW):
apt install ufw
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SC-7
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4.4 Implement and Manage a Firewall on Servers

v8 Implement and manage a firewall on servers, where supported. Example
implementations include a virtual firewall, operating system firewall, or a third-
● ● ●
party firewall agent.
4.5 Implement and Manage a Firewall on End-User

Devices
v8 Implement and manage a host-based firewall or port-filtering tool on end-user ● ● ●
devices, with a default-deny rule that drops all traffic except those services and
ports that are explicitly allowed.
9.4 Apply Host-based Firewalls or Port Filtering

v7 Apply host-based firewalls or port filtering tools on end systems, with a
default-deny rule that drops all traffic except those services and ports that are
● ● ●
explicitly allowed.
Techniques / Sub-
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T1562, T1562.004 TA0011 M1031, M1037
Page 425
4.1.2 Ensure iptables-persistent is not installed with ufw
(Automated)
Description:
The iptables-persistent is a boot-time loader for netfilter rules, iptables plugin
Rationale:
Running both ufw and the services included in the iptables-persistent package may lead
to conflict
Audit:
Run the following command to verify that the iptables-persistent package is not
installed:
dpkg-query -s iptables-persistent
package 'iptables-persistent' is not installed and no information is

available
Remediation:
Run the following command to remove the iptables-persistent package:
# apt purge iptables-persistent
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SC-7
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4.1.3 Ensure ufw service is enabled (Automated)
Description:
UncomplicatedFirewall (ufw) is a frontend for iptables. ufw provides a framework for
managing netfilter, as well as a command-line and available graphical user interface for
manipulating the firewall.
Note:
• When running ufw enable or starting ufw via its initscript, ufw will flush its chains.
This is required so ufw can maintain a consistent state, but it may drop existing
connections (eg ssh). ufw does support adding rules before enabling the firewall.
• Run the following command before running ufw enable.
# ufw allow proto tcp from any to any port 22
• The rules will still be flushed, but the ssh port will be open after enabling the
firewall. Please note that once ufw is 'enabled', ufw will not flush the chains when
adding or removing rules (but will when modifying a rule or changing the default
policy)
• By default, ufw will prompt when enabling the firewall while running under ssh.
This can be disabled by using ufw --force enable
Rationale:
The ufw service must be enabled and running in order for ufw to protect the system
Impact:
Changing firewall settings while connected over network can result in being locked out
of the system.
Page 428
Audit:
Run the following command to verify that the ufw daemon is enabled:
# systemctl is-enabled ufw.service
enabled
Run the following command to verify that the ufw daemon is active:
# systemctl is-active ufw
active
Run the following command to verify ufw is active
# ufw status
Status: active
Remediation:
Run the following command to unmask the ufw daemon:
# systemctl unmask ufw.service
Run the following command to enable and start the ufw daemon:
# systemctl --now enable ufw.service
active
Run the following command to enable ufw:
# ufw enable
References:
1. http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/precise/en/man8/ufw.8.html
2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SC-7
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Page 430
4.1.4 Ensure ufw loopback traffic is configured (Automated)
Description:
Configure the loopback interface to accept traffic. Configure all other interfaces to deny
traffic to the loopback network (127.0.0.0/8 for IPv4 and ::1/128 for IPv6).
Rationale:
Loopback traffic is generated between processes on machine and is typically critical to
operation of the system. The loopback interface is the only place that loopback network
(127.0.0.0/8 for IPv4 and ::1/128 for IPv6) traffic should be seen, all other interfaces
should ignore traffic on this network as an anti-spoofing measure.
Audit:
Run the following commands and verify output includes the listed rules in order:
# ufw status verbose
To Action From
-- ------ ----
Anywhere on lo ALLOW IN Anywhere
Anywhere DENY IN 127.0.0.0/8
Anywhere (v6) on lo ALLOW IN Anywhere (v6)
Anywhere (v6) DENY IN ::1
Anywhere ALLOW OUT Anywhere on lo

Anywhere (v6) ALLOW OUT Anywhere (v6) on lo
Remediation:
Run the following commands to implement the loopback rules:
# ufw allow in on lo
# ufw allow out on lo
# ufw deny in from 127.0.0.0/8
# ufw deny in from ::1
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SC-7
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Page 432
4.1.5 Ensure ufw outbound connections are configured (Manual)
Description:
Configure the firewall rules for new outbound connections.
Note:
• Changing firewall settings while connected over network can result in being
locked out of the system.
• Unlike iptables, when a new outbound rule is added, ufw automatically takes care
of associated established connections, so no rules for the latter kind are required.
Rationale:
If rules are not in place for new outbound connections all packets will be dropped by the
default policy preventing network usage.
Audit:
Run the following command and verify all rules for new outbound connections match
site policy:
# ufw status numbered
Remediation:
Configure ufw in accordance with site policy. The following commands will implement a
policy to allow all outbound connections on all interfaces:
# ufw allow out on all
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SC-7
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Page 434
4.1.6 Ensure ufw firewall rules exist for all open ports (Automated)
Description:
Services and ports can be accepted or explicitly rejected.
Note:
locked out of the system
• The remediation command opens up the port to traffic from all sources. Consult
ufw documentation and set any restrictions in compliance with site policy
Rationale:
To reduce the attack surface of a system, all services and ports should be blocked
unless required.
• Any ports that have been opened on non-loopback addresses need firewall rules
to govern traffic.
• Without a firewall rule configured for open ports, the default firewall policy will
drop all packets to these ports.
• Required ports should have a firewall rule created to allow approved connections
in accordance with local site policy.
• Unapproved ports should have an explicit deny rule created.
Page 435
Audit:
Run the following script to verify a firewall rule exists for all open ports:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
unset a_ufwout;unset a_openports
while read -r l_ufwport; do
[ -n "$l_ufwport" ] && a_ufwout+=("$l_ufwport")
done < <(ufw status verbose | grep -Po '^\h*\d+\b' | sort -u)
while read -r l_openport; do
[ -n "$l_openport" ] && a_openports+=("$l_openport")
done < <(ss -tuln | awk '($5!~/%lo:/ && $5!~/127.0.0.1:/ &&
$5!~/\[?::1\]?:/) {split($5, a, ":"); print a[2]}' | sort -u)
a_diff=("$(printf '%s\n' "${a_openports[@]}" "${a_ufwout[@]}"
"${a_ufwout[@]}" | sort | uniq -u)")
if [[ -n "${a_diff[*]}" ]]; then
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n ** FAIL **\n- The following port(s) don't
have a rule in UFW: $(printf '%s\n' \\n"${a_diff[*]}")\n- End List"
else
echo -e "\n - Audit Passed -\n- All open ports have a rule in UFW\n"
fi
}
Remediation:
For each port identified in the audit which does not have a firewall rule, evaluate the
service listening on the port and add a rule for accepting or denying inbound
connections in accordance with local site policy:
Examples:
# ufw allow in <port>/<tcp or udp protocol>
# ufw deny in <port>/<tcp or udp protocol>

Note: Examples create rules for from any, to any. More specific rules should be
concentered when allowing inbound traffic e.g only traffic from this network.
Example to allow traffic on port 443 using the tcp protocol from the 192.168.1.0 network:
ufw allow from 192.168.1.0/24 to any proto tcp port 443
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SC-7
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Page 437
4.1.7 Ensure ufw default deny firewall policy (Automated)
Description:
A default deny policy on connections ensures that any unconfigured network usage will
be rejected.
Note: Any port or protocol without a explicit allow before the default deny will be
blocked
Rationale:
With a default accept policy the firewall will accept any packet that is not configured to
be denied. It is easier to white list acceptable usage than to black list unacceptable
usage.
Impact:
Any port and protocol not explicitly allowed will be blocked. The following rules should
be considered before applying the default deny.
ufw allow git
ufw allow in http
ufw allow out http <- required for apt to connect to repository
ufw allow in https
ufw allow out https
ufw allow out 53
ufw logging on
Audit:
Run the following command and verify that the default policy for incoming , outgoing ,
and routed directions is deny , reject , or disabled:
# ufw status verbose | grep Default:
Example output:
Default: deny (incoming), deny (outgoing), disabled (routed)
Page 438
Remediation:
Run the following commands to implement a default deny policy:
# ufw default deny incoming
# ufw default deny outgoing
# ufw default deny routed
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SC-7
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

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● ● ●
explicitly allowed.
Techniques / Sub-
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T1562, T1562.004 TA0011 M1031, M1037
Page 439
4.2 Configure nftables
If Uncomplicated Firewall (UFW) or iptables are being used in your environment,

please follow the guidance in their respective section and pass-over the guidance
in this section.
nftables is a subsystem of the Linux kernel providing filtering and classification of
network packets/datagrams/frames and is the successor to iptables. The biggest
change with the successor nftables is its simplicity. With iptables, we have to configure
every single rule and use the syntax which can be compared with normal commands.
With nftables, the simpler syntax, much like BPF (Berkely Packet Filter) means shorter
lines and less repetition. Support for nftables should also be compiled into the kernel,
together with the related nftables modules. Please ensure that your kernel supports
nf_tables before choosing this option.
Note:
• This section broadly assumes starting with an empty nftables firewall ruleset
(established by flushing the rules with nft flush ruleset).
• Remediation steps included only affect the live system, you will also need to
configure your default firewall configuration to apply on boot.
• Configuration of a live systems firewall directly over a remote connection will
often result in being locked out. It is advised to have a known good firewall
configuration set to run on boot and to configure an entire firewall structure in a
script that is then run and tested before saving to boot.
The following will implement the firewall rules of this section and open ICMP, IGMP, and
port 22(ssh) from anywhere. Opening the ports for ICMP, IGMP, and port 22(ssh) needs
to be updated in accordance with local site policy. Allow port 22(ssh) needs to be
updated to only allow systems requiring ssh connectivity to connect, as per site
policy.
Save the script bellow as /etc/nftables.rules
Page 440
#!/sbin/nft -f
# This nftables.rules config should be saved as /etc/nftables.rules

# flush nftables rulesset
flush ruleset
# Load nftables ruleset
# nftables config with inet table named filter
table inet filter {
# Base chain for input hook named input (Filters inbound network
packets)
chain input {
type filter hook input priority 0; policy drop;
# Ensure loopback traffic is configured

iif "lo" accept
ip saddr 127.0.0.0/8 counter packets 0 bytes 0 drop
ip6 saddr ::1 counter packets 0 bytes 0 drop
# Ensure established connections are configured

ip protocol tcp ct state established accept
ip protocol udp ct state established accept
ip protocol icmp ct state established accept
# Accept port 22(SSH) traffic from anywhere

tcp dport ssh accept
# Accept ICMP and IGMP from anywhere

icmpv6 type { destination-unreachable, packet-too-big, time-
exceeded, parameter-problem, mld-listener-query, mld-listener-report, mld-
listener-done, nd-router-solicit, nd-router-advert, nd-neighbor-solicit, nd-
neighbor-advert, ind-neighbor-solicit, ind-neighbor-advert, mld2-listener-
report } accept
icmp type { destination-unreachable, router-advertisement,
router-solicitation, time-exceeded, parameter-problem } accept
ip protocol igmp accept
}
# Base chain for hook forward named forward (Filters forwarded

network packets)
chain forward {
type filter hook forward priority 0; policy drop;
}
# Base chain for hook output named output (Filters outbount network
packets)
chain output {
type filter hook output priority 0; policy drop;
# Ensure outbound and established connections are configured
ip protocol tcp ct state established,related,new accept
ip protocol udp ct state established,related,new accept
ip protocol icmp ct state established,related,new accept
}
}
Run the following command to load the file into nftables
Page 441
# nft -f /etc/nftables.rules
All changes in the nftables subsections are temporary.
To make these changes permanent:
Run the following command to create the nftables.rules file
nft list ruleset > /etc/nftables.rules
Add the following line to /etc/nftables.conf
include "/etc/nftables.rules"
Page 442
4.2.1 Ensure nftables is installed (Automated)
Description:
nftables provides a new in-kernel packet classification framework that is based on a
network-specific Virtual Machine (VM) and a new nft userspace command line tool.
nftables reuses the existing Netfilter subsystems such as the existing hook
infrastructure, the connection tracking system, NAT, userspace queuing and logging
subsystem.
Note:
• nftables is available in Linux kernel 3.13 and newer

• Only one firewall utility should be installed and configured
• Changing firewall settings while connected over the network can result in being
Rationale:
nftables is a subsystem of the Linux kernel that can protect against threats originating
from within a corporate network to include malicious mobile code and poorly configured
software on a host.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify that nftables is installed:
# dpkg-query -s nftables | grep 'Status: install ok installed'
Status: install ok installed
Remediation:
Run the following command to install nftables:
# apt install nftables
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CA-9
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Page 444
4.2.2 Ensure ufw is uninstalled or disabled with nftables
(Automated)
Description:
be easy to use.
Rationale:
Running both the nftables service and ufw may lead to conflict and unexpected results.
Audit:
Run the following commands to verify that ufw is either not installed or inactive. Only
one of the following needs to pass.
Run the following command to verify that ufw is not installed:
dpkg-query: no packages found matching ufw

-OR-
Run the following commands to verify ufw is disabled and ufw.service is not enabled:
# ufw status
Status: inactive
# systemctl is-enabled ufw.service
masked
Page 445
Remediation:
Run one of the following to either remove ufw or disable ufw and mask ufw.service:
Run the following command to remove ufw:
# apt purge ufw
-OR-
Run the following commands to disable ufw and mask ufw.service:
# ufw disable
# systemctl stop ufw.service
# systemctl mask ufw.service
Note: ufw disable needs to be run before systemctl mask ufw.service in order to
correctly disable UFW
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SC-7
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Page 446
4.2.3 Ensure iptables are flushed with nftables (Manual)
Description:
nftables is a replacement for iptables, ip6tables, ebtables and arptables
Rationale:
It is possible to mix iptables and nftables. However, this increases complexity and also
the chance to introduce errors. For simplicity flush out all iptables rules, and ensure it is
not loaded
Audit:
Run the following commands to ensure no iptables rules exist
For iptables:
# iptables -L
No rules should be returned
For ip6tables:
# ip6tables -L
No rules should be returned
Remediation:
Run the following commands to flush iptables:
For iptables:
# iptables -F
For ip6tables:
# ip6tables -F
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CA-9, SC-7
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Page 448
4.2.4 Ensure a nftables table exists (Automated)
Description:
Tables hold chains. Each table only has one address family and only applies to packets
of this family. Tables can have one of five families.
Rationale:
nftables doesn't have any default tables. Without a table being build, nftables will not
filter network traffic.
Impact:
Adding rules to a running nftables can cause loss of connectivity to the system
Audit:
Run the following command to verify that a nftables table exists:
# nft list tables
Return should include a list of nftables:
Example:
table inet filter
Remediation:
Run the following command to create a table in nftables
# nft create table inet <table name>
Example:
# nft create table inet filter
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CA-9, SC-7
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4.2.5 Ensure nftables base chains exist (Automated)
Description:
Chains are containers for rules. They exist in two kinds, base chains and regular chains.
A base chain is an entry point for packets from the networking stack, a regular chain
may be used as jump target and is used for better rule organization.
Rationale:
If a base chain doesn't exist with a hook for input, forward, and delete, packets that
would flow through those chains will not be touched by nftables.
Impact:
If configuring nftables over ssh, creating a base chain with a policy of drop will cause
loss of connectivity.
Ensure that a rule allowing ssh has been added to the base chain prior to setting the
base chain's policy to drop
Audit:
Run the following commands and verify that base chains exist for INPUT.
# nft list ruleset | grep 'hook input'
type filter hook input priority 0;

Run the following commands and verify that base chains exist for FORWARD.
# nft list ruleset | grep 'hook forward'
type filter hook forward priority 0;

Run the following commands and verify that base chains exist for OUTPUT.
# nft list ruleset | grep 'hook output'
type filter hook output priority 0;
Page 451
Remediation:
Run the following command to create the base chains:
# nft create chain inet <table name> <base chain name> { type filter hook
<(input|forward|output)> priority 0 \; }
Example:
# nft create chain inet filter input { type filter hook input priority 0 \; }
# nft create chain inet filter forward { type filter hook forward priority 0
\; }
# nft create chain inet filter output { type filter hook output priority 0 \;
}
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4.2.6 Ensure nftables loopback traffic is configured (Automated)
Description:
traffic to the loopback network
Rationale:
traffic should be seen, all other interfaces should ignore traffic on this network as an
anti-spoofing measure.
Audit:
Run the following commands to verify that the loopback interface is configured:
Run the following command to verify the loopback interface is configured to accept
network traffic:
# nft list ruleset | awk '/hook input/,/}/' | grep 'iif "lo" accept'
Example output:
iif "lo" accept
Run the following command to verify network traffic from an iPv4 loopback interface is
configured to drop:
# nft list ruleset | awk '/hook input/,/}/' | grep 'ip saddr'
Example output:
-IF- IPv6 is enabled on the system:
Run the following command to verify network traffic from an iPv6 loopback interface is
configured to drop:
# nft list ruleset | awk '/hook input/,/}/' | grep 'ip6 saddr'
Example output:
Page 453
Remediation:
# nft add rule inet filter input iif lo accept
# nft create rule inet filter input ip saddr 127.0.0.0/8 counter drop
-IF- IPv6 is enabled on the system:
Run the following command to implement the IPv6 loopback rule:
# nft add rule inet filter input ip6 saddr ::1 counter drop
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CA-9, SC-7
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

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Devices

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explicitly allowed.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1562, T1562.004 TA0005
Page 454
4.2.7 Ensure nftables outbound and established connections are
configured (Manual)
Description:
Configure the firewall rules for new outbound, and established connections
Rationale:
If rules are not in place for new outbound, and established connections all packets will
be dropped by the default policy preventing network usage.
Audit:
Run the following commands and verify all rules for established incoming connections
match site policy: site policy:
# nft list ruleset | awk '/hook input/,/}/' | grep -E 'ip protocol
(tcp|udp|icmp) ct state'
Output should be similar to:
Run the folllowing command and verify all rules for new and established outbound
connections match site policy
# nft list ruleset | awk '/hook output/,/}/' | grep -E 'ip protocol
(tcp|udp|icmp) ct state'
Page 455
Remediation:
Configure nftables in accordance with site policy. The following commands will
implement a policy to allow all outbound connections and all established connections:
# nft add rule inet filter input ip protocol tcp ct state established accept
# nft add rule inet filter input ip protocol udp ct state established accept
# nft add rule inet filter input ip protocol icmp ct state established accept
# nft add rule inet filter output ip protocol tcp ct state

new,related,established accept
# nft add rule inet filter output ip protocol udp ct state

# nft add rule inet filter output ip protocol icmp ct state

References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CA-9, SC-7
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

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Devices

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explicitly allowed.
Page 456
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1562 TA0011 M1031, M1037
Page 457
4.2.8 Ensure nftables default deny firewall policy (Automated)
Description:
Base chain policy is the default verdict that will be applied to packets reaching the end
of the chain.
Rationale:
There are two policies: accept (Default) and drop. If the policy is set to accept, the
firewall will accept any packet that is not configured to be denied and the packet will
continue transversing the network stack.
It is easier to white list acceptable usage than to black list unacceptable usage.
Note: Changing firewall settings while connected over network can result in being
locked out of the system.
Impact:
If configuring nftables over ssh, creating a base chain with a policy of drop will cause
loss of connectivity.
Ensure that a rule allowing ssh has been added to the base chain prior to setting the
base chain's policy to drop
Audit:
Run the following commands and verify that base chains contain a policy of DROP.
# nft list ruleset | grep 'hook input'

# nft list ruleset | grep 'hook forward'

# nft list ruleset | grep 'hook output'
Page 458
Remediation:
Run the following command for the base chains with the input, forward, and output
hooks to implement a default DROP policy:
# nft chain <table family> <table name> <chain name> { policy drop \; }
Example:
# nft chain inet filter input { policy drop \; }
# nft chain inet filter forward { policy drop \; }
# nft chain inet filter output { policy drop \; }
Default Value:
accept
References:
1. Manual Page nft

2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CA-9, SC-7
CIS Controls:
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Page 459
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Page 460
4.2.9 Ensure nftables service is enabled (Automated)
Description:
The nftables service allows for the loading of nftables rulesets during boot, or starting on
the nftables service
Rationale:
The nftables service restores the nftables rules from the rules files referenced in the
/etc/nftables.conf file during boot or the starting of the nftables service
Audit:
Run the following command and verify that the nftables service is enabled:
# systemctl is-enabled nftables
enabled
Remediation:
Run the following command to enable the nftables service:
# systemctl enable nftables
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CA-9, SC-7
Page 461
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

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explicitly allowed.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1562, T1562.004 TA0011 M1031, M1037
Page 462
4.2.10 Ensure nftables rules are permanent (Automated)
Description:
network packets/datagrams/frames.
The nftables service reads the /etc/nftables.conf file for a nftables file or files to
include in the nftables ruleset.
A nftables ruleset containing the input, forward, and output base chains allow network
traffic to be filtered.
Rationale:
Changes made to nftables ruleset only affect the live system, you will also need to
configure the nftables ruleset to apply on boot
Audit:
Run the following commands to verify that input, forward, and output base chains are
configured to be applied to a nftables ruleset on boot:
Run the following command to verify the input base chain:
# [ -n "$(grep -E '^\s*include' /etc/nftables.conf)" ] && awk '/hook
input/,/}/' $(awk '$1 ~ /^\s*include/ { gsub("\"","",$2);print $2 }'
/etc/nftables.conf)
Page 463

iif "lo" accept
# Ensure established connections are configured

# Accept port 22(SSH) traffic from anywhere

tcp dport ssh accept
# Accept ICMP and IGMP from anywhere

icmpv6 type { destination-unreachable, packet-too-big, time-
exceeded, parameter-problem, mld-listener-query, mld-listener-report, mld-
listener-done, nd-router-solicit, nd-router-advert, nd-neighbor-solicit, nd-
neighbor-advert, ind-neighbor-solicit, ind-neighbor-advert, mld2-listener-
report } accept
Review the input base chain to ensure that it follows local site policy
Run the following command to verify the forward base chain:
forward/,/}/' $(awk '$1 ~ /^\s*include/ { gsub("\"","",$2);print $2 }'
/etc/nftables.conf)
# Base chain for hook forward named forward (Filters forwarded
network packets)
chain forward {
}
Review the forward base chain to ensure that it follows local site policy.
Run the following command to verify the forward base chain:
output/,/}/' $(awk '$1 ~ /^\s*include/ { gsub("\"","",$2);print $2 }'
/etc/nftables.conf)
# Base chain for hook output named output (Filters outbound network
packets)
chain output {
}
Review the output base chain to ensure that it follows local site policy.
Page 464
Remediation:
Edit the /etc/nftables.conf file and un-comment or add a line with include <Absolute
path to nftables rules file> for each nftables file you want included in the nftables
ruleset on boot
Example:
# vi /etc/nftables.conf
Add the line:
include "/etc/nftables.rules"
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CA-9, SC-7
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

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Devices

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explicitly allowed.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1562, T1562.004 TA0011 M1031
Page 465
4.3 Configure iptables
If Uncomplicated Firewall (UFW) or nftables are being used in your environment,

please follow the guidance in their respective section and pass-over the guidance
in this section.
IPtables is an application that allows a system administrator to configure the IPv4 and
IPv6 tables, chains and rules provided by the Linux kernel firewall. While several
methods of configuration exist this section is intended only to ensure the resulting
IPtables rules are in place, not how they are configured. If IPv6 is in use in your
environment, similar settings should be applied to the IP6tables as well.
Note: Configuration of a live system's firewall directly over a remote connection will
often result in being locked out
Page 466
4.3.1 Configure iptables software
This section provides guidance for installing, enabling, removing, and disabling software
packages necessary for using IPTables as the method for configuring and maintaining a
Host Based Firewall on the system.
Note: Using more than one method to configure and maintain a Host Based Firewall can
cause unexpected results. If FirewallD or NFTables are being used for configuration and
maintenance, this section should be skipped and the guidance in their respective
section followed.
Page 467
4.3.1.1 Ensure iptables packages are installed (Automated)
Description:
iptables is a utility program that allows a system administrator to configure the tables
provided by the Linux kernel firewall, implemented as different Netfilter modules, and
the chains and rules it stores. Different kernel modules and programs are used for
different protocols; iptables applies to IPv4, ip6tables to IPv6, arptables to ARP, and
ebtables to Ethernet frames.
Rationale:
A method of configuring and maintaining firewall rules is necessary to configure a Host
Based Firewall.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify that iptables and iptables-persistent are
installed:
# apt list iptables iptables-persistent | grep installed
iptables-persistent/<version> [installed,automatic]
iptables/<version> [installed,automatic]
Remediation:
Run the following command to install iptables and iptables-persistent
# apt install iptables iptables-persistent
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CA-9, SC-7
Page 468
CIS Controls:
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explicitly allowed.
Techniques / Sub-
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techniques
T1562, T1562.004 TA0011 M1031, M1037
Page 469
4.3.1.2 Ensure nftables is not installed with iptables (Automated)
Description:
network packets/datagrams/frames and is the successor to iptables.
Rationale:
Running both iptables and nftables may lead to conflict.
Audit:
Run the following commend to verify that nftables is not installed:
nftables
nftables unknown ok not-installed not-installed
Remediation:
Run the following command to remove nftables:
# apt purge nftables
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CA-9, CM-7
Page 470
CIS Controls:
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Page 471
4.3.1.3 Ensure ufw is uninstalled or disabled with iptables
(Automated)
Description:
be easy to use.
• Uses a command-line interface consisting of a small number of simple

commands
• Uses iptables for configuration
Rationale:
Running iptables.persistent with ufw enabled may lead to conflict and unexpected
results.
Audit:
Run the following commands to verify that ufw is either not installed or disabled. Only
one of the following needs to pass.
Run the following command to verify that ufw is not installed:
ufw unknown ok not-installed not-installed

Run the following command to verify ufw is disabled:
# ufw status
Status: inactive
Run the following commands to verify that the ufw service is masked:
# systemctl is-enabled ufw
masked
Page 472
Remediation:
Run one of the following commands to either remove ufw or stop and mask ufw
Run the following command to remove ufw:
# apt purge ufw
-OR-
Run the following commands to disable ufw:
# ufw disable
# systemctl stop ufw
# systemctl mask ufw
Note: ufw disable needs to be run before systemctl mask ufw in order to correctly
disable UFW
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CA-9, CM-7
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

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explicitly allowed.
Techniques / Sub-
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T1562, T1562.004 TA0011
Page 473
4.3.2 Configure IPv4 iptables
Iptables is used to set up, maintain, and inspect the tables of IP packet filter rules in the
Linux kernel. Several different tables may be defined. Each table contains a number of
built-in chains and may also contain user-defined chains.
Each chain is a list of rules which can match a set of packets. Each rule specifies what
to do with a packet that matches. This is called a 'target', which may be a jump to a
user-defined chain in the same table.
Note: This section broadly assumes starting with an empty IPtables firewall ruleset
(established by flushing the rules with iptables -F). Remediation steps included only
affect the live system, you will also need to configure your default firewall configuration
to apply on boot. Configuration of a live systems firewall directly over a remote
connection will often result in being locked out. It is advised to have a known good
firewall configuration set to run on boot and to configure an entire firewall structure in a
script that is then run and tested before saving to boot. The following script will
implement the firewall rules of this section and open port 22(ssh) from anywhere:
#!/bin/bash
# Flush IPtables rules

iptables -F
# Ensure default deny firewall policy

iptables -P INPUT DROP
iptables -P OUTPUT DROP
iptables -P FORWARD DROP

iptables -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT
iptables -A OUTPUT -o lo -j ACCEPT
iptables -A INPUT -s 127.0.0.0/8 -j DROP

iptables -A OUTPUT -p tcp -m state --state NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
iptables -A OUTPUT -p udp -m state --state NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
iptables -A OUTPUT -p icmp -m state --state NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
iptables -A INPUT -p tcp -m state --state ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
iptables -A INPUT -p udp -m state --state ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
iptables -A INPUT -p icmp -m state --state ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
# Open inbound ssh(tcp port 22) connections

iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 -m state --state NEW -j ACCEPT
Page 474
4.3.2.1 Ensure iptables default deny firewall policy (Automated)
Description:
A default deny all policy on connections ensures that any unconfigured network usage
will be rejected.
Notes:
• Remediation will only affect the active system firewall, be sure to configure the
default policy in your firewall management to apply on boot as well
Rationale:
usage.
Audit:
Run the following command and verify that the policy for the INPUT , OUTPUT , and
FORWARD chains is DROP or REJECT :
# iptables -L
Chain INPUT (policy DROP)
Chain FORWARD (policy DROP)
Chain OUTPUT (policy DROP)
Remediation:
Run the following commands to implement a default DROP policy:
# iptables -P INPUT DROP
# iptables -P OUTPUT DROP
# iptables -P FORWARD DROP
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CA-9, SC-7
Page 475
CIS Controls:
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explicitly allowed.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1562, T1562.004 TA0011 M1031, M1037
Page 476
4.3.2.2 Ensure iptables loopback traffic is configured (Automated)
Description:
traffic to the loopback network (127.0.0.0/8).
Notes:
Rationale:
(127.0.0.0/8) traffic should be seen, all other interfaces should ignore traffic on this
network as an anti-spoofing measure.
Audit:
Run the following commands and verify output includes the listed rules in order (packet
and byte counts may differ):
# iptables -L INPUT -v -n
Chain INPUT (policy DROP 0 packets, 0 bytes)
pkts bytes target prot opt in out source
destination
0 0 ACCEPT all -- lo * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0
0 0 DROP all -- * * 127.0.0.0/8 0.0.0.0/0
# iptables -L OUTPUT -v -n
Chain OUTPUT (policy DROP 0 packets, 0 bytes)
destination
0 0 ACCEPT all -- * lo 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0
Page 477
Remediation:
# iptables -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT
# iptables -A OUTPUT -o lo -j ACCEPT
# iptables -A INPUT -s 127.0.0.0/8 -j DROP
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CA-9, SC-7
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

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explicitly allowed.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1562, T1562.004 TA0011 M1031, M1037
Page 478
4.3.2.3 Ensure iptables outbound and established connections
are configured (Manual)
Description:
Configure the firewall rules for new outbound, and established connections.
Notes:
Rationale:
Audit:
Run the following command and verify all rules for new outbound, and established
connections match site policy:
# iptables -L -v -n
Remediation:
Configure iptables in accordance with site policy. The following commands will
# iptables -A OUTPUT -p tcp -m state --state NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
# iptables -A OUTPUT -p udp -m state --state NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
# iptables -A OUTPUT -p icmp -m state --state NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
# iptables -A INPUT -p tcp -m state --state ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
# iptables -A INPUT -p udp -m state --state ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
# iptables -A INPUT -p icmp -m state --state ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CA-9, SC-7
Page 479
CIS Controls:
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Techniques / Sub-
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techniques
T1562, T1562.004 TA0011 M1031, M1037
Page 480
4.3.2.4 Ensure iptables firewall rules exist for all open ports
(Automated)
Description:
Any ports that have been opened on non-loopback addresses need firewall rules to
govern traffic.
Note:
iptables documentation and set any restrictions in compliance with site policy
Rationale:
Without a firewall rule configured for open ports default firewall policy will drop all
packets to these ports.
Page 481
Audit:
Run the following command to determine open ports:
# ss -4tuln
Netid State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer

Address:Port
udp UNCONN 0 0 *:68
*:*
udp UNCONN 0 0 *:123
*:*
tcp LISTEN 0 128 *:22
*:*
Run the following command to determine firewall rules:
# iptables -L INPUT -v -n
destination
0 0 ACCEPT all -- lo * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0
0 0 DROP all -- * * 127.0.0.0/8 0.0.0.0/0
0 0 ACCEPT tcp -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0
tcp dpt:22 state NEW
Verify all open ports listening on non-localhost addresses have at least one firewall rule.
The last line identified by the "tcp dpt:22 state NEW" identifies it as a firewall rule for
new connections on tcp port 22.
Remediation:
For each port identified in the audit which does not have a firewall rule establish a
proper rule for accepting inbound connections:
# iptables -A INPUT -p <protocol> --dport <port> -m state --state NEW -j
ACCEPT
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CA-9, SC-7
Page 482
CIS Controls:
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explicitly allowed.
Techniques / Sub-
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techniques
T1562, T1562.004 TA0011 M1031, M1037
Page 483
4.3.3 Configure IPv6 ip6tables
Ip6tables is used to set up, maintain, and inspect the tables of IPv6 packet filter rules in
the Linux kernel. Several different tables may be defined. Each table contains a number
of built-in chains and may also contain user-defined chains. Each chain is a list of rules
which can match a set of packets. Each rule specifies what to do with a packet that
matches. This is called a `target', which may be a jump to a user-defined chain in the
same table.
If IPv6 in enabled on the system, the ip6tables should be configured.
Note: This section broadly assumes starting with an empty ip6tables firewall ruleset
(established by flushing the rules with ip6tables -F). Remediation steps included only
affect the live system, you will also need to configure your default firewall configuration
to apply on boot. Configuration of a live systems firewall directly over a remote
connection will often result in being locked out. It is advised to have a known good
firewall configuration set to run on boot and to configure an entire firewall structure in a
script that is then run and tested before saving to boot.
The following script will implement the firewall rules of this section and open port
22(ssh) from anywhere:
#!/bin/bash
# Flush ip6tables rules

ip6tables -F
# Ensure default deny firewall policy

ip6tables -P INPUT DROP
ip6tables -P OUTPUT DROP
ip6tables -P FORWARD DROP

ip6tables -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT
ip6tables -A OUTPUT -o lo -j ACCEPT
ip6tables -A INPUT -s ::1 -j DROP

ip6tables -A OUTPUT -p tcp -m state --state NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
ip6tables -A OUTPUT -p udp -m state --state NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
ip6tables -A OUTPUT -p icmp -m state --state NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
ip6tables -A INPUT -p tcp -m state --state ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
ip6tables -A INPUT -p udp -m state --state ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
ip6tables -A INPUT -p icmp -m state --state ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
# Open inbound ssh(tcp port 22) connections

ip6tables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 -m state --state NEW -j ACCEPT
Page 484
4.3.3.1 Ensure ip6tables default deny firewall policy (Automated)
Description:
A default deny all policy on connections ensures that any unconfigured network usage
will be rejected.
Note:
Rationale:
usage.
Page 485
Audit:
Run the following command and verify that the policy for the INPUT, OUTPUT, and
FORWARD chains is DROP or REJECT:
# ip6tables -L
Chain INPUT (policy DROP)
Chain FORWARD (policy DROP)
Chain OUTPUT (policy DROP)
-OR-
Verify IPv6 is disabled:
Run the following script. Output will confirm if IPv6 is enabled on the system.
#!/usr/bin/bash
{
if grep -Pqs '^\h*0\b' /sys/module/ipv6/parameters/disable; then
echo -e " - IPv6 is enabled on the system"
else
echo -e " - IPv6 is not enabled on the system"
fi
}
Remediation:
IF IPv6 is enabled on your system:
Run the following commands to implement a default DROP policy:
# ip6tables -P INPUT DROP
# ip6tables -P OUTPUT DROP
# ip6tables -P FORWARD DROP
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CA-9, SC-7
Page 486
CIS Controls:
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explicitly allowed.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1562, T1562.004 TA0011 M1031, M1037
Page 487
4.3.3.2 Ensure ip6tables loopback traffic is configured
(Automated)
Description:
traffic to the loopback network (::1).
Note:
Rationale:
(::1) traffic should be seen, all other interfaces should ignore traffic on this network as
an anti-spoofing measure.
Page 488
Audit:
Run the following commands and verify output includes the listed rules in order (packet
and byte counts may differ):
# ip6tables -L INPUT -v -n
destination
0 0 ACCEPT all lo * ::/0 ::/0
0 0 DROP all * * ::1 ::/0
# ip6tables -L OUTPUT -v -n
Chain OUTPUT (policy DROP 0 packets, 0 bytes)
destination
0 0 ACCEPT all * lo ::/0 ::/0
-OR-
Verify IPv6 is disabled:
#!/usr/bin/bash
{
else
fi
}
Remediation:
# ip6tables -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT
# ip6tables -A OUTPUT -o lo -j ACCEPT
# ip6tables -A INPUT -s ::1 -j DROP
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CA-9, SC-7
Page 489
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Page 490
4.3.3.3 Ensure ip6tables outbound and established connections
Description:
Configure the firewall rules for new outbound, and established IPv6 connections.
Note:
Rationale:
Audit:
Run the following command and verify all rules for new outbound, and established
connections match site policy:
# ip6tables -L -v -n
-OR-
Verify IPv6 is disabled:_
#!/usr/bin/bash
{
else
fi
}
Page 491
Remediation:
Configure iptables in accordance with site policy. The following commands will
# ip6tables -A OUTPUT -p tcp -m state --state NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
# ip6tables -A OUTPUT -p udp -m state --state NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
# ip6tables -A OUTPUT -p icmp -m state --state NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
# ip6tables -A INPUT -p tcp -m state --state ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
# ip6tables -A INPUT -p udp -m state --state ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
# ip6tables -A INPUT -p icmp -m state --state ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CA-9, SC-7
CIS Controls:
Controls
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Techniques / Sub-
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techniques
T1562, T1562.004 TA0011 M1031, M1037
Page 492
4.3.3.4 Ensure ip6tables firewall rules exist for all open ports
(Automated)
Description:
Any ports that have been opened on non-loopback addresses need firewall rules to
govern traffic.
Note:
iptables documentation and set any restrictions in compliance with site policy
Rationale:
Without a firewall rule configured for open ports default firewall policy will drop all
packets to these ports.
Audit:
Run the following command to determine open ports:
# ss -6tuln
Netid State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer

Address:Port
udp UNCONN 0 0 ::1:123
:::*
udp UNCONN 0 0 :::123
:::*
tcp LISTEN 0 128 :::22
:::*
tcp LISTEN 0 20 ::1:25
:::*
Run the following command to determine firewall rules:
Page 493
# ip6tables -L INPUT -v -n

destination
0 0 ACCEPT all lo * ::/0 ::/0
0 0 DROP all * * ::1 ::/0
0 0 ACCEPT tcp * * ::/0 ::/0
tcp dpt:22 state NEW
Verify all open ports listening on non-localhost addresses have at least one firewall rule.
The last line identified by the "tcp dpt:22 state NEW" identifies it as a firewall rule for
new connections on tcp port 22.
OR verify IPv6 is disabled:
Run the following script. Output will confirm if IPv6 is disabled on the system.
#!/usr/bin/bash
output=""
grubfile="$(find -L /boot -name 'grub.cfg' -type f)"
[ -f "$grubfile" ] && ! grep "^\s*linux" "$grubfile" | grep -vq
ipv6.disable=1 && output="ipv6 disabled in grub config"
grep -Eqs "^\s*net\.ipv6\.conf\.all\.disable_ipv6\s*=\s*1\b" /etc/sysctl.conf
/etc/sysctl.d/*.conf /usr/lib/sysctl.d/*.conf \
/run/sysctl.d/*.conf && grep -Eqs
"^\s*net\.ipv6\.conf\.default\.disable_ipv6\s*=\s*1\b" /etc/sysctl.conf
/etc/sysctl.d/*.conf \
/usr/lib/sysctl.d/*.conf /run/sysctl.d/*.conf && sysctl
net.ipv6.conf.all.disable_ipv6 | grep -Eq \
"^\s*net\.ipv6\.conf\.all\.disable_ipv6\s*=\s*1\b" && sysctl
net.ipv6.conf.default.disable_ipv6 | \
grep -Eq "^\s*net\.ipv6\.conf\.default\.disable_ipv6\s*=\s*1\b" &&
output="ipv6 disabled in sysctl config"
[ -n "$output" ] && echo -e "\n$output" || echo -e "\n*** IPv6 is enabled on
the system ***"
Remediation:
For each port identified in the audit which does not have a firewall rule establish a
proper rule for accepting inbound connections:
# ip6tables -A INPUT -p <protocol> --dport <port> -m state --state NEW -j
ACCEPT
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CA-9, SC-7
Page 494
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●

Devices

● ● ●
explicitly allowed.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1562, T1562.004 TA0011 M1031, M1037
Page 495
5 Access Control
Page 496
5.1 Configure SSH Server
Secure Shell (SSH) is a secure, encrypted replacement for common login services such
as telnet, ftp, rlogin, rsh, and rcp. It is strongly recommended that sites abandon
older clear-text login protocols and use SSH to prevent session hijacking and sniffing of
sensitive data off the network.
Note:
• The recommendations in this section only apply if the SSH daemon is installed
on the system, if remote access is not required the SSH daemon can be
removed and this section skipped.
• The openSSH daemon configuration directives, Include and Match, may cause
the audits in this section's recommendations to report incorrectly. It is
recommended that these options only be used if they're needed and fully
understood. If these options are configured in accordance with local site policy,
they should be accounted for when following the recommendations in this
section.
• The default Include location is the /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d directory. This
default has been accounted for in this section. If a file has an additional Include
that isn't this default location, the files should be reviewed to verify that the
recommended setting is not being over-ridden.
• The audits of the running configuration in this section are run in the context of the
root user, the local host name, and the local host's IP address. If a Match block
exists that matches one of these criteria, the output of the audit will be from the
match block. The respective matched criteria should be replaced with a non-
matching substitution.
• Include:
o Include the specified configuration file(s).
o Multiple pathnames may be specified and each pathname may contain
glob(7) wildcards that will be expanded and processed in lexical order.
o Files without absolute paths are assumed to be in /etc/ssh/.
o An Include directive may appear inside a Match block to perform
conditional inclusion.
• Match:
o Introduces a conditional block. If all of the criteria on the Match line are
satisfied, the keywords on the following lines override those set in the
global section of the config file, until either another Match line or the end of
the file. If a keyword appears in multiple Match blocks that are satisfied,
only the first instance of the keyword is applied.
o The arguments to Match are one or more criteria-pattern pairs or the
single token All which matches all criteria. The available criteria are User,
Group, Host, LocalAddress, LocalPort, and Address.
o The match patterns may consist of single entries or comma-separated lists
and may use the wildcard and negation operators described in the
PATTERNS section of ssh_config(5).
Page 497
o The patterns in an Address criteria may additionally contain addresses to
match in CIDR address/masklen format, such as 192.0.2.0/24 or
2001:db8::/32. Note that the mask length provided must be consistent
with the address - it is an error to specify a mask length that is too long for
the address or one with bits set in this host portion of the address. For
example, 192.0.2.0/33 and 192.0.2.0/8, respectively.
o Only a subset of keywords may be used on the lines following a Match
keyword. Available keywords are available in the ssh_config man page.
• Once all configuration changes have been made to /etc/ssh/sshd_config or any
included configuration files, the sshd configuration must be reloaded
Command to re-load the SSH daemon configuration:

# systemctl reload-or-restart sshd
Page 498
5.1.1 Ensure permissions on /etc/ssh/sshd_config are configured
(Automated)
Description:
The file /etc/ssh/sshd_config, and files ending in .conf in the /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d
directory, contain configuration specifications for sshd.
Rationale:
configuration specifications for sshd need to be protected from unauthorized changes by
non-privileged users.
Page 499
Audit:
Run the following script and verify /etc/ssh/sshd_config and files ending in .conf in
the /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d directory are:

• Owned by the root user
• Group owned by the group root.
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
perm_mask='0177' && maxperm="$( printf '%o' $(( 0777 & ~$perm_mask)) )"
SSHD_FILES_CHK()
{
while IFS=: read -r l_mode l_user l_group; do
l_out2=""
[ $(( $l_mode & $perm_mask )) -gt 0 ] && l_out2="$l_out2\n - Is
mode: \"$l_mode\" should be: \"$maxperm\" or more restrictive"
[ "$l_user" != "root" ] && l_out2="$l_out2\n - Is owned by
\"$l_user\" should be owned by \"root\""
[ "$l_group" != "root" ] && l_out2="$l_out2\n - Is group owned by
\"$l_user\" should be group owned by \"root\""
l_output2="$l_output2\n - File: \"$l_file\":$l_out2"
else
l_output="$l_output\n - File: \"$l_file\":\n - Correct: mode
($l_mode), owner ($l_user), and group owner ($l_group) configured"
fi
done < <(stat -Lc '%#a:%U:%G' "$l_file")
}
[ -e "/etc/ssh/sshd_config" ] && l_file="/etc/ssh/sshd_config" &&
SSHD_FILES_CHK
while IFS= read -r -d $'\0' l_file; do
[ -e "$l_file" ] && SSHD_FILES_CHK
done < <(find -L /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d -type f $ -perm /077 -o ! -user
root -o ! -group root $ -print0)
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n *** PASS ***\n- * Correctly set *
:\n$l_output\n"
else
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n ** FAIL **\n - * Reasons for audit
failure * :\n$l_output2\n"
[ -n "$l_output" ] && echo -e " - * Correctly set * :\n$l_output\n"
fi
}
- IF - other locations are listed in an Include statement, *.conf files in these locations
should also be checked.
Page 500
Remediation:
Run the following script to set ownership and permissions on /etc/ssh/sshd_config
and files ending in .conf in the /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d directory:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
chmod u-x,og-rwx /etc/ssh/sshd_config
chown root:root /etc/ssh/sshd_config
if [ -e "$l_file" ]; then
chmod u-x,og-rwx "$l_file"
chown root:root "$l_file"
fi
done < <(find /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d -type f -print0)
}
- IF - other locations are listed in an Include statement, *.conf files in these locations
access should also be modified.
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●

● ● ●
responsibilities.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1098, T1098.004, T1543,

TA0005 M1022
T1543.002
Page 501
5.1.2 Ensure permissions on SSH private host key files are
configured (Automated)
Description:
An SSH private key is one of two files used in SSH public key authentication. In this
authentication method, the possession of the private key is proof of identity. Only a
private key that corresponds to a public key will be able to authenticate successfully.
The private keys need to be stored and handled carefully, and no copies of the private
key should be distributed.
Rationale:
If an unauthorized user obtains the private SSH host key file, the host could be
impersonated
Page 502
Audit:
Run the following script to verify SSH private host key files are owned by the root user
and either:
• owned by the group root and mode 0600 or more restrictive
- OR -
• owned by the group designated to own openSSH private keys and mode 0640 or
more restrictive
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
l_ssh_group_name="$(awk -F: '($1 ~ /^(ssh_keys|_?ssh)$/) {print $1}' /etc/group)"
FILE_CHK()
{
while IFS=: read -r l_file_mode l_file_owner l_file_group; do
l_out2=""
[ "l_file_group" = "$l_ssh_group_name" ] && l_pmask="0137" || l_pmask="0177"
l_maxperm="$( printf '%o' $(( 0777 & ~$l_pmask )) )"
if [ $(( $l_file_mode & $l_pmask )) -gt 0 ]; then
l_out2="$l_out2\n - Mode: \"$l_file_mode\" should be mode: \"$l_maxperm\" or more
restrictive"
fi
if [ "$l_file_owner" != "root" ]; then
l_out2="$l_out2\n - Owned by: \"$l_file_owner\" should be owned by \"root\""
fi
if [[ ! "$l_file_group" =~ ($l_ssh_group_name|root) ]]; then
l_out2="$l_out2\n - Owned by group \"$l_file_group\" should be group owned by:
\"$l_ssh_group_name\" or \"root\""
fi
l_output2="$l_output2\n - File: \"$l_file\"$l_out2"
else
l_output="$l_output\n - File: \"$l_file\"\n - Correct: mode: \"$l_file_mode\",
owner: \"$l_file_owner\", and group owner: \"$l_file_group\" configured"
fi
}
if ssh-keygen -lf &>/dev/null "$l_file"; then
file "$l_file" | grep -Piq -- '\bopenssh\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?private\h+key\b' && FILE_CHK
fi
done < <(find -L /etc/ssh -xdev -type f -print0)
[ -z "$l_output" ] && l_output="\n - No openSSH private keys found"
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n ** PASS **\n - * Correctly configured * :$l_output"
else
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n ** FAIL **\n - * Reasons for audit failure * :$l_output2\n"
[ -n "$l_output" ] && echo -e "\n - * Correctly configured * :\n$l_output\n"
fi
}
Page 503
Remediation:
Run the following script to set mode, ownership, and group on the private SSH host key
files:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
l_ssh_group_name="$(awk -F: '($1 ~ /^(ssh_keys|_?ssh)$/) {print $1}' /etc/group)"
FILE_ACCESS_FIX()
{
echo "File: \"$l_file\" mode: \"$l_file_mode\" owner \"$l_file_own\" group
\"$l_file_group\""
l_out2=""
[ "l_file_group" = "$l_ssh_group_name" ] && l_pmask="0137" || l_pmask="0177"
l_out2="$l_out2\n - Mode: \"$l_file_mode\" should be mode: \"$l_maxperm\" or more
restrictive\n - updating to mode: \:$l_maxperm\""
[ "l_file_group" = "$l_ssh_group_name" ] && chmod u-x,g-wx,o-rwx "$l_file" || chmod
u-x,go-rwx
fi
l_out2="$l_out2\n - Owned by: \"$l_file_owner\" should be owned by \"root\"\n -
Changing ownership to \"root\""
chown root "$l_file"
fi
if [[ ! "$l_file_group" =~ ($l_ssh_group_name|root) ]]; then
[ -n "$l_ssh_group_name" ] && l_new_group="$l_ssh_group_name" || l_new_group="root"
l_out2="$l_out2\n - Owned by group \"$l_file_group\" should be group owned by:
\"$l_ssh_group_name\" or \"root\"\n - Changing group ownership to \"$l_new_group\""
chgrp "$l_new_group" "$l_file"
fi
else
l_output="$l_output\n - File: \"$l_file\"\n - Correct: mode: \"$l_file_mode\",
owner: \"$l_file_owner\", and group owner: \"$l_file_group\" configured"
fi
}
file "$l_file" | grep -Piq -- '\bopenssh\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?private\h+key\b' &&
FILE_ACCESS_FIX
fi
echo -e "\n- No access changes required\n"
else
echo -e "\n- Remediation results:\n$l_output2\n"
fi
}
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2
Page 504
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●

● ● ●
responsibilities.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1552, T1552.004 TA0003, TA0006 M1022
Page 505
5.1.3 Ensure permissions on SSH public host key files are
Description:
An SSH public key is one of two files used in SSH public key authentication. In this
authentication method, a public key is a key that can be used for verifying digital
signatures generated using a corresponding private key. Only a public key that
corresponds to a private key will be able to authenticate successfully.
Rationale:
If a public host key file is modified by an unauthorized user, the SSH service may be
compromised.
Page 506
Audit:
Run the following command and verify Access does not grant write or execute
permissions to group or other for all returned files:
Run the following script to verify SSH public host key files are mode 0644 or more
restrictive, owned by the root user, and owned by the root group:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
l_pmask="0133" && l_maxperm="$( printf '%o' $(( 0777 & ~$l_pmask )) )"
FILE_CHK()
{
l_out2=""
l_out2="$l_out2\n - Mode: \"$l_file_mode\" should be mode:
\"$l_maxperm\" or more restrictive"
fi
l_out2="$l_out2\n - Owned by: \"$l_file_owner\" should be owned
by \"root\""
fi
if [ "$l_file_group" != "root" ]; then
l_out2="$l_out2\n - Owned by group \"$l_file_group\" should be
group owned by group: \"root\""
fi
else
l_output="$l_output\n - File: \"$l_file\"\n - Correct: mode:
\"$l_file_mode\", owner: \"$l_file_owner\", and group owner:
\"$l_file_group\" configured"
fi
}
file "$l_file" | grep -Piq --
'\bopenssh\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?public\h+key\b' && FILE_CHK
fi
[ -z "$l_output" ] && l_output="\n - No openSSH public keys found"
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n ** PASS **\n - * Correctly configured *
:$l_output"
else
failure * :$l_output2\n"
[ -n "$l_output" ] && echo -e "\n - * Correctly configured *
:\n$l_output\n"
fi
}
Page 507
Remediation:
Run the following script to set mode, ownership, and group on the public SSH host key
files:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
l_pmask="0133" && l_maxperm="$( printf '%o' $(( 0777 & ~$l_pmask )) )"
FILE_ACCESS_FIX()
{
l_out2=""
l_out2="$l_out2\n - Mode: \"$l_file_mode\" should be mode:
\"$l_maxperm\" or more restrictive\n - updating to mode: \:$l_maxperm\""
chmod u-x,go-wx
fi
l_out2="$l_out2\n - Owned by: \"$l_file_owner\" should be owned
by \"root\"\n - Changing ownership to \"root\""
chown root "$l_file"
fi
if [ "$l_file_group" != "root" ]; then
l_out2="$l_out2\n - Owned by group \"$l_file_group\" should be
group owned by: \"root\"\n - Changing group ownership to \"root\""
chgrp root "$l_file"
fi
else
l_output="$l_output\n - File: \"$l_file\"\n - Correct: mode:
\"$l_file_mode\", owner: \"$l_file_owner\", and group owner:
\"$l_file_group\" configured"
fi
}
file "$l_file" | grep -Piq --
'\bopenssh\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?public\h+key\b' && FILE_ACCESS_FIX
fi
echo -e "\n- No access changes required\n"
else
echo -e "\n- Remediation results:\n$l_output2\n"
fi
}
Default Value:
644 0/root 0/root
Page 508
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●

● ● ●
responsibilities.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1557, T1557.000 TA0003, TA0006 M1022
Page 509
5.1.4 Ensure sshd access is configured (Automated)
Description:
There are several options available to limit which users and group can access the
system via SSH. It is recommended that at least one of the following options be
leveraged:
• AllowUsers:
o The AllowUsers variable gives the system administrator the option of
allowing specific users to ssh into the system. The list consists of space
separated user names. Numeric user IDs are not recognized with this
variable. If a system administrator wants to restrict user access further by
only allowing the allowed users to log in from a particular host, the entry
can be specified in the form of user@host.
• AllowGroups:
o The AllowGroups variable gives the system administrator the option of
allowing specific groups of users to ssh into the system. The list consists
of space separated group names. Numeric group IDs are not recognized
with this variable.
• DenyUsers:
o The DenyUsers variable gives the system administrator the option of
denying specific users to ssh into the system. The list consists of space
separated user names. Numeric user IDs are not recognized with this
variable. If a system administrator wants to restrict user access further by
specifically denying a user's access from a particular host, the entry can
be specified in the form of user@host.
• DenyGroups:
o The DenyGroups variable gives the system administrator the option of
denying specific groups of users to ssh into the system. The list consists of
space separated group names. Numeric group IDs are not recognized
with this variable.
Rationale:
Restricting which users can remotely access the system via SSH will help ensure that
only authorized users access the system.
Page 510
Audit:
Run the following command and verify the output:
# sshd -T -C user=root -C host="$(hostname)" -C addr="$(hostname -I | cut -d
' ' -f1)" | grep -Pi '^\h*(allow|deny)(users|groups)\h+\H+'
Verify that the output matches at least one of the following lines:
allowusers <userlist>
-OR-
allowgroups <grouplist>
-OR-
denyusers <userlist>
-OR-
denygroups <grouplist>
- IF -
• AllowUsers and/or AllowGroups is returned, review the list(s) to ensure included

users and/or groups follow local site policy
• Match set statements are used in your environment, /etc/ssh/sshd_config and
any files ending in .conf in a directory listed in an Include statement should be
reviewed to verify:
o the setting is not only in a match block
o Match blocks do not contain any incorrect or conflicting options
Remediation:
Edit the /etc/ssh/sshd_config file to set one or more of the parameter above any
Include and Match set statements as follows:
AllowUsers <userlist>
-OR-
AllowGroups <grouplist>
-OR-
DenyUsers <userlist>
-OR-
DenyGroups <grouplist>
Note: First occurrence of a option takes precedence, Match set statements
withstanding. If Include locations are enabled, used, and order of precedence is
understood in your environment, the entry may be created in a .conf file in a Include
directory.
Default Value:
None
References:
1. SSHD_CONFIG(5)
2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2
Page 511
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●
4.3 Ensure the Use of Dedicated Administrative Accounts

v7 Ensure that all users with administrative account access use a dedicated or
secondary account for elevated activities. This account should only be used for
● ● ●
administrative activities and not internet browsing, email, or similar activities.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1021, T1021.004 TA0008 M1018
Page 512
5.1.5 Ensure sshd Banner is configured (Automated)
Description:
The Banner parameter specifies a file whose contents must be sent to the remote user
before authentication is permitted. By default, no banner is displayed.
Rationale:
Banners are used to warn connecting users of the particular site's policy regarding
connection. Presenting a warning message prior to the normal user login may assist the
prosecution of trespassers on the computer system.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify Banner is set:
' ' -f1)" | grep -Pi '^banner\h+\/\H+'
Example:
banner /etc/issue.net
Run the following command to verify that /etc/ssh/sshd_config does not include
setting Banner to none:
# grep -Psi -- '^\h*Banner\h+\"?none\b' /etc/ssh/sshd_config
/etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/*.conf
- IF - Match set statements are used in your environment, /etc/ssh/sshd_config and
reviewed to verify:
• the setting is not only in a match block

• Match blocks do not contain any incorrect or conflicting options
Page 513
Remediation:
Edit the /etc/ssh/sshd_config file to set the parameter above any Include and Match
entries as follows:
Banner /etc/issue.net
understood in your environment, the entry may be created in a file in Include location.
References:
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
TA0001, TA0007 M1035
Page 514
5.1.6 Ensure sshd Ciphers are configured (Automated)
Description:
This variable limits the ciphers that SSH can use during communication.
Notes:
• Some organizations may have stricter requirements for approved ciphers.

• Ensure that ciphers used are in compliance with site policy.
• The only "strong" ciphers currently FIPS 140 compliant are:
o [email protected]
o [email protected]
o aes256-ctr
o aes192-ctr
o aes128-ctr
Rationale:
Weak ciphers that are used for authentication to the cryptographic module cannot be
relied upon to provide confidentiality or integrity, and system data may be compromised.
• The Triple DES ciphers, as used in SSH, have a birthday bound of approximately
four billion blocks, which makes it easier for remote attackers to obtain clear text
data via a birthday attack against a long-duration encrypted session, aka a
"Sweet32" attack.
• Error handling in the SSH protocol; Client and Server, when using a block cipher
algorithm in Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) mode, makes it easier for remote
attackers to recover certain plain text data from an arbitrary block of cipher text in
an SSH session via unknown vectors.
Page 515
Audit:
Run the following command to verify none of the "weak" ciphers are being used:
' ' -f1)" | grep -Pi
'^ciphers\h+\"?([^#\n\r]+,)?((3des|blowfish|cast128|aes(128|192|256))-
cbc|arcfour(128|256)?|rijndael-cbc@lysator\.liu\.se|chacha20-
poly1305@openssh\.com)\b'
- IF - a line is returned, review the list of ciphers. If the line includes chacha20-
[email protected], review CVE-2023-48795 and verify the system has been patched.
No ciphers in the list below should be returned as they're considered "weak":
3des-cbc
aes128-cbc
aes192-cbc
aes256-cbc
Remediation:
Edit the /etc/ssh/sshd_config file and add/modify the Ciphers line to contain a comma
separated list of the site unapproved (weak) Ciphers preceded with a - above any
Include entries:
Example:
Ciphers -3des-cbc,aes128-cbc,aes192-cbc,aes256-cbc,chacha20-
[email protected]
- IF - CVE-2023-48795 has been addressed, and it meets local site policy, chacha20-
[email protected] may be removed from the list of excluded ciphers.
Note: First occurrence of an option takes precedence. If Include locations are enabled,
used, and order of precedence is understood in your environment, the entry may be
created in a file in Include location.
Default Value:
Ciphers [email protected],aes128-ctr,aes192-ctr,aes256-ctr,aes128-
[email protected],[email protected]
References:
1. https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-48795
5. https://www.openssh.com/txt/cbc.adv
6. https://www.openssh.com/txt/cbc.adv
7. SSHD_CONFIG(5)
8. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SC-8
Page 516
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version
3.10 Encrypt Sensitive Data in Transit

v8 Encrypt sensitive data in transit. Example implementations can include: ● ●
Transport Layer Security (TLS) and Open Secure Shell (OpenSSH).
v7 14.4 Encrypt All Sensitive Information in Transit ● ●

Encrypt all sensitive information in transit.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1040, T1040.000, T1557 TA0006 M1041
Page 517
5.1.7 Ensure sshd ClientAliveInterval and ClientAliveCountMax
are configured (Automated)
Description:
Note: To clarify, the two settings described below are only meant for idle connections
from a protocol perspective and are not meant to check if the user is active or not. An
idle user does not mean an idle connection. SSH does not and never had, intentionally,
the capability to drop idle users. In SSH versions before 8.2p1 there was a bug that
caused these values to behave in such a manner that they were abused to disconnect
idle users. This bug has been resolved in 8.2p1 and thus it can no longer be abused
disconnect idle users.
The two options ClientAliveInterval and ClientAliveCountMax control the timeout of
SSH sessions. Taken directly from man 5 sshd_config:
• ClientAliveInterval Sets a timeout interval in seconds after which if no data

has been received from the client, sshd(8) will send a message through the
encrypted channel to request a response from the client. The default is 0,
indicating that these messages will not be sent to the client.
• ClientAliveCountMax Sets the number of client alive messages which may be
sent without sshd(8) receiving any messages back from the client. If this
threshold is reached while client alive messages are being sent, sshd will
disconnect the client, terminating the session. It is important to note that the use
of client alive messages is very different from TCPKeepAlive. The client alive
messages are sent through the encrypted channel and therefore will not be
spoofable. The TCP keepalive option en‐abled by TCPKeepAlive is spoofable.
The client alive mechanism is valuable when the client or server depend on
knowing when a connection has become unresponsive. The default value is 3. If
ClientAliveInterval is set to 15, and ClientAliveCountMax is left at the default,
unresponsive SSH clients will be disconnected after approximately 45 seconds.
Setting a zero ClientAliveCountMax disables connection termination.
Page 518
Rationale:
In order to prevent resource exhaustion, appropriate values should be set for both
ClientAliveInterval and ClientAliveCountMax. Specifically, looking at the source
code, ClientAliveCountMax must be greater than zero in order to utilize the ability of
SSH to drop idle connections. If connections are allowed to stay open indefinitely, this
can potentially be used as a DDOS attack or simple resource exhaustion could occur
over unreliable networks.
The example set here is a 45 second timeout. Consult your site policy for network
timeouts and apply as appropriate.
Audit:
Run the following commands and verify ClientAliveInterval is greater than zero:
' ' -f1)" | grep clientaliveinterval
Example Output:
clientaliveinterval 15
Run the following command and verify ClientAliveInterval is not set to zero:
# grep -Psi '^\h*ClientAliveInterval\h+"?0\b' /etc/ssh/sshd_config

Run the following command and verify ClientAliveCountMax is greater than zero:
' ' -f1)" | grep clientalivecountmax
Example Output:
clientalivecountmax 3
Run the following command and verify ClientAliveCountMax is not set to zero:
# grep -Psi '^\h*ClientAliveCountMax\h+"?0\b' /etc/ssh/sshd_config

reviewed to verify:

Page 519
Remediation:
entries according to site policy.
Example:
ClientAliveInterval 15
ClientAliveCountMax 3
Default Value:
ClientAliveInterval 0
ClientAliveCountMax 3
References:
1. https://man.openbsd.org/sshd_config
https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1873547
https://github.com/openssh/openssh-portable/blob/V_8_9/serverloop.c#L137
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1078, T1078.001,
TA0001 M1026
T1078.002, T1078.003
Page 520
5.1.8 Ensure sshd DisableForwarding is enabled (Automated)
Description:
The DisableForwarding parameter disables all forwarding features, including X11, ssh-
agent(1), TCP and StreamLocal. This option overrides all other forwarding-related
options and may simplify restricted configurations.
• X11Forwarding provides the ability to tunnel X11 traffic through the connection to
enable remote graphic connections.
• ssh-agent is a program to hold private keys used for public key authentication.
Through use of environment variables the agent can be located and
automatically used for authentication when logging in to other machines using
ssh.
• SSH port forwarding is a mechanism in SSH for tunneling application ports from
the client to the server, or servers to clients. It can be used for adding encryption
to legacy applications, going through firewalls, and some system administrators
and IT professionals use it for opening backdoors into the internal network from
their home machines.
Rationale:
Disable X11 forwarding unless there is an operational requirement to use X11
applications directly. There is a small risk that the remote X11 servers of users who are
logged in via SSH with X11 forwarding could be compromised by other users on the
X11 server. Note that even if X11 forwarding is disabled, users can always install their
own forwarders.
anyone with root privilege on the the intermediate server can make free use of ssh-
agent to authenticate them to other servers
Leaving port forwarding enabled can expose the organization to security risks and
backdoors. SSH connections are protected with strong encryption. This makes their
contents invisible to most deployed network monitoring and traffic filtering solutions.
This invisibility carries considerable risk potential if it is used for malicious purposes
such as data exfiltration. Cybercriminals or malware could exploit SSH to hide their
unauthorized communications, or to exfiltrate stolen data from the target network.
Page 521
Impact:
SSH tunnels are widely used in many corporate environments. In some environments
the applications themselves may have very limited native support for security. By
utilizing tunneling, compliance with SOX, HIPAA, PCI-DSS, and other standards can be
achieved without having to modify the applications.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify DisableForwarding is set to yes:
' ' -f1)" | grep -i disableforwarding
disableforwarding yes
Run the following command to verify DisableForwarding is not set to no:
# grep -Psi -- '^\h*DisableForwarding\h+\"?no\"?\b' /etc/ssh/sshd_config
Nothing should be returned.
reviewed to verify:

Remediation:
entries as follows:
DisableForwarding yes
References:
1. sshd_config(5)
2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7
Page 522
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

function.

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1210, T1210.000 TA0008 M1042
Page 523
5.1.9 Ensure sshd GSSAPIAuthentication is disabled (Automated)
Description:
The GSSAPIAuthentication parameter specifies whether user authentication based on
GSSAPI is allowed
Rationale:
Allowing GSSAPI authentication through SSH exposes the system's GSSAPI to remote
hosts, and should be disabled to reduce the attack surface of the system
Audit:
Run the following command to verify GSSAPIAuthentication is set to no:
' ' -f1)" | grep gssapiauthentication
gssapiauthentication no
Run the following command to verify GSSAPIAuthentication is not set to yes:
# grep -Psi '^\h*GSSAPIAuthentication\h+\"?yes\b' /etc/ssh/sshd_config

reviewed to verify:

Remediation:
Edit the /etc/ssh/sshd_config file to set the GSSAPIAuthentication parameter to no
above any Include and Match entries as follows:
GSSAPIAuthentication no
Note: First occurrence of an option takes precedence, Match set statements
Page 524
Default Value:
GSSAPIAuthentication no
References:
1. SSHD_CONFIG(5)
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version
5.2 Use Unique Passwords

v8 Use unique passwords for all enterprise assets. Best practice implementation
includes, at a minimum, an 8-character password for accounts using MFA and a
● ● ●
14-character password for accounts not using MFA.

v7 Where multi-factor authentication is not supported (such as local administrator,
root, or service accounts), accounts will use passwords that are unique to that
● ●
system.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1078, T1078.001,
TA0001 M1042
T1078.003
Page 525
5.1.10 Ensure sshd HostbasedAuthentication is disabled
(Automated)
Description:
The HostbasedAuthentication parameter specifies if authentication is allowed through
trusted hosts via the user of .rhosts, or /etc/hosts.equiv, along with successful public
key client host authentication.
Rationale:
Even though the .rhosts files are ineffective if support is disabled in /etc/pam.conf,
disabling the ability to use .rhosts files in SSH provides an additional layer of
protection.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify HostbasedAuthentication is set to no:
' ' -f1)" | grep hostbasedauthentication
hostbasedauthentication no
# grep -Psi -- '^\h*HostbasedAuthentication\h+\"?yes\b' /etc/ssh/sshd_config

reviewed to verify:

Page 526
Remediation:
entries as follows:
HostbasedAuthentication no
Default Value:
HostbasedAuthentication no
References:
1. SSHD_CONFIG(5)
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1078, T1078.001,
TA0001 M1042
T1078.003
Page 527
5.1.11 Ensure sshd IgnoreRhosts is enabled (Automated)
Description:
The IgnoreRhosts parameter specifies that .rhosts and .shosts files will not be used in
RhostsRSAAuthentication or HostbasedAuthentication.
Rationale:
Setting this parameter forces users to enter a password when authenticating with SSH.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify IgnoreRhosts is set to yes:
' ' -f1)" | grep ignorerhosts
ignorerhosts yes
# grep -Psi -- '^\h*ignorerhosts\h+"?no"?\b' /etc/ssh/sshd_config
reviewed to verify:

•
Match blocks do not contain any incorrect or conflicting options
Remediation:
entries as follows:
IgnoreRhosts yes
Page 528
Default Value:
IgnoreRhosts yes
References:
1. SSHD_CONFIG(5)
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●

● ●
system.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1078, T1078.001,
TA0001 M1027
T1078.003
Page 529
5.1.12 Ensure sshd KexAlgorithms is configured (Automated)
Description:
Key exchange is any method in cryptography by which cryptographic keys are
exchanged between two parties, allowing use of a cryptographic algorithm. If the sender
and receiver wish to exchange encrypted messages, each must be equipped to encrypt
messages to be sent and decrypt messages received
Notes:
• Kex algorithms have a higher preference the earlier they appear in the list
• Some organizations may have stricter requirements for approved Key exchange
algorithms
• Ensure that Key exchange algorithms used are in compliance with site policy
• The only Key Exchange Algorithms currently FIPS 140 approved are:
o ecdh-sha2-nistp256
o diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha256
o diffie-hellman-group16-sha512
Rationale:
Key exchange methods that are considered weak should be removed. A key exchange
method may be weak because too few bits are used, or the hashing algorithm is
considered too weak. Using weak algorithms could expose connections to man-in-the-
middle attacks
Page 530
Audit:
Run the following command to verify none of the "weak" Key Exchange algorithms are
being used:
' ' -f1)" | grep -Pi 'kexalgorithms\h+([^#\n\r]+,)?(diffie-hellman-group1-
sha1|diffie-hellman-group14-sha1|diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha1)\b'

The following are considered "weak" Key Exchange Algorithms, and should not be
used:
diffie-hellman-group1-sha1
diffie-hellman-group14-sha1
diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha1
Remediation:
Edit the /etc/ssh/sshd_config file and add/modify the KexAlgorithms line to contain a
comma separated list of the site unapproved (weak) KexAlgorithms preceded with a -
above any Include entries:
Example:
KexAlgorithms -diffie-hellman-group1-sha1,diffie-hellman-group14-sha1,diffie-
hellman-group-exchange-sha1
Default Value:
KexAlgorithms [email protected],curve25519-
sha256,[email protected],ecdh-sha2-nistp256,ecdh-sha2-nistp384,ecdh-
sha2-nistp521,diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha256,diffie-hellman-group16-
sha512,diffie-hellman-group18-sha512,diffie-hellman-group14-sha256
References:
1. https://ubuntu.com/server/docs/openssh-crypto-configuration
2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SC-8
Page 531
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version


Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1040, T1040.000, T1557,

TA0006 M1041
T1557.000
Page 532
5.1.13 Ensure sshd LoginGraceTime is configured (Automated)
Description:
The LoginGraceTime parameter specifies the time allowed for successful authentication
to the SSH server. The longer the Grace period is the more open unauthenticated
connections can exist. Like other session controls in this session the Grace Period
should be limited to appropriate organizational limits to ensure the service is available
for needed access.
Rationale:
Setting the LoginGraceTime parameter to a low number will minimize the risk of
successful brute force attacks to the SSH server. It will also limit the number of
concurrent unauthenticated connections While the recommended setting is 60 seconds
(1 Minute), set the number based on site policy.
Audit:
Run the following command and verify that output LoginGraceTime is between 1 and 60
seconds:
' ' -f1)" | grep logingracetime
logingracetime 60
Remediation:
Edit the /etc/ssh/sshd_config file to set the LoginGraceTime parameter to 60 or 1m:
LoginGraceTime 60
Note: First occurrence of a option takes precedence. If Include locations are enabled,
Default Value:
LoginGraceTime 120
References:
1. SSHD_CONFIG(5)
2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-6
Page 533
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1110, T1110.001,
TA0006 M1036
T1110.003, T1110.004
Page 534
5.1.14 Ensure sshd LogLevel is configured (Automated)
Description:
SSH provides several logging levels with varying amounts of verbosity. The DEBUG
options are specifically not recommended other than strictly for debugging SSH
communications. These levels provide so much data that it is difficult to identify
important security information, and may violate the privacy of users.
Rationale:
The INFO level is the basic level that only records login activity of SSH users. In many
situations, such as Incident Response, it is important to determine when a particular
user was active on a system. The logout record can eliminate those users who
disconnected, which helps narrow the field.
The VERBOSE level specifies that login and logout activity as well as the key fingerprint for
any SSH key used for login will be logged. This information is important for SSH key
management, especially in legacy environments.
Audit:
Run the following command and verify that output matches loglevel VERBOSE or
loglevel INFO:

' ' -f1)" | grep loglevel
loglevel VERBOSE
- OR -
loglevel INFO
Run the following command and verify the output matches:
# grep -Psi -- '^\h*loglevel\h+' /etc/ssh/sshd_config
/etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/*.conf | grep -Pvi '(VERBOSE|INFO)'

reviewed to verify:

Page 535
Remediation:
entries as follows:
LogLevel VERBOSE
- OR -
LogLevel INFO
Default Value:
LogLevel INFO
References:
1. https://www.ssh.com/ssh/sshd_config/
2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3, AU-12, SI-5
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version
8.2 Collect Audit Logs

v8 Collect audit logs. Ensure that logging, per the enterprise’s audit log ● ● ●
management process, has been enabled across enterprise assets.

devices.

v7 Enable system logging to include detailed information such as an event
source, date, user, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and
● ●
other useful elements.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1562, T1562.006 TA0005
Page 536
5.1.15 Ensure sshd MACs are configured (Automated)
Description:
This variable limits the types of MAC algorithms that SSH can use during
communication.
Notes:
• Some organizations may have stricter requirements for approved MACs.

• Ensure that MACs used are in compliance with site policy.
• The only "strong" MACs currently FIPS 140 approved are:
o HMAC-SHA1
o HMAC-SHA2-256
o HMAC-SHA2-384
o HMAC-SHA2-512
Rationale:
MD5 and 96-bit MAC algorithms are considered weak and have been shown to increase
exploitability in SSH downgrade attacks. Weak algorithms continue to have a great deal
of attention as a weak spot that can be exploited with expanded computing power. An
attacker that breaks the algorithm could take advantage of a MiTM position to decrypt
the SSH tunnel and capture credentials and information.
Page 537
Audit:
Run the following command to verify none of the "weak" MACs are being used:
' ' -f1)" | grep -Pi 'macs\h+([^#\n\r]+,)?(hmac-md5|hmac-md5-96|hmac-
ripemd160|hmac-sha1-96|umac-64@openssh\.com|hmac-md5-etm@openssh\.com|hmac-
md5-96-etm@openssh\.com|hmac-ripemd160-etm@openssh\.com|hmac-sha1-96-
etm@openssh\.com|umac-64-etm@openssh\.com|umac-128-etm@openssh\.com)\b'

Note: Review CVE-2023-48795 and verify the system has been patched. If the system
has not been patched, review the use of the Encrypt Then Mac (etm) MACs.
The following are considered "weak" MACs, and should not be used:
hmac-md5
hmac-md5-96
hmac-ripemd160
hmac-sha1-96
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
Remediation:
Edit the /etc/ssh/sshd_config file and add/modify the MACs line to contain a comma
separated list of the site unapproved (weak) MACs preceded with a - above any
Include entries:
Example:
MACs -hmac-md5,hmac-md5-96,hmac-ripemd160,hmac-sha1-96,umac-
[email protected],[email protected],[email protected],hmac-
[email protected],[email protected],umac-64-
- IF - CVE-2023-48795 has not been reviewed and addressed, the following etm MACs
should be added to the exclude list: [email protected],hmac-sha2-256-
Default Value:
MACs [email protected],[email protected],hmac-sha2-256-
[email protected],[email protected],hmac-sha1-
[email protected],[email protected],[email protected],hmac-sha2-
256,hmac-sha2-512,hmac-sha1
Page 538
References:
2. More information on SSH downgrade attacks can be found here:
http://www.mitls.org/pages/attacks/SLOTH
3. SSHD_CONFIG(5)
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version


16.5 Encrypt Transmittal of Username and

v7 Authentication Credentials ● ●
Ensure that all account usernames and authentication credentials are
transmitted across networks using encrypted channels.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1040, T1040.000, T1557,

TA0006 M1041
T1557.000
Page 539
5.1.16 Ensure sshd MaxAuthTries is configured (Automated)
Description:
The MaxAuthTries parameter specifies the maximum number of authentication attempts
permitted per connection. When the login failure count reaches half the number, error
messages will be written to the syslog file detailing the login failure.
Rationale:
Setting the MaxAuthTries parameter to a low number will minimize the risk of successful
brute force attacks to the SSH server. While the recommended setting is 4, set the
number based on site policy.
Audit:
Run the following command and verify that MaxAuthTries is 4 or less:
' ' -f1)" | grep maxauthtries
maxauthtries 4
Run the following command and verify that the output:
# grep -Psi -- '^\h*maxauthtries\h+\"?([5-9]|[1-9][0-9]+)\b'
/etc/ssh/sshd_config /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/*.conf
reviewed to verify:

Remediation:
entries as follows:
MaxAuthTries 4
Page 540
Default Value:
MaxAuthTries 6
References:
1. SSHD_CONFIG(5)
2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ●
16.13 Alert on Account Login Behavior Deviation

v7 Alert when users deviate from normal login behavior, such as time-of-day, ●
workstation location and duration.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1110, T1110.001,
TA0006 M1036
T1110.003
Page 541
5.1.17 Ensure sshd MaxSessions is configured (Automated)
Description:
The MaxSessions parameter specifies the maximum number of open sessions permitted
from a given connection.
Rationale:
To protect a system from denial of service due to a large number of concurrent
sessions, use the rate limiting function of MaxSessions to protect availability of sshd
logins and prevent overwhelming the daemon.
Audit:
Run the following command and verify that MaxSessions is 10 or less:
' ' -f1)" | grep -i maxsessions
maxsessions 10
grep -Psi -- '^\h*MaxSessions\h+\"?(1[1-9]|[2-9][0-9]|[1-9][0-9][0-9]+)\b'
/etc/ssh/sshd_config /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/*.conf

reviewed to verify:

Remediation:
entries as follows:
MaxSessions 10
Page 542
Default Value:
MaxSessions 10
References:
1. SSHD_CONFIG(5)
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1499, T1499.002 TA0040
Page 543
5.1.18 Ensure sshd MaxStartups is configured (Automated)
Description:
The MaxStartups parameter specifies the maximum number of concurrent
unauthenticated connections to the SSH daemon.
Rationale:
To protect a system from denial of service due to a large number of pending
authentication connection attempts, use the rate limiting function of MaxStartups to
protect availability of sshd logins and prevent overwhelming the daemon.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify MaxStartups is 10:30:60 or more restrictive:
' ' -f1)" | awk '$1 ~ /^\s*maxstartups/{split($2, a, ":");{if(a[1] > 10 ||
a[2] > 30 || a[3] > 60) print $0}}'

# awk 'tolower($1) ~ /^\s*maxstartups/{split($2, a, ":");{if(a[1] > 10 ||
a[2] > 30 || a[3] > 60) print $0}}' /etc/ssh/sshd_config
/etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/*.conf 2>/dev/null
reviewed to verify:

Remediation:
entries as follows:
MaxStartups 10:30:60
Note: First occurrence of a option takes precedence. If Include locations are enabled,
Page 544
Default Value:
MaxStartups 10:30:100
References:
1. SSHD_CONFIG(5)
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1499, T1499.002 TA0040
Page 545
5.1.19 Ensure sshd PermitEmptyPasswords is disabled
(Automated)
Description:
The PermitEmptyPasswords parameter specifies if the SSH server allows login to
accounts with empty password strings.
Rationale:
Disallowing remote shell access to accounts that have an empty password reduces the
probability of unauthorized access to the system.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify PermitEmptyPasswords is set to no:
' ' -f1)" | grep permitemptypasswords
permitemptypasswords no
# grep -Psi '^\h*PermitEmptyPasswords\h+"?yes\b' /etc/ssh/sshd_config

reviewed to verify:

Remediation:
Edit /etc/ssh/sshd_config and set the PermitEmptyPasswords parameter to no above
any Include and Match entries:
PermitEmptyPasswords no
Page 546
Default Value:
PermitEmptyPasswords no
References:
1. SSHD_CONFIG(5)
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●

● ●
system.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1021 TA0008 M1042
Page 547
5.1.20 Ensure sshd PermitRootLogin is disabled (Automated)
Description:
The PermitRootLogin parameter specifies if the root user can log in using SSH. The
default is prohibit-password.
Rationale:
Disallowing root logins over SSH requires system admins to authenticate using their
own individual account, then escalating to root. This limits opportunity for non-
repudiation and provides a clear audit trail in the event of a security incident.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify PermitRootLogin is set to no:
' ' -f1)" | grep permitrootlogin
permitrootlogin no
# grep -Psi -- '^\h*PermitRootLogin\h+"?(yes|prohibit-password|forced-
commands-only)"?\b' /etc/ssh/sshd_config /etc/ssh/ssh_config.d/*.conf

reviewed to verify:

Remediation:
Edit the /etc/ssh/sshd_config file to set the PermitRootLogin parameter to no above
any Include and Match entries as follows:
PermitRootLogin no
Page 548
Default Value:
PermitRootLogin without-password
References:
1. SSHD_CONFIG(5)
2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5:AC-6
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version
5.4 Restrict Administrator Privileges to Dedicated

Administrator Accounts
v8 Restrict administrator privileges to dedicated administrator accounts on
enterprise assets. Conduct general computing activities, such as internet
● ● ●
browsing, email, and productivity suite use, from the user’s primary, non-privileged
account.

● ● ●
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1021 TA0008 M1042
Page 549
5.1.21 Ensure sshd PermitUserEnvironment is disabled
(Automated)
Description:
The PermitUserEnvironment option allows users to present environment options to the
SSH daemon.
Rationale:
Permitting users the ability to set environment variables through the SSH daemon could
potentially allow users to bypass security controls (e.g. setting an execution path that
has SSH executing trojan'd programs)
Audit:
Run the following command to verify PermitUserEnviroment is set to no:
' ' -f1)" | grep permituserenvironment
permituserenvironment no
Remediation:
Edit the /etc/ssh/sshd_config file to set the parameter PermitUserEnvironment to no
above any Include entries as follows:
PermitUserEnvironment no
Default Value:
PermitUserEnvironment no
References:
1. SSHD_CONFIG(5)
Page 550
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1021 TA0008 M1042
Page 551
5.1.22 Ensure sshd UsePAM is enabled (Automated)
Description:
The UsePAM directive enables the Pluggable Authentication Module (PAM) interface. If
set to yes this will enable PAM authentication using ChallengeResponseAuthentication
and PasswordAuthentication directives in addition to PAM account and session module
processing for all authentication types.
Rationale:
When usePAM is set to yes, PAM runs through account and session types properly. This
is important if you want to restrict access to services based off of IP, time or other
factors of the account. Additionally, you can make sure users inherit certain
environment variables on login or disallow access to the server
Audit:
Run the following command to verify UsePAM is set to yes:
' ' -f1)" | grep -i usepam
usepam yes
Remediation:
Edit the /etc/ssh/sshd_config file to set the parameter above any Include entries as
follows:
UsePAM yes
Default Value:
UsePAM yes
References:
1. SSHD_CONFIG(5)
Page 552
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●

● ●
system.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1021, T1021.004 TA0001 M1035
Page 553
5.2 Configure privilege escalation
There are various tools which allows a permitted user to execute a command as the
superuser or another user, as specified by the security policy.
sudo
sudo documentation
The invoking user's real (not effective) user ID is used to determine the user name with
which to query the security policy.
sudo supports a plug-in architecture for security policies and input/output logging. Third
parties can develop and distribute their own policy and I/O logging plug-ins to work
seamlessly with the sudo front end. The default security policy is sudoers, which is
configured via the file /etc/sudoers and any entries in /etc/sudoers.d.
pkexec
pkexec documentation
pkexec allows an authorized user to execute PROGRAM as another user. If username
is not specified, then the program will be executed as the administrative super user,
root.
Page 554
5.2.1 Ensure sudo is installed (Automated)
Description:
sudo allows a permitted user to execute a command as the superuser or another user,
as specified by the security policy. The invoking user's real (not effective) user ID is
used to determine the user name with which to query the security policy.
Rationale:
sudo supports a plug-in architecture for security policies and input/output logging. Third
parties can develop and distribute their own policy and I/O logging plug-ins to work
seamlessly with the sudo front end. The default security policy is sudoers, which is
configured via the file /etc/sudoers and any entries in /etc/sudoers.d.
The security policy determines what privileges, if any, a user has to run sudo. The policy
may require that users authenticate themselves with a password or another
authentication mechanism. If authentication is required, sudo will exit if the user's
password is not entered within a configurable time limit. This limit is policy-specific.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify that either sudo or sudo-ldap is installed:
# dpkg-query -W sudo sudo-ldap > /dev/null 2>&1 && dpkg-query -W -
f='${binary:Package}\t${Status}\t${db:Status-Status}\n' sudo sudo-ldap | awk
'($4=="installed" && $NF=="installed") {print "\n""PASS:""\n""Package
""\""$1"\""" is installed""\n"}' || echo -e "\nFAIL:\nneither \"sudo\" or
\"sudo-ldap\" package is installed\n"
Remediation:
First determine is LDAP functionality is required. If so, then install sudo-ldap, else install
sudo.
Example:
# apt install sudo
References:
1. SUDO(8)
2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-6
Page 555
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●
account.

● ● ●
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1548 TA0004 M1026
Page 556
5.2.2 Ensure sudo commands use pty (Automated)
Description:
sudo can be configured to run only from a pseudo terminal (pseudo-pty).
Rationale:
Attackers can run a malicious program using sudo which would fork a background
process that remains even when the main program has finished executing.
Impact:
WARNING: Editing the sudo configuration incorrectly can cause sudo to stop
functioning. Always use visudo to modify sudo configuration files.
Audit:
Verify that sudo can only run other commands from a pseudo terminal.
# grep -rPi '^\h*Defaults\h+([^#\n\r]+,)?use_pty(,\h*\h+\h*)*\h*(#.*)?$'
/etc/sudoers*
Verify the output matches:
/etc/sudoers:Defaults use_pty
Remediation:
Edit the file /etc/sudoers with visudo or a file in /etc/sudoers.d/ with visudo -f <PATH
TO FILE> and add the following line:
Defaults use_pty
Note:
• sudo will read each file in /etc/sudoers.d, skipping file names that end in ~ or
contain a . character to avoid causing problems with package manager or editor
temporary/backup files.
• Files are parsed in sorted lexical order. That is, /etc/sudoers.d/01_first will be
parsed before /etc/sudoers.d/10_second.
• Be aware that because the sorting is lexical, not numeric,
/etc/sudoers.d/1_whoops would be loaded after /etc/sudoers.d/10_second.
• Using a consistent number of leading zeroes in the file names can be used to
avoid such problems.
Page 557
References:
1. SUDO(8)
2. VISUDO(8)
3. sudoers(5)
4. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-6
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●
account.
5.1 Establish Secure Configurations

v7 Maintain documented, standard security configuration standards for all ● ● ●
authorized operating systems and software.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1078, T1078.003, T1548,

TA0001, TA0003 M1026, M1028
T1548.003
Page 558
5.2.3 Ensure sudo log file exists (Automated)
Description:
sudo can use a custom log file
Rationale:
A sudo log file simplifies auditing of sudo commands
Impact:
WARNING: Editing the sudo configuration incorrectly can cause sudo to stop
functioning. Always use visudo to modify sudo configuration files.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify that sudo has a custom log file configured:
# grep -rPsi
"^\h*Defaults\h+([^#]+,\h*)?logfile\h*=\h*(\"|\')?\H+(\"|\')?(,\h*\H+\h*)*\h*
(#.*)?$" /etc/sudoers*
Defaults logfile="/var/log/sudo.log"
Remediation:
Edit the file /etc/sudoers or a file in /etc/sudoers.d/ with visudo or visudo -f <PATH
TO FILE> and add the following line:
Example:
Defaults logfile="/var/log/sudo.log"
Note:
• sudo will read each file in /etc/sudoers.d, skipping file names that end in ~ or
contain a . character to avoid causing problems with package manager or editor
temporary/backup files.
• Files are parsed in sorted lexical order. That is, /etc/sudoers.d/01_first will be
parsed before /etc/sudoers.d/10_second.
• Be aware that because the sorting is lexical, not numeric,
/etc/sudoers.d/1_whoops would be loaded after /etc/sudoers.d/10_second.
• Using a consistent number of leading zeroes in the file names can be used to
avoid such problems.
Page 559
References:
1. SUDO(8)
2. VISUDO(8)
3. sudoers(5)
4. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3, AU-12
visudo edits the sudoers file in a safe fashion, analogous to vipw(8). visudo locks the
sudoers file against multiple simultaneous edits, provides basic sanity checks, and
checks for parse errors. If the sudoers file is currently being edited you will receive a
message to try again later.
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ●

● ●
elements.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1562, T1562.006 TA0004 M1026
Page 560
5.2.4 Ensure users must provide password for privilege escalation
(Automated)
Description:
The operating system must be configured so that users must provide a password for
privilege escalation.
Rationale:
Without (re-)authentication, users may access resources or perform tasks for which they
do not have authorization.
When operating systems provide the capability to escalate a functional capability, it is
critical the user (re-)authenticate.
Impact:
This will prevent automated processes from being able to elevate privileges.
Audit:
Note: If passwords are not being used for authentication, this is not applicable.
Verify the operating system requires users to supply a password for privilege escalation.
Check the configuration of the /etc/sudoers and /etc/sudoers.d/* files with the
following command:
# grep -r "^[^#].*NOPASSWD" /etc/sudoers*
If any line is found refer to the remediation procedure below.
Remediation:
Based on the outcome of the audit procedure, use visudo -f <PATH TO FILE> to edit
the relevant sudoers file.
Remove any line with occurrences of NOPASSWD tags in the file.
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-6
Page 561
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●
account.

● ● ●
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1548 TA0004 M1026
Page 562
5.2.5 Ensure re-authentication for privilege escalation is not
disabled globally (Automated)
Description:
The operating system must be configured so that users must re-authenticate for
privilege escalation.
Rationale:
Without re-authentication, users may access resources or perform tasks for which they
do not have authorization.
When operating systems provide the capability to escalate a functional capability, it is
critical the user re-authenticate.
Audit:
Verify the operating system requires users to re-authenticate for privilege escalation.
Check the configuration of the /etc/sudoers and /etc/sudoers.d/* files with the
following command:
# grep -r "^[^#].*\!authenticate" /etc/sudoers*
If any line is found with a !authenticate tag, refer to the remediation procedure below.
Remediation:
Configure the operating system to require users to reauthenticate for privilege
escalation.
Based on the outcome of the audit procedure, use visudo -f <PATH TO FILE> to edit
the relevant sudoers file.
Remove any occurrences of !authenticate tags in the file(s).
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-6
Page 563
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●
account.

● ● ●
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1548 TA0004 M1026
Page 564
5.2.6 Ensure sudo authentication timeout is configured correctly
(Automated)
Description:
sudo caches used credentials for a default of 15 minutes. This is for ease of use when
there are multiple administrative tasks to perform. The timeout can be modified to suit
local security policies.
This default is distribution specific. See audit section for further information.
Rationale:
Setting a timeout value reduces the window of opportunity for unauthorized privileged
access to another user.
Audit:
Ensure that the caching timeout is no more than 15 minutes.
Example:
# grep -roP "timestamp_timeout=\K[0-9]*" /etc/sudoers*
If there is no timestamp_timeout configured in /etc/sudoers* then the default is 15
minutes. This default can be checked with:
# sudo -V | grep "Authentication timestamp timeout:"
NOTE: A value of -1 means that the timeout is disabled. Depending on the
configuration of the timestamp_type, this could mean for all terminals / processes of that
user and not just that one single terminal session.
Page 565
Remediation:
If the currently configured timeout is larger than 15 minutes, edit the file listed in the
audit section with visudo -f <PATH TO FILE> and modify the entry timestamp_timeout=
to 15 minutes or less as per your site policy. The value is in minutes. This particular
entry may appear on its own, or on the same line as env_reset. See the following two
examples:
Defaults env_reset, timestamp_timeout=15
Defaults timestamp_timeout=15
Defaults env_reset
References:
1. https://www.sudo.ws/man/1.9.0/sudoers.man.html
2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-6
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●
account.

● ● ●
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1548 TA0004 M1026
Page 566
5.2.7 Ensure access to the su command is restricted (Automated)
Description:
The su command allows a user to run a command or shell as another user. The
program has been superseded by sudo, which allows for more granular control over
privileged access. Normally, the su command can be executed by any user. By
uncommenting the pam_wheel.so statement in /etc/pam.d/su, the su command will only
allow users in a specific groups to execute su. This group should be empty to reinforce
the use of sudo for privileged access.
Rationale:
Restricting the use of su , and using sudo in its place, provides system administrators
better control of the escalation of user privileges to execute privileged commands. The
sudo utility also provides a better logging and audit mechanism, as it can log each
command executed via sudo , whereas su can only record that a user executed the su
program.
Audit:
# grep -Pi
'^\h*auth\h+(?:required|requisite)\h+pam_wheel\.so\h+(?:[^#\n\r]+\h+)?((?!\2)
(use_uid\b|group=\H+\b))\h+(?:[^#\n\r]+\h+)?((?!\1)(use_uid\b|group=\H+\b))(\
h+.*)?$' /etc/pam.d/su
auth required pam_wheel.so use_uid group=<group_name>
Run the following command and verify that the group specified in <group_name> contains
no users:
# grep <group_name> /etc/group
Verify the output does not contain any users in the relevant group:
<group_name>:x:<GID>:
Page 567
Remediation:
Create an empty group that will be specified for use of the su command. The group
should be named according to site policy.
Example:
# groupadd sugroup
Add the following line to the /etc/pam.d/su file, specifying the empty group:
auth required pam_wheel.so use_uid group=sugroup
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●

● ● ●
responsibilities.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1548 TA0005 M1026
Page 568
5.3 Pluggable Authentication Modules
Page 569
5.3.1 Configure PAM software packages
Updated versions of PAM includes additional functionality
Page 570
5.3.1.1 Ensure latest version of pam is installed (Automated)
Description:
Updated versions of PAM include additional functionality
Rationale:
To ensure the system has full functionality and access to the options covered by this
Benchmark the latest version of libpam-runtime should be installed on the system
Audit:
Run the following command to verify the version of libpam-runtime on the system:
# dpkg-query -s libpam-runtime | grep -P -- '^(Status|Version)\b'
The output should be similar to:
Version: 1.5.2-6
Remediation:
- IF - the version of libpam-runtime on the system is less that version 1.5.2-6:
Run the following command to update to the latest version of PAM:
# apt upgrade libpam-runtime
Page 571
5.3.1.2 Ensure libpam-modules is installed (Automated)
Description:
Pluggable Authentication Modules for PAM
Rationale:
To ensure the system has full functionality and access to the PAM options covered by
this Benchmark
Audit:
Run the following command to verify libpam-modules is installed and version 1.5.2-6 or
later:
# dpkg-query -s libpam-modules | grep -P -- '^(Status|Version)\b'
Version: 1.5.2-6
Remediation:
- IF - the version of libpam-modules on the system is less that version 1.5.2-6:
Run the following command to update to the latest version of PAM:
# apt upgrade libpam-modules
Page 572
5.3.1.3 Ensure libpam-pwquality is installed (Automated)
Description:
libpwquality provides common functions for password quality checking and scoring
them based on their apparent randomness. The library also provides a function for
generating random passwords with good pronounceability.
This module can be plugged into the password stack of a given service to provide some
plug-in strength-checking for passwords. The code was originally based on
pam_cracklib module and the module is backwards compatible with its options.
Rationale:
Strong passwords reduce the risk of systems being hacked through brute force
methods.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify libpam-pwquality is installed:
# dpkg-query -s libpam-pwquality | grep -P -- '^(Status|Version)\b'
Version: 1.4.5-1+b1
Remediation:
Run the following command to install libpam-pwquality:
# apt install libpam-pwquality
References:
1. https://packages.debian.org/buster/libpam-pwquality
Page 573
5.3.2 Configure pam-auth-update profiles
pam-auth-update is a utility that permits configuring the central authentication policy for
the system using pre-defined profiles as supplied by PAM module packages.
Profiles - Shipped in the /usr/share/pam-configs/ directory specify the modules, with
options, to enable; the preferred ordering with respect to other profiles; and whether a
profile should be enabled by default. Packages providing PAM modules register their
profiles at install time by calling pam-auth-update --package.
Selection of profiles is done using the standard debconf interface. The profile selection
question will be asked at medium priority when packages are added or removed, so no
user interaction is required by default. Users may invoke pam-auth-update directly to
change their authentication configuration.
The pam-auth-update script makes every effort to respect local changes to
/etc/pam.d/common-*. Local modifications to the list of module options will be
preserved, and additions of modules within the managed portion of the stack will cause
pam-auth-update to treat the config files as locally modified and not make further
changes to the config files unless given the --force option.
If the user specifies that pam-auth-update should override local configuration changes,
the locally-modified files will be saved in /etc/pam.d/ with a suffix of .pam-old.
Page 574
5.3.2.1 Ensure pam_unix module is enabled (Automated)
Description:
pam_unix is the standard Unix authentication module. It uses standard calls from the
system's libraries to retrieve and set account information as well as authentication.
Usually this is obtained from the /etc/passwd and if shadow is enabled, the /etc/shadow
file as well.
The account component performs the task of establishing the status of the user's
account and password based on the following shadow elements: expire, last_change,
max_change, min_change, warn_change. In the case of the latter, it may offer advice to the
user on changing their password or, through the PAM_AUTHTOKEN_REQD return, delay
giving service to the user until they have established a new password. The entries listed
above are documented in the shadow(5) manual page. Should the user's record not
contain one or more of these entries, the corresponding shadow check is not performed.
The authentication component performs the task of checking the users credentials
(password). The default action of this module is to not permit the user access to a
service if their official password is blank.
Rationale:
The system should only provide access after performing authentication of a user.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify that pam_unix is enabled:
# grep -P -- '\bpam_unix\.so\b' /etc/pam.d/common-
{account,session,auth,password}
Output should be simular to:
/etc/pam.d/common-account:account [success=1 new_authtok_reqd=done
default=ignore] pam_unix.so
/etc/pam.d/common-session:session required pam_unix.so
/etc/pam.d/common-auth:auth [success=2 default=ignore] pam_unix.so
try_first_pass
/etc/pam.d/common-password:password [success=1 default=ignore]
pam_unix.so obscure use_authtok try_first_pass yescrypt
Page 575
Remediation:
Run the following command to enable the pam_unix module:
# pam-auth-update --enable unix
Note: If a site specific custom profile is being used in your environment to configure
PAM that includes the configuration for the pam_faillock module, enable that module
instead
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5(1)
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●

● ● ●
responsibilities.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1110, T1110.001,
T1110.002, T1110.003,
TA0006 M1027
T1178.001, T1178.002,
T1178.003, T1178.004
Page 576
5.3.2.2 Ensure pam_faillock module is enabled (Automated)
Description:
The pam_faillock.so module maintains a list of failed authentication attempts per user
during a specified interval and locks the account in case there were more than the
configured number of consecutive failed authentications (this is defined by the deny
parameter in the faillock configuration). It stores the failure records into per-user files in
the tally directory.
Rationale:
Locking out user IDs after n unsuccessful consecutive login attempts mitigates brute
force password attacks against your systems.
Audit:
Run the following commands to verify that pam_faillock is enabled:
# grep -P -- '\bpam_faillock\.so\b' /etc/pam.d/common-{auth,account}
/etc/pam.d/common-auth:auth requisite
pam_faillock.so preauth
/etc/pam.d/common-auth:auth [default=die]
pam_faillock.so authfail
/etc/pam.d/common-account:account required
pam_faillock.so
Page 577
Remediation:
Create two pam-auth-update profiles in /usr/share/pam-configs/:
Create the first profile with the following lines:
Name: Enable pam_faillock to deny access
Default: yes
Priority: 0
Auth-Type: Primary
Auth:
[default=die] pam_faillock.so authfail
Example:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
arr=('Name: Enable pam_faillock to deny access' 'Default: yes' 'Priority:
0' 'Auth-Type: Primary' 'Auth:' ' [default=die]
pam_faillock.so authfail')
printf '%s\n' "${arr[@]}" > /usr/share/pam-configs/faillock
}
Create the second profile with the following lines:
Name: Notify of failed login attempts and reset count upon success
Default: yes
Priority: 1024
Auth-Type: Primary
Auth:
requisite pam_faillock.so preauth
Account-Type: Primary
Account:
required pam_faillock.so
Example:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
arr=('Name: Notify of failed login attempts and reset count upon success'
'Default: yes' 'Priority: 1024' 'Auth-Type: Primary' 'Auth:' '
requisite pam_faillock.so preauth' 'Account-Type:
Primary' 'Account:' ' required
pam_faillock.so')
printf '%s\n' "${arr[@]}" > /usr/share/pam-configs/faillock_notify
}
Run the following command to update the common-auth and common-account PAM files
with the new profiles:
# pam-auth-update --enable <profile_filename>
Example:
# pam-auth-update --enable faillock
# pam-auth-update --enable faillock_notify
Page 578
Note:
• The name used for the file must be used in the pam-auth-update --enable
command
• The Name: line should be easily recognizable and understood
• The Priority: Line is important as it effects the order of the lines in the
/etc/pam.d/ files
• If a site specific custom profile is being used in your environment to configure
PAM that includes the configuration for the pam_faillock module, enable that
module instead
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version
6.2 Establish an Access Revoking Process

Establish and follow a process, preferably automated, for revoking access to
v8 enterprise assets, through disabling accounts immediately upon termination, rights ● ● ●
revocation, or role change of a user. Disabling accounts, instead of deleting
accounts, may be necessary to preserve audit trails.
16.7 Establish Process for Revoking Access

Establish and follow an automated process for revoking system access by
v7 disabling accounts immediately upon termination or change of responsibilities of an ● ●
employee or contractor . Disabling these accounts, instead of deleting accounts,
allows preservation of audit trails.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1110, T1110.001,
TA0006 M1027
T1110.003
Page 579
5.3.2.3 Ensure pam_pwquality module is enabled (Automated)
Description:
The pam_pwquality.so module performs password quality checking. This module can
be plugged into the password stack of a given service to provide strength-checking for
passwords. The code was originally based on pam_cracklib module and the module is
backwards compatible with its options.
The action of this module is to prompt the user for a password and check its strength
against a system dictionary and a set of rules for identifying poor choices.
The first action is to prompt for a single password, check its strength and then, if it is
considered strong, prompt for the password a second time (to verify that it was typed
correctly on the first occasion). All being well, the password is passed on to subsequent
modules to be installed as the new authentication token.
Rationale:
Use of a unique, complex passwords helps to increase the time and resources required
to compromise the password.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify that pam_pwhistory is enabled:
# grep -P -- '\bpam_pwquality\.so\b' /etc/pam.d/common-password
password requisite pam_pwquality.so retry=3
Page 580
Remediation:
Run the following script to verify the pam_pwquality.so line exists in a pam-auth-update
profile:
# grep -P -- '\bpam_pwquality\.so\b' /usr/share/pam-configs/*
/usr/share/pam-configs/pwquality: requisite
pam_pwquality.so retry=3
/usr/share/pam-configs/pwquality: requisite
pam_pwquality.so retry=3
- IF - similar output is returned:
Run the following command to update /etc/pam.d/common-password with the returned
profile:
# pam-auth-update --enable {PROFILE_NAME}
Example:
# pam-auth-update pwquality
- IF - similar output is NOT returned:
Run the following script to create a pam-auth-update profile for pwquality:
!#/usr/bin/env bash
{
arr=('Name: Pwquality password strength checking' 'Default: yes'
'Priority: 1024' 'Conflicts: cracklib' 'Password-Type: Primary' 'Password:' '
requisite pam_pwquality.so retry=3' 'Password-Initial:'
'requisite')
printf '%s\n' "${arr[@]}" > /usr/share/pam-configs/pwquality
}
Run the following command to update /etc/pam.d/common-password with the pwquality
profile:
# pam-auth-update --enable pwquality
Note:
command
/etc/pam.d/ files
PAM that includes the configuration for the pam_pwquality module, enable that
module instead
Page 581
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●

● ●
system.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1110, T1110.001,
T1110.002, T1110.003,
TA0006 M1027
T1178.001, T1178.002,
T1178.003, T1178.004
Page 582
5.3.2.4 Ensure pam_pwhistory module is enabled (Automated)
Description:
The pam_pwhistory.so module saves the last passwords for each user in order to force
password change history and keep the user from alternating between the same
password too frequently.
This module does not work together with kerberos. In general, it does not make much
sense to use this module in conjunction with NIS or LDAP, since the old passwords are
stored on the local machine and are not available on another machine for password
history checking.
Rationale:
Use of a unique, complex passwords helps to increase the time and resources required
to compromise the password.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify that pam_pwhistory is enabled:
# grep -P -- '\bpam_pwhistory\.so\b' /etc/pam.d/common-password
password requisite pam_pwhistory.so remember=24 enforce_for_root
try_first_pass use_authtok
Page 583
Remediation:
Run the following script to verify the pam_pwquality.so line exists in a pam-auth-update
profile:
# grep -P -- '\bpam_pwhistory\.so\b' /usr/share/pam-configs/*
/usr/share/pam-configs/pwhistory: requisite pam_pwhistory.so remember=24
enforce_for_root try_first_pass use_authtok
- IF - similar output is returned:
Run the following command to update /etc/pam.d/common-password with the returned
profile:
# pam-auth-update --enable {PROFILE_NAME}
Example:
# pam-auth-update pwhistory
- IF - similar output is NOT returned:
Run the following script to create a pam-auth-update profile for pwhistory:
!#/usr/bin/env bash
{
arr=('Name: pwhistory password history checking' 'Default: yes' 'Priority:
1024' 'Password-Type: Primary' 'Password:' ' requisite
pam_pwhistory.so remember=24 enforce_for_root try_first_pass use_authtok')
printf '%s\n' "${arr[@]}" > /usr/share/pam-configs/pwhistory
}
Run the following command to update /etc/pam.d/common-password with the pwhistory
profile:
# pam-auth-update --enable pwhistory
Note:
command
/etc/pam.d/ files
PAM that includes the configuration for the pam_pwhistory module, enable that
module instead
Page 584
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●

● ●
system.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1110, T1110.001,
T1110.002, T1110.003,
TA0006 M1027
T1178.001, T1178.002,
T1178.003, T1178.004
Page 585
5.3.3 Configure PAM Arguments
Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM) uses arguments to pass information to a

pluggable module during authentication for a particular module type. These arguments
allow the PAM configuration files for particular programs to use a common PAM module
but in different ways.
Invalid arguments are ignored and do not otherwise affect the success or failure of the
PAM module. When an invalid argument is passed, an error is usually written to
/var/log/messages file. However, since the reporting method is controlled by the PAM
module, the module must be written correctly to log the error to this file.
Note: If custom PAM files are being used, for this section's remediation, the
corresponding files in /etc/pam.d/ would need to be edited directly, and the pam-auth-
update --enable <EDITED_PROFILE_NAME> command skipped
Page 586
5.3.3.1 Configure pam_faillock module
pam_faillock.so provides a way to configure the default settings for locking the user
after multiple failed authentication attempts.
Options:
• <dir=/path/to/tally-directory> - The directory where the user files with the

failure records are kept. The default is /var/run/faillock. Note: These files will
disappear after reboot on systems configured with directory /var/run/faillock
mounted on virtual memory.
• audit - Will log the user name into the system log if the user is not found.
• silent - Don't print informative messages to the user. Please note that when this
option is not used there will be difference in the authentication behavior for users
which exist on the system and non-existing users.
• no_log_info - Don't log informative messages via syslog(3).
• local_users_only - Only track failed user authentications attempts for local users
in /etc/passwd and ignore centralized (AD, IdM, LDAP, etc.) users. The faillock(8)
command will also no longer track user failed authentication attempts. Enabling
this option will prevent a double-lockout scenario where a user is locked out
locally and in the centralized mechanism.
• nodelay - Don't enforce a delay after authentication failures.
• deny=<n> - Deny access if the number of consecutive authentication failures for
this user during the recent interval exceeds . The default is 3.
• fail_interval=n - The length of the interval during which the consecutive
authentication failures must happen for the user account lock out is n seconds.
The default is 900 (15 minutes).
• unlock_time=n - The access will be re-enabled after n seconds after the lock out.
The value 0 has the same meaning as value never - the access will not be re-
enabled without resetting the faillock entries by the faillock(8) command. The
default is 600 (10 minutes). Note that the default directory that pam_faillock uses
is usually cleared on system boot so the access will be also re-enabled after
system reboot. If that is undesirable a different tally directory must be set with the
dir option. Also note that it is usually undesirable to permanently lock out users
as they can become easily a target of denial of service attack unless the
usernames are random and kept secret to potential attackers.
• even_deny_root - Root account can become locked as well as regular accounts.
• root_unlock_time=n - This option implies even_deny_root option. Allow access
after n seconds to root account after the account is locked. In case the option is
not specified the value is the same as of the unlock_time option.
• admin_group=name - If a group name is specified with this option, members of the
group will be handled by this module the same as the root account (the options
even_deny_root and root_unlock_time will apply to them. By default the option is
not set.
Page 587
5.3.3.1.1 Ensure password failed attempts lockout is configured
(Automated)
Description:
The deny=<n> option will deny access if the number of consecutive authentication
failures for this user during the recent interval exceeds .
Rationale:
Audit:
Run the following command to verify that Number of failed logon attempts before the
account is locked is no greater than 5 and meets local site policy:
# grep -Pi -- '^\h*deny\h*=\h*[1-5]\b' /etc/security/faillock.conf
deny = 5
Run the following command to verify that the deny argument has not been set, or 5 or
less and meets local site policy:
# grep -Pi --
'^\h*auth\h+(requisite|required|sufficient)\h+pam_faillock\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h
+)?deny\h*=\h*(0|[6-9]|[1-9][0-9]+)\b' /etc/pam.d/common-auth
Remediation:
Create or edit the following line in /etc/security/faillock.conf setting the deny option
to 5 or less:
deny = 5
# grep -Pl -- '\bpam_faillock\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?deny\b' /usr/share/pam-
configs/*
Edit any returned files and remove the deny=<N> arguments from the pam_faillock.so
line(s):
Page 588
Default Value:
deny = 3
If a user has been locked out because they have reached the maximum consecutive
failure count defined by deny= in the pam_faillock.so module, the user can be unlocked
by issuing the command faillock --user <USERNAME> --reset. This command sets the
failed count to 0, effectively unlocking the user.
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version


Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1110, T1110.001,
TA0006 M1027
T1110.003
Page 589
5.3.3.1.2 Ensure password unlock time is configured (Automated)
Description:
unlock_time=<n> - The access will be re-enabled after seconds after the lock out. The
value 0 has the same meaning as value never - the access will not be re-enabled
without resetting the faillock entries by the faillock(8) command.
Note:
• The default directory that pam_faillock uses is usually cleared on system boot so
the access will be also re-enabled after system reboot. If that is undesirable a
different tally directory must be set with the dir option.
• It is usually undesirable to permanently lock out users as they can become easily
a target of denial of service attack unless the usernames are random and kept
secret to potential attackers.
• The maximum configurable value for unlock_time is 604800
Rationale:
Impact:
Use of unlock_time=0 may allow an attacker to cause denial of service to legitimate
users. This will also require a systems administrator with elevated privileges to unlock
the account.
Page 590
Audit:
Run the following command to verify that the time in seconds before the account is
unlocked is either 0 (never) or 900 (15 minutes) or more and meets local site policy:
# grep -Pi -- '^\h*unlock_time\h*=\h*(0|9[0-9][0-9]|[1-9][0-9]{3,})\b'
/etc/security/faillock.conf
unlock_time = 900
Run the following command to verify that the unlock_time argument has not been set,
or is either 0 (never) or 900 (15 minutes) or more and meets local site policy:
# grep -Pi --
'^\h*auth\h+(requisite|required|sufficient)\h+pam_faillock\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h
+)?unlock_time\h*=\h*([1-9]|[1-9][0-9]|[1-8][0-9][0-9])\b' /etc/pam.d/common-
auth
Remediation:
Set password unlock time to conform to site policy. unlock_time should be 0 (never), or
900 seconds or greater.
Edit /etc/security/faillock.conf and update or add the following line:
unlock_time = 900
Run the following command: remove the unlock_time argument from the
pam_faillock.so module in the PAM files:
# grep -Pl -- '\bpam_faillock\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?unlock_time\b'

/usr/share/pam-configs/*
Edit any returned files and remove the unlock_time=<N> argument from the
pam_faillock.so line(s):
Default Value:
unlock_time = 600
Page 591
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version


Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1110, T1110.001,
TA0006 M1027
T1110.003
Page 592
5.3.3.1.3 Ensure password failed attempts lockout includes root
account (Automated)
Description:
even_deny_root - Root account can become locked as well as regular accounts
root_unlock_time=n - This option implies even_deny_root option. Allow access after n
seconds to root account after the account is locked. In case the option is not specified
the value is the same as of the unlock_time option.
Rationale:
Impact:
Use of unlock_time=0 or root_unlock_time=0 may allow an attacker to cause denial of
service to legitimate users.
Page 593
Audit:
Run the following command to verify that even_deny_root and/or root_unlock_time is
enabled:
# grep -Pi -- '^\h*(even_deny_root|root_unlock_time\h*=\h*\d+)\b'
Example output:
even_deny_root
--AND/OR--
root_unlock_time = 60
Run the following command to verify that - IF - root_unlock_time is set, it is set to 60
(One minute) or more:
# grep -Pi -- '^\h*root_unlock_time\h*=\h*([1-9]|[1-5][0-9])\b'

Run the following command to check the pam_faillock.so module for the
root_unlock_time argument. Verify -IF- root_unlock_time is set, it is set to 60 (One
minute) or more:
# grep -Pi --
'^\h*auth\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)pam_faillock\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?root_unlock_time\
h*=\h*([1-9]|[1-5][0-9])\b' /etc/pam.d/common-auth
Remediation:
Edit /etc/security/faillock.conf:
• Remove or update any line containing root_unlock_time, - OR - set it to a value

of 60 or more
• Update or add the following line:
even_deny_root
# grep -Pl --
'\bpam_faillock\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?(even_deny_root|root_unlock_time)'
Edit any returned files and remove the even_deny_root and root_unlock_time
arguments from the pam_faillock.so line(s):
Page 594
Default Value:
disabled
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version


Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1110, T1110.001,
TA0006 M1027
T1110.003
Page 595
5.3.3.2 Configure pam_pwquality module
The pam_pwquality.so module checks the strength of passwords. It performs checks
such as making sure a password is not a dictionary word, it is a certain length, contains
a mix of characters (e.g. alphabet, numeric, other) and more.
These checks are configurable by either:
• use of the module arguments

• modifying the /etc/security/pwquality.conf configuration file
• creating a .conf file in the /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/ directory.
Note: The module arguments override the settings in the

/etc/security/pwquality.conf configuration file. Settings in the
/etc/security/pwquality.conf configuration file override settings in a .conf file in the
/etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/ directory.
The possible options in the file are:
• difok - Number of characters in the new password that must not be present in
the old password. (default 1). The special value of 0 disables all checks of
similarity of the new password with the old password except the new password
being exactly the same as the old one.
• minlen - Minimum acceptable size for the new password (plus one if credits are
not disabled which is the default). (See pam_pwquality(8).) Cannot be set to
lower value than 6. (default 8)
• dcredit - The maximum credit for having digits in the new password. If less than
0 it is the minimum number of digits in the new password. (default 0)
• ucredit - The maximum credit for having uppercase characters in the new
password. If less than 0 it is the minimum number of uppercase characters in the
new password. (default 0)
• lcredit - The maximum credit for having lowercase characters in the new
password. If less than 0 it is the minimum number of lowercase characters in the
new password. (default 0)
• ocredit - The maximum credit for having other characters in the new password.
If less than 0 it is the minimum number of other characters in the new password.
(default 0)
• minclass - The minimum number of required classes of characters for the new
password (digits, uppercase, lowercase, others). (default 0)
• maxrepeat - The maximum number of allowed same consecutive characters in
the new password. The check is disabled if the value is 0. (default 0)
• maxsequence - The maximum length of monotonic character sequences in the
new password. Examples of such sequence are '12345' or 'fedcb'. Note that most
such passwords will not pass the simplicity check unless the sequence is only a
minor part of the password. The check is disabled if the value is 0. (default 0)
Page 596
• maxclassrepeat - The maximum number of allowed consecutive characters of the
same class in the new password. The check is disabled if the value is 0. (default
0)
• gecoscheck - If nonzero, check whether the words longer than 3 characters from
the GECOS field of the user's passwd(5) entry are contained in the new
password. The check is disabled if the value is 0. (default 0)
• dictcheck - If nonzero, check whether the password (with possible modifications)
matches a word in a dictionary. Currently the dictionary check is performed using
the cracklib library. (default 1)
• usercheck=<N> - If nonzero, check whether the password (with possible
modifications) contains the user name in some form. It is not performed for user
names shorter than 3 characters. (default 1)
• usersubstr=<N> - If greater than 3 (due to the minimum length in usercheck),
check whether the password contains a substring of at least N length in some
form. (default 0)
• enforcing=<N> - If nonzero, reject the password if it fails the checks, otherwise
only print the warning. This setting applies only to the pam_pwquality module and
possibly other applications that explicitly change their behavior based on it. It
does not affect pwmake(1) and pwscore(1). (default 1)
• badwords - Space separated list of words that must not be contained in the
password. These are additional words to the cracklib dictionary check. This
setting can be also used by applications to emulate the gecos check for user
accounts that are not created yet.
• dictpath - Path to the cracklib dictionaries. Default is to use the cracklib default.
• retry=<N> - Prompt user at most N times before returning with error. The default
is 1.
• enforce_for_root - The module will return error on failed check even if the user
changing the password is root. This option is off by default which means that just
the message about the failed check is printed but root can change the password
anyway. Note that root is not asked for an old password so the checks that
compare the old and new password are not performed.
• local_users_only - The module will not test the password quality for users that
are not present in the /etc/passwd file. The module still asks for the password so
the following modules in the stack can use the use_authtok option. This option is
off by default.
Page 597
5.3.3.2.1 Ensure password number of changed characters is
Description:
The pwquality difok option sets the number of characters in a password that must not
be present in the old password.
Rationale:
Use of a complex password helps to increase the time and resources required to
compromise the password. Password complexity, or strength, is a measure of the
effectiveness of a password in resisting attempts at guessing and brute-force attacks.
Password complexity is one factor of several that determines how long it takes to crack
a password. The more complex the password, the greater the number of possible
combinations that need to be tested before the password is compromised.
Page 598
Audit:
Run the following command to verify that the difok option is set to 2 or more and
follows local site policy:
# grep -Psi -- '^\h*difok\h*=\h*([2-9]|[1-9][0-9]+)\b'
/etc/security/pwquality.conf /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/*.conf
Example output:
/etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/50-pwdifok.conf:difok = 2
Verify returned value(s) are 2 or more and meet local site policy
Run the following command to verify that difok is not set, is 2 or more, and conforms to
local site policy:
grep -Psi --
'^\h*password\h+(requisite|required|sufficient)\h+pam_pwquality\.so\h+([^#\n\
r]+\h+)?difok\h*=\h*([0-1])\b' /etc/pam.d/common-password

Note:
• settings should be configured in only one location for clarity

• Settings observe an order of precedence:
o module arguments override the settings in the
/etc/security/pwquality.conf configuration file
o settings in the /etc/security/pwquality.conf configuration file override
settings in a .conf file in the /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/ directory
o settings in a .conf file in the /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/ directory
are read in canonical order, with last read file containing the setting taking
precedence
• It is recommended that settings be configured in a .conf file in the
/etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/ directory for clarity, convenience, and
durability.
Page 599
Remediation:
Create or modify a file ending in .conf in the /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/
directory or the file /etc/security/pwquality.conf and add or modify the following line
to set difok to 2 or more. Ensure setting conforms to local site policy:
Example:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
sed -ri 's/^\s*difok\s*=/# &/' /etc/security/pwquality.conf
[ ! -d /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/ ] && mkdir
/etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/
printf '\n%s' "difok = 2" > /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/50-pwdifok.conf
}
# grep -Pl -- '\bpam_pwquality\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?difok\b' /usr/share/pam-
configs/*
Edit any returned files and remove the difok argument from the pam_pwquality.so
line(s):
Default Value:
difok = 1
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●

● ●
system.
Page 600
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1110, T1110.001,
T1110.002, T1110.003,
TA0006 M1027
T1178.001, T1178.002,
T1178.003, T1178.004
Page 601
5.3.3.2.2 Ensure minimum password length is configured
(Automated)
Description:
The minimum password length setting determines the lowers number of characters that
make up a password for a user account. There are many different theories about how to
determine the best password length for an organization, but perhaps "passphrase" is a
better term than "password".
The minlen option sets the minimum acceptable size for the new password (plus one if
credits are not disabled which is the default). Cannot be set to lower value than 6.
Rationale:
Strong passwords help protect systems from password attacks. Types of password
attacks include dictionary attacks, which attempt to use common words and phrases,
and brute force attacks, which try every possible combination of characters. Also
attackers may try to obtain the account database so they can use tools to discover the
accounts and passwords.
Impact:
In general, it is true that longer passwords are better (harder to crack), but it is also true
that forced password length requirements can cause user behavior that is predictable
and undesirable. For example, requiring users to have a minimum 16-character
password may cause them to choose repeating patterns like fourfourfourfour or
passwordpassword that meet the requirement but aren’t hard to guess. Additionally,
length requirements increase the chances that users will adopt other insecure practices,
like writing them down, re-using them or storing them unencrypted in their documents.
Having a reasonable minimum length with no maximum character limit increases the
resulting average password length used (and therefore the strength).6
Page 602
Audit:
Run the following command to verify that password length is 14 or more characters, and
conforms to local site policy:
# grep -Psi -- '^\h*minlen\h*=\h*(1[4-9]|[2-9][0-9]|[1-9][0-9]{2,})\b'
/etc/security/pwquality.conf /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/*.conf
Example output:
/etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/50-pwlength.conf:minlen = 14
Verify returned value(s) are no less than 14 characters and meet local site policy
Run the following command to verify that minlen is not set, or is 14 or more characters,
and conforms to local site policy:
grep -Psi --
r]+\h+)?minlen\h*=\h*([0-9]|1[0-3])\b' /etc/pam.d/system-auth
/etc/pam.d/common-password

Note:

precedence
durability.
Page 603
Remediation:
to set password length of 14 or more characters. Ensure that password length conforms
to local site policy:
Example:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
sed -ri 's/^\s*minlen\s*=/# &/' /etc/security/pwquality.conf
printf '\n%s' "minlen = 14" > /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/50-
pwlength.conf
}
# grep -Pl -- '\bpam_pwquality\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?minlen\b' /usr/share/pam-
configs/*
Edit any returned files and remove the minlen argument from the pam_pwquality.so
line(s):
Default Value:
minlen = 8
References:
1. pam_pwquality(8)
2. CIS Password Policy Guide
3. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5(1)
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●

● ●
system.
Page 604
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1110, T1110.001,
T1110.002, T1110.003,
TA0006 M1027
T1178.001, T1178.002,
T1178.003, T1178.004
Page 605
5.3.3.2.3 Ensure password complexity is configured (Manual)
Description:
Password complexity can be set through:
• minclass - The minimum number of classes of characters required in a new

password. (digits, uppercase, lowercase, others). e.g. minclass = 4 requires
digits, uppercase, lower case, and special characters.
• dcredit - The maximum credit for having digits in the new password. If less than
0 it is the minimum number of digits in the new password. e.g. dcredit = -1
requires at least one digit
• ucredit - The maximum credit for having uppercase characters in the new
password. If less than 0 it is the minimum number of uppercase characters in the
new password. e.g. ucredit = -1 requires at least one uppercase character
• ocredit - The maximum credit for having other characters in the new password.
If less than 0 it is the minimum number of other characters in the new password.
e.g. ocredit = -1 requires at least one special character
• lcredit - The maximum credit for having lowercase characters in the new
password. If less than 0 it is the minimum number of lowercase characters in the
new password. e.g. lcredit = -1 requires at least one lowercase character
Rationale:
Strong passwords protect systems from being hacked through brute force methods.
Requiring at least one non-alphabetic character increases the search space beyond
pure dictionary words, which makes the resulting password harder to crack.
Forcing users to choose an excessively complex password, e.g. some combination of
upper-case, lower-case, numbers, and special characters, has a negative impact. It
places an extra burden on users and many will use predictable patterns (for example, a
capital letter in the first position, followed by lowercase letters, then one or two numbers,
and a “special character” at the end). Attackers know this, so dictionary attacks will
often contain these common patterns and use the most common substitutions like, $ for
s, @ for a, 1 for l, 0 for o.
Impact:
Passwords that are too complex in nature make it harder for users to remember, leading
to bad practices. In addition, composition requirements provide no defense against
common attack types such as social engineering or insecure storage of passwords
Page 606
Audit:
Run the following command to verify:
• dcredit, ucredit, lcredit,and ocredit are not set to a value greater than 0
• Complexity conforms to local site policy:
# grep -Psi -- '^\h*(minclass|[dulo]credit)\b' /etc/security/pwquality.conf

/etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/*.conf
Example output:
/etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/50-pwcomplexity.conf:minclass = 3
/etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/50-pwcomplexity.conf:ucredit = -2
/etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/50-pwcomplexity.conf:lcredit = -2
/etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/50-pwcomplexity.conf:dcredit = -1
/etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/50-pwcomplexity.conf:ocredit = 0
The example represents a requirement of three character classes, with passwords
requiring two upper case, two lower case, and one numeric character.
Run the following command to verify that module arguments in the configuration file(s)
are not being overridden by arguments in /etc/pam.d/common-password:
grep -Psi --
r]+\h+)?(minclass=\d*|[dulo]credit=-?\d*)\b' /etc/pam.d/common-password

Note:

precedence
durability.
Page 607
Remediation:
# grep -Pl --
'\bpam_pwquality\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?(minclass|[dulo]credit)\b'
Edit any returned files and remove the minclass, dcredit, ucredit, lcredit, and
ocredit arguments from the pam_pwquality.so line(s)
directory or the file /etc/security/pwquality.conf and add or modify the following
line(s) to set complexity according to local site policy:
• minclass = _N_
• dcredit = _N_ # Value should be either 0 or a number proceeded by a minus (-)
symbol
• ucredit = -1 # Value should be either 0 or a number proceeded by a minus (-)
symbol
• ocredit = -1 # Value should be either 0 or a number proceeded by a minus (-)
symbol
• lcredit = -1 # Value should be either 0 or a number proceeded by a minus (-)
symbol
Example 1 - Set minclass = 3:

#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
sed -ri 's/^\s*minclass\s*=/# &/' /etc/security/pwquality.conf
sed -ri 's/^\s*[dulo]credit\s*=/# &/' /etc/security/pwquality.conf
printf '\n%s' "minclass = 3" > /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/50-
pwcomplexity.conf
}
Example 2 - set dcredit = -1, ucredit = -1, and lcredit = -1:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
sed -ri 's/^\s*minclass\s*=/# &/' /etc/security/pwquality.conf
sed -ri 's/^\s*[dulo]credit\s*=/# &/' /etc/security/pwquality.conf
printf '%s\n' "dcredit = -1" "ucredit = -1" "lcredit = -1" >
/etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/50-pwcomplexity.conf
}
Page 608
Default Value:
minclass = 0
dcredit = 0
ucredit = 0
ocredit = 0
lcredit = 0
References:
1. pam_pwquality(8)
2. PWQUALITY.CONF(5)
3. https://www.cisecurity.org/insights/white-papers/cis-password-policy-guide
4. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●

● ●
system.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1110, T1110.001,
T1110.002, T1110.003,
TA0006 M1027
T1178.001, T1178.002,
T1178.003, T1178.004
Page 609
5.3.3.2.4 Ensure password same consecutive characters is
Description:
The pwquality maxrepeat option sets the maximum number of allowed same
consecutive characters in a new password.
Rationale:
Page 610
Audit:
Run the following command to verify that the maxrepeat option is set to 3 or less, not 0,
and follows local site policy:
# grep -Psi -- '^\h*maxrepeat\h*=\h*[1-3]\b' /etc/security/pwquality.conf
Example output:
/etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/50-pwrepeat.conf:maxrepeat = 3
Verify returned value(s) are 3 or less, not 0, and meet local site policy
Run the following command to verify that maxrepeat is not set, is 3 or less, not 0, and
grep -Psi --
r]+\h+)?maxrepeat\h*=\h*(0|[4-9]|[1-9][0-9]+)\b' /etc/pam.d/common-password

Note:

precedence
durability.
Page 611
Remediation:
to set maxrepeat to 3 or less and not 0. Ensure setting conforms to local site policy:
Example:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
sed -ri 's/^\s*maxrepeat\s*=/# &/' /etc/security/pwquality.conf
printf '\n%s' "maxrepeat = 3" > /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/50-
pwrepeat.conf
}
# grep -Pl -- '\bpam_pwquality\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?maxrepeat\b'
Edit any returned files and remove the maxrepeat argument from the pam_pwquality.so
line(s):
Default Value:
maxrepeat = 0
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●

● ●
system.
Page 612
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1110, T1110.001,
T1110.002, T1110.003,
TA0006 M1027
T1178.001, T1178.002,
T1178.003, T1178.004
Page 613
5.3.3.2.5 Ensure password maximum sequential characters is
Description:
The pwquality maxsequence option sets the maximum length of monotonic character
sequences in the new password. Examples of such sequence are 12345 or fedcb. The
check is disabled if the value is 0.
Note: Most such passwords will not pass the simplicity check unless the sequence is
only a minor part of the password.
Rationale:
Page 614
Audit:
Run the following command to verify that the maxsequence option is set to 3 or less, not
0, and follows local site policy:
# grep -Psi -- '^\h*maxsequence\h*=\h*[1-3]\b' /etc/security/pwquality.conf

Example output:
/etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/50-pwmaxsequence.conf:maxsequence = 3
Verify returned value(s) are 3 or less, not 0, and meet local site policy
Run the following command to verify that maxsequence is not set, is 3 or less, not 0, and
grep -Psi --
r]+\h+)?maxsequence\h*=\h*(0|[4-9]|[1-9][0-9]+)\b' /etc/pam.d/common-password

Note:

precedence
durability.
Page 615
Remediation:
to set maxsequence to 3 or less and not 0. Ensure setting conforms to local site policy:
Example:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
sed -ri 's/^\s*maxsequence\s*=/# &/' /etc/security/pwquality.conf
printf '\n%s' "maxsequence = 3" > /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/50-
pwmaxsequence.conf
}
# grep -Pl -- '\bpam_pwquality\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?maxsequence\b'
Edit any returned files and remove the maxsequence argument from the
pam_pwquality.so line(s):
Default Value:
maxsequence = 0
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●

● ●
system.
Page 616
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1110, T1110.001,
T1110.002, T1110.003,
TA0006 M1027
T1178.001, T1178.002,
T1178.003, T1178.004
Page 617
5.3.3.2.6 Ensure password dictionary check is enabled
(Automated)
Description:
The pwquality dictcheck option sets whether to check for the words from the cracklib
dictionary.
Rationale:
If the operating system allows the user to select passwords based on dictionary words,
this increases the chances of password compromise by increasing the opportunity for
successful guesses, and brute-force attacks.
Page 618
Audit:
Run the following command to verify that the dictcheck option is not set to 0 (disabled)
in a pwquality configuration file:
# grep -Psi -- '^\h*dictcheck\h*=\h*0\b' /etc/security/pwquality.conf

Run the following command to verify that the dictcheck option is not set to 0 (disabled)
as a module argument in a PAM file:
# grep -Psi --
r]+\h+)?dictcheck\h*=\h*0\b' /etc/pam.d/common-password

Note:

precedence
durability.
Remediation:
Edit any file ending in .conf in the /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/ directory and/or
the file /etc/security/pwquality.conf and comment out or remove any instance of
dictcheck = 0:
Example:
# sed -ri 's/^\s*dictcheck\s*=/# &/' /etc/security/pwquality.conf
# grep -Pl -- '\bpam_pwquality\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?dictcheck\b'
Edit any returned files and remove the dictcheck argument from the pam_pwquality.so
line(s)
Page 619
Default Value:
dictcheck = 1
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●

● ●
system.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1110, T1110.001,
T1110.002, T1110.003,
TA0006 M1027
T1178.001, T1178.002,
T1178.003, T1178.004
Page 620
5.3.3.2.7 Ensure password quality checking is enforced
(Automated)
Description:
The pam_pwquality module can be configured to either reject a password if it fails the
checks, or only print a warning.
This is configured by setting the enforcing=<N> argument. If nonzero, a password will
be rejected if it fails the checks, otherwise only a warning message will be provided.
This setting applies only to the pam_pwquality module and possibly other applications
that explicitly change their behavior based on it. It does not affect pwmake(1) and
pwscore(1).
Rationale:
Strong passwords help protect systems from password attacks. Types of password
attacks include dictionary attacks, which attempt to use common words and phrases,
and brute force attacks, which try every possible combination of characters. Also
attackers may try to obtain the account database so they can use tools to discover the
accounts and passwords.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify that enforcing=0 has not been set in a pwquality
configuration file:
# grep -PHsi -- '^\h*enforcing\h*=\h*0\b' /etc/security/pwquality.conf
Run the following command to verify that the enforcing=0 argument has not been set
on the pam_pwquality module:
# grep -PHsi --
'^\h*password\h+[^#\n\r]+\h+pam_pwquality\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?enforcing=0\b'
Page 621
Remediation:
# grep -Pl -- '\bpam_pwquality\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?enforcing=0\b'
Edit any returned files and remove the enforcing=0 argument from the
pam_pwquality.so line(s)
Edit /etc/security/pwquality.conf and all files ending in .conf in the
/etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/ directory and remove or comment out any line
containing the enforcing = 0 argument:
Example:
# sed -ri 's/^\s*enforcing\s*=\s*0/# &/' /etc/security/pwquality.conf
Default Value:
enforcing=1
References:
1. pam_pwquality(8)
2. PWQUALITY.CONF(5)
3. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●

● ●
system.
Page 622
5.3.3.2.8 Ensure password quality is enforced for the root user
(Automated)
Description:
If the pwquality enforce_for_root option is enabled, the module will return error on
failed check even if the user changing the password is root.
This option is off by default which means that just the message about the failed check is
printed but root can change the password anyway.
Note: The root is not asked for an old password so the checks that compare the old and
new password are not performed.
Rationale:
Page 623
Audit:
Run the following command to verify that the enforce_for_root option is enabled in a
pwquality configuration file:
# grep -Psi -- '^\h*enforce_for_root\b' /etc/security/pwquality.conf
Example output:
/etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/50-pwroot.conf:enforce_for_root
Note:

precedence
durability.
Remediation:
Edit or add the following line in a *.conf file in /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d or in
/etc/security/pwquality.conf:
Example:
#!/urs/bin/env bash
{
printf '\n%s\n' "enforce_for_root" > /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/50-
pwroot.conf
}
Default Value:
disabled
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5
Page 624
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●

● ●
system.
Page 625
5.3.3.3 Configure pam_pwhistory module
pam_pwhistory - PAM module to remember last passwords
pam_history.so module - This module saves the last passwords for each user in order
to force password change history and keep the user from alternating between the same
password too frequently.
This module does not work together with kerberos. In general, it does not make much
sense to use this module in conjunction with NIS or LDAP, since the old passwords are
stored on the local machine and are not available on another machine for password
history checking.
Options:
• debug - Turns on debugging via syslog(3).

• use_authtok - When password changing enforce the module to use the new
password provided by a previously stacked password module (this is used in the
example of the stacking of the pam_passwdqc module documented below).
• enforce_for_root - If this option is set, the check is enforced for root, too.
• remember=<N> - The last <N> passwords for each user are saved. The default is
10. Value of 0 makes the module to keep the existing contents of the opasswd file
unchanged.
• retry=<N> - Prompt user at most <N> times before returning with error. The
default is 1.
• authtok_type=<STRING> - See pam_get_authtok(3) for more details.
Examples:
An example password section would be:
#%PAM-1.0
password required pam_pwhistory.so
password required pam_unix.so use_authtok
In combination with pam_passwdqc:
#%PAM-1.0
password required pam_passwdqc.so config=/etc/passwdqc.conf
password required pam_pwhistory.so use_authtok
password required pam_unix.so use_authtok
Page 626
5.3.3.3.1 Ensure password history remember is configured
(Automated)
Description:
The /etc/security/opasswd file stores the users' old passwords and can be checked to
ensure that users are not recycling recent passwords. The number of passwords
remembered is set via the remember argument value in set for the pam_pwhistory
module.
• remember=<N> - <N> is the number of old passwords to remember
Rationale:
Requiring users not to reuse their passwords make it less likely that an attacker will be
able to guess the password or use a compromised password.
Note: These change only apply to accounts configured on the local system.
Audit:
Run the following command and verify:
• The pwhistory line in /etc/pam.d/common-password includes remember=<N>

• The value of <N> is 24 or more
• The value meets local site policy
# grep -Psi --
'^\h*password\h+[^#\n\r]+\h+pam_pwhistory\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?remember=\d+\b
' /etc/pam.d/common-password
Page 627
Remediation:
# awk '/Password-Type:/{ f = 1;next } /-Type:/{ f = 0 } f {if
(/pam_pwhistory\.so/) print FILENAME}' /usr/share/pam-configs/*
Edit any returned files and edit or add the remember= argument, with a value of 24 or
more, that meets local site policy to the pam_pwhistory line in the Password section:
Example File:
Name: pwhistory password history checking
Default: yes
Priority: 1024
Password-Type: Primary
Password:
requisite pam_pwhistory.so remember=24 enforce_for_root try_first_pass
use_authtok # <- **ensure line includes remember=<N>**
Run the following command to update the files in the /etc/pam.d/ directory:
# pam-auth-update --enable <MODIFIED_PROFILE_NAME>
Example:
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5(1)
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●

● ●
system.
Page 628
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1078, T1078.001,
T1078.002, T1078.003,
T1078.004, T1110,
T1110.004
Page 629
5.3.3.3.2 Ensure password history is enforced for the root user
(Automated)
Description:
If the pwhistory enforce_for_root option is enabled, the module will enforce password
history for the root user as well
Rationale:
Requiring users not to reuse their passwords make it less likely that an attacker will be
able to guess the password or use a compromised password
Note: These change only apply to accounts configured on the local system.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify that the enforce_for_root argument is exists on
the pwhistory line in /etc/pam.d/common-password:
# grep -Psi --
'^\h*password\h+[^#\n\r]+\h+pam_pwhistory\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?enforce_for_ro
ot\b' /etc/pam.d/common-password
Page 630
Remediation:
(/pam_pwhistory\.so/) print FILENAME}' /usr/share/pam-configs/*
Edit any returned files and add the enforce_for_root argument to the pam_pwhistory
line in the Password section:
Example File:
Default: yes
Priority: 1024
Password:
use_authtok # <- **ensure line includes enforce_for_root**
Example:
Default Value:
disabled
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●

● ●
system.
Page 631
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1110, T1110.001,
T1110.002, T1110.003,
TA0006 M1027
T1178.001, T1178.002,
T1178.003, T1178.004
Page 632
5.3.3.3.3 Ensure pam_pwhistory includes use_authtok
(Automated)
Description:
use_authtok - When password changing enforce the module to set the new password to
the one provided by a previously stacked password module
Rationale:
use_authtok allows multiple pam modules to confirm a new password before it is
accepted.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify that the use_authtok argument exists on the
pwhistory line in /etc/pam.d/common-password:
# grep -Psi --
'^\h*password\h+[^#\n\r]+\h+pam_pwhistory\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?use_authtok\b'
Page 633
Remediation:
Edit any returned files and add the use_authtok argument to the pam_pwhistory line in
the Password section:
Example File:
Default: yes
Priority: 1024
Password:
use_authtok # <- **ensure line includes use_authtok**
Example:
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version
3.11 Encrypt Sensitive Data at Rest

Encrypt sensitive data at rest on servers, applications, and databases containing
sensitive data. Storage-layer encryption, also known as server-side encryption,
v8 meets the minimum requirement of this Safeguard. Additional encryption methods ● ●
may include application-layer encryption, also known as client-side encryption,
where access to the data storage device(s) does not permit access to the plain-text
data.
v7 16.4 Encrypt or Hash all Authentication Credentials ● ●

Encrypt or hash with a salt all authentication credentials when stored.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1003, T1003.008, T1110,

TA0006 M1041
T1110.002
Page 634
5.3.3.4 Configure pam_unix module
The pam_unix.so module is the standard Unix authentication module. It uses standard
calls from the system's libraries to retrieve and set account information as well as
authentication. Usually this is obtained from the /etc/passwd and the /etc/shadow file
as well if shadow is enabled.
Page 635
5.3.3.4.1 Ensure pam_unix does not include nullok (Automated)
Description:
The nullok argument overrides the default action of pam_unix.so to not permit the user
access to a service if their official password is blank.
Rationale:
Using a strong password is essential to helping protect personal and sensitive
information from unauthorized access
Audit:
Run the following command to verify that the nullok argument is not set on the
pam_unix.so module:
# grep -PH -- '^\h*^\h*[^#\n\r]+\h+pam_unix\.so\b' /etc/pam.d/common-

{password,auth,account,session,session-noninteractive} | grep -Pv --
'\bnullok\b'
try_first_pass
/etc/pam.d/common-session-noninteractive:session required pam_unix.so
Page 636
Remediation:
# grep -PH -- '^\h*([^#\n\r]+\h+)?pam_unix\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?nullok\b'
Edit any files returned and remove the nullok argument for the pam_unix lines
Example File:
Name: Unix authentication
Default: yes
Priority: 256
Auth-Type: Primary
Auth:
[success=end default=ignore] pam_unix.so try_first_pass # <-
**ensure line does not include nullok nullok**
Auth-Initial:
[success=end default=ignore] pam_unix.so # <- **ensure line does
not include nullok nullok**
Account-Type: Primary
Account:
[success=end new_authtok_reqd=done default=ignore] pam_unix.so
Account-Initial:
Session-Type: Additional
Session:
required pam_unix.so
Session-Initial:
Password:
[success=end default=ignore] pam_unix.so obscure use_authtok
try_first_pass yescrypt
Password-Initial:
[success=end default=ignore] pam_unix.so obscure yescrypt
# pam-auth-update --enable <EDITED_PROFILE_NAME>
Example:
Note: If custom files are being used, the corresponding files in /etc/pam.d/ would need
to be edited directly, and the pam-auth-update --enable <EDITED_PROFILE_NAME>
command skipped
Page 637
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●

● ●
system.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1003, T1003.008, T1110,

TA0006 M1041
T1110.002
Page 638
5.3.3.4.2 Ensure pam_unix does not include remember
(Automated)
Description:
The remember=n argument saves the last n passwords for each user in
/etc/security/opasswd in order to force password change history and keep the user
from alternating between the same password too frequently. The MD5 password hash
algorithm is used for storing the old passwords. Instead of this option the pam_pwhistory
module should be used. The pam_pwhistory module saves the last n passwords for
each user in /etc/security/opasswd using the password hash algorithm set on the
pam_unix module. This allows for the yescrypt or sha512 hash algorithm to be used.
Rationale:
The remember=n argument should be removed to ensure a strong password hashing
algorithm is being used. A stronger hash provides additional protection to the system by
increasing the level of effort needed for an attacker to successfully determine local
user's old passwords stored in /etc/security/opasswd.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify that the remember argument is not set on the
pam_unix.so module:
# grep -PH -- '^\h*^\h*[^#\n\r]+\h+pam_unix\.so\b' /etc/pam.d/common-

{password,auth,account,session,session-noninteractive} | grep -Pv --
'\bremember=\d+\b'
pam_unix.so obscure yescrypt
/etc/pam.d/common-session-noninteractive:session required pam_unix.so
Page 639
Remediation:
# grep -PH -- '^\h*([^#\n\r]+\h+)?pam_unix\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?remember\b'
Edit any files returned and remove the remember=_<N>_ argument for the pam_unix lines
Example output:
[success=end default=ignore] pam_unix.so obscure use_authtok try_first_pass
yescrypt remember=5 # **<- remove remember=<N>**
[success=end default=ignore] pam_unix.so obscure yescrypt remember=5 # **<-
remove remember=<N>**
# pam-auth-update --enable <EDITED_PROFILE_NAME>
Example:
Note: If custom files are being used, the corresponding files in /etc/pam.d/ would need
to be edited directly, and the pam-auth-update --enable <EDITED_PROFILE_NAME>
command skipped
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●

● ●
system.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1003, T1003.008, T1110,

TA0006 M1041
T1110.002
Page 640
5.3.3.4.3 Ensure pam_unix includes a strong password hashing
algorithm (Automated)
Description:
A cryptographic hash function converts an arbitrary-length input into a fixed length
output. Password hashing performs a one-way transformation of a password, turning
the password into another string, called the hashed password.
The pam_unix module can be configured to use one of the following hashing algorithms
for user's passwords:
• md5 - When a user changes their password next, encrypt it with the MD5 algorithm.
• bigcrypt - When a user changes their password next, encrypt it with the DEC C2
algorithm.
• sha256 - When a user changes their password next, encrypt it with the SHA256
algorithm. The SHA256 algorithm must be supported by the crypt(3) function.
• sha512 - When a user changes their password next, encrypt it with the SHA512
algorithm. The SHA512 algorithm must be supported by the crypt(3) function.
• blowfish - When a user changes their password next, encrypt it with the
blowfish algorithm. The blowfish algorithm must be supported by the crypt(3)
function.
• gost_yescrypt - When a user changes their password next, encrypt it with the
gost-yescrypt algorithm. The gost-yescrypt algorithm must be supported by the
crypt(3) function.
• yescrypt - When a user changes their password next, encrypt it with the
yescrypt algorithm. The yescrypt algorithm must be supported by the crypt(3)
function.
Rationale:
The SHA-512 and yescrypt algorithms provide a stronger hash than other algorithms
used by Linux for password hash generation. A stronger hash provides additional
protection to the system by increasing the level of effort needed for an attacker to
successfully determine local user passwords.
Note: These changes only apply to the local system.
Page 641
Audit:
Run the following command to verify that a strong password hashing algorithm is set on
the pam_unix.so module:
# grep -PH --
'^\h*password\h+([^#\n\r]+)\h+pam_unix\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?(sha512|yescrypt)
\b' /etc/pam.d/common-password
Verify that the line(s) include either sha512 - OR - yescrypt
Page 642
Remediation:
(/pam_unix\.so/) print FILENAME}' /usr/share/pam-configs/*
Edit any returned files and edit or add a strong hashing algorithm, either sha512 or
yescrypt, that meets local site policy to the pam_unix lines in the Password section:
Example File:
Default: yes
Priority: 256
Auth-Type: Primary # <- Start of "Auth" section
Auth:
[success=end default=ignore] pam_unix.so try_first_pass
Auth-Initial:
[success=end default=ignore] pam_unix.so
Account-Type: Primary # <- Start of "Account" section
Account:
Account-Initial:
Session-Type: Additional # <- Start of "Session" section
Session:
Session-Initial:
Password-Type: Primary # <- Start of "Password" section
Password:
try_first_pass yescrypt # <- **ensure hashing algorithm is either sha512 or
yescrypt**
Password-Initial:
[success=end default=ignore] pam_unix.so obscure yescrypt # <-
**ensure hashing algorithm is either sha512 or yescrypt**
Example:
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5
Page 643
The following command may be used to expire all non-system user ID's immediately
and force them to change their passwords on next login. Any system accounts that
need to be expired should be carefully done separately by the system administrator to
prevent any potential problems.
# awk -F: '( $3<'"$(awk '/^\s*UID_MIN/{print $2}' /etc/login.defs)"' && $1 !=
"nfsnobody" ) { print $1 }' /etc/passwd | xargs -n 1 chage -d 0
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

data.

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1003, T1003.008, T1110,

TA0006 M1041
T1110.002
Page 644
5.3.3.4.4 Ensure pam_unix includes use_authtok (Automated)
Description:
use_authtok - When password changing enforce the module to set the new password to
the one provided by a previously stacked password module
Rationale:
use_authtok allows multiple pam modules to confirm a new password before it is
accepted.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify that use_authtok is set on the pam_unix.so
module lines in the password stack:
# grep -PH --
'^\h*password\h+([^#\n\r]+)\h+pam_unix\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?use_authtok\b'
Verify that the line(s) include use_authtok
Page 645
Remediation:
(/pam_unix\.so/) print FILENAME}' /usr/share/pam-configs/*
Edit any returned files add use_authtok to the pam_unix line in the Password section
under Password: subsection:
Note: The if the file's Password section includes a Password-Initial: subsection,
use_authtok should not be added to the pam_unix line in the Password-Initial:
subsection
Example File:
Default: yes
Priority: 256
Auth-Type: Primary # <- Start of "Auth" section
Auth:
[success=end default=ignore] pam_unix.so try_first_pass
Auth-Initial:
[success=end default=ignore] pam_unix.so
Account-Type: Primary # <- Start of "Account" section
Account:
Account-Initial:
Session-Type: Additional # <- Start of "Session" section
Session:
Session-Initial:
Password-Type: Primary # <- Start of "Password" section
Password:
try_first_pass yescrypt # <- **ensure line includes use_authtok**
Password-Initial:
[success=end default=ignore] pam_unix.so obscure yescrypt # <-
**Password-Initial: subsection does not include use_authtok
Example:
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5
Page 646
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

data.

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1003, T1003.008, T1110,

TA0006 M1041
T1110.002
Page 647
5.4 User Accounts and Environment
This section provides guidance on setting up secure defaults for system and user
accounts and their environment.
Page 648
5.4.1 Configure shadow password suite parameters
While a majority of the password control parameters have been moved to PAM, some
parameters are still available through the shadow password suite. Any changes made to
/etc/login.defs will only be applied if the usermod command is used. If user IDs are
added a different way, use the chage command to effect changes to individual user IDs.
Page 649
5.4.1.1 Ensure password expiration is configured (Automated)
Description:
The PASS_MAX_DAYS parameter in /etc/login.defs allows an administrator to force
passwords to expire once they reach a defined age.
PASS_MAX_DAYS <N> - The maximum number of days a password may be used. If the
password is older than this, a password change will be forced. If not specified, -1 will be
assumed (which disables the restriction).
Rationale:
The window of opportunity for an attacker to leverage compromised credentials or
successfully compromise credentials via an online brute force attack is limited by the
age of the password. Therefore, reducing the maximum age of a password also reduces
an attacker's window of opportunity.
We recommend a yearly password change. This is primarily because for all their good
intentions users will share credentials across accounts. Therefore, even if a breach is
publicly identified, the user may not see this notification, or forget they have an account
on that site. This could leave a shared credential vulnerable indefinitely. Having an
organizational policy of a 1-year (annual) password expiration is a reasonable
compromise to mitigate this with minimal user burden.
Page 650
Impact:
The password expiration must be greater than the minimum days between password
changes or users will be unable to change their password.
Excessive password expiration requirements do more harm than good, because these
requirements make users select predictable passwords, composed of sequential words
and numbers that are closely related to each other. In these cases, the next password
can be predicted based on the previous one (incrementing a number used in the
password for example). Also, password expiration requirements offer no containment
benefits because attackers will often use credentials as soon as they compromise them.
Instead, immediate password changes should be based on key events including, but not
limited to:
• Indication of compromise
• Change of user roles
• When a user leaves the organization.
Not only does changing passwords every few weeks or months frustrate the user, it’s
been suggested that it does more harm than good, because it could lead to bad
practices by the user such as adding a character to the end of their existing password.
Audit:
Run the following command and verify PASS_MAX_DAYS is set to 365 days or less and
# grep -Pi -- '^\h*PASS_MAX_DAYS\h+\d+\b' /etc/login.defs
Example output:
PASS_MAX_DAYS 365
Run the following command and Review list of users and PASS_MAX_DAYS to verify that
all users PASS_MAX_DAYS conforms to site policy (no more than 365 days):
Run the following command to verify all passwords have a PASS_MAX_DAYS of 365 days
or less and greater than 0 days:
# awk -F: '($2~/^\$.+\$/) {if($5 > 365 || $5 < 1)print "User: " $1 "
PASS_MAX_DAYS: " $5}' /etc/shadow
Page 651
Remediation:
Set the PASS_MAX_DAYS parameter to conform to site policy in /etc/login.defs :
PASS_MAX_DAYS 365
Modify user parameters for all users with a password set to match:
# chage --maxdays 365 <user>
Edit /etc/login.defs and set PASS_MAX_DAYS to a value greater than 0 that follows local
site policy:
Example:
PASS_MAX_DAYS 365
Run the following command to modify user parameters for all users with a password set
to a maximum age no greater than 356 or less than 1 that follows local site policy:
# chage --maxdays <N> <user>
Example:
# awk -F: '($2~/^\$.+\$/) {if($5 > 365 || $5 < 1)system ("chage --maxdays 365
" $1)}' /etc/shadow
Default Value:
PASS_MAX_DAYS 99999
References:

A value of -1 will disable password expiration.
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●

● ●
system.
Page 652
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1078, T1078.001,
T1078.002, T1078.003,
T1078.004, T1110,
T1110.001, T1110.002,
T1110.003, T1110.004
Page 653
5.4.1.2 Ensure minimum password age is configured (Manual)
Description:
The minimum password age determines the number of days that you must use a
password before you can change it.
PASS_MIN_DAYS <N> - The minimum number of days allowed between password
changes. Any password changes attempted sooner than this will be rejected. If not
specified, 0 will be assumed (which disables the restriction).
Rationale:
Users may have favorite passwords that they like to use because they are easy to
remember and they believe that their password choice is secure from compromise.
Unfortunately, passwords are compromised and if an attacker is targeting a specific
individual user account, with foreknowledge of data about that user, reuse of old,
potentially compromised passwords, may cause a security breach.
By restricting the frequency of password changes, an administrator can prevent users
from repeatedly changing their password in an attempt to circumvent password reuse
controls
Impact:
By enforcing a minimum password age, a user will be unable to change their password
if they observe a potential compromise of their password, e.g. "shoulder surfing", during
the time defined by minimum password age. In this event the user should follow local
site policy to report a compromised password.
If a users password is set by other personnel as a procedure in dealing with a lost or
expired password, the user should be forced to update this "set" password with their
own password. e.g. force "change at next logon".
If it is not possible to have a user set their own password immediately, and this
recommendation or local site procedure may cause a user to continue using a third
party generated password, PASS_MIN_DAYS for the effected user should be temporally
changed to 0, to allow a user to change their password immediately.
For applications where the user is not using the password at console, the ability to
"change at next logon" may be limited. This may cause a user to continue to use a
password created by other personnel.
Page 654
Audit:
Run the following command to verify that PASS_MIN_AGE is set to a value greater than
0and follows local site policy:
# grep -Pi -- '^\h*PASS_MIN_DAYS\h+\d+\b' /etc/login.defs

Example output:
PASS_MIN_DAYS 1
Run the following command to verify all passwords have a PASS_MIN_AGE greater than 0:
# awk -F: '($2~/^\$.+\$/) {if($4 < 1)print "User: " $1 " PASS_MIN_DAYS: "
$4}' /etc/shadow
Remediation:
Edit /etc/login.defs and set PASS_MIN_DAYS to a value greater than 0 that follows local
site policy:
Example:
PASS_MIN_DAYS 1
to a minimum age greater than zero that follows local site policy:
# chage --mindays <N> <user>
Example:
# awk -F: '($2~/^\$.+\$/) {if($4 < 1)system ("chage --mindays 1 " $1)}'
/etc/shadow
Default Value:
PASS_MIN_DAYS 0
References:
Page 655
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●

● ●
system.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1078, T1078.001,
T1078.002, T1078.003,
TA0006 M1027
T1078.004, T1110,
T1110.004
Page 656
5.4.1.3 Ensure password expiration warning days is configured
(Automated)
Description:
The PASS_WARN_AGE parameter in /etc/login.defs allows an administrator to notify
users that their password will expire in a defined number of days.
PASS_WARN_AGE <N> - The number of days warning given before a password expires. A
zero means warning is given only upon the day of expiration, a negative value means
no warning is given. If not specified, no warning will be provided.
Rationale:
Providing an advance warning that a password will be expiring gives users time to think
of a secure password. Users caught unaware may choose a simple password or write it
down where it may be discovered.
Audit:
Run the following command and verify PASS_WARN_AGE is 7 or more and follows local site
policy:
# grep -Pi -- '^\h*PASS_WARN_AGE\h+\d+\b' /etc/login.defs
Example output:
PASS_WARN_AGE 7
Run the following command to verify all passwords have a PASS_WARN_AGE of 7 or more:
# awk -F: '($2~/^\$.+\$/) {if($6 < 7)print "User: " $1 " PASS_WARN_AGE: "
$6}' /etc/shadow
Page 657
Remediation:
Edit /etc/login.defs and set PASS_WARN_AGE to a value of 7 or more that follows local
site policy:
Example:
PASS_WARN_AGE 7
to a minimum warning to 7 or more days that follows local site policy:
# chage --warndays <N> <user>
Example:
# awk -F: '($2~/^\$.+\$/) {if($6 < 7)system ("chage --warndays 7 " $1)}'
/etc/shadow
Default Value:
PASS_WARN_AGE 7
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version
4.1 Establish and Maintain a Secure Configuration Process

Establish and maintain a secure configuration process for enterprise assets
v8 (end-user devices, including portable and mobile, non-computing/IoT devices, and
servers) and software (operating systems and applications). Review and update
● ● ●
documentation annually, or when significant enterprise changes occur that could
impact this Safeguard.

● ●
system.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1078 TA0006 M1027
Page 658
5.4.1.4 Ensure strong password hashing algorithm is configured
(Automated)
Description:
A cryptographic hash function converts an arbitrary-length input into a fixed length
output. Password hashing performs a one-way transformation of a password, turning
the password into another string, called the hashed password.
ENCRYPT_METHOD (string) - This defines the system default encryption algorithm for
encrypting passwords (if no algorithm are specified on the command line). It can take
one of these values:
• MD5 - MD5-based algorithm will be used for encrypting password

• SHA256 - SHA256-based algorithm will be used for encrypting password
• SHA512 - SHA512-based algorithm will be used for encrypting password
• BCRYPT - BCRYPT-based algorithm will be used for encrypting password
• YESCRYPT - YESCRYPT-based algorithm will be used for encrypting password
• DES - DES-based algorithm will be used for encrypting password (default)
Note:
• This parameter overrides the deprecated MD5_CRYPT_ENAB variable.

• This parameter will only affect the generation of group passwords.
• The generation of user passwords is done by PAM and subject to the PAM
configuration.
• It is recommended to set this variable consistently with the PAM configuration.
Rationale:
The SHA-512 and yescrypt algorithms provide a stronger hash than other algorithms
used by Linux for password hash generation. A stronger hash provides additional
protection to the system by increasing the level of effort needed for an attacker to
successfully determine local group passwords.
Page 659
Audit:
Run the following command to verify the hashing algorithm is sha512 or yescrypt in
/etc/login.defs:
# grep -Pi -- '^\h*ENCRYPT_METHOD\h+(SHA512|yescrypt)\b' /etc/login.defs

Example output:
ENCRYPT_METHOD SHA512
- OR -
ENCRYPT_METHOD YESCRYPT
Remediation:
Edit /etc/login.defs and set the ENCRYPT_METHOD to SHA512 or YESCRYPT:
ENCRYPT_METHOD <HASHING_ALGORITHM>
Example:
ENCRYPT_METHOD YESCRYPT
Note:
• This only effects local groups' passwords created after updating the file to use
sha512 or yescrypt.
• If it is determined that the password algorithm being used is not sha512 or
yescrypt, once it is changed, it is recommended that all group passwords be
updated to use the stronger hashing algorithm.
• It is recommended that the chosen hashing algorithm is consistent across
/etc/login.defs and the PAM configuration
Default Value:
ENCRYPT_METHOD SHA512
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5
Page 660
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

data.

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1003, T1003.008, T1110,

TA0006 M1041
T1110.002
Page 661
5.4.1.5 Ensure inactive password lock is configured (Automated)
Description:
User accounts that have been inactive for over a given period of time can be
automatically disabled.
INACTIVE - Defines the number of days after the password exceeded its maximum age
where the user is expected to replace this password.
The value is stored in the shadow password file. An input of 0 will disable an expired
password with no delay. An input of -1 will blank the respective field in the shadow
password file.
Rationale:
Inactive accounts pose a threat to system security since the users are not logging in to
notice failed login attempts or other anomalies.
Audit:
Run the following command and verify INACTIVE conforms to site policy (no more than
45 days):
# useradd -D | grep INACTIVE
INACTIVE=45
Verify all users with a password have Password inactive no more than 45 days after
password expires
Verify all users with a password have Password inactive no more than 45 days after
password expires: Run the following command and Review list of users and INACTIVE to
verify that all users INACTIVE conforms to site policy (no more than 45 days):
# awk -F: '($2~/^\$.+\$/) {if($7 > 45 || $7 < 0)print "User: " $1 " INACTIVE:
" $7}' /etc/shadow
Page 662
Remediation:
Run the following command to set the default password inactivity period to 45 days or
less that meets local site policy:
# useradd -D -f <N>
Example:
# useradd -D -f 45
to a inactive age of 45 days or less that follows local site policy:
# chage --inactive <N> <user>
Example:
# awk -F: '($2~/^\$.+\$/) {if($7 > 45 || $7 < 0)system ("chage --inactive 45
" $1)}' /etc/shadow
Default Value:
INACTIVE=-1
References:
A value of -1 would disable this setting.
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●

● ●
system.
Page 663
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1078, T1078.002,
TA0001 M1027
T1078.003
Page 664
5.4.1.6 Ensure all users last password change date is in the past
(Automated)
Description:
All users should have a password change date in the past.
Rationale:
If a user's recorded password change date is in the future, then they could bypass any
set password expiration.
Audit:
Run the following command and verify nothing is returned
{
while IFS= read -r l_user; do
l_change=$(date -d "$(chage --list $l_user | grep '^Last password
change' | cut -d: -f2 | grep -v 'never$')" +%s)
if [[ "$l_change" -gt "$(date +%s)" ]]; then
echo "User: \"$l_user\" last password change was \"$(chage --list
$l_user | grep '^Last password change' | cut -d: -f2)\""
fi
done < <(awk -F: '$2~/^\$.+\$/{print $1}' /etc/shadow)
}
Remediation:
Investigate any users with a password change date in the future and correct them.
Locking the account, expiring the password, or resetting the password manually may be
appropriate.
Page 665
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●

● ●
system.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1078, T1078.001,
T1078.002, T1078.003,
T1078.004, T1110,
T1110.001, T1110.002,
T1110.003, T1110.004
Page 666
5.4.2 Configure root and system accounts and environment
Page 667
5.4.2.1 Ensure root is the only UID 0 account (Automated)
Description:
Any account with UID 0 has superuser privileges on the system.
Rationale:
This access must be limited to only the default root account and only from the system
console. Administrative access must be through an unprivileged account using an
approved mechanism as noted in Item 5.6 Ensure access to the su command is
restricted.
Audit:
Run the following command and verify that only "root" is returned:
# awk -F: '($3 == 0) { print $1 }' /etc/passwd
root
Remediation:
Run the following command to change the root account UID to 0:
# usermod -u 0 root
Modify any users other than root with UID 0 and assign them a new UID.
References:
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1548, T1548.000 TA0001 M1026
Page 668
5.4.2.2 Ensure root is the only GID 0 account (Automated)
Description:
The usermod command can be used to specify which group the root account belongs to.
This affects permissions of files that are created by the root account.
Rationale:
Using GID 0 for the root account helps prevent root -owned files from accidentally
becoming accessible to non-privileged users.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify the root user's primary GID is 0, and no other
user's have GID 0 as their primary GID:
# awk -F: '($1 !~ /^(sync|shutdown|halt|operator)/ && $4=="0") {print
$1":"$4}' /etc/passwd
root:0
Note: User's: sync, shutdown, halt, and operator are excluded from the check for other
user's with GID 0
Remediation:
Run the following command to set the root user's GID to 0:
# usermod -g 0 root
Run the following command to set the root group's GID to 0:
# groupmod -g 0 root
Remove any users other than the root user with GID 0 or assign them a new GID if
appropriate.
References:
Page 669
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●

● ● ●
responsibilities.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1548, T1548.000 TA0005 M1026
Page 670
5.4.2.3 Ensure group root is the only GID 0 group (Automated)
Description:
The groupmod command can be used to specify which group the root group belongs to.
This affects permissions of files that are group owned by the root group.
Rationale:
Using GID 0 for the root group helps prevent root group owned files from accidentally
becoming accessible to non-privileged users.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify no group other than root is assigned GID 0:
# awk -F: '$3=="0"{print $1":"$3}' /etc/group
root:0
Remediation:
Run the following command to set the root group's GID to 0:
# groupmod -g 0 root
Remove any groups other than the root group with GID 0 or assign them a new GID if
appropriate.
References:
Page 671
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●

● ● ●
responsibilities.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1548, T1548.000 TA0005 M1026
Page 672
5.4.2.4 Ensure root password is set (Automated)
Description:
There are a number of methods to access the root account directly. Without a password
set any user would be able to gain access and thus control over the entire system.
Rationale:
Access to root should be secured at all times.
Impact:
If there are any automated processes that relies on access to the root account without
authentication, they will fail after remediation.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify the root user's password is set:
# passwd -S root | awk '$2 ~ /^P/ {print "User: \"" $1 "\" Password is set"}'
User: "root" Password is set
Remediation:
Run the following command to set a password for the root user:
# passwd root
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●

● ● ●
responsibilities.
Page 673
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1078 TA0005 M1026
Page 674
5.4.2.5 Ensure root path integrity (Automated)
Description:
The root user can execute any command on the system and could be fooled into
executing programs unintentionally if the PATH is not set correctly.
Rationale:
Including the current working directory (.) or other writable directory in root's executable
path makes it likely that an attacker can gain superuser access by forcing an
administrator operating as root to execute a Trojan horse program.
Page 675
Audit:
Run the following script to verify root's path does not include:
• Locations that are not directories

• An empty directory (::)
• A trailing (:)
• Current working directory (.)
• Non root owned directories
• Directories that less restrictive than mode 0755
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
l_output2=""
l_pmask="0022"
l_root_path="$(sudo -Hiu root env | grep '^PATH' | cut -d= -f2)"
unset a_path_loc && IFS=":" read -ra a_path_loc <<< "$l_root_path"
grep -q "::" <<< "$l_root_path" && l_output2="$l_output2\n - root's path
contains a empty directory (::)"
grep -Pq ":\h*$" <<< "$l_root_path" && l_output2="$l_output2\n - root's
path contains a trailing (:)"
grep -Pq '(\h+|:)\.(:|\h*$)' <<< "$l_root_path" && l_output2="$l_output2\n
- root's path contains current working directory (.)"
while read -r l_path; do
if [ -d "$l_path" ]; then
while read -r l_fmode l_fown; do
[ "$l_fown" != "root" ] && l_output2="$l_output2\n - Directory:
\"$l_path\" is owned by: \"$l_fown\" should be owned by \"root\""
[ $(( $l_fmode & $l_pmask )) -gt 0 ] && l_output2="$l_output2\n -
Directory: \"$l_path\" is mode: \"$l_fmode\" and should be mode:
\"$l_maxperm\" or more restrictive"
done <<< "$(stat -Lc '%#a %U' "$l_path")"
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - \"$l_path\" is not a directory"
fi
done <<< "$(printf "%s\n" "${a_path_loc[@]}")"
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n *** PASS ***\n - Root's path is correctly
configured\n"
else
fi
}
Page 676
Remediation:
Correct or justify any:
• Locations that are not directories

• Empty directories (::)
• Trailing (:)
• Current working directory (.)
• Non root owned directories
• Directories that less restrictive than mode 0755
References:
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1204, T1204.002 TA0006 M1022
Page 677
5.4.2.6 Ensure root user umask is configured (Automated)
Description:
The user file-creation mode mask (umask) is used to determine the file permission for
newly created directories and files. In Linux, the default permissions for any newly
created directory is 0777 (rwxrwxrwx), and for any newly created file it is 0666 (rw-rw-
rw-). The umask modifies the default Linux permissions by restricting (masking) these
permissions. The umask is not simply subtracted, but is processed bitwise. Bits set in the
umask are cleared in the resulting file mode.
umask can be set with either Octal or Symbolic values:
• Octal (Numeric) Value - Represented by either three or four digits. ie umask 0027
or umask 027. If a four digit umask is used, the first digit is ignored. The remaining
three digits effect the resulting permissions for user, group, and world/other
respectively.
• Symbolic Value - Represented by a comma separated list for User u, group g,
and world/other o. The permissions listed are not masked by umask. ie a umask
set by umask u=rwx,g=rx,o= is the Symbolic equivalent of the Octal umask 027.
This umask would set a newly created directory with file mode drwxr-x--- and a
newly created file with file mode rw-r-----.
root user Shell Configuration Files:
• /root/.bash_profile - Is executed to configure the root users' shell before the

initial command prompt. Is only read by login shells.
• /root/.bashrc - Is executed for interactive shells. only read by a shell that's
both interactive and non-login
umaskis set by order of precedence. If umask is set in multiple locations, this order of
precedence will determine the system's default umask.
Order of precedence:
1. /root/.bash_profile
2. /root/.bashrc
3. The system default umask
Page 678
Rationale:
Setting a secure value for umask ensures that users make a conscious choice about
their file permissions. A permissive umask value could result in directories or files with
excessive permissions that can be read and/or written to by unauthorized users.
Audit:
Run the following to verify the root user umask is set to enforce a newly created
directories' permissions to be 750 (drwxr-x---), and a newly created file's permissions
be 640 (rw-r-----), or more restrictive:
grep -Psi -- '^\h*umask\h+(([0-7][0-7][01][0-7]\b|[0-7][0-7][0-7][0-
6]\b)|([0-7][01][0-7]\b|[0-7][0-7][0-
6]\b)|(u=[rwx]{1,3},)?(((g=[rx]?[rx]?w[rx]?[rx]?\b)(,o=[rwx]{1,3})?)|((g=[wrx
]{1,3},)?o=[wrx]{1,3}\b)))' /root/.bash_profile /root/.bashrc
Remediation:
Edit /root/.bash_profile and /root/.bashrc and remove, comment out, or update any
line with umask to be 0027 or more restrictive.
Default Value:
System default umask
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●

● ● ●
responsibilities.
Page 679
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1083 TA0007
Page 680
5.4.2.7 Ensure system accounts do not have a valid login shell
(Automated)
Description:
There are a number of accounts provided with most distributions that are used to
manage applications and are not intended to provide an interactive shell. Furthermore,
a user may add special accounts that are not intended to provide an interactive shell.
Rationale:
It is important to make sure that accounts that are not being used by regular users are
prevented from being used to provide an interactive shell. By default, most distributions
set the password field for these accounts to an invalid string, but it is also recommended
that the shell field in the password file be set to the nologin shell. This prevents the
account from potentially being used to run any commands.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify system accounts, except for root, halt, sync,
shutdown or nfsnobody, do not have a valid login shell:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
l_valid_shells="^($(awk -F\/ '$NF != "nologin" {print}' /etc/shells | sed
-rn '/^\//{s,/,\\\\/,g;p}' | paste -s -d '|' - ))$"
awk -v pat="$l_valid_shells" -F:
'($1!~/^(root|halt|sync|shutdown|nfsnobody)$/ && ($3<'"$(awk
'/^\s*UID_MIN/{print $2}' /etc/login.defs)"' || $3 == 65534) && $(NF) ~ pat)
{print "Service account: \"" $1 "\" has a valid shell: " $7}' /etc/passwd
}
Page 681
Remediation:
Run the following command to set the shell for any service accounts returned by the
audit to nologin:
# usermod -s $(command -v nologin) <user>
Example script:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
l_valid_shells="^($( awk -F\/ '$NF != "nologin" {print}' /etc/shells | sed
-rn '/^\//{s,/,\\\\/,g;p}' | paste -s -d '|' - ))$"
awk -v pat="$l_valid_shells" -F:
'($1!~/^(root|halt|sync|shutdown|nfsnobody)$/ && ($3<'"$(awk
'/^\s*UID_MIN/{print $2}' /etc/login.defs)"' || $3 == 65534) && $(NF) ~ pat)
{system ("usermod -s '"$(command -v nologin)"' " $1)}' /etc/passwd
}
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-2(5), AC-3, AC-11, MP-2
The root, sync, shutdown, and halt users are exempted from requiring a non-login
shell.
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●

● ● ●
responsibilities.
Page 682
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1078, T1078.001,
TA0005 M1026
T1078.003
Page 683
5.4.2.8 Ensure accounts without a valid login shell are locked
(Automated)
Description:
There are a number of accounts provided with most distributions that are used to
manage applications and are not intended to provide an interactive shell. Furthermore,
a user may add special accounts that are not intended to provide an interactive shell.
Rationale:
It is important to make sure that accounts that are not being used by regular users are
prevented from being used to provide an interactive shell. By default, most distributions
set the password field for these accounts to an invalid string, but it is also recommended
that the shell field in the password file be set to the nologin shell. This prevents the
account from potentially being used to run any commands.
Audit:
Run the following script to verify all non-root accounts without a valid login shell are
locked.
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
-rn '/^\//{s,/,\\\\/,g;p}' | paste -s -d '|' - ))$"
passwd -S "$l_user" | awk '$2 !~ /^L/ {print "Account: \"" $1 "\" does
not have a valid login shell and is not locked"}'
done < <(awk -v pat="$l_valid_shells" -F: '($1 != "root" && $(NF) !~ pat)
{print $1}' /etc/passwd)
}
Page 684
Remediation:
Run the following command to lock any non-root accounts without a valid login shell
returned by the audit:
# usermod -L <user>
Example script::
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
-rn '/^\//{s,/,\\\\/,g;p}' | paste -s -d '|' - ))$"
passwd -S "$l_user" | awk '$2 !~ /^L/ {system ("usermod -L " $1)}'
done < <(awk -v pat="$l_valid_shells" -F: '($1 != "root" && $(NF) !~ pat)
{print $1}' /etc/passwd)
}
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-2(5), AC-3, AC-11, MP-2
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●

● ● ●
responsibilities.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1078, T1078.001,
TA0005 M1026
T1078.003
Page 685
5.4.3 Configure user default environment
Page 686
5.4.3.1 Ensure nologin is not listed in /etc/shells (Automated)
Description:
/etc/shells is a text file which contains the full pathnames of valid login shells. This file
is consulted by chsh and available to be queried by other programs.
Be aware that there are programs which consult this file to find out if a user is a normal
user; for example, FTP daemons traditionally disallow access to users with shells not
included in this file.
Rationale:
A user can use chsh to change their configured shell.
If a user has a shell configured that isn't in in /etc/shells, then the system assumes
that they're somehow restricted. In the case of chsh it means that the user cannot
change that value.
Other programs might query that list and apply similar restrictions.
By putting nologin in /etc/shells, any user that has nologin as its shell is considered
a full, unrestricted user. This is not the expected behavior for nologin.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify that nologin is not listed in the /etc/shells file:
# grep '/nologin\b' /etc/shells
Remediation:
Edit /etc/shells and remove any lines that include nologin
References:
1. shells(5)
Page 687
5.4.3.2 Ensure default user shell timeout is configured
(Automated)
Description:
TMOUT is an environmental setting that determines the timeout of a shell in seconds.
• TMOUT=n - Sets the shell timeout to n seconds. A setting of TMOUT=0 disables

timeout.
• readonly TMOUT- Sets the TMOUT environmental variable as readonly,
preventing unwanted modification during run-time.
• export TMOUT - exports the TMOUT variable
System Wide Shell Configuration Files:
• /etc/profile - used to set system wide environmental variables on users shells.

The variables are sometimes the same ones that are in the .bash_profile,
however this file is used to set an initial PATH or PS1 for all shell users of the
system. is only executed for interactive login shells, or shells executed with
the --login parameter.
• /etc/profile.d - /etc/profile will execute the scripts within
/etc/profile.d/*.sh. It is recommended to place your configuration in a shell
script within /etc/profile.d to set your own system wide environmental
variables.
• /etc/bashrc - System wide version of .bashrc. In Fedora derived distributions,
/etc/bashrc also invokes /etc/profile.d/*.sh if non-login shell, but redirects output
to /dev/null if non-interactive. Is only executed for interactive shells or if
BASH_ENV is set to /etc/bashrc.
Rationale:
Setting a timeout value reduces the window of opportunity for unauthorized user access
to another user's shell session that has been left unattended. It also ends the inactive
session and releases the resources associated with that session.
Page 688
Audit:
Run the following script to verify that TMOUT is configured to: include a timeout of no
more than 900 seconds, to be readonly, to be exported, and is not being changed to a
longer timeout.
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
output1="" output2=""
[ -f /etc/bashrc ] && BRC="/etc/bashrc"
for f in "$BRC" /etc/profile /etc/profile.d/*.sh ; do
grep -Pq '^\s*([^#]+\s+)?TMOUT=(900|[1-8][0-9][0-9]|[1-9][0-9]|[1-
9])\b' "$f" && grep -Pq
'^\s*([^#]+;\s*)?readonly\s+TMOUT(\s+|\s*;|\s*$|=(900|[1-8][0-9][0-9]|[1-
9][0-9]|[1-9]))\b' "$f" && grep -Pq
'^\s*([^#]+;\s*)?export\s+TMOUT(\s+|\s*;|\s*$|=(900|[1-8][0-9][0-9]|[1-9][0-
9]|[1-9]))\b' "$f" &&
output1="$f"
done
grep -Pq '^\s*([^#]+\s+)?TMOUT=(9[0-9][1-9]|9[1-9][0-9]|0+|[1-9]\d{3,})\b'
/etc/profile /etc/profile.d/*.sh "$BRC" && output2=$(grep -Ps
'^\s*([^#]+\s+)?TMOUT=(9[0-9][1-9]|9[1-9][0-9]|0+|[1-9]\d{3,})\b'
/etc/profile /etc/profile.d/*.sh $BRC)
if [ -n "$output1" ] && [ -z "$output2" ]; then
echo -e "\nPASSED\n\nTMOUT is configured in: \"$output1\"\n"
else
[ -z "$output1" ] && echo -e "\nFAILED\n\nTMOUT is not configured\n"
[ -n "$output2" ] && echo -e "\nFAILED\n\nTMOUT is incorrectly
configured in: \"$output2\"\n"
fi
}
Page 689
Remediation:
Review /etc/bashrc, /etc/profile, and all files ending in *.sh in the /etc/profile.d/
directory and remove or edit all TMOUT=_n_ entries to follow local site policy. TMOUT
should not exceed 900 or be equal to 0.
Configure TMOUT in one of the following files:
• A file in the /etc/profile.d/ directory ending in .sh

• /etc/profile
• /etc/bashrc
TMOUT configuration examples:
• As multiple lines:
TMOUT=900
readonly TMOUT
export TMOUT
• As a single line:
readonly TMOUT=900 ; export TMOUT
The audit and remediation in this recommendation apply to bash and shell. If other
shells are supported on the system, it is recommended that their configuration files also
are checked. Other methods of setting a timeout exist for other shells not covered here.
Ensure that the timeout conforms to your local policy.
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

Assets

Page 690
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1078 TA0005 M1026
Page 691
5.4.3.3 Ensure default user umask is configured (Automated)
Description:
The user file-creation mode mask (umask) is used to determine the file permission for
newly created directories and files. In Linux, the default permissions for any newly
created directory is 0777 (rwxrwxrwx), and for any newly created file it is 0666 (rw-rw-
rw-). The umask modifies the default Linux permissions by restricting (masking) these
permissions. The umask is not simply subtracted, but is processed bitwise. Bits set in the
umask are cleared in the resulting file mode.
umask can be set with either Octal or Symbolic values:
• Octal (Numeric) Value - Represented by either three or four digits. ie umask 0027
or umask 027. If a four digit umask is used, the first digit is ignored. The remaining
three digits effect the resulting permissions for user, group, and world/other
respectively.
• Symbolic Value - Represented by a comma separated list for User u, group g,
and world/other o. The permissions listed are not masked by umask. ie a umask
set by umask u=rwx,g=rx,o= is the Symbolic equivalent of the Octal umask 027.
This umask would set a newly created directory with file mode drwxr-x--- and a
newly created file with file mode rw-r-----.
The default umask can be set to use the pam_umask module or in a System Wide Shell
Configuration File. The user creating the directories or files has the discretion of
changing the permissions via the chmod command, or choosing a different default
umask by adding the umask command into a User Shell Configuration File, (
.bash_profile or .bashrc), in their home directory.
Page 692
Setting the default umask:
• pam_umask module:
o will set the umask according to the system default in /etc/login.defs and
user settings, solving the problem of different umask settings with different
shells, display managers, remote sessions etc.
o umask=<mask> value in the /etc/login.defs file is interpreted as Octal
o Setting USERGROUPS_ENAB to yes in /etc/login.defs (default):
▪ will enable setting of the umask group bits to be the same as owner
bits. (examples: 022 -> 002, 077 -> 007) for non-root users, if the
uid is the same as gid, and username is the same as the <primary
group name>
▪ userdel will remove the user's group if it contains no more
members, and useradd will create by default a group with the name
of the user
• System Wide Shell Configuration File:
o /etc/profile - used to set system wide environmental variables on users
shells. The variables are sometimes the same ones that are in the
.bash_profile, however this file is used to set an initial PATH or PS1 for
all shell users of the system. is only executed for interactive login
shells, or shells executed with the --login parameter.
o /etc/profile.d - /etc/profile will execute the scripts within
/etc/profile.d/*.sh. It is recommended to place your configuration in a
shell script within /etc/profile.d to set your own system wide
environmental variables.
o /etc/bashrc - System wide version of .bashrc. In Fedora derived
distributions, etc/bashrc also invokes /etc/profile.d/*.sh if non-login shell,
but redirects output to /dev/null if non-interactive. Is only executed for
interactive shells or if BASH_ENV is set to /etc/bashrc.
User Shell Configuration Files:
• ~/.bash_profile - Is executed to configure your shell before the initial command

prompt. Is only read by login shells.
• ~/.bashrc - Is executed for interactive shells. only read by a shell that's both
interactive and non-login
umaskis set by order of precedence. If umask is set in multiple locations, this order of
precedence will determine the system's default umask.
Page 693
Order of precedence:
1. A file in /etc/profile.d/ ending in .sh - This will override any other system-wide
umask setting
2. In the file /etc/profile
3. On the pam_umask.so module in /etc/pam.d/postlogin
4. In the file /etc/login.defs
5. In the file /etc/default/login
Rationale:
Setting a secure default value for umask ensures that users make a conscious choice
about their file permissions. A permissive umask value could result in directories or files
with excessive permissions that can be read and/or written to by unauthorized users.
Audit:
Run the following to verify the default user umask is set to enforce a newly created
directories' permissions to be 750 (drwxr-x---), and a newly created file's permissions
be 640 (rw-r-----), or more restrictive:
Page 694
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
file_umask_chk()
{
if grep -Psiq -- '^\h*umask\h+(0?[0-7][2-
7]7|u(=[rwx]{0,3}),g=([rx]{0,2}),o=)(\h*#.*)?$' "$l_file"; then
l_output="$l_output\n - umask is set correctly in \"$l_file\""
elif grep -Psiq -- '^\h*umask\h+(([0-7][0-7][01][0-7]\b|[0-7][0-7][0-
7][0-6]\b)|([0-7][01][0-7]\b|[0-7][0-7][0-
]{1,3},)?o=[wrx]{1,3}\b)))' "$l_file"; then
l_output2="$l_output2\n - umask is incorrectly set in \"$l_file\""
fi
}
file_umask_chk
done < <(find /etc/profile.d/ -type f -name '*.sh' -print0)
[ -z "$l_output" ] && l_file="/etc/profile" && file_umask_chk
[ -z "$l_output" ] && l_file="/etc/bashrc" && file_umask_chk
[ -z "$l_output" ] && l_file="/etc/bash.bashrc" && file_umask_chk
[ -z "$l_output" ] && l_file="/etc/pam.d/postlogin"
if [ -z "$l_output" ]; then
if grep -Psiq --
'^\h*session\h+[^#\n\r]+\h+pam_umask\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?umask=(0?[0-7][2-
7]7)\b' "$l_file"; then
l_output1="$l_output1\n - umask is set correctly in \"$l_file\""
elif grep -Psiq
'^\h*session\h+[^#\n\r]+\h+pam_umask\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?umask=(([0-7][0-
7][01][0-7]\b|[0-7][0-7][0-7][0-6]\b)|([0-7][01][0-7]\b))' "$l_file"; then
l_output2="$l_output2\n - umask is incorrectly set in \"$l_file\""
fi
fi
[ -z "$l_output" ] && l_file="/etc/login.defs" && file_umask_chk
[ -z "$l_output" ] && l_file="/etc/default/login" && file_umask_chk
[[ -z "$l_output" && -z "$l_output2" ]] && l_output2="$l_output2\n -
umask is not set"
:\n$l_output\n"
else
failure * :\n$l_output2"
[ -n "$l_output" ] && echo -e "\n- * Correctly configured *
:\n$l_output\n"
fi
}
Page 695
Remediation:
Run the following script and perform the instructions in the output:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
l_output="" l_output2="" l_out=""
file_umask_chk()
{
if grep -Psiq -- '^\h*umask\h+(0?[0-7][2-
7]7|u(=[rwx]{0,3}),g=([rx]{0,2}),o=)(\h*#.*)?$' "$l_file"; then
l_out="$l_out\n - umask is set correctly in \"$l_file\""
elif grep -Psiq -- '^\h*umask\h+(([0-7][0-7][01][0-7]\b|[0-7][0-7][0-
7][0-6]\b)|([0-7][01][0-7]\b|[0-7][0-7][0-
]{1,3},)?o=[wrx]{1,3}\b)))' "$l_file"; then
l_output2="$l_output2\n - \"$l_file\""
fi
}
file_umask_chk
done < <(find /etc/profile.d/ -type f -name '*.sh' -print0)
[ -n "$l_out" ] && l_output="$l_out"
l_file="/etc/profile" && file_umask_chk
l_file="/etc/bashrc" && file_umask_chk
l_file="/etc/bash.bashrc" && file_umask_chk
l_file="/etc/pam.d/postlogin"
if grep -Psiq
'^\h*session\h+[^#\n\r]+\h+pam_umask\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?umask=(([0-7][0-
7][01][0-7]\b|[0-7][0-7][0-7][0-6]\b)|([0-7][01][0-7]\b))' "$l_file"; then
l_output2="$l_output2\n - \"$l_file\""
fi
l_file="/etc/login.defs" && file_umask_chk
l_file="/etc/default/login" && file_umask_chk
echo -e " - No files contain a UMASK that is not restrictive enough\n
No UMASK updates required to existing files"
else
echo -e "\n - UMASK is not restrictive enough in the following
file(s):$l_output2\n\n- Remediation Procedure:\n - Update these files and
comment out the UMASK line\n or update umask to be \"0027\" or more
restrictive"
fi
if [ -n "$l_output" ]; then
echo -e "$l_output"
else
echo -e " - Configure UMASK in a file in the \"/etc/profile.d/\"
directory ending in \".sh\"\n\n Example Command (Hash to represent being
run at a root prompt):\n\n# printf '%s\\\n' \"umask 027\" >
/etc/profile.d/50-systemwide_umask.sh\n"
fi
}
Page 696
Notes:
• This method only applies to bash and shell. If other shells are supported on the
system, it is recommended that their configuration files also are checked
• If the pam_umask.so module is going to be used to set umask, ensure that it's not
being overridden by another setting. Refer to the PAM_UMASK(8) man page for
more information
Default Value:
UMASK 022
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2
• Other methods of setting a default user umask exist

• If other methods are in use in your environment they should be audited
• The default user umask can be overridden with a user specific umask
• The user creating the directories or files has the discretion of changing the
permissions:
o Using the chmod command
o Setting a different default umask by adding the umask command into a
User Shell Configuration File, (.bashrc), in their home directory
o Manually changing the umask for the duration of a login session by
running the umask command
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●

● ● ●
responsibilities.
Page 697
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1083 TA0007
Page 698
6 Logging and Auditing
The items in this section describe how to configure logging, log monitoring, and
auditing, using tools included in most distributions.
It is recommended that rsyslog be used for logging (with logwatch providing
summarization) and auditd be used for auditing (with aureport providing
summarization) to automatically monitor logs for intrusion attempts and other suspicious
system behavior.
In addition to the local log files created by the steps in this section, it is also
recommended that sites collect copies of their system logs on a secure, centralized log
server via an encrypted connection. Not only does centralized logging help sites
correlate events that may be occurring on multiple systems, but having a second copy
of the system log information may be critical after a system compromise where the
attacker has modified the local log files on the affected system(s). If a log correlation
system is deployed, configure it to process the logs described in this section.
Because it is often necessary to correlate log information from many different systems
(particularly after a security incident) it is recommended that the time be synchronized
among systems and devices connected to the local network. The standard Internet
protocol for time synchronization is the Network Time Protocol (NTP), which is
supported by most network-ready devices. Reference <http://chrony.tuxfamily.org/>
manual page for more information on configuring chrony.
It is important that all logs described in this section be monitored on a regular basis and
correlated to determine trends. A seemingly innocuous entry in one log could be more
significant when compared to an entry in another log.
Note on log file permissions: There really isn't a "one size fits all" solution to the
permissions on log files. Many sites utilize group permissions so that administrators who
are in a defined security group, such as "wheel" do not have to elevate privileges to root
in order to read log files. Also, if a third party log aggregation tool is used, it may need to
have group permissions to read the log files, which is preferable to having it run setuid
to root. Therefore, there are two remediation and audit steps for log file permissions.
One is for systems that do not have a secured group method implemented that only
permits root to read the log files (root:root 600). The other is for sites that do have
such a setup and are designated as root:securegrp 640 where securegrp is the
defined security group (in some cases wheel).
Page 699
6.1 Configure Integrity Checking
AIDE is a file integrity checking tool, similar in nature to Tripwire. While it cannot prevent
intrusions, it can detect unauthorized changes to configuration files by alerting when the
files are changed. When setting up AIDE, decide internally what the site policy will be
concerning integrity checking. Review the AIDE quick start guide and AIDE
documentation before proceeding.
Page 700
6.1.1 Ensure AIDE is installed (Automated)
Description:
AIDE takes a snapshot of filesystem state including modification times, permissions,
and file hashes which can then be used to compare against the current state of the
filesystem to detect modifications to the system.
Rationale:
By monitoring the filesystem state compromised files can be detected to prevent or limit
the exposure of accidental or malicious misconfigurations or modified binaries.
Audit:
Run the following commands to verify AIDE is installed:
# dpkg-query -W -f='${binary:Package}\t${Status}\t${db:Status-Status}\n' aide
aide-common
aide install ok installed installed

aide-common install ok installed installed
Remediation:
Install AIDE using the appropriate package manager or manual installation:
# apt install aide aide-common
Configure AIDE as appropriate for your environment. Consult the AIDE documentation
for options.
Run the following commands to initialize AIDE:
# aideinit
# mv /var/lib/aide/aide.db.new /var/lib/aide/aide.db
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2
The prelinking feature can interfere with AIDE because it alters binaries to speed up
their start up times. Run prelink -ua to restore the binaries to their prelinked state, thus
avoiding false positives from AIDE.
Page 701
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version
v8 3.14 Log Sensitive Data Access ●

Log sensitive data access, including modification and disposal.

Sensitive Data
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1565, T1565.001 TA0001 M1022
Page 702
6.1.2 Ensure filesystem integrity is regularly checked (Automated)
Description:
Periodic checking of the filesystem integrity is needed to detect changes to the
filesystem.
Rationale:
Periodic file checking allows the system administrator to determine on a regular basis if
critical files have been changed in an unauthorized fashion.
Audit:
# systemctl list-unit-files | awk
'$1~/^dailyaidecheck\.(timer|service)$/{print $1 "\t" $2}'
Example output:
dailyaidecheck.service static
dailyaidecheck.timer enabled
Verify dailyaidecheck.timer is enabled and dailyaidecheck.service is either static
or enabled.
Run the following command to verify dailyaidecheck.timer is active:
# systemctl is-active dailyaidecheck.timer
active
Remediation:
Run the following command to unmask dailyaidecheck.timer and
dailyaidecheck.service:
# systemctl unmask dailyaidecheck.timer dailyaidecheck.service

Run the following command to enable and start dailyaidecheck.timer:
# systemctl --now enable dailyaidecheck.timer
References:
1. https://github.com/konstruktoid/hardening/blob/master/config/aidecheck.service
2. https://github.com/konstruktoid/hardening/blob/master/config/aidecheck.timer
3. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2
Page 703
Alter the frequency and time of the checks in compliance with site policy
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ●

Sensitive Data
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1036, T1036.002,
T1036.003, T1036.004,
TA0040 M1022
T1036.005, T1565,
T1565.001
Page 704
6.2 System Logging
Logging services should be configured to prevent information leaks and to aggregate

logs on a remote server so that they can be reviewed in the event of a system
compromise. A centralized log server provides a single point of entry for further
analysis, monitoring and filtering.
Security principals for logging
• Ensure transport layer security is implemented between the client and the log
server.
• Ensure that logs are rotated as per the environment requirements.
• Ensure all locally generated logs have the appropriate permissions.
• Ensure all security logs are sent to a remote log server.
• Ensure the required events are logged.
What is covered
This section will cover the minimum best practices for the usage of journald.
• If your organization makes use of another logging system such as rsyslog or an

enterprise wide logging system completely outside of journald, then the
following recommendations do not directly apply. However, the principals of the
recommendations should be followed regardless of what solution is implemented.
If the enterprise solution incorporates journald, careful consideration should be
given to the following recommendations to determine exactly what applies.
What is not covered
• Enterprise logging systems not utilizing journald. As logging is very situational

and dependent on the local environment, not everything can be covered here.
• Transport layer security should be applied to all remote logging functionality.
journald supports secure transport and should be configured as such.
• The log server. There are a multitude of reasons for a centralized log server (and
keeping a short period logging on the local system), but the log server is out of
scope for these recommendations.
Page 705
6.2.1 Configure journald
Included in the systemd suite is a journaling service called systemd-journald.service

for the collection and storage of logging data. It creates and maintains structured,
indexed journals based on logging information that is received from a variety of sources
such as:
• Classic RFC3164 BSD syslog via the /dev/log socket

• STDOUT/STDERR of programs via StandardOutput=journal +
StandardError=journal in service files (both of which are default settings)
• Kernel log messages via the /dev/kmsg device node
• Audit records via the kernel’s audit subsystem
• Structured log messages via journald’s native protocol
Any changes made to the systemd-journald configuration will require a re-start of

systemd-journald
Page 706
6.2.1.1 Configure systemd-journald service
systemd-journald is a system service that collects and stores logging data. It creates
and maintains structured, indexed journals based on logging information that is received
from a variety of sources:
• Kernel log messages, via kmsg

• Simple system log messages, via the libc syslog call
• Structured system log messages via the native Journal API
• Standard output and standard error of service units
• Audit records, originating from the kernel audit subsystem
The daemon will implicitly collect numerous metadata fields for each log messages in a
secure and unfakeable way. See systemd.journal-fields man page for more information
about the collected metadata.
The journal service stores log data either persistently below /var/log/journal or in a
volatile way below /run/log/journal/. By default, log data is stored persistently if
/var/log/journal/ exists during boot, with an implicit fallback to volatile storage. Use
Storage= in journald.conf to configure where log data is placed, independently of the
existence of /var/log/journal/.
On systems where /var/log/journal/ does not exist but where persistent logging is
desired, and the default journald.conf is used, it is sufficient to create the directory and
ensure it has the correct access modes and ownership.
Page 707
6.2.1.1.1 Ensure journald service is enabled and active
(Automated)
Description:
Ensure that the systemd-journald service is enabled to allow capturing of logging
events.
Rationale:
If the systemd-journald service is not enabled to start on boot, the system will not
capture logging events.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify systemd-journald is enabled:
# systemctl is-enabled systemd-journald.service
static
Note: By default the systemd-journald service does not have an [Install] section and
thus cannot be enabled / disabled. It is meant to be referenced as Requires or Wants by
other unit files. As such, if the status of systemd-journald is not static, investigate why
Run the following command to verify systemd-journald is active:
# systemctl is-active systemd-journald.service
active
Remediation:
Run the following commands to unmask and start systemd-journald.service
# systemctl unmask systemd-journald.service
# systemctl start systemd-journald.service
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-7 AU-12
Page 708
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Page 709
6.2.1.1.2 Ensure journald log file access is configured (Manual)
Description:
Journald will create logfiles that do not already exist on the system. This setting controls
what permissions will be applied to these newly created files.
Rationale:
It is important to ensure that log files have the correct permissions to ensure that
sensitive data is archived and protected.
Audit:
First determine if there is an override file /etc/tmpfiles.d/systemd.conf. If so, this file
will override all default settings as defined in /usr/lib/tmpfiles.d/systemd.conf and
should be inspected.
If no override file exists, inspect the default /usr/lib/tmpfiles.d/systemd.conf against
the site specific requirements.
Ensure that file permissions are mode 0640 or more restrictive.
Remediation:
If the default configuration is not appropriate for the site specific requirements, copy
/usr/lib/tmpfiles.d/systemd.conf to /etc/tmpfiles.d/systemd.conf and modify as
required. Requirements is either 0640 or site policy if that is less restrictive.
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, AU-2, AU-12, MP-2, SI-5
See man 5 tmpfiles.d for detailed information on the permission sets for the relevant
log files. Further information with examples can be found at
https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/tmpfiles.d.html
Page 710
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T1070, T1070.002, T1083,

TA0007 M1022
T1083.000
Page 711
6.2.1.1.3 Ensure journald log file rotation is configured (Manual)
Description:
Journald includes the capability of rotating log files regularly to avoid filling up the
system with logs or making the logs unmanageably large. The file
/etc/systemd/journald.conf is the configuration file used to specify how logs
generated by Journald should be rotated.
Rationale:
By keeping the log files smaller and more manageable, a system administrator can
easily archive these files to another system and spend less time looking through
inordinately large log files.
Audit:
Review /etc/systemd/journald.conf and files in the /etc/systemd/journald.conf.d/
directory ending in .conf. Verify logs are rotated according to site policy. The specific
parameters for log rotation are:
SystemMaxUse=
SystemKeepFree=
RuntimeMaxUse=
RuntimeKeepFree=
MaxFileSec=
Remediation:
Edit /etc/systemd/journald.conf or a file ending in .conf the
/etc/systemd/journald.conf.d/ directory. Set the following parameters in the
[Journal] section to ensure logs are rotated according to site policy. The settings
should be carefully understood as there are specific edge cases and prioritization of
parameters.
The specific parameters for log rotation are:
SystemMaxUse=
SystemKeepFree=
RuntimeMaxUse=
RuntimeKeepFree=
MaxFileSec=
Note: If these settings appear in a canonically later file, or later in the same file, the
Page 712
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-7, AU-12
See man 5 journald.conf for detailed information regarding the parameters in use.
CIS Controls:
Controls
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6.2.1.1.4 Ensure journald ForwardToSyslog is disabled
(Automated)
Description:
Data from journald should be kept in the confines of the service and not forwarded to
other services.
Rationale:
Logs of the system should be handled by journald and not forwarded to other logging
mechanisms.
Page 714
Audit:
Run the following script to verify ForwardToSyslog in not set to yes:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
a_parlist=("ForwardToSyslog=yes")
l_systemd_config_file="/etc/systemd/journald.conf" # Main systemd configuration file
{
if [[ $l_out =~ ^\s*# ]]; then
else
fi
fi
'^\h*([^#\n\r]+|#\h*\/[^#\n\r\h]+\.conf\b)')
if ! grep -Piq "^\h*$l_systemd_parameter_value\b" <<<
else
fi
else
l_output="$l_output\n - \"$l_systemd_parameter_name\" is not set in an included file\n
**\n"
fi
}
check parameters
else
fi
}
Page 715
Remediation:
Set the following parameter in the [Journal] section in /etc/systemd/journald.conf or
a file in /etc/systemd/journald.conf.d/ ending in .conf:
ForwardToSyslog=no
Example:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
[ ! -d /etc/systemd/journald.conf.d/ ] && mkdir
/etc/systemd/journald.conf.d/
if grep -Psq -- '^\h*\[Journal\] /etc/systemd/journald.conf.d/60-
journald.conf; then
printf '%s\n' "ForwardToSyslog=no" >> /etc/systemd/journald.conf.d/60-
journald.conf
else
printf '%s\n' "[Journal]" "ForwardToSyslog=no" >>
/etc/systemd/journald.conf.d/60-journald.conf
fi
}
Default Value:
ForwardToSyslog=no
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-6, AU-7, AU-12
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TA0040 M1029
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Page 717
6.2.1.1.5 Ensure journald Storage is configured (Automated)
Description:
Data from journald may be stored in volatile memory or persisted locally on the server.
Logs in memory will be lost upon a system reboot. By persisting logs to local disk on the
server they are protected from loss due to a reboot.
Rationale:
Writing log data to disk will provide the ability to forensically reconstruct events which
may have impacted the operations or security of a system even after a system crash or
reboot.
Page 718
Audit:
Run the following script to verify Storage is set to persistent:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
a_parlist=("Storage=persistent")
{
if [[ $l_out =~ ^\s*# ]]; then
else
fi
fi
'^\h*([^#\n\r]+|#\h*\/[^#\n\r\h]+\.conf\b)')
else
fi
else
**\n"
fi
}
check parameters
else
fi
}
Page 719
Remediation:
Storage=persistent
Example:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
journald.conf; then
printf '%s\n' "Storage=persistent" >> /etc/systemd/journald.conf.d/60-
journald.conf
else
printf '%s/n' "[Journal]" "Storage=persistent" >>
fi
}
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3, AU-12
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Page 721
6.2.1.1.6 Ensure journald Compress is configured (Automated)
Description:
The journald system includes the capability of compressing overly large files to avoid
filling up the system with logs or making the logs unmanageably large.
Rationale:
Uncompressed large files may unexpectedly fill a filesystem leading to resource
unavailability. Compressing logs prior to write can prevent sudden, unexpected
filesystem impacts.
Page 722
Audit:
Run the following script to verify Compress is set to yes:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
a_parlist=("Compress=yes")
{
if [[ $l_out =~ ^\s*# ]]; then
else
fi
fi
'^\h*([^#\n\r]+|#\h*\/[^#\n\r\h]+\.conf\b)')
else
fi
else
**\n"
fi
}
check parameters
else
fi
}
Page 723
Remediation:
Compress=yes
Example:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
journald.conf; then
printf '%s\n' "Compress=yes" >> /etc/systemd/journald.conf.d/60-
journald.conf
else
printf '%s\n' "[Journal]" "Compress=yes" >>
fi
}
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-4
Page 724
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Techniques / Sub-
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T1562, T1562.001 TA0040 M1053
Page 725
6.2.1.2 Configure systemd-journal-remote
The systemd-journal-remote package includes systemd-journal-upload.
systemd-journal-upload will upload journal entries to the URL specified with --url=. This
program reads journal entries from one or more journal files, similarly to journalctl.
systemd-journal-upload transfers the raw content of journal file and uses HTTP as a
transport protocol.
systemd-journal-upload.service is a system service that uses systemd-journal-
upload to upload journal entries to a server. It uses the configuration in journal-
upload.conf.
Page 726
6.2.1.2.1 Ensure systemd-journal-remote is installed (Automated)
Description:
Journald systemd-journal-remote supports the ability to send log events it gathers to a
remote log host or to receive messages from remote hosts, thus enabling centralized
log management.
Rationale:
Storing log data on a remote host protects log integrity from local attacks. If an attacker
gains root access on the local system, they could tamper with or remove log data that is
stored on the local system.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify systemd-journal-remote is installed.
systemd-journal-remote
systemd-journal-remote install ok installed installed
Remediation:
Run the following command to install systemd-journal-remote:
# apt install systemd-journal-remote
References:
Page 727
CIS Controls:
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Page 728
6.2.1.2.2 Ensure systemd-journal-remote authentication is
configured (Manual)
Description:
Journald systemd-journal-upload supports the ability to send log events it gathers to a
remote log host.
Rationale:
Audit:
Run the following command to verify systemd-journal-upload authentication is
configured:
# grep -P "^ *URL=|^ *ServerKeyFile=|^ *ServerCertificateFile=|^
*TrustedCertificateFile=" /etc/systemd/journal-upload.conf
Verify the output matches per your environments certificate locations and the URL of
the log server:
Example:
[Upload]
URL=192.168.50.42
ServerKeyFile=/etc/ssl/private/journal-upload.pem
ServerCertificateFile=/etc/ssl/certs/journal-upload.pem
TrustedCertificateFile=/etc/ssl/ca/trusted.pem
Page 729
Remediation:
Edit the /etc/systemd/journal-upload.conf file or a file in /etc/systemd/journal-
upload.conf.d ending in .conf and ensure the following lines are set in the [Upload]
section per your environment:
[Upload]
URL=192.168.50.42
ServerKeyFile=/etc/ssl/private/journal-upload.pem
ServerCertificateFile=/etc/ssl/certs/journal-upload.pem
TrustedCertificateFile=/etc/ssl/ca/trusted.pem
Restart the service:
# systemctl restart systemd-journal-upload
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-12
CIS Controls:
Controls
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Page 730
6.2.1.2.3 Ensure systemd-journal-upload is enabled and active
(Automated)
Description:
Journald systemd-journal-upload supports the ability to send log events it gathers to a
remote log host.
Rationale:
Audit:
Run the following command to verify systemd-journal-upload is enabled.
# systemctl is-enabled systemd-journal-upload.service
enabled
Run the following command to verify systemd-journal-upload is active:
# systemctl is-active systemd-journal-upload.service
active
Remediation:
Run the following commands to unmask, enable and start systemd-journal-upload:
# systemctl unmask systemd-journal-upload.service
# systemctl --now enable systemd-journal-upload.service
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-12
Page 731
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TA0040 M1029
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Page 732
6.2.1.2.4 Ensure systemd-journal-remote service is not in use
(Automated)
Description:
Journald systemd-journal-remote supports the ability to receive messages from remote
hosts, thus acting as a log server. Clients should not receive data from other hosts.
NOTE:
• The same package, systemd-journal-remote, is used for both sending logs to

remote hosts and receiving incoming logs.
• With regards to receiving logs, there are two services; systemd-journal-
remote.socket and systemd-journal-remote.service.
Rationale:
If a client is configured to also receive data, thus turning it into a server, the client
system is acting outside it's operational boundary.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify systemd-journal-remote.socket and systemd-
journal-remote.service are not enabled:
# systemctl is-enabled systemd-journal-remote.socket systemd-journal-

remote.service | grep -P -- 'ênabled'

Run the following command to verify systemd-journal-remote.socket and systemd-
journal-remote.service are not active:
# systemctl is-active systemd-journal-remote.socket systemd-journal-

remote.service | grep -P -- 'âctive'
Page 733
Remediation:
Run the following commands to stop and mask systemd-journal-remote.socket and
systemd-journal-remote.service:
# systemctl stop systemd-journal-remote.socket systemd-journal-remote.service
# systemctl mask systemd-journal-remote.socket systemd-journal-remote.service
References:
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

function.

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1070, T1070.002, T1562,

TA0040 M1029
T1562.006
Page 734
6.2.2 Configure Logfiles
Page 735
6.2.2.1 Ensure access to all logfiles has been configured
(Automated)
Description:
Log files contain information from many services on the the local system, or in the event
of a centralized log server, others systems logs as well.
In general log files are found in /var/log/, although application can be configured to
store logs elsewhere. Should your application store logs in another, ensure to run the
same test on that location.
Rationale:
It is important that log files have the correct permissions to ensure that sensitive data is
protected and that only the appropriate users / groups have access to them.
Audit:
Run the following script to verify that files in /var/log/ have appropriate permissions
and ownership:
Page 736
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
l_op2="" l_output2=""
l_uidmin="$(awk '/^\s*UID_MIN/{print $2}' /etc/login.defs)"
file_test_chk()
{
l_op2=""
if [ $(( $l_mode & $perm_mask )) -gt 0 ]; then
l_op2="$l_op2\n - Mode: \"$l_mode\" should be \"$maxperm\" or more
restrictive"
fi
if [[ ! "$l_user" =~ $l_auser ]]; then
l_op2="$l_op2\n - Owned by: \"$l_user\" and should be owned by
\"${l_auser//|/ or }\""
fi
if [[ ! "$l_group" =~ $l_agroup ]]; then
l_op2="$l_op2\n - Group owned by: \"$l_group\" and should be group
owned by \"${l_agroup//|/ or }\""
fi
[ -n "$l_op2" ] && l_output2="$l_output2\n - File: \"$l_fname\"
is:$l_op2\n"
}
unset a_file && a_file=() # clear and initialize array
# Loop to create array with stat of files that could possibly fail one of
the audits
[ -e "$l_file" ] && a_file+=("$(stat -Lc '%n^%#a^%U^%u^%G^%g'
"$l_file")")
done < <(find -L /var/log -type f $ -perm /0137 -o ! -user root -o ! -
group root $ -print0)
while IFS="^" read -r l_fname l_mode l_user l_uid l_group l_gid; do
l_bname="$(basename "$l_fname")"
case "$l_bname" in
lastlog | lastlog.* | wtmp | wtmp.* | wtmp-* | btmp | btmp.* | btmp-
* | README)
perm_mask='0113'
maxperm="$( printf '%o' $(( 0777 & ~$perm_mask)) )"
l_auser="root"
l_agroup="(root|utmp)"
file_test_chk
;;
secure | auth.log | syslog | messages)
perm_mask='0137'
l_auser="(root|syslog)"
l_agroup="(root|adm)"
file_test_chk
;;
SSSD | sssd)
perm_mask='0117'
l_auser="(root|SSSD)"
l_agroup="(root|SSSD)"
file_test_chk
;;
gdm | gdm3)
Page 737
perm_mask='0117'
l_auser="root"
l_agroup="(root|gdm|gdm3)"
file_test_chk
;;
*.journal | *.journal~)
perm_mask='0137'
l_auser="root"
l_agroup="(root|systemd-journal)"
file_test_chk
;;
*)
perm_mask='0137'
if [ "$l_uid" -lt "$l_uidmin" ] && [ -z "$(awk -v grp="$l_group"
-F: '$1==grp {print $4}' /etc/group)" ]; then
l_auser="(root|syslog|$l_user)"
fi
l_tst=""
while l_out3="" read -r l_duid; do
[ "$l_duid" -ge "$l_uidmin" ] && l_tst=failed
done <<< "$(awk -F: '$4=='"$l_gid"' {print $3}'
/etc/passwd)"
[ "$l_tst" != "failed" ] && l_agroup="(root|adm|$l_group)"
fi
fi
file_test_chk
;;
esac
done <<< "$(printf '%s\n' "${a_file[@]}")"
unset a_file # Clear array
# If all files passed, then we pass
echo -e "\n- Audit Results:\n ** Pass **\n- All files in \"/var/log/\"
have appropriate permissions and ownership\n"
else
# print the reason why we are failing
echo -e "\n- Audit Results:\n ** Fail **\n$l_output2"
fi
}
Remediation:
Run the following script to update permissions and ownership on files in /var/log.
Although the script is not destructive, ensure that the output of the audit procedure is
captured in the event that the remediation causes issues.
Page 738
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
l_op2="" l_output2=""
l_uidmin="$(awk '/^\s*UID_MIN/{print $2}' /etc/login.defs)"
file_test_fix()
{
l_op2=""
l_fuser="root"
l_fgroup="root"
if [ $(( $l_mode & $perm_mask )) -gt 0 ]; then
l_op2="$l_op2\n - Mode: \"$l_mode\" should be \"$maxperm\" or more
restrictive\n - Removing excess permissions"
chmod "$l_rperms" "$l_fname"
fi
l_op2="$l_op2\n - Owned by: \"$l_user\" and should be owned by
\"${l_auser//|/ or }\"\n - Changing ownership to: \"$l_fuser\""
chown "$l_fuser" "$l_fname"
fi
l_op2="$l_op2\n - Group owned by: \"$l_group\" and should be group owned by
\"${l_agroup//|/ or }\"\n - Changing group ownership to: \"$l_fgroup\""
chgrp "$l_fgroup" "$l_fname"
fi
[ -n "$l_op2" ] && l_output2="$l_output2\n - File: \"$l_fname\" is:$l_op2\n"
}
unset a_file && a_file=() # clear and initialize array
# Loop to create array with stat of files that could possibly fail one of the
audits
[ -e "$l_file" ] && a_file+=("$(stat -Lc '%n^%#a^%U^%u^%G^%g' "$l_file")")
done < <(find -L /var/log -type f $ -perm /0137 -o ! -user root -o ! -group root
$ -print0)
while IFS="^" read -r l_fname l_mode l_user l_uid l_group l_gid; do
l_bname="$(basename "$l_fname")"
case "$l_bname" in
lastlog | lastlog.* | wtmp | wtmp.* | wtmp-* | btmp | btmp.* | btmp-* |
README)
perm_mask='0113'
l_rperms="ug-x,o-wx"
l_auser="root"
l_agroup="(root|utmp)"
file_test_fix
;;
secure | auth.log | syslog | messages)
perm_mask='0137'
l_rperms="u-x,g-wx,o-rwx"
file_test_fix
;;
SSSD | sssd)
perm_mask='0117'
l_rperms="ug-x,o-rwx"
l_auser="(root|SSSD)"
l_agroup="(root|SSSD)"
file_test_fix
;;
gdm | gdm3)
Page 739
perm_mask='0117'
l_rperms="ug-x,o-rwx"
l_auser="root"
l_agroup="(root|gdm|gdm3)"
file_test_fix
;;
*.journal | *.journal~)
perm_mask='0137'
l_auser="root"
l_agroup="(root|systemd-journal)"
file_test_fix
;;
*)
perm_mask='0137'
if [ "$l_uid" -lt "$l_uidmin" ] && [ -z "$(awk -v grp="$l_group" -F:
'$1==grp {print $4}' /etc/group)" ]; then
l_auser="(root|syslog|$l_user)"
fi
l_tst=""
while l_out3="" read -r l_duid; do
[ "$l_duid" -ge "$l_uidmin" ] && l_tst=failed
done <<< "$(awk -F: '$4=='"$l_gid"' {print $3}' /etc/passwd)"
[ "$l_tst" != "failed" ] && l_agroup="(root|adm|$l_group)"
fi
fi
file_test_fix
;;
esac
done <<< "$(printf '%s\n' "${a_file[@]}")"
unset a_file # Clear array
# If all files passed, then we report no changes
echo -e "- All files in \"/var/log/\" have appropriate permissions and
ownership\n - No changes required\n"
else
# print report of changes
echo -e "\n$l_output2"
fi
}
Note: You may also need to change the configuration for your logging software or
services for any logs that had incorrect permissions.
If there are services that log to other locations, ensure that those log files have the
appropriate permissions.
Page 740
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●

● ● ●
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Techniques / Sub-
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techniques
T1070, T1070.002, T1083,

TA0007 M1028
T1083.000
Page 741
6.4 System Auditing
The Linux Auditing System operates on a set of rules that collects certain types of
system activity to facilitate incident investigation, detect unauthorized access or
modification of data. By default events will be logged to /var/log/audit/audit.log,
which can be configured in /etc/audit/auditd.conf.
The following types of audit rules can be specified:
• Control rules: Configuration of the auditing system.

• File system rules: Allow the auditing of access to a particular file or a directory.
Also known as file watches.
• System call rules: Allow logging of system calls that any specified program
makes.
Audit rules can be set:
• On the command line using the auditctl utility. These rules are not persistent
across reboots.
• In /etc/audit/audit.rules. These rules have to be merged and loaded before
they are active.
Notes:
• For 64 bit systems that have arch as a rule parameter, you will need two rules:
one for 64 bit and one for 32 bit systems calls. For 32 bit systems, only one rule
is needed.
• If the auditing system is configured to be locked (-e 2), a system reboot will be
required in order to load any changes.
• Key names are optional on the rules and will not be used as a compliance
auditing. The usage of key names is highly recommended as it facilitates
organisation and searching, as such, all remediation steps will have key names
supplied.
• It is best practice to store the rules, in number prepended files, in
/etc/audit/rules.d/. Rules must end in a .rules suffix. This then requires the
use of augenrules to merge all the rules into /etc/audit/audit.rules based on
their their alphabetical (lexical) sort order. All benchmark recommendations
follow this best practice for remediation, specifically using the prefix of 50 which is
centre weighed if all rule sets make use of the number prepending naming
convention.
• Your system may have been customized to change the default UID_MIN. All
samples output uses 1000, but this value will not be used in compliance auditing.
To confirm the UID_MIN for your system, run the following command: awk
'/^\s*UID_MIN/{print $2}' /etc/login.defs
Page 742
Normalization
The Audit system normalizes some entries, so when you look at the sample output keep
in mind that:
• With regards to users whose login UID is not set, the values -1 / unset /
4294967295 are equivalent and normalized to -1.
• When comparing field types and both sides of the comparison is valid fields
types, such aseuid!=uid, then the auditing system may normalize such that the
output is uid!=euid.
• Some parts of the rule may be rearranged whilst others are dependant on
previous syntax. For example, the following two statements are the same:
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S execve -C uid!=euid -F auid!=-1 -F

key=user_emulation
and
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -C euid!=uid -F auid!=unset -S execve -k
user_emulation
Capacity planning
The recommendations in this section implement auditing policies that not only produces
large quantities of logged data, but may also negatively impact system performance.
Capacity planning is critical in order not to adversely impact production environments.
• Disk space. If a significantly large set of events are captured, additional on

system or off system storage may need to be allocated. If the logs are not sent to
a remote log server, ensure that log rotation is implemented else the disk will fill
up and the system will halt. Even when logs are sent to a log server, ensure
sufficient disk space to allow caching of logs in the case of temporary network
outages.
• Disk IO. It is not just the amount of data collected that should be considered, but
the rate at which logs are generated.
• CPU overhead. System call rules might incur considerable CPU overhead. Test
the systems open/close syscalls per second with and without the rules to gauge
the impact of the rules.
Page 743
6.4.1 Configure auditd Service
The capturing of system events provides system administrators with information to allow
them to determine if unauthorized access to their system is occurring.
Page 744
6.4.1.1 Ensure auditd is installed (Automated)
Description:
auditd is the userspace component to the Linux Auditing System. It's responsible for
writing audit records to the disk
Rationale:
Audit:
Run the following command and verify auditd and audispd-plugins are installed:
auditd audispd-plugins
audispd-plugins install ok installed installed

auditd install ok installed installed
Remediation:
Run the following command to Install auditd
# apt install auditd audispd-plugins
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-3, AU-12, SI-5
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Page 745
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Page 746
6.4.1.2 Ensure auditd service is enabled and active (Automated)
Description:
Turn on the auditd daemon to record system events.
Rationale:
Audit:
Run the following command to verify auditd is enabled:
# systemctl is-enabled auditd
enabled
Verify result is "enabled".
Run the following command to verify auditd is active:
# systemctl is-active auditd
active
Verify result is active
Remediation:
Run the following command to enable and start auditd:
# systemctl --now enable auditd
References:
Page 747
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Page 748
6.4.1.3 Ensure auditing for processes that start prior to auditd is
enabled (Automated)
Description:
Configure grub2 so that processes that are capable of being audited can be audited
even if they start up prior to auditd startup.
Rationale:
Audit events need to be captured on processes that start up prior to auditd , so that
potential malicious activity cannot go undetected.
Audit:
# find /boot -type f -name 'grub.cfg' -exec grep -Ph -- '^\h*linux' {} + |
grep -v 'audit=1'
Remediation:
Edit /etc/default/grub and add audit=1 to GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX:
Example:
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="audit=1"
# update-grub
References:
This recommendation is designed around the grub2 bootloader, if another bootloader is
in use in your environment enact equivalent settings.
Page 749
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Page 750
6.4.1.4 Ensure audit_backlog_limit is sufficient (Automated)
Description:
In the kernel-level audit subsystem, a socket buffer queue is used to hold audit events.
Whenever a new audit event is received, it is logged and prepared to be added to this
queue.
The kernel boot parameter audit_backlog_limit=N, with N representing the amount of
messages, will ensure that a queue cannot grow beyond a certain size. If an audit event
is logged which would grow the queue beyond this limit, then a failure occurs and is
handled according to the system configuration
Rationale:
If an audit event is logged which would grow the queue beyond the
audit_backlog_limit, then a failure occurs, auditd records will be lost, and potential
malicious activity could go undetected.
Audit:
Run the following command and verify the audit_backlog_limit= parameter is set:
# find /boot -type f -name 'grub.cfg' -exec grep -Ph -- '^\h*linux' {} + |
grep -Pv 'audit_backlog_limit=\d+\b'
Remediation:
Edit /etc/default/grub and add audit_backlog_limit=N to GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX.
The recommended size for N is 8192 or larger.
Example:
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="audit_backlog_limit=8192"
# update-grub
Default Value:
if audit_backlog_limit is not set, the system defaults to audit_backlog_limit=64
References:
Page 751
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Page 752
6.4.2 Configure Data Retention
When auditing, it is important to carefully configure the storage requirements for audit
logs. By default, auditd will max out the log files at 5MB and retain only 4 copies of
them. Older versions will be deleted. It is possible on a system that the 20 MBs of audit
logs may fill up the system causing loss of audit data. While the recommendations here
provide guidance, check your site policy for audit storage requirements.
Page 753
6.4.2.1 Ensure audit log storage size is configured (Automated)
Description:
Configure the maximum size of the audit log file. Once the log reaches the maximum
size, it will be rotated and a new log file will be started.
Rationale:
It is important that an appropriate size is determined for log files so that they do not
impact the system and audit data is not lost.
Audit:
Run the following command and ensure output is in compliance with site policy:
# grep -Po -- '^\h*max_log_file\h*=\h*\d+\b' /etc/audit/auditd.conf
max_log_file = <MB>
Remediation:
Set the following parameter in /etc/audit/auditd.conf in accordance with site policy:
max_log_file = <MB>
Default Value:
max_log_file = 8
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-8
The max_log_file parameter is measured in megabytes.
Other methods of log rotation may be appropriate based on site policy. One example is
time-based rotation strategies which don't have native support in auditd configurations.
Manual audit of custom configurations should be evaluated for effectiveness and
completeness.
Page 754
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Page 755
6.4.2.2 Ensure audit logs are not automatically deleted
(Automated)
Description:
The max_log_file_action setting determines how to handle the audit log file reaching
the max file size. A value of keep_logs will rotate the logs but never delete old logs.
Rationale:
In high security contexts, the benefits of maintaining a long audit history exceed the cost
of storing the audit history.
Audit:
# grep max_log_file_action /etc/audit/auditd.conf
max_log_file_action = keep_logs
Remediation:
Set the following parameter in /etc/audit/auditd.conf:
max_log_file_action = keep_logs
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-8
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logs generated.
Page 756
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Page 757
6.4.2.3 Ensure system is disabled when audit logs are full
(Automated)
Description:
The auditd daemon can be configured to halt the system or put the system in single
user mode, if no free space is available or an error is detected on the partition that holds
the audit log files.
The disk_full_action parameter tells the system what action to take when no free
space is available on the partition that holds the audit log files. Valid values are ignore,
syslog, rotate, exec, suspend, single, and halt.
• ignore, the audit daemon will issue a syslog message but no other action is
taken
• syslog, the audit daemon will issue a warning to syslog
• rotate, the audit daemon will rotate logs, losing the oldest to free up space
• exec, /path-to-script will execute the script. You cannot pass parameters to the
script. The script is also responsible for telling the auditd daemon to resume
logging once its completed its action
• suspend, the audit daemon will stop writing records to the disk
• single, the audit daemon will put the computer system in single user mode
• halt, the audit daemon will shut down the system
The disk_error_action parameter tells the system what action to take when an error is
detected on the partition that holds the audit log files. Valid values are ignore, syslog,
exec, suspend, single, and halt.
• ignore, the audit daemon will not take any action

• syslog, the audit daemon will issue no more than 5 consecutive warnings to
syslog
script
Rationale:
In high security contexts, the risk of detecting unauthorized access or nonrepudiation
exceeds the benefit of the system's availability.
Page 758
Impact:
If the disk_full_action parameter is set to halt the auditd daemon will shutdown the
system when the disk partition containing the audit logs becomes full.
If the disk_full_action parameter is set to single the auditd daemon will put the
computer system in single user mode when the disk partition containing the audit logs
becomes full.
If the disk_error_action parameter is set to halt the auditd daemon will shutdown the
system when an error is detected on the partition that holds the audit log files.
If the disk_error_action parameter is set to single the auditd daemon will put the
computer system in single user mode when an error is detected on the partition that
holds the audit log files.
If the disk_error_action parameter is set to syslog the auditd daemon will issue no
more than 5 consecutive warnings to syslog when an error is detected on the partition
that holds the audit log files.
Audit:
Run the following command and verify the disk_full_action is set to either halt or
single:
# grep -P -- '^\h*disk_full_action\h*=\h*(halt|single)\b'
/etc/audit/auditd.conf
disk_full_action = <halt|single>
Run the following command and verify the disk_error_action is set to syslog, single,
or halt:
# grep -P -- '^\h*disk_error_action\h*=\h*(syslog|single|halt)\b'
disk_error_action = <syslog|single|halt>
Remediation:
Set one of the following parameters in /etc/audit/auditd.conf depending on your local
security policies.
disk_full_action = <halt|single>
disk_error_action = <syslog|single|halt>
Example:
disk_full_action = halt
disk_error_action = halt
Page 759
References:

2. AUDITD.CONF(5)
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Page 760
6.4.2.4 Ensure system warns when audit logs are low on space
(Automated)
Description:
The auditd daemon can be configured to halt the system, put the system in single user
mode or send a warning message, if the partition that holds the audit log files is low on
space.
The space_left_action parameter tells the system what action to take when the system
has detected that it is starting to get low on disk space. Valid values are ignore, syslog,
rotate, email, exec, suspend, single, and halt.
• ignore, the audit daemon does nothing

• email, the audit daemon will send a warning to the email account specified in
action_mail_acct as well as sending the message to syslog
The admin_space_left_action parameter tells the system what action to take when the
system has detected that it is low on disk space. Valid values are ignore, syslog,
rotate, email, exec, suspend, single, and halt.
• ignore, the audit daemon does nothing

• email, the audit daemon will send a warning to the email account specified in
action_mail_acct as well as sending the message to syslog
Page 761
Rationale:
In high security contexts, the risk of detecting unauthorized access or nonrepudiation
exceeds the benefit of the system's availability.
Impact:
If the admin_space_left_action is set to single the audit daemon will put the computer
system in single user mode.
Audit:
Run the following command and verify the space_left_action is set to email, exec,
single, or halt:
grep -P -- '^\h*space_left_action\h*=\h*(email|exec|single|halt)\b'
Verify the output is email, exec, single, or halt
Example output
space_left_action = email
Run the following command and verify the admin_space_left_action is set to single -
OR - halt:
grep -P -- '^\h*admin_space_left_action\h*=\h*(single|halt)\b'
Verify the output is single or halt
Example output:
admin_space_left_action = single
Note: A Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) must be installed and configured properly to set
Remediation:
Set the space_left_action parameter in /etc/audit/auditd.conf to email, exec,
single, or halt:
Example:
Set the admin_space_left_action parameter in /etc/audit/auditd.conf to single or
halt:
Example:
admin_space_left_action = single
Note: A Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) must be installed and configured properly to set
Page 762
References:

2. AUDITD.CONF(5)
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Page 763
6.4.3 Configure auditd Rules
The Audit system operates on a set of rules that define what is to be captured in the log
files.
The following types of Audit rules can be specified:
• Control rules: Allow the Audit system's behavior and some of its configuration to
be modified.
• File system rules: Allow the auditing of access to a particular file or a directory.
(Also known as file watches)
• System call rules: Allow logging of system calls that any specified program
makes.
Audit rules can be set:
• on the command line using the auditctl utility. Note that these rules are not
persistent across reboots.
• in a file ending in .rules in the /etc/audit/audit.d/ directory.
Page 764
6.4.3.1 Ensure changes to system administration scope (sudoers)
is collected (Automated)
Description:
Monitor scope changes for system administrators. If the system has been properly
configured to force system administrators to log in as themselves first and then use the
sudo command to execute privileged commands, it is possible to monitor changes in
scope. The file /etc/sudoers, or files in /etc/sudoers.d, will be written to when the
file(s) or related attributes have changed. The audit records will be tagged with the
identifier "scope".
Rationale:
Changes in the /etc/sudoers and /etc/sudoers.d files can indicate that an
unauthorized change has been made to the scope of system administrator activity.
Page 765
Audit:
On disk configuration
Run the following command to check the on disk rules:

# awk '/^ *-w/ \
&&/\/etc\/sudoers/ \
&&/ +-p *wa/ \
&&(/ key= *[!-~]* *$/||/ -k *[!-~]* *$/)' /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules
-w /etc/sudoers -p wa -k scope
-w /etc/sudoers.d -p wa -k scope
Running configuration
Run the following command to check loaded rules:

# auditctl -l | awk '/^ *-w/ \
&&/\/etc\/sudoers/ \
&&/ +-p *wa/ \
&&(/ key= *[!-~]* *$/||/ -k *[!-~]* *$/)'
Remediation:
Edit or create a file in the /etc/audit/rules.d/ directory, ending in .rules extension,
with the relevant rules to monitor scope changes for system administrators.
Example:
# printf "
" >> /etc/audit/rules.d/50-scope.rules
Merge and load the rules into active configuration:
# augenrules --load
Check if reboot is required.
# if [[ $(auditctl -s | grep "enabled") =~ "2" ]]; then printf "Reboot
required to load rules\n"; fi
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3
Page 766
Potential reboot required
If the auditing configuration is locked (-e 2), then augenrules will not warn in any way
that rules could not be loaded into the running configuration. A system reboot will be
required to load the rules into the running configuration.
System call structure
For performance (man 7 audit.rules) reasons it is preferable to have all the system
calls on one line. However, your configuration may have them on one line each or some
other combination. This is important to understand for both the auditing and remediation
sections as the examples given are optimized for performance as per the man page.
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4.8 Log and Alert on Changes to Administrative Group

v7 Membership ● ●
Configure systems to issue a log entry and alert when an account is added to
or removed from any group assigned administrative privileges.
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Page 767
6.4.3.2 Ensure actions as another user are always logged
(Automated)
Description:
sudo provides users with temporary elevated privileges to perform operations, either as
the superuser or another user.
Rationale:
Creating an audit log of users with temporary elevated privileges and the operation(s)
they performed is essential to reporting. Administrators will want to correlate the events
written to the audit trail with the records written to sudo's logfile to verify if unauthorized
commands have been executed.
Page 768
Audit:
64 Bit systems
# awk '/^ *-a *always,exit/ \
&&/ -F *arch=b(32|64)/ \
&&(/ -F *auid!=unset/||/ -F *auid!=-1/||/ -F *auid!=4294967295/) \
&&(/ -C *euid!=uid/||/ -C *uid!=euid/) \
&&/ -S *execve/ \
user_emulation
user_emulation
# auditctl -l | awk '/^ *-a *always,exit/ \
&&/ -F *arch=b(32|64)/ \
&&(/ -C *euid!=uid/||/ -C *uid!=euid/) \
&&/ -S *execve/ \
&&(/ key= *[!-~]* *$/||/ -k *[!-~]* *$/)'
key=user_emulation
key=user_emulation
32 Bit systems
Follow the same procedures as for 64 bit systems and ignore any entries with b64.
Page 769
Remediation:
Create audit rules

with the relevant rules to monitor elevated privileges.
64 Bit systems
Example:
# printf "
user_emulation
user_emulation
" >> /etc/audit/rules.d/50-user_emulation.rules
Load audit rules

# augenrules --load
32 Bit systems
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3
Page 770
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4.9 Log and Alert on Unsuccessful Administrative Account

v7 Login ● ●
Configure systems to issue a log entry and alert on unsuccessful logins to an
administrative account.
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Page 771
6.4.3.3 Ensure events that modify the sudo log file are collected
(Automated)
Description:
Monitor the sudo log file. If the system has been properly configured to disable the use
of the su command and force all administrators to have to log in first and then use sudo
to execute privileged commands, then all administrator commands will be logged to
/var/log/sudo.log . Any time a command is executed, an audit event will be triggered
as the /var/log/sudo.log file will be opened for write and the executed administration
command will be written to the log.
Rationale:
Changes in /var/log/sudo.log indicate that an administrator has executed a command
or the log file itself has been tampered with. Administrators will want to correlate the
events written to the audit trail with the records written to /var/log/sudo.log to verify if
unauthorized commands have been executed.
Page 772
Audit:
Note: This recommendation requires that the sudo logfile is configured. See guidance
provided in the recommendation "Ensure sudo log file exists"

# {
SUDO_LOG_FILE=$(grep -r logfile /etc/sudoers* | sed -e 's/.*logfile=//;s/,?
.*//' -e 's/"//g' -e 's|/|\\/|g')
[ -n "${SUDO_LOG_FILE}" ] && awk "/^ *-w/ \
&&/"${SUDO_LOG_FILE}"/ \
&&/ +-p *wa/ \
&&(/ key= *[!-~]* *$/||/ -k *[!-~]* *$/)" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules \
|| printf "ERROR: Variable 'SUDO_LOG_FILE' is unset.\n"
}
Verify output of matches:
-w /var/log/sudo.log -p wa -k sudo_log_file

# {
.*//' -e 's/"//g' -e 's|/|\\/|g')
[ -n "${SUDO_LOG_FILE}" ] && auditctl -l | awk "/^ *-w/ \
&&/"${SUDO_LOG_FILE}"/ \
&&/ +-p *wa/ \
&&(/ key= *[!-~]* *$/||/ -k *[!-~]* *$/)" \
|| printf "ERROR: Variable 'SUDO_LOG_FILE' is unset.\n"
}
Verify output matches:
-w /var/log/sudo.log -p wa -k sudo_log_file
Page 773
Remediation:
Note: This recommendation requires that the sudo logfile is configured. See guidance
provided in the recommendation "Ensure sudo log file exists"
with the relevant rules to monitor events that modify the sudo log file.
Example:
# {
.*//' -e 's/"//g')
[ -n "${SUDO_LOG_FILE}" ] && printf "
-w ${SUDO_LOG_FILE} -p wa -k sudo_log_file
" >> /etc/audit/rules.d/50-sudo.rules || printf "ERROR: Variable
'SUDO_LOG_FILE' is unset.\n"
}
# augenrules --load
Page 774
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Page 775
6.4.3.4 Ensure events that modify date and time information are
collected (Automated)
Description:
Capture events where the system date and/or time has been modified. The parameters
in this section are set to determine if the;
• adjtimex - tune kernel clock

• settimeofday - set time using timeval and timezone structures
• stime - using seconds since 1/1/1970
• clock_settime - allows for the setting of several internal clocks and timers
system calls have been executed. Further, ensure to write an audit record to the
configured audit log file upon exit, tagging the records with a unique identifier such as
"time-change".
Rationale:
Unexpected changes in system date and/or time could be a sign of malicious activity on
the system.
Page 776
Audit:
64 Bit systems
# {
awk '/^ *-a *always,exit/ \
&&/ -F *arch=b(32|64)/ \
&&/ -S/ \
&&(/adjtimex/ \
||/settimeofday/ \
||/clock_settime/ ) \
awk '/^ *-w/ \

&&/\/etc\/localtime/ \
&&/ +-p *wa/ \
}
Verify output of matches:
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S adjtimex,settimeofday,clock_settime -k time-
change
change
-w /etc/localtime -p wa -k time-change
# {
auditctl -l | awk '/^ *-a *always,exit/ \
&&/ -F *arch=b(32|64)/ \
&&/ -S/ \
&&(/adjtimex/ \
||/settimeofday/ \
||/clock_settime/ ) \
&&(/ key= *[!-~]* *$/||/ -k *[!-~]* *$/)'
auditctl -l | awk '/^ *-w/ \

&&/\/etc\/localtime/ \
&&/ +-p *wa/ \
&&(/ key= *[!-~]* *$/||/ -k *[!-~]* *$/)'
}
Verify the output includes:
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S adjtimex,settimeofday,clock_settime -F
key=time-change
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S adjtimex,settimeofday,clock_settime -F
key=time-change
32 Bit systems
Page 777
In addition, also audit for the stime system call rule. For example:
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S adjtimex,settimeofday,clock_settime,stime -k
time-change
Remediation:
Create audit rules

with the relevant rules to monitor events that modify date and time information.
64 Bit systems
Example:
# printf "
change
change
" >> /etc/audit/rules.d/50-time-change.rules
Load audit rules

# augenrules --load
32 Bit systems
Follow the same procedures as for 64 bit systems and ignore any entries with b64. In
addition, add stime to the system call audit. Example:
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S adjtimex,settimeofday,clock_settime,stime -k
time-change
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3, CM-6
Page 778
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5.5 Implement Automated Configuration Monitoring

Systems
v7 Utilize a Security Content Automation Protocol (SCAP) compliant configuration ● ●
monitoring system to verify all security configuration elements, catalog approved
exceptions, and alert when unauthorized changes occur.
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Page 779
6.4.3.5 Ensure events that modify the system's network
environment are collected (Automated)
Description:
Record changes to network environment files or system calls. The below parameters
monitors the following system calls, and write an audit event on system call exit:
• sethostname - set the systems host name

• setdomainname - set the systems domain name
The files being monitored are:
• /etc/issue and /etc/issue.net - messages displayed pre-login

• /etc/hosts - file containing host names and associated IP addresses
• /etc/networks - symbolic names for networks
• /etc/network/ - directory containing network interface scripts and configurations
files
• /etc/netplan/ - central location for YAML networking configurations files
Rationale:
Monitoring system events that change network environments, such as sethostname and
setdomainname, helps identify unauthorized alterations to host and domain names,
which could compromise security settings reliant on these names. Changes to
/etc/hosts can signal unauthorized attempts to alter machine associations with IP
addresses, potentially redirecting users and processes to unintended destinations.
Surveillance of /etc/issue and /etc/issue.net is crucial to detect intruders inserting
false information to deceive users. Monitoring /etc/network/ reveals modifications to
network interfaces or scripts that may jeopardize system availability or security.
Additionally, tracking changes in the /etc/netplan/ directory ensures swift detection of
unauthorized adjustments to network configurations. All audit records should be
appropriately tagged for relevance
Page 780
Audit:
64 Bit systems
Run the following commands to check the on disk rules:
# awk '/^ *-a *always,exit/ \
&&/ -F *arch=b(32|64)/ \
&&/ -S/ \
&&(/sethostname/ \
||/setdomainname/) \
# awk '/^ *-w/ \

&&(/\/etc\/issue/ \
||/\/etc\/issue.net/ \
||/\/etc\/hosts/ \
||/\/etc\/network/ \
||/\/etc\/netplan/) \
&&/ +-p *wa/ \
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S sethostname,setdomainname -k system-locale
-w /etc/issue -p wa -k system-locale
-w /etc/issue.net -p wa -k system-locale
-w /etc/hosts -p wa -k system-locale
-w /etc/networks -p wa -k system-locale
-w /etc/network -p wa -k system-locale
-w /etc/netplan -p wa -k system-locale
# auditctl -l | awk '/^ *-a *always,exit/ \
&&/ -F *arch=b(32|64)/ \
&&/ -S/ \
&&(/sethostname/ \
||/setdomainname/) \
&&(/ key= *[!-~]* *$/||/ -k *[!-~]* *$/)'

&&(/\/etc\/issue/ \
||/\/etc\/issue.net/ \
||/\/etc\/hosts/ \
||/\/etc\/network/ \
||/\/etc\/netplan/) \
&&/ +-p *wa/ \
&&(/ key= *[!-~]* *$/||/ -k *[!-~]* *$/)'
Page 781
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S sethostname,setdomainname -F key=system-locale
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S sethostname,setdomainname -F key=system-locale
-w /etc/network -p wa -k system-locale
-w /etc/netplan -p wa -k system-locale
32 Bit systems
Follow the same procedures as for 64 bit systems and ignore any entries with b64
Remediation:
Create audit rules

with the relevant rules to monitor events that modify the system's network environment.
64 Bit systems
Example:
# printf "
-w /etc/network/ -p wa -k system-locale
-w /etc/netplan/ -p wa -k system-locale
" >> /etc/audit/rules.d/50-system_locale.rules
Load audit rules

# augenrules --load
32 Bit systems
Page 782
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3, CM-6

2. https://netplan.io/faq
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ●

Systems
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1562, T1562.006 TA0003 M1047
Page 783
6.4.3.6 Ensure use of privileged commands are collected
(Automated)
Description:
Monitor privileged programs, those that have the setuid and/or setgid bit set on
execution, to determine if unprivileged users are running these commands.
Rationale:
Execution of privileged commands by non-privileged users could be an indication of
someone trying to gain unauthorized access to the system.
Impact:
Both the audit and remediation section of this recommendation will traverse all mounted
file systems that is not mounted with either noexec or nosuid mount options. If there are
large file systems without these mount options, such traversal will be significantly
detrimental to the performance of the system.
Before running either the audit or remediation section, inspect the output of the following
command to determine exactly which file systems will be traversed:
# findmnt -n -l -k -it $(awk '/nodev/ { print $2 }' /proc/filesystems | paste
-sd,) | grep -Pv "noexec|nosuid"
To exclude a particular file system due to adverse performance impacts, update the
audit and remediation sections by adding a sufficiently unique string to the grep
statement. The above command can be used to test the modified exclusions.
Page 784
Audit:
Run the following command to check on disk rules:

# for PARTITION in $(findmnt -n -l -k -it $(awk '/nodev/ { print $2 }'
/proc/filesystems | paste -sd,) | grep -Pv "noexec|nosuid" | awk '{print
$1}'); do
for PRIVILEGED in $(find "${PARTITION}" -xdev -perm /6000 -type f); do
grep -qr "${PRIVILEGED}" /etc/audit/rules.d && printf "OK:
'${PRIVILEGED}' found in auditing rules.\n" || printf "Warning:
'${PRIVILEGED}' not found in on disk configuration.\n"
done
done
Verify that all output is OK.

# {
RUNNING=$(auditctl -l)
[ -n "${RUNNING}" ] && for PARTITION in $(findmnt -n -l -k -it $(awk
'/nodev/ { print $2 }' /proc/filesystems | paste -sd,) | grep -Pv
"noexec|nosuid" | awk '{print $1}'); do
for PRIVILEGED in $(find "${PARTITION}" -xdev -perm /6000 -type f); do
printf -- "${RUNNING}" | grep -q "${PRIVILEGED}" && printf "OK:
'${PRIVILEGED}' found in auditing rules.\n" || printf "Warning:
'${PRIVILEGED}' not found in running configuration.\n"
done
done \
|| printf "ERROR: Variable 'RUNNING' is unset.\n"
}
Verify that all output is OK.
Special mount points
If there are any special mount points that are not visible by default from findmnt as per
the above audit, said file systems would have to be manually audited.
Page 785
Remediation:
with the relevant rules to monitor the use of privileged commands.
Example:
# {
UID_MIN=$(awk '/^\s*UID_MIN/{print $2}' /etc/login.defs)
AUDIT_RULE_FILE="/etc/audit/rules.d/50-privileged.rules"
NEW_DATA=()
for PARTITION in $(findmnt -n -l -k -it $(awk '/nodev/ { print $2 }'
/proc/filesystems | paste -sd,) | grep -Pv "noexec|nosuid" | awk '{print
$1}'); do
readarray -t DATA < <(find "${PARTITION}" -xdev -perm /6000 -type f | awk
-v UID_MIN=${UID_MIN} '{print "-a always,exit -F path=" $1 " -F perm=x -F
auid>="UID_MIN" -F auid!=unset -k privileged" }')
for ENTRY in "${DATA[@]}"; do
NEW_DATA+=("${ENTRY}")
done
done
readarray &> /dev/null -t OLD_DATA < "${AUDIT_RULE_FILE}"
COMBINED_DATA=( "${OLD_DATA[@]}" "${NEW_DATA[@]}" )
printf '%s\n' "${COMBINED_DATA[@]}" | sort -u > "${AUDIT_RULE_FILE}"
}
# augenrules --load
Special mount points
If there are any special mount points that are not visible by default from just scanning /,
change the PARTITION variable to the appropriate partition and re-run the remediation.
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3
Page 786
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ●

devices.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1562, T1562.006 TA0002 M1026
Page 787
6.4.3.7 Ensure unsuccessful file access attempts are collected
(Automated)
Description:
Monitor for unsuccessful attempts to access files. The following parameters are
associated with system calls that control files:
• creation - creat
• opening - open , openat
• truncation - truncate , ftruncate
An audit log record will only be written if all of the following criteria is met for the user
when trying to access a file:
• a non-privileged user (auid>=UID_MIN)

• is not a Daemon event (auid=4294967295/unset/-1)
• if the system call returned EACCES (permission denied) or EPERM (some other
permanent error associated with the specific system call)
Rationale:
Failed attempts to open, create or truncate files could be an indication that an individual
or process is trying to gain unauthorized access to the system.
Page 788
Audit:
64 Bit systems
# {
[ -n "${UID_MIN}" ] && awk "/^ *-a *always,exit/ \
&&/ -F *arch=b(32|64)/ \
&&/ -F *auid>=${UID_MIN}/ \
&&(/ -F *exit=-EACCES/||/ -F *exit=-EPERM/) \
&&/ -S/ \
&&/creat/ \
&&/open/ \
&&/truncate/ \
|| printf "ERROR: Variable 'UID_MIN' is unset.\n"
}
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S creat,open,openat,truncate,ftruncate -F exit=-
EACCES -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -k access
EPERM -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -k access
EACCES -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -k access
EPERM -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -k access
# {
[ -n "${UID_MIN}" ] && auditctl -l | awk "/^ *-a *always,exit/ \
&&/ -F *arch=b(32|64)/ \
&&(/ -F *exit=-EACCES/||/ -F *exit=-EPERM/) \
&&/ -S/ \
&&/creat/ \
&&/open/ \
&&/truncate/ \
&&(/ key= *[!-~]* *$/||/ -k *[!-~]* *$/)" \
}
Page 789
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S open,truncate,ftruncate,creat,openat -F exit=-
EACCES -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=-1 -F key=access
EPERM -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=-1 -F key=access
EACCES -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=-1 -F key=access
EPERM -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=-1 -F key=access
32 Bit systems
Page 790
Remediation:
Create audit rules

with the relevant rules to monitor unsuccessful file access attempts.
64 Bit systems
Example:
# {
[ -n "${UID_MIN}" ] && printf "
EACCES -F auid>=${UID_MIN} -F auid!=unset -k access
EPERM -F auid>=${UID_MIN} -F auid!=unset -k access
EACCES -F auid>=${UID_MIN} -F auid!=unset -k access
EPERM -F auid>=${UID_MIN} -F auid!=unset -k access
" >> /etc/audit/rules.d/50-access.rules || printf "ERROR: Variable 'UID_MIN'
is unset.\n"
}
Load audit rules

# augenrules --load
32 Bit systems
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3
Page 791
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ●

Sensitive Data
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1562, T1562.006 TA0007 M1047
Page 792
6.4.3.8 Ensure events that modify user/group information are
Description:
Record events affecting the modification of user or group information, including that of
passwords and old passwords if in use.
• /etc/group - system groups

• /etc/passwd - system users
• /etc/gshadow - encrypted password for each group
• /etc/shadow - system user passwords
• /etc/security/opasswd - storage of old passwords if the relevant PAM module is
in use
• /etc/nsswitch.conf - file configures how the system uses various databases
and name resolution mechanisms
• /etc/pam.conf - file determines the authentication services to be used, and the
order in which the services are used.
• /etc/pam.d - directory contains the PAM configuration files for each PAM-aware
application.
The parameters in this section will watch the files to see if they have been opened for
write or have had attribute changes (e.g. permissions) and tag them with the identifier
"identity" in the audit log file.
Rationale:
Unexpected changes to these files could be an indication that the system has been
compromised and that an unauthorized user is attempting to hide their activities or
compromise additional accounts.
Page 793
Audit:

# awk '/^ *-w/ \
&&(/\/etc\/group/ \
||/\/etc\/passwd/ \
||/\/etc\/gshadow/ \
||/\/etc\/shadow/ \
||/\/etc\/security\/opasswd/ \
||/\/etc\/nsswitch.conf/ \
||/\/etc\/pam.conf/ \
||/\/etc\/pam.d/) \
&&/ +-p *wa/ \
-w /etc/group -p wa -k identity
-w /etc/passwd -p wa -k identity
-w /etc/gshadow -p wa -k identity
-w /etc/shadow -p wa -k identity
-w /etc/security/opasswd -p wa -k identity
-w /etc/nsswitch.conf -p wa -k identity
-w /etc/pam.conf -p wa -k identity
-w /etc/pam.d -p wa -k identity

&&(/\/etc\/group/ \
||/\/etc\/passwd/ \
||/\/etc\/gshadow/ \
||/\/etc\/shadow/ \
||/\/etc\/security\/opasswd/ \
||/\/etc\/nsswitch.conf/ \
||/\/etc\/pam.conf/ \
||/\/etc\/pam.d/) \
&&/ +-p *wa/ \
&&(/ key= *[!-~]* *$/||/ -k *[!-~]* *$/)'
Page 794
Remediation:
with the relevant rules to monitor events that modify user/group information.
Example:
# printf "
" >> /etc/audit/rules.d/50-identity.rules
# augenrules --load
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3

2. https://manpages.debian.org/bookworm/manpages/nsswitch.conf.5.en.html
3. https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-
us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/6/html/managing_smart_cards/pam_configuration_fil
es
Page 795
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ●
4.8 Log and Alert on Changes to Administrative Group

v7 Membership ● ●
Configure systems to issue a log entry and alert when an account is added to
or removed from any group assigned administrative privileges.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1562, T1562.006 TA0004 M1047
Page 796
6.4.3.9 Ensure discretionary access control permission
modification events are collected (Automated)
Description:
Monitor changes to file permissions, attributes, ownership and group. The parameters in
this section track changes for system calls that affect file permissions and attributes.
The following commands and system calls effect the permissions, ownership and
various attributes of files.
• chmod
• fchmod
• fchmodat
• chown
• fchown
• fchownat
• lchown
• setxattr
• lsetxattr
• fsetxattr
• removexattr
• lremovexattr
• fremovexattr
In all cases, an audit record will only be written for non-system user ids and will ignore
Daemon events. All audit records will be tagged with the identifier "perm_mod."
Rationale:
Monitoring for changes in file attributes could alert a system administrator to activity that
could indicate intruder activity or policy violation.
Audit:
Note: Output showing all audited syscalls, e.g. (-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S
chmod,fchmod,fchmodat,chmod,fchmod,fchmodat,setxattr,lsetxattr,fsetxattr,removexattr
,lremovexattr,fremovexattr -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod) is also
acceptable. These have been separated by function on the displayed output for clarity.
64 Bit systems
Page 797
# {
&&/ -F *arch=b(32|64)/ \
&&/ -S/ \
&&(/chmod/||/fchmod/||/fchmodat/ \
||/chown/||/fchown/||/fchownat/||/lchown/ \
||/setxattr/||/lsetxattr/||/fsetxattr/ \
||/removexattr/||/lremovexattr/||/fremovexattr/) \
}
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S chmod,fchmod,fchmodat -F auid>=1000 -F
auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S chown,fchown,lchown,fchownat -F auid>=1000 -F
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S chmod,fchmod,fchmodat -F auid>=1000 -F
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S lchown,fchown,chown,fchownat -F auid>=1000 -F
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S
setxattr,lsetxattr,fsetxattr,removexattr,lremovexattr,fremovexattr -F
auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
# {
&&/ -F *arch=b(32|64)/ \
&&/ -S/ \
&&(/chmod/||/fchmod/||/fchmodat/ \
||/chown/||/fchown/||/fchownat/||/lchown/ \
||/setxattr/||/lsetxattr/||/fsetxattr/ \
||/removexattr/||/lremovexattr/||/fremovexattr/) \
&&(/ key= *[!-~]* *$/||/ -k *[!-~]* *$/)" \
}
Page 798
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S chmod,fchmod,fchmodat -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=-1
-F key=perm_mod
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S chown,fchown,lchown,fchownat -F auid>=1000 -F
auid!=-1 -F key=perm_mod
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S chmod,fchmod,fchmodat -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=-1
-F key=perm_mod
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S lchown,fchown,chown,fchownat -F auid>=1000 -F
auid!=-1 -F key=perm_mod
auid>=1000 -F auid!=-1 -F key=perm_mod
auid>=1000 -F auid!=-1 -F key=perm_mod
32 Bit systems
Page 799
Remediation:
Create audit rules

with the relevant rules to monitor discretionary access control permission modification
events.
64 Bit systems
Example:
# {
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S chmod,fchmod,fchmodat -F auid>=${UID_MIN} -F
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S chown,fchown,lchown,fchownat -F
auid>=${UID_MIN} -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S chmod,fchmod,fchmodat -F auid>=${UID_MIN} -F
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S lchown,fchown,chown,fchownat -F
" >> /etc/audit/rules.d/50-perm_mod.rules || printf "ERROR: Variable
'UID_MIN' is unset.\n"
}
Load audit rules

# augenrules --load
32 Bit systems
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3, CM-6
Page 800
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ●

Systems
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1562, T1562.006 TA0005 M1022
Page 801
6.4.3.10 Ensure successful file system mounts are collected
(Automated)
Description:
Monitor the use of the mount system call. The mount (and umount ) system call controls
the mounting and unmounting of file systems. The parameters below configure the
system to create an audit record when the mount system call is used by a non-
privileged user
Rationale:
It is highly unusual for a non privileged user to mount file systems to the system. While
tracking mount commands gives the system administrator evidence that external media
may have been mounted (based on a review of the source of the mount and confirming
it's an external media type), it does not conclusively indicate that data was exported to
the media. System administrators who wish to determine if data were exported, would
also have to track successful open, creat and truncate system calls requiring write
access to a file under the mount point of the external media file system. This could give
a fair indication that a write occurred. The only way to truly prove it, would be to track
successful writes to the external media. Tracking write system calls could quickly fill up
the audit log and is not recommended. Recommendations on configuration options to
track data export to media is beyond the scope of this document.
Page 802
Audit:
64 Bit systems
# {
&&/ -F *arch=b(32|64)/ \
&&/ -S/ \
&&/mount/ \
}
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S mount -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -k mounts
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S mount -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -k mounts
# {
&&/ -F *arch=b(32|64)/ \
&&/ -S/ \
&&/mount/ \
&&(/ key= *[!-~]* *$/||/ -k *[!-~]* *$/)" \
}
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S mount -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=-1 -F key=mounts
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S mount -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=-1 -F key=mounts
32 Bit systems
Page 803
Remediation:
Create audit rules

with the relevant rules to monitor successful file system mounts.
64 Bit systems
Example:
# {
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S mount -F auid>=$UID_MIN -F auid!=unset -k
mounts
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S mount -F auid>=$UID_MIN -F auid!=unset -k
mounts
" >> /etc/audit/rules.d/50-mounts.rules || printf "ERROR: Variable 'UID_MIN'
is unset.\n"
}
Load audit rules

# augenrules --load
32 Bit systems
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-6
Page 804
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ●

● ●
elements.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1562, T1562.006 TA0010 M1034
Page 805
6.4.3.11 Ensure session initiation information is collected
(Automated)
Description:
Monitor session initiation events. The parameters in this section track changes to the
files associated with session events.
• /var/run/utmp - tracks all currently logged in users.

• /var/log/wtmp - file tracks logins, logouts, shutdown, and reboot events.
• /var/log/btmp - keeps track of failed login attempts and can be read by entering
the command /usr/bin/last -f /var/log/btmp.
All audit records will be tagged with the identifier "session."

Rationale:
Monitoring these files for changes could alert a system administrator to logins occurring
at unusual hours, which could indicate intruder activity (i.e. a user logging in at a time
when they do not normally log in).
Page 806
Audit:

# awk '/^ *-w/ \
&&(/\/var\/run\/utmp/ \
||/\/var\/log\/wtmp/ \
||/\/var\/log\/btmp/) \
&&/ +-p *wa/ \
-w /var/run/utmp -p wa -k session
-w /var/log/wtmp -p wa -k session
-w /var/log/btmp -p wa -k session

&&(/\/var\/run\/utmp/ \
||/\/var\/log\/wtmp/ \
||/\/var\/log\/btmp/) \
&&/ +-p *wa/ \
&&(/ key= *[!-~]* *$/||/ -k *[!-~]* *$/)'
Page 807
Remediation:
with the relevant rules to monitor session initiation information.
Example:
# printf "
" >> /etc/audit/rules.d/50-session.rules
# augenrules --load
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3
Page 808
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ●

v7 Login ● ●

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1562, T1562.006 TA0001 M1047
Page 809
6.4.3.12 Ensure login and logout events are collected
(Automated)
Description:
Monitor login and logout events. The parameters below track changes to files
associated with login/logout events.
• /var/log/lastlog - maintain records of the last time a user successfully logged

in.
• /var/run/faillock - directory maintains records of login failures via the
pam_faillock module.
Rationale:
Monitoring login/logout events could provide a system administrator with information
associated with brute force attacks against user logins.
Page 810
Audit:

# awk '/^ *-w/ \
&&(/\/var\/log\/lastlog/ \
||/\/var\/run\/faillock/) \
&&/ +-p *wa/ \
-w /var/log/lastlog -p wa -k logins
-w /var/run/faillock -p wa -k logins

&&(/\/var\/log\/lastlog/ \
||/\/var\/run\/faillock/) \
&&/ +-p *wa/ \
&&(/ key= *[!-~]* *$/||/ -k *[!-~]* *$/)'
Remediation:
with the relevant rules to monitor login and logout events.
Example:
# printf "
" >> /etc/audit/rules.d/50-login.rules
# augenrules --load
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3
Page 811
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ●

v7 Login ● ●


Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1562, T1562.006 TA0001 M1047
Page 812
6.4.3.13 Ensure file deletion events by users are collected
(Automated)
Description:
Monitor the use of system calls associated with the deletion or renaming of files and file
attributes. This configuration statement sets up monitoring for:
• unlink - remove a file

• unlinkat - remove a file attribute
• rename - rename a file
• renameat rename a file attribute system calls and tags them with the identifier
"delete".
Rationale:
Monitoring these calls from non-privileged users could provide a system administrator
with evidence that inappropriate removal of files and file attributes associated with
protected files is occurring. While this audit option will look at all events, system
administrators will want to look for specific privileged files that are being deleted or
altered.
Page 813
Audit:
64 Bit systems
# {
&&/ -F *arch=b(32|64)/ \
&&/ -S/ \
&&(/unlink/||/rename/||/unlinkat/||/renameat/) \
}
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S unlink,unlinkat,rename,renameat -F auid>=1000 -
F auid!=unset -k delete
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S unlink,unlinkat,rename,renameat -F auid>=1000 -
F auid!=unset -k delete
# {
&&/ -F *arch=b(32|64)/ \
&&/ -S/ \
&&(/unlink/||/rename/||/unlinkat/||/renameat/) \
&&(/ key= *[!-~]* *$/||/ -k *[!-~]* *$/)" \
}
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S rename,unlink,unlinkat,renameat -F auid>=1000 -
F auid!=-1 -F key=delete
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S unlink,rename,unlinkat,renameat -F auid>=1000 -
F auid!=-1 -F key=delete
32 Bit systems
Page 814
Remediation:
Create audit rules

with the relevant rules to monitor file deletion events by users.
64 Bit systems
Example:
# {
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S rename,unlink,unlinkat,renameat -F
auid>=${UID_MIN} -F auid!=unset -F key=delete
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S rename,unlink,unlinkat,renameat -F
auid>=${UID_MIN} -F auid!=unset -F key=delete
" >> /etc/audit/rules.d/50-delete.rules || printf "ERROR: Variable 'UID_MIN'
is unset.\n"
}
Load audit rules

# augenrules --load
32 Bit systems
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-12, SC-7
Page 815
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ●

devices.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1562, T1562.006 TA0005 M1047
Page 816
6.4.3.14 Ensure events that modify the system's Mandatory
Access Controls are collected (Automated)
Description:
Monitor AppArmor, an implementation of mandatory access controls. The parameters
below monitor any write access (potential additional, deletion or modification of files in
the directory) or attribute changes to the /etc/apparmor/ and /etc/apparmor.d/
directories.
Note: If a different Mandatory Access Control method is used, changes to the
corresponding directories should be audited.
Rationale:
Changes to files in the /etc/apparmor/ and /etc/apparmor.d/ directories could indicate
that an unauthorized user is attempting to modify access controls and change security
contexts, leading to a compromise of the system.
Page 817
Audit:

# awk '/^ *-w/ \
&&(/\/etc\/apparmor/ \
||/\/etc\/apparmor.d/) \
&&/ +-p *wa/ \
-w /etc/apparmor/ -p wa -k MAC-policy
-w /etc/apparmor.d/ -p wa -k MAC-policy

&&(/\/etc\/apparmor/ \
||/\/etc\/apparmor.d/) \
&&/ +-p *wa/ \
&&(/ key= *[!-~]* *$/||/ -k *[!-~]* *$/)'
Page 818
Remediation:
with the relevant rules to monitor events that modify the system's Mandatory Access
Controls.
Example:
# printf "
" >> /etc/audit/rules.d/50-MAC-policy.rules
# augenrules --load
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3, CM-6
Page 819
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ●

Systems
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1562, T1562.006 TA0004 M1022
Page 820
6.4.3.15 Ensure successful and unsuccessful attempts to use the
chcon command are recorded (Automated)
Description:
The operating system must generate audit records for successful/unsuccessful uses of
the chcon command.
Rationale:
The chcon command is used to change file security context. Without generating audit
records that are specific to the security and mission needs of the organization, it would
be difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events relating to an incident or
identify those responsible for one.
Audit records can be generated from various components within the information system
(e.g., module or policy filter).
Page 821
Audit:
64 Bit systems
# {
&&/ -F *perm=x/ \
&&/ -F *path=\/usr\/bin\/chcon/ \
}
-a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/chcon -F perm=x -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset
-k perm_chng
# {
&&/ -F *perm=x/ \
&&/ -F *path=\/usr\/bin\/chcon/ \
&&(/ key= *[!-~]* *$/||/ -k *[!-~]* *$/)" \
}
-a always,exit -S all -F path=/usr/bin/chcon -F perm=x -F auid>=1000 -F
auid!=-1 -F key=perm_chng
32 Bit systems
Page 822
Remediation:
Create audit rules

with the relevant rules to monitor successful and unsuccessful attempts to use the chcon
command.
64 Bit systems
Example:
# {
-a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/chcon -F perm=x -F auid>=${UID_MIN} -F
auid!=unset -k perm_chng
" >> /etc/audit/rules.d/50-perm_chng.rules || printf "ERROR: Variable
}
Load audit rules

# augenrules --load
32 Bit systems
References:
Page 823
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version


devices.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1562, T1562.006 TA0005 M1022
Page 824
setfacl command are recorded (Automated)
Description:
the setfacl command
Rationale:
This utility sets Access Control Lists (ACLs) of files and directories. Without generating
audit records that are specific to the security and mission needs of the organization, it
would be difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events relating to an
incident or identify those responsible for one.
Page 825
Audit:
64 Bit systems
# {
&&/ -F *perm=x/ \
&&/ -F *path=\/usr\/bin\/setfacl/ \
&&(/ key= *[!-~]* *$/||/ -k *[!-~]* *$/)" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules ||
printf "ERROR: Variable 'UID_MIN' is unset.\n"
}
-a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/setfacl -F perm=x -F auid>=1000 -F
# {
&&/ -F *perm=x/ \
&&/ -F *path=\/usr\/bin\/setfacl/ \
&&(/ key= *[!-~]* *$/||/ -k *[!-~]* *$/)" \
}
-a always,exit -S all -F path=/usr/bin/setfacl -F perm=x -F auid>=1000 -F
32 Bit systems
Page 826
Remediation:
Create audit rules

with the relevant rules to monitor successful and unsuccessful attempts to use the
setfacl command.
64 Bit systems
Example:
# {
-a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/setfacl -F perm=x -F auid>=${UID_MIN} -F
}
Load audit rules

# augenrules --load
32 Bit systems
References:
Page 827
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version


devices.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1562, T1562.006 TA0005 M1022
Page 828
chacl command are recorded (Automated)
Description:
the chacl command.
chacl is an IRIX-compatibility command, and is maintained for those users who are
familiar with its use from either XFS or IRIX.
Rationale:
chacl changes the ACL(s) for a file or directory. Without generating audit records that
are specific to the security and mission needs of the organization, it would be difficult to
establish, correlate, and investigate the events relating to an incident or identify those
responsible for one.
Page 829
Audit:
64 Bit systems
# {
&&/ -F *perm=x/ \
&&/ -F *path=\/usr\/bin\/chacl/ \
}
-a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/chacl -F perm=x -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset
-k perm_chng
# {
&&/ -F *perm=x/ \
&&/ -F *path=\/usr\/bin\/chacl/ \
&&(/ key= *[!-~]* *$/||/ -k *[!-~]* *$/)" \
}
-a always,exit -S all -F path=/usr/bin/chacl -F perm=x -F auid>=1000 -F
32 Bit systems
Page 830
Remediation:
Create audit rules

with the relevant rules to monitor successful and unsuccessful attempts to use the chacl
command.
64 Bit systems
Example:
# {
-a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/chacl -F perm=x -F auid>=${UID_MIN} -F
}
Load audit rules

# augenrules --load
32 Bit systems
References:
Page 831
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version


devices.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1562, T1562.006 TA0005 M1022
Page 832
usermod command are recorded (Automated)
Description:
the usermod command.
Rationale:
The usermod command modifies the system account files to reflect the changes that are
specified on the command line. Without generating audit records that are specific to the
security and mission needs of the organization, it would be difficult to establish,
correlate, and investigate the events relating to an incident or identify those responsible
for one.
Page 833
Audit:
64 Bit systems
# {
&&/ -F *perm=x/ \
&&/ -F *path=\/usr\/sbin\/usermod/ \
}
-a always,exit -F path=/usr/sbin/usermod -F perm=x -F auid>=1000 -F
auid!=unset -k usermod
# {
&&/ -F *perm=x/ \
&&/ -F *path=\/usr\/sbin\/usermod/ \
&&(/ key= *[!-~]* *$/||/ -k *[!-~]* *$/)" \
}
-a always,exit -S all -F path=/usr/sbin/usermod -F perm=x -F auid>=1000 -F
auid!=-1 -F key=usermod
32 Bit systems
Page 834
Remediation:
Create audit rules

with the relevant rules to monitor successful and unsuccessful attempts to use the
usermod command.
64 Bit systems
Example:
# {
-a always,exit -F path=/usr/sbin/usermod -F perm=x -F auid>=${UID_MIN} -F
auid!=unset -k usermod
" >> /etc/audit/rules.d/50-usermod.rules || printf "ERROR: Variable 'UID_MIN'
is unset.\n"
}
Load audit rules

# augenrules --load
32 Bit systems
References:
Page 835
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version


devices.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1562, T1562.006 TA0005 M1022
Page 836
6.4.3.19 Ensure kernel module loading unloading and
modification is collected (Automated)
Description:
Monitor the loading and unloading of kernel modules. All the loading / listing /
dependency checking of modules is done by kmod via symbolic links.
The following system calls control loading and unloading of modules:
• init_module - load a module

• finit_module - load a module (used when the overhead of using
cryptographically signed modules to determine the authenticity of a module can
be avoided)
• delete_module - delete a module
Any execution of the loading and unloading module programs and system calls will
trigger an audit record with an identifier of modules.
Rationale:
Monitoring the use of all the various ways to manipulate kernel modules could provide
system administrators with evidence that an unauthorized change was made to a kernel
module, possibly compromising the security of the system.
Page 837
Audit:
64 Bit systems
Run the following commands to check the on disk rules:
# {
awk '/^ *-a *always,exit/ \
&&/ -F *arch=b(32|64)/ \
&&(/ -F auid!=unset/||/ -F auid!=-1/||/ -F auid!=4294967295/) \
&&/ -S/ \
&&(/init_module/ \
||/finit_module/ \
||/delete_module/) \

&&/ -F *perm=x/ \
&&/ -F *path=\/usr\/bin\/kmod/ \
}
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S init_module,finit_module,delete_module -F
auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -k kernel_modules
-a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/kmod -F perm=x -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -
k kernel_modules
Page 838
# {
auditctl -l | awk '/^ *-a *always,exit/ \
&&/ -F *arch=b(32|64)/ \
&&(/ -F auid!=unset/||/ -F auid!=-1/||/ -F auid!=4294967295/) \
&&/ -S/ \
&&(/init_module/ \
||/finit_module/ \
||/delete_module/) \
&&(/ key= *[!-~]* *$/||/ -k *[!-~]* *$/)'

&&/ -F *perm=x/ \
&&/ -F *path=\/usr\/bin\/kmod/ \
&&(/ key= *[!-~]* *$/||/ -k *[!-~]* *$/)" \
}
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S init_module,delete_module,finit_module -F
auid>=1000 -F auid!=-1 -F key=kernel_modules
-a always,exit -S all -F path=/usr/bin/kmod -F perm=x -F auid>=1000 -F
auid!=-1 -F key=kernel_modules
Symlink audit
Audit if the symlinks that kmod accepts is indeed pointing at it:

# S_LINKS=$(ls -l /usr/sbin/lsmod /usr/sbin/rmmod /usr/sbin/insmod
/usr/sbin/modinfo /usr/sbin/modprobe /usr/sbin/depmod | grep -vE " ->
(\.\./)?bin/kmod" || true) \
&& if [[ "${S_LINKS}" != "" ]]; then printf "Issue with symlinks:
${S_LINKS}\n"; else printf "OK\n"; fi
Verify the output states OK. If there is a symlink pointing to a different location it should
be investigated.
Page 839
Remediation:
Create audit rules

with the relevant rules to monitor kernel module modification.
64 Bit systems
Example:
# {
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S init_module,finit_module,delete_module -F
auid>=${UID_MIN} -F auid!=unset -k kernel_modules
-a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/kmod -F perm=x -F auid>=${UID_MIN} -F
auid!=unset -k kernel_modules
" >> /etc/audit/rules.d/50-kernel_modules.rules || printf "ERROR: Variable
}
Load audit rules

# augenrules --load
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3, CM-6
Page 840
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ●

devices.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1562, T1562.006 TA0004 M1047
Page 841
6.4.3.20 Ensure the audit configuration is immutable (Automated)
Description:
Set system audit so that audit rules cannot be modified with auditctl . Setting the flag
"-e 2" forces audit to be put in immutable mode. Audit changes can only be made on
system reboot.
Note: This setting will require the system to be rebooted to update the active auditd
configuration settings.
Rationale:
In immutable mode, unauthorized users cannot execute changes to the audit system to
potentially hide malicious activity and then put the audit rules back. Users would most
likely notice a system reboot and that could alert administrators of an attempt to make
unauthorized audit changes.
Audit:
# grep -Ph -- '^\h*-e\h+2\b' /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules | tail -1
-e 2
Page 842
Remediation:
Edit or create the file /etc/audit/rules.d/99-finalize.rules and add the line -e 2 at
the end of the file:
Example:
# printf -- "-e 2
" >> /etc/audit/rules.d/99-finalize.rules
Load audit rules

# augenrules --load
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, AU-3, AU-12, MP-2
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●

● ●

devices.

● ●
elements.
Page 843
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1562, T1562.001 TA0005 M1022
Page 844
6.4.3.21 Ensure the running and on disk configuration is the same
(Manual)
Description:
The Audit system have both on disk and running configuration. It is possible for these
configuration settings to differ.
Note: Due to the limitations of augenrules and auditctl, it is not absolutely guaranteed
that loading the rule sets via augenrules --load will result in all rules being loaded or
even that the user will be informed if there was a problem loading the rules.
Rationale:
Configuration differences between what is currently running and what is on disk could
cause unexpected problems or may give a false impression of compliance
requirements.
Audit:
Merged rule sets
Ensure that all rules in /etc/audit/rules.d have been merged into

/etc/audit/audit.rules:
# augenrules --check
/usr/sbin/augenrules: No change
Should there be any drift, run augenrules --load to merge and load all rules.
Remediation:
If the rules are not aligned across all three () areas, run the following command to
merge and load all rules:
# augenrules --load
if [[ $(auditctl -s | grep "enabled") =~ "2" ]]; then echo "Reboot required
to load rules"; fi
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3
Page 845
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ●

● ●
elements.
Page 846
6.4.4 Configure auditd File Access
Without the capability to restrict which roles and individuals can select which events are
audited, unauthorized personnel may be able to prevent the auditing of critical events.
Page 847
6.4.4.1 Ensure audit log files mode is configured (Automated)
Description:
Audit log files contain information about the system and system activity.
Rationale:
Access to audit records can reveal system and configuration data to attackers,
potentially compromising its confidentiality.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify audit log files have mode 0640 or less permissive:
# [ -f /etc/audit/auditd.conf ] && find "$(dirname $(awk -F "="
'/^\s*log_file/ {print $2}' /etc/audit/auditd.conf | xargs))" -type f -perm
/0137 -exec stat -Lc "%n %#a" {} +
Remediation:
Run the following command to remove more permissive mode than 0640 from audit log
files:
'/^\s*log_file/ {print $2}' /etc/audit/auditd.conf | xargs))" -type f -perm
/0137 -exec chmod u-x,g-wx,o-rwx {} +
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3
Page 848
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●

● ● ●
responsibilities.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1070, T1070.002, T1083,

TA0007 M1022
T1083.000
Page 849
6.4.4.2 Ensure only authorized users own audit log files
(Automated)
Description:
Rationale:
Audit:
Run the following command to verify audit log files are owned by the root user:
'/^\s*log_file/ {print $2}' /etc/audit/auditd.conf | xargs))" -type f ! -user
root -exec stat -Lc "%n %U" {} +
Remediation:
Run the following command to configure the audit log files to be owned by the root
user:
'/^\s*log_file/ {print $2}' /etc/audit/auditd.conf | xargs))" -type f ! -user
root -exec chown root {} +
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3
Page 850
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●

● ● ●
responsibilities.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1070, T1070.002, T1083,

TA0007 M1022
T1083.000
Page 851
6.4.4.3 Ensure only authorized groups are assigned ownership of
audit log files (Automated)
Description:
Rationale:
Audit:
Run the following command to verify log_group parameter is set to either adm or root in
/etc/audit/auditd.conf:
# grep -Piws -- '^\h*log_group\h*=\h*\H+\b' /etc/audit/auditd.conf | grep -

Pvi -- '(adm)'
Using the path of the directory containing the audit logs, verify audit log files are owned
by the "root" or "adm" group by running the following script:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
if [ -e /etc/audit/auditd.conf ]; then
l_fpath="$(dirname "$(awk -F "=" '/^\s*log_file/ {print $2}'
/etc/audit/auditd.conf | xargs)")"
find -L "$l_fpath" -not -path "$l_fpath"/lost+found -type f $ ! -group
root -a ! -group adm $ -exec ls -l {} +
fi
}
Page 852
Remediation:
Run the following command to configure the audit log files to be group owned by adm:
# find $(dirname $(awk -F"=" '/^\s*log_file/ {print $2}'
/etc/audit/auditd.conf | xargs)) -type f $ ! -group adm -a ! -group root $
-exec chgrp adm {} +
Run the following command to set the log_group parameter in the audit configuration
file to log_group = adm:
# sed -ri 's/^\s*#?\s*log_group\s*=\s*\S+(\s*#.*)?.*$/log_group = adm\1/'
Run the following command to restart the audit daemon to reload the configuration file:
# systemctl restart auditd
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●

● ● ●
responsibilities.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1070, T1070.002, T1083,

TA0007 M1022
T1083.000
Page 853
6.4.4.4 Ensure the audit log directory mode is configured
(Automated)
Description:
The audit log directory contains audit log files.
Rationale:
Audit information includes all information including: audit records, audit settings and
audit reports. This information is needed to successfully audit system activity. This
information must be protected from unauthorized modification or deletion. If this
information were to be compromised, forensic analysis and discovery of the true source
of potentially malicious system activity is impossible to achieve.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify that the audit log directory has a mode of 0750 or
less permissive:
# stat -Lc "%n %a" "$(dirname $( awk -F"=" '/^\s*log_file/ {print $2}'
/etc/audit/auditd.conf))" | grep -Pv -- '^\h*\H+\h+([0,5,7][0,5]0)'
Remediation:
Run the following command to configure the audit log directory to have a mode of
"0750" or less permissive:
# chmod g-w,o-rwx "$(dirname $(awk -F"=" '/^\s*log_file/ {print $2}'
/etc/audit/auditd.conf))"
Default Value:
750
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3
Page 854
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●

● ● ●
responsibilities.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1070, T1070.002, T1083,

TA0007 M1022
T1083.000
Page 855
6.4.4.5 Ensure audit configuration files mode is configured
(Automated)
Description:
Audit configuration files control auditd and what events are audited.
Rationale:
Access to the audit configuration files could allow unauthorized personnel to prevent the
auditing of critical events.
Misconfigured audit configuration files may prevent the auditing of critical events or
impact the system's performance by overwhelming the audit log. Misconfiguration of the
audit configuration files may also make it more difficult to establish and investigate
events relating to an incident.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify that the audit configuration files have mode 640 or
more restrictive:
# find /etc/audit/ -type f $ -name '*.conf' -o -name '*.rules' $ -exec stat
-Lc "%n %a" {} + | grep -Pv -- '^\h*\H+\h*([0,2,4,6][0,4]0)\h*$'
Remediation:
Run the following command to remove more permissive mode than 0640 from the audit
configuration files:
# find /etc/audit/ -type f $ -name '*.conf' -o -name '*.rules' $ -exec
chmod u-x,g-wx,o-rwx {} +
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3
Page 856
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●

● ● ●
responsibilities.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1070, T1070.002, T1083,

TA0007 M1022
T1083.000
Page 857
6.4.4.6 Ensure audit configuration files are owned by root
(Automated)
Description:
Rationale:
Audit:
Run the following command to verify that the audit configuration files are owned by the
root user:
# find /etc/audit/ -type f $ -name '*.conf' -o -name '*.rules' $ ! -user
root
Remediation:
Run the following command to change ownership to root user:
# find /etc/audit/ -type f $ -name '*.conf' -o -name '*.rules' $ ! -user
root -exec chown root {} +
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3
Page 858
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●

● ● ●
responsibilities.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1070, T1070.002, T1083,

TA0007 M1022
T1083.000
Page 859
6.4.4.7 Ensure audit configuration files belong to group root
(Automated)
Description:
Rationale:
Audit:
Run the following command to verify that the audit configuration files are owned by the
group root:
# find /etc/audit/ -type f $ -name '*.conf' -o -name '*.rules' $ ! -group
root
Remediation:
Run the following command to change group to root:
# find /etc/audit/ -type f $ -name '*.conf' -o -name '*.rules' $ ! -group
root -exec chgrp root {} +
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3
Page 860
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●

● ● ●
responsibilities.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1070, T1070.002, T1083,

TA0007 M1022
T1083.000
Page 861
6.4.4.8 Ensure audit tools mode is configured (Automated)
Description:
Audit tools include, but are not limited to, vendor-provided and open source audit tools
needed to successfully view and manipulate audit information system activity and
records. Audit tools include custom queries and report generators.
Rationale:
Protecting audit information includes identifying and protecting the tools used to view
and manipulate log data. Protecting audit tools is necessary to prevent unauthorized
operation on audit information.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify the audit tools have mode 755 or more restrictive:
# stat -Lc "%n %a" /sbin/auditctl /sbin/aureport /sbin/ausearch /sbin/autrace
/sbin/auditd /sbin/augenrules | grep -Pv -- '^\h*\H+\h+([0-
7][0,1,4,5][0,1,4,5])\h*$'
Remediation:
Run the following command to remove more permissive mode from the audit tools:
# chmod go-w /sbin/auditctl /sbin/aureport /sbin/ausearch /sbin/autrace
/sbin/auditd /sbin/augenrules
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3
Page 862
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●

● ● ●
responsibilities.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1070, T1070.002, T1083,

TA0007 M1022
T1083.000
Page 863
6.4.4.9 Ensure audit tools are owned by root (Automated)
Description:
Rationale:
Audit:
Run the following command to verify the audit tools are owned by the root user:
# stat -Lc "%n %U" /sbin/auditctl /sbin/aureport /sbin/ausearch /sbin/autrace
/sbin/auditd /sbin/augenrules | awk '$2 != "root" {print}'
Remediation:
Run the following command to change the owner of the audit tools to the root user:
# chown root /sbin/auditctl /sbin/aureport /sbin/ausearch /sbin/autrace
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3
Page 864
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●

● ● ●
responsibilities.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1070, T1070.002, T1083,

TA0007 M1022
T1083.000
Page 865
6.4.4.10 Ensure audit tools belong to group root (Automated)
Description:
Rationale:
Audit:
Run the following command to verify the audit tools are owned by the group root
# stat -Lc "%n %G" /sbin/auditctl /sbin/aureport /sbin/ausearch /sbin/autrace
/sbin/auditd /sbin/augenrules | awk '$2 != "root" {print}'
Remediation:
Run the following command to change group ownership to the groop root:
# chgrp root /sbin/auditctl /sbin/aureport /sbin/ausearch /sbin/autrace
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3
Page 866
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●

● ● ●
responsibilities.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1070, T1070.002, T1083,

TA0007 M1022
T1083.000
Page 867
7 System Maintenance
Recommendations in this section are intended as maintenance and are intended to be
checked on a frequent basis to ensure system stability. Many recommendations do not
have quick remediations and require investigation into the cause and best fix available
and may indicate an attempted breach of system security.
Page 868
7.1 System File Permissions
This section provides guidance on securing aspects of system files and directories.
Page 869
7.1.1 Ensure permissions on /etc/passwd are configured
(Automated)
Description:
The /etc/passwd file contains user account information that is used by many system
utilities and therefore must be readable for these utilities to operate.
Rationale:
It is critical to ensure that the /etc/passwd file is protected from unauthorized write
access. Although it is protected by default, the file permissions could be changed either
inadvertently or through malicious actions.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify /etc/passwd is mode 644 or more restrictive, Uid is
0/root and Gid is 0/root:
# stat -Lc 'Access: (%#a/%A) Uid: ( %u/ %U) Gid: ( %g/ %G)' /etc/passwd
Remediation:
Run the following commands to remove excess permissions, set owner, and set group
on /etc/passwd:
# chmod u-x,go-wx /etc/passwd
# chown root:root /etc/passwd
Default Value:
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2
Page 870
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●

● ● ●
responsibilities.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1003, T1003.008, T1222,

TA0005 M1022
T1222.002
Page 871
7.1.2 Ensure permissions on /etc/passwd- are configured
(Automated)
Description:
The /etc/passwd- file contains backup user account information.
Rationale:
It is critical to ensure that the /etc/passwd- file is protected from unauthorized access.
Although it is protected by default, the file permissions could be changed either
Audit:
Run the following command to verify /etc/passwd- is mode 644 or more restrictive, Uid
is 0/root and Gid is 0/root:
# stat -Lc 'Access: (%#a/%A) Uid: ( %u/ %U) Gid: { %g/ %G)' /etc/passwd-
Remediation:
on /etc/passwd-:
# chmod u-x,go-wx /etc/passwd-
# chown root:root /etc/passwd-
Default Value:
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2
Page 872
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●

● ● ●
responsibilities.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1003, T1003.008, T1222,

TA0005 M1022
T1222.002
Page 873
7.1.3 Ensure permissions on /etc/group are configured
(Automated)
Description:
The /etc/group file contains a list of all the valid groups defined in the system. The
command below allows read/write access for root and read access for everyone else.
Rationale:
The /etc/group file needs to be protected from unauthorized changes by non-privileged
users, but needs to be readable as this information is used with many non-privileged
programs.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify /etc/group is mode 644 or more restrictive, Uid is
# stat -Lc 'Access: (%#a/%A) Uid: ( %u/ %U) Gid: ( %g/ %G)' /etc/group
Remediation:
on /etc/group:
# chmod u-x,go-wx /etc/group
# chown root:root /etc/group
Default Value:
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2
Page 874
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●

● ● ●
responsibilities.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1003, T1003.008, T1222,

TA0005 M1022
T1222.002
Page 875
7.1.4 Ensure permissions on /etc/group- are configured
(Automated)
Description:
The /etc/group- file contains a backup list of all the valid groups defined in the system.
Rationale:
It is critical to ensure that the /etc/group- file is protected from unauthorized access.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify /etc/group- is mode 644 or more restrictive, Uid is
# stat -Lc 'Access: (%#a/%A) Uid: ( %u/ %U) Gid: ( %g/ %G)' /etc/group-
Remediation:
on /etc/group-:
# chmod u-x,go-wx /etc/group-
# chown root:root /etc/group-
Default Value:
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2
Page 876
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●

● ● ●
responsibilities.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1003, T1003.008, T1222,

TA0005 M1022
T1222.002
Page 877
7.1.5 Ensure permissions on /etc/shadow are configured
(Automated)
Description:
The /etc/shadow file is used to store the information about user accounts that is critical
to the security of those accounts, such as the hashed password and other security
information.
Rationale:
If attackers can gain read access to the /etc/shadow file, they can easily run a
password cracking program against the hashed password to break it. Other security
information that is stored in the /etc/shadow file (such as expiration) could also be
useful to subvert the user accounts.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify /etc/shadow is mode 640 or more restrictive, Uid is
0/root and Gid is 0/root or ({GID}/ shadow):
# stat -Lc 'Access: (%#a/%A) Uid: ( %u/ %U) Gid: ( %g/ %G)' /etc/shadow
Example:
Access: (0640/-rw-r-----) Uid: ( 0/ root) Gid: ( 42/ shadow)
Remediation:
Run one of the following commands to set ownership of /etc/shadow to root and group
to either root or shadow:
# chown root:shadow /etc/shadow
-OR-
# chown root:root /etc/shadow
Run the following command to remove excess permissions form /etc/shadow:
# chmod u-x,g-wx,o-rwx /etc/shadow
Default Value:
Page 878
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●

● ● ●
responsibilities.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1003, T1003.008, T1222,

TA0005 M1022
T1222.002
Page 879
7.1.6 Ensure permissions on /etc/shadow- are configured
(Automated)
Description:
The /etc/shadow- file is used to store backup information about user accounts that is
critical to the security of those accounts, such as the hashed password and other
security information.
Rationale:
It is critical to ensure that the /etc/shadow- file is protected from unauthorized access.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify /etc/shadow- is mode 640 or more restrictive, Uid
is 0/root and Gid is 0/root or {GID}/shadow:
# stat -Lc 'Access: (%#a/%A) Uid: ( %u/ %U) Gid: ( %g/ %G)' /etc/shadow-
Example:
Remediation:
Run one of the following commands to set ownership of /etc/shadow- to root and
group to either root or shadow:
# chown root:shadow /etc/shadow-
-OR-
# chown root:root /etc/shadow-
Run the following command to remove excess permissions form /etc/shadow-:
# chmod u-x,g-wx,o-rwx /etc/shadow-
Default Value:
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2
Page 880
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●

● ● ●
responsibilities.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1003, T1003.008, T1222,

TA0005 M1022
T1222.002
Page 881
7.1.7 Ensure permissions on /etc/gshadow are configured
(Automated)
Description:
The /etc/gshadow file is used to store the information about groups that is critical to the
security of those accounts, such as the hashed password and other security
information.
Rationale:
If attackers can gain read access to the /etc/gshadow file, they can easily run a
password cracking program against the hashed password to break it. Other security
information that is stored in the /etc/gshadow file (such as group administrators) could
also be useful to subvert the group.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify /etc/gshadow is mode 640 or more restrictive, Uid
is 0/root and Gid is 0/root or `{GID}/shadow:
# stat -Lc 'Access: (%#a/%A) Uid: ( %u/ %U) Gid: ( %g/ %G)' /etc/gshadow
Example:
Remediation:
Run one of the following commands to set ownership of /etc/gshadow to root and
# chown root:shadow /etc/gshadow
-OR-
# chown root:root /etc/gshadow
Run the following command to remove excess permissions form /etc/gshadow:
# chmod u-x,g-wx,o-rwx /etc/gshadow
Default Value:
Page 882
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●

● ● ●
responsibilities.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1003, T1003.008, T1222,

TA0005 M1022
T1222.002
Page 883
7.1.8 Ensure permissions on /etc/gshadow- are configured
(Automated)
Description:
The /etc/gshadow- file is used to store backup information about groups that is critical
to the security of those accounts, such as the hashed password and other security
information.
Rationale:
It is critical to ensure that the /etc/gshadow- file is protected from unauthorized access.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify /etc/gshadow- is mode 640 or more restrictive, Uid
is 0/root and Gid is 0/root or {GID}/shadow:
# stat -Lc 'Access: (%#a/%A) Uid: ( %u/ %U) Gid: ( %g/ %G)' /etc/gshadow-
Example:
Remediation:
Run one of the following commands to set ownership of /etc/gshadow- to root and
# chown root:shadow /etc/gshadow-
-OR-
# chown root:root /etc/gshadow-
Run the following command to remove excess permissions form /etc/gshadow-:
# chmod u-x,g-wx,o-rwx /etc/gshadow-
Default Value:
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2
Page 884
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●

● ● ●
responsibilities.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1003, T1003.008, T1222,

TA0005 M1022
T1222.002
Page 885
7.1.9 Ensure permissions on /etc/shells are configured
(Automated)
Description:
/etc/shells is a text file which contains the full pathnames of valid login shells. This file
is consulted by chsh and available to be queried by other programs.
Rationale:
It is critical to ensure that the /etc/shells file is protected from unauthorized access.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify /etc/shells is mode 644 or more restrictive, Uid is
# stat -Lc 'Access: (%#a/%A) Uid: ( %u/ %U) Gid: ( %g/ %G)' /etc/shells
Remediation:
on /etc/shells:
# chmod u-x,go-wx /etc/shells
# chown root:root /etc/shells
Default Value:
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2
Page 886
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●

● ● ●
responsibilities.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1003, T1003.008, T1222,

TA0005 M1022
T1222.002
Page 887
7.1.10 Ensure permissions on /etc/security/opasswd are
Description:
/etc/security/opasswd and it's backup /etc/security/opasswd.old hold user's
previous passwords if pam_unix or pam_pwhistory is in use on the system
Rationale:
It is critical to ensure that /etc/security/opasswd is protected from unauthorized
access. Although it is protected by default, the file permissions could be changed either
Audit:
Run the following commands to verify /etc/security/opasswd and
/etc/security/opasswd.old are mode 600 or more restrictive, Uid is 0/root and Gid is
0/root if they exist:
# [ -e "/etc/security/opasswd" ] && stat -Lc '%n Access: (%#a/%A) Uid: (

%u/ %U) Gid: ( %g/ %G)' /etc/security/opasswd
/etc/security/opasswd Access: (0600/-rw-------) Uid: ( 0/ root) Gid: ( 0/

root)
-OR-
Nothing is returned
# [ -e "/etc/security/opasswd.old" ] && stat -Lc '%n Access: (%#a/%A) Uid:
( %u/ %U) Gid: ( %g/ %G)' /etc/security/opasswd.old
/etc/security/opasswd.old Access: (0600/-rw-------) Uid: ( 0/ root) Gid: (

0/ root)
-OR-
Nothing is returned
Page 888
Remediation:
on /etc/security/opasswd and /etc/security/opasswd.old is they exist:
# [ -e "/etc/security/opasswd" ] && chmod u-x,go-rwx /etc/security/opasswd
# [ -e "/etc/security/opasswd" ] && chown root:root /etc/security/opasswd
# [ -e "/etc/security/opasswd.old" ] && chmod u-x,go-rwx
/etc/security/opasswd.old
# [ -e "/etc/security/opasswd.old" ] && chown root:root
/etc/security/opasswd.old
Default Value:
/etc/security/opasswd Access: (0600/-rw-------) Uid: ( 0/ root) Gid: ( 0/ root)
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●

● ● ●
responsibilities.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1003, T1003.008, T1222,

TA0005 M1022
T1222.002
Page 889
7.1.11 Ensure world writable files and directories are secured
(Automated)
Description:
World writable files are the least secure. Data in world-writable files can be modified and
compromised by any user on the system. World writable files may also indicate an
incorrectly written script or program that could potentially be the cause of a larger
compromise to the system's integrity. See the chmod(2) man page for more information.
Setting the sticky bit on world writable directories prevents users from deleting or
renaming files in that directory that are not owned by them.
Rationale:
Data in world-writable files can be modified and compromised by any user on the
system. World writable files may also indicate an incorrectly written script or program
that could potentially be the cause of a larger compromise to the system's integrity.
This feature prevents the ability to delete or rename files in world writable directories
(such as /tmp ) that are owned by another user.
Audit:
Run the following script to verify:
• No world writable files exist

• No world writable directories without the sticky bit exist
Page 890
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
l_smask='01000'
a_path=(); a_arr=(); a_file=(); a_dir=() # Initialize arrays
a_path=(! -path "/run/user/*" -a ! -path "/proc/*" -a ! -path
"*/containerd/*" -a ! -path "*/kubelet/pods/*" -a ! -path "/sys/*" -a ! -path
"/snap/*")
while read -r l_bfs; do
a_path+=( -a ! -path ""$l_bfs"/*")
done < <(findmnt -Dkerno fstype,target | awk '$1 ~
/^\s*(nfs|proc|smb|vfat)/ {print $2}')
# Populate array with files that will possibly fail one of the audits
[ -e "$l_file" ] && a_arr+=("$(stat -Lc '%n^%#a' "$l_file")")
done < <(find / $ "${a_path[@]}" $ $ -type f -o -type d $ -perm -0002
-print0 2>/dev/null)
while IFS="^" read -r l_fname l_mode; do # Test files in the array
[ -f "$l_fname" ] && a_file+=("$l_fname") # Add WR files
if [ -d "$l_fname" ]; then # Add directories w/o sticky bit
[ ! $(( $l_mode & $l_smask )) -gt 0 ] && a_dir+=("$l_fname")
fi
done < <(printf '%s\n' "${a_arr[@]}")
if ! (( ${#a_file[@]} > 0 )); then
l_output="$l_output\n - No world writable files exist on the local
filesystem."
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - There are \"$(printf '%s' "${#a_file[@]}")\"
World writable files on the system.\n - The following is a list of World
writable files:\n$(printf '%s\n' "${a_file[@]}")\n - end of list\n"
fi
if ! (( ${#a_dir[@]} > 0 )); then
l_output="$l_output\n - Sticky bit is set on world writable
directories on the local filesystem."
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - There are \"$(printf '%s' "${#a_dir[@]}")\"
World writable directories without the sticky bit on the system.\n - The
following is a list of World writable directories without the sticky
bit:\n$(printf '%s\n' "${a_dir[@]}")\n - end of list\n"
fi
unset a_path; unset a_arr; unset a_file; unset a_dir # Remove arrays
# If l_output2 is empty, we pass
:\n$l_output\n"
else
[ -n "$l_output" ] && echo -e "- * Correctly configured *
:\n$l_output\n"
fi
}
Note: On systems with a large number of files and/or directories, this audit may be a
long running process
Page 891
Remediation:
• World Writable Files:

o It is recommended that write access is removed from other with the
command ( chmod o-w <filename> ), but always consult relevant vendor
documentation to avoid breaking any application dependencies on a given
file.
• World Writable Directories:
o Set the sticky bit on all world writable directories with the command (
chmod a+t <directory_name> )
• Remove other write permission from any world writable files

• Add the sticky bit to all world writable directories
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
l_smask='01000'
a_path=(); a_arr=() # Initialize array
"*/containerd/*" -a ! -path "*/kubelet/pods/*" -a ! -path "/sys/*" -a ! -path
"/snap/*")
# Populate array with files
done < <(find / $ "${a_path[@]}" $ $ -type f -o -type d $ -perm -0002
-print0 2>/dev/null)
while IFS="^" read -r l_fname l_mode; do # Test files in the array
if [ -f "$l_fname" ]; then # Remove excess permissions from WW files
echo -e " - File: \"$l_fname\" is mode: \"$l_mode\"\n - removing
write permission on \"$l_fname\" from \"other\""
chmod o-w "$l_fname"
fi
if [ -d "$l_fname" ]; then
if [ ! $(( $l_mode & $l_smask )) -gt 0 ]; then # Add sticky bit
echo -e " - Directory: \"$l_fname\" is mode: \"$l_mode\" and
doesn't have the sticky bit set\n - Adding the sticky bit"
chmod a+t "$l_fname"
fi
fi
done < <(printf '%s\n' "${a_arr[@]}")
unset a_path; unset a_arr # Remove array
}
Page 892
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●

● ● ●
responsibilities.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1222, T1222.002, T1548 TA0004, TA0005 M1022, M1028
Page 893
7.1.12 Ensure no files or directories without an owner and a group
exist (Automated)
Description:
Administrators may delete users or groups from the system and neglect to remove all
files and/or directories owned by those users or groups.
Rationale:
A new user or group who is assigned a deleted user's user ID or group ID may then end
up "owning" a deleted user or group's files, and thus have more access on the system
than was intended.
Audit:
Run the following script to verify no unowned or ungrouped files or directories exist:
Page 894
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
a_path=(); a_arr=(); a_nouser=(); a_nogroup=() # Initialize arrays
"*/containerd/*" -a ! -path "*/kubelet/pods/*" -a ! -path
"/sys/fs/cgroup/memory/*" -a ! -path "/var/*/private/*")
[ -e "$l_file" ] && a_arr+=("$(stat -Lc '%n^%U^%G' "$l_file")")
done < <(find / $ "${a_path[@]}" $ $ -type f -o -type d $ $ -nouser -
o -nogroup $ -print0 2> /dev/null)
while IFS="^" read -r l_fname l_user l_group; do # Test files in the array
[ "$l_user" = "UNKNOWN" ] && a_nouser+=("$l_fname")
[ "$l_group" = "UNKNOWN" ] && a_nogroup+=("$l_fname")
done <<< "$(printf '%s\n' "${a_arr[@]}")"
if ! (( ${#a_nouser[@]} > 0 )); then
l_output="$l_output\n - No files or directories without a owner exist
on the local filesystem."
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - There are \"$(printf '%s'
"${#a_nouser[@]}")\" unowned files or directories on the system.\n - The
following is a list of unowned files and/or directories:\n$(printf '%s\n'
"${a_nouser[@]}")\n - end of list"
fi
if ! (( ${#a_nogroup[@]} > 0 )); then
l_output="$l_output\n - No files or directories without a group exist
on the local filesystem."
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - There are \"$(printf '%s'
"${#a_nogroup[@]}")\" ungrouped files or directories on the system.\n - The
following is a list of ungrouped files and/or directories:\n$(printf '%s\n'
"${a_nogroup[@]}")\n - end of list"
fi
unset a_path; unset a_arr ; unset a_nouser; unset a_nogroup # Remove
arrays
if [ -z "$l_output2" ]; then # If l_output2 is empty, we pass
:\n$l_output\n"
else
:\n$l_output\n"
fi
}
Note: On systems with a large number of files and/or directories, this audit may be a
long running process
Page 895
Remediation:
Remove or set ownership and group ownership of these files and/or directories to an
active user on the system as appropriate.
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●

● ● ●
responsibilities.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1222, T1222.002 TA0007 M1022
Page 896
7.1.13 Ensure SUID and SGID files are reviewed (Manual)
Description:
The owner of a file can set the file's permissions to run with the owner's or group's
permissions, even if the user running the program is not the owner or a member of the
group. The most common reason for a SUID or SGID program is to enable users to
perform functions (such as changing their password) that require root privileges.
Rationale:
There are valid reasons for SUID and SGID programs, but it is important to identify and
review such programs to ensure they are legitimate. Review the files returned by the
action in the audit section and check to see if system binaries have a different
checksum than what from the package. This is an indication that the binary may have
been replaced.
Page 897
Audit:
Run the following script to generate a list of SUID and SGID files:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
a_arr=(); a_suid=(); a_sgid=() # initialize arrays
# Populate array with files that will possibly fail one of the audits
while read -r l_mpname; do
done < <(find "$l_mpname" -xdev -not -path "/run/user/*" -type f $ -
perm -2000 -o -perm -4000 $ -print0)
done <<< "$(findmnt -Derno target)"
# Test files in the array
while IFS="^" read -r l_fname l_mode; do
if [ -f "$l_fname" ]; then
l_suid_mask="04000"; l_sgid_mask="02000"
[ $(( $l_mode & $l_suid_mask )) -gt 0 ] && a_suid+=("$l_fname")
[ $(( $l_mode & $l_sgid_mask )) -gt 0 ] && a_sgid+=("$l_fname")
fi
done <<< "$(printf '%s\n' "${a_arr[@]}")"
if ! (( ${#a_suid[@]} > 0 )); then
l_output="$l_output\n - There are no SUID files exist on the system"
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - List of \"$(printf '%s' "${#a_suid[@]}")\"
SUID executable files:\n$(printf '%s\n' "${a_suid[@]}")\n - end of list -\n"
fi
if ! (( ${#a_sgid[@]} > 0 )); then
l_output="$l_output\n - There are no SGID files exist on the system"
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - List of \"$(printf '%s' "${#a_sgid[@]}")\"
SGID executable files:\n$(printf '%s\n' "${a_sgid[@]}")\n - end of list -\n"
fi
[ -n "$l_output2" ] && l_output2="$l_output2\n- Review the preceding
list(s) of SUID and/or SGID files to\n- ensure that no rogue programs have
been introduced onto the system.\n"
unset a_arr; unset a_suid; unset a_sgid # Remove arrays
# If l_output2 is empty, Nothing to report
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n$l_output\n"
else
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n$l_output2\n"
[ -n "$l_output" ] && echo -e "$l_output\n"
fi
}
Note: on systems with a large number of files, this may be a long running process
Remediation:
Ensure that no rogue SUID or SGID programs have been introduced into the system.
Review the files returned by the action in the Audit section and confirm the integrity of
these binaries.
Page 898
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5, AC-3, MP-2
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●

● ● ●
responsibilities.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1548, T1548.001 TA0004 M1028
Page 899
7.2 Local User and Group Settings
This section provides guidance on securing aspects of the local users and groups.
Note: The recommendations in this section check local users and groups. Any users or
groups from other sources such as LDAP will not be audited. In a domain environment
similar checks should be performed against domain users and groups.
Page 900
7.2.1 Ensure accounts in /etc/passwd use shadowed passwords
(Automated)
Description:
Local accounts can uses shadowed passwords. With shadowed passwords, The
passwords are saved in shadow password file, /etc/shadow, encrypted by a salted one-
way hash. Accounts with a shadowed password have an x in the second field in
/etc/passwd.
Rationale:
The /etc/passwd file also contains information like user ID's and group ID's that are
used by many system programs. Therefore, the /etc/passwd file must remain world
readable. In spite of encoding the password with a randomly-generated one-way hash
function, an attacker could still break the system if they got access to the /etc/passwd
file. This can be mitigated by using shadowed passwords, thus moving the passwords in
the /etc/passwd file to /etc/shadow. The /etc/shadow file is set so only root will be able
to read and write. This helps mitigate the risk of an attacker gaining access to the
encoded passwords with which to perform a dictionary attack.
Note:
• All accounts must have passwords or be locked to prevent the account from
being used by an unauthorized user.
• A user account with an empty second field in /etc/passwd allows the account to
be logged into by providing only the username.
Audit:
Run the following command and verify that no output is returned:
# awk -F: '($2 != "x" ) { print "User: \"" $1 "\" is not set to shadowed
passwords "}' /etc/passwd
Remediation:
Run the following command to set accounts to use shadowed passwords and migrate
passwords in /etc/passwd to /etc/shadow:
# pwconv
Investigate to determine if the account is logged in and what it is being used for, to
determine if it needs to be forced off.
Page 901
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5

2. PWCONV(8)
The pwconv command creates shadow from passwd and an optionally existing shadow.
• The pwunconv command creates passwd from passwd and shadow and then
removes shadow.
• The grpconv command creates gshadow from group and an optionally existing
gshadow.
• The grpunconv command creates group from group and gshadow and then
removes gshadow.
These four programs all operate on the normal and shadow password and group files:
/etc/passwd, /etc/group, /etc/shadow, and /etc/gshadow.
Each program acquires the necessary locks before conversion. pwconv and grpconv are
similar. First, entries in the shadowed file which don't exist in the main file are removed.
Then, shadowed entries which don't have x' as the password in the main file are
updated. Any missing shadowed entries are added. Finally, passwords in the
main file are replaced with x'. These programs can be used for initial conversion as
well to update the shadowed file if the main file is edited by hand.
pwconv will use the values of PASS_MIN_DAYS, PASS_MAX_DAYS, and PASS_WARN_AGE from
/etc/login.defs when adding new entries to /etc/shadow.
pwunconv and grpunconv are similar. Passwords in the main file are updated from the
shadowed file. Entries which exist in the main file but not in the shadowed file are left
alone. Finally, the shadowed file is removed. Some password aging information is lost
by pwunconv. It will convert what it can.
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

data.

Page 902
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1003, T1003.008 TA0003 M1027
Page 903
7.2.2 Ensure /etc/shadow password fields are not empty
(Automated)
Description:
An account with an empty password field means that anybody may log in as that user
without providing a password.
Rationale:
All accounts must have passwords or be locked to prevent the account from being used
by an unauthorized user.
Audit:
Run the following command and verify that no output is returned:
# awk -F: '($2 == "" ) { print $1 " does not have a password "}' /etc/shadow
Remediation:
If any accounts in the /etc/shadow file do not have a password, run the following
command to lock the account until it can be determined why it does not have a
password:
# passwd -l <username>
Also, check to see if the account is logged in and investigate what it is being used for to
determine if it needs to be forced off.
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5
Page 904
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●

● ●
system.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1078, T1078.001,
TA0003 M1027
T1078.003
Page 905
7.2.3 Ensure all groups in /etc/passwd exist in /etc/group
(Automated)
Description:
Over time, system administration errors and changes can lead to groups being defined
in /etc/passwd but not in /etc/group .
Rationale:
Groups defined in the /etc/passwd file but not in the /etc/group file pose a threat to
system security since group permissions are not properly managed.
Audit:
Run the following script to verify all GIDs in /etc/passwd exist in /etc/group:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
a_passwd_group_gid=("$(awk -F: '{print $4}' /etc/passwd | sort -u)")
a_group_gid=("$(awk -F: '{print $3}' /etc/group | sort -u)")
a_passwd_group_diff=("$(printf '%s\n' "${a_group_gid[@]}"
"${a_passwd_group_gid[@]}" | sort | uniq -u)")
while IFS= read -r l_gid; do
awk -F: '($4 == '"$l_gid"') {print " - User: \"" $1 "\" has GID: \""
$4 "\" which does not exist in /etc/group" }' /etc/passwd
done < <(printf '%s\n' "${a_passwd_group_gid[@]}"
"${a_passwd_group_diff[@]}" | sort | uniq -D | uniq)
unset a_passwd_group_gid; unset a_group_gid; unset a_passwd_group_diff
}
Remediation:
Analyze the output of the Audit step above and perform the appropriate action to correct
any discrepancies found.
References:
Page 906
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

v8 Configure data access control lists based on a user’s need to know. Apply
data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote
● ● ●
file systems, databases, and applications.
14.6 Train Workforce Members on Recognizing and

v8 Reporting Security Incidents ● ● ●
Train workforce members to be able to recognize a potential incident and be
able to report such an incident.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1222, T1222.002 TA0003 M1027
Page 907
7.2.4 Ensure shadow group is empty (Automated)
Description:
The shadow group allows system programs which require access the ability to read the
/etc/shadow file. No users should be assigned to the shadow group.
Rationale:
Any users assigned to the shadow group would be granted read access to the
/etc/shadow file. If attackers can gain read access to the /etc/shadow file, they can
easily run a password cracking program against the hashed passwords to break them.
Other security information that is stored in the /etc/shadow file (such as expiration)
could also be useful to subvert additional user accounts.
Audit:
Run the following commands and verify no results are returned:
# awk -F: '($1=="shadow") {print $NF}' /etc/group
# awk -F: '($4 == '"$(getent group shadow | awk -F: '{print $3}' | xargs)"')
{print " - user: \"" $1 "\" primary group is the shadow group"}' /etc/passwd
Remediation:
Run the following command to remove all users from the shadow group
# sed -ri 's/(^shadow:[^:]*:[^:]*:)([^:]+$)/\1/' /etc/group
Change the primary group of any users with shadow as their primary group.
# usermod -g <primary group> <user>
References:
1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5
Page 908
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●

● ● ●
responsibilities.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1003, T1003.008 TA0005 M1022
Page 909
7.2.5 Ensure no duplicate UIDs exist (Automated)
Description:
Although the useradd program will not let you create a duplicate User ID (UID), it is
possible for an administrator to manually edit the /etc/passwd file and change the UID
field.
Rationale:
Users must be assigned unique UIDs for accountability and to ensure appropriate
access protections.
Audit:
Run the following script and verify no results are returned:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
while read -r l_count l_uid; do
if [ "$l_count" -gt 1 ]; then
echo -e "Duplicate UID: \"$l_uid\" Users: \"$(awk -F: '($3 == n) {
print $1 }' n=$l_uid /etc/passwd | xargs)\""
fi
done < <(cut -f3 -d":" /etc/passwd | sort -n | uniq -c)
}
Remediation:
Based on the results of the audit script, establish unique UIDs and review all files owned
by the shared UIDs to determine which UID they are supposed to belong to.
References:
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1078, T1078.001,
TA0005 M1027
T1078.003
Page 910
7.2.6 Ensure no duplicate GIDs exist (Automated)
Description:
Although the groupadd program will not let you create a duplicate Group ID (GID), it is
possible for an administrator to manually edit the /etc/group file and change the GID
field.
Rationale:
User groups must be assigned unique GIDs for accountability and to ensure appropriate
access protections.
Audit:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
while read -r l_count l_gid; do
echo -e "Duplicate GID: \"$l_gid\" Groups: \"$(awk -F: '($3 == n) {
print $1 }' n=$l_gid /etc/group | xargs)\""
fi
done < <(cut -f3 -d":" /etc/group | sort -n | uniq -c)
}
Remediation:
Based on the results of the audit script, establish unique GIDs and review all files
owned by the shared GID to determine which group they are supposed to belong to.
References:
You can also use the grpck command to check for other inconsistencies in the
/etc/group file.
Page 911
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1078, T1078.001,
TA0005 M1027
T1078.003
Page 912
7.2.7 Ensure no duplicate user names exist (Automated)
Description:
Although the useradd program will not let you create a duplicate user name, it is
possible for an administrator to manually edit the /etc/passwd file and change the user
name.
Rationale:
If a user is assigned a duplicate user name, it will create and have access to files with
the first UID for that username in /etc/passwd . For example, if "test4" has a UID of
1000 and a subsequent "test4" entry has a UID of 2000, logging in as "test4" will use
UID 1000. Effectively, the UID is shared, which is a security problem.
Audit:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
while read -r l_count l_user; do
echo -e "Duplicate User: \"$l_user\" Users: \"$(awk -F: '($1 == n) {
print $1 }' n=$l_user /etc/passwd | xargs)\""
fi
}
Remediation:
Based on the results of the audit script, establish unique user names for the users. File
ownerships will automatically reflect the change as long as the users have unique UIDs.
References:
Page 913
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1078, T1078.001,
TA0004 M1027
T1078.003
Page 914
7.2.8 Ensure no duplicate group names exist (Automated)
Description:
Although the groupadd program will not let you create a duplicate group name, it is
possible for an administrator to manually edit the /etc/group file and change the group
name.
Rationale:
If a group is assigned a duplicate group name, it will create and have access to files
with the first GID for that group in /etc/group . Effectively, the GID is shared, which is a
security problem.
Audit:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
while read -r l_count l_group; do
echo -e "Duplicate Group: \"$l_group\" Groups: \"$(awk -F: '($1 ==
n) { print $1 }' n=$l_group /etc/group | xargs)\""
fi
}
Remediation:
Based on the results of the audit script, establish unique names for the user groups. File
group ownerships will automatically reflect the change as long as the groups have
unique GIDs.
References:
Page 915
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1078, T1078.001,
TA0004 M1027
T1078.003
Page 916
7.2.9 Ensure local interactive user home directories are
Description:
The user home directory is space defined for the particular user to set local environment
variables and to store personal files. While the system administrator can establish
secure permissions for users' home directories, the users can easily override these.
Users can be defined in /etc/passwd without a home directory or with a home directory
that does not actually exist.
Rationale:
Since the user is accountable for files stored in the user home directory, the user must
be the owner of the directory. Group or world-writable user home directories may enable
malicious users to steal or modify other users' data or to gain another user's system
privileges. If the user's home directory does not exist or is unassigned, the user will be
placed in "/" and will not be able to write any files or have local environment variables
set.
Audit:
Run the following script to Ensure:
• local interactive user home directories exist

• Ensure local interactive users own their home directories
• Ensure local interactive user home directories are mode 750 or more restrictive
Page 917
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
l_output="" l_output2="" l_heout2="" l_hoout2="" l_haout2=""
-rn '/^\//{s,/,\\\\/,g;p}' | paste -s -d '|' - ))$"
unset a_uarr && a_uarr=() # Clear and initialize array
while read -r l_epu l_eph; do # Populate array with users and user home
location
a_uarr+=("$l_epu $l_eph")
done <<< "$(awk -v pat="$l_valid_shells" -F: '$(NF) ~ pat { print $1 " "
$(NF-1) }' /etc/passwd)"
l_asize="${#a_uarr[@]}" # Here if we want to look at number of users
before proceeding
[ "$l_asize " -gt "10000" ] && echo -e "\n ** INFO **\n - \"$l_asize\"
Local interactive users found on the system\n - This may be a long running
check\n"
while read -r l_user l_home; do
if [ -d "$l_home" ]; then
l_mask='0027'
l_max="$( printf '%o' $(( 0777 & ~$l_mask)) )"
while read -r l_own l_mode; do
[ "$l_user" != "$l_own" ] && l_hoout2="$l_hoout2\n - User:
\"$l_user\" Home \"$l_home\" is owned by: \"$l_own\""
if [ $(( $l_mode & $l_mask )) -gt 0 ]; then
l_haout2="$l_haout2\n - User: \"$l_user\" Home \"$l_home\" is
mode: \"$l_mode\" should be mode: \"$l_max\" or more restrictive"
fi
done <<< "$(stat -Lc '%U %#a' "$l_home")"
else
l_heout2="$l_heout2\n - User: \"$l_user\" Home \"$l_home\" Doesn't
exist"
fi
done <<< "$(printf '%s\n' "${a_uarr[@]}")"
[ -z "$l_heout2" ] && l_output="$l_output\n - home directories exist" ||
l_output2="$l_output2$l_heout2"
[ -z "$l_hoout2" ] && l_output="$l_output\n - own their home directory"
|| l_output2="$l_output2$l_hoout2"
[ -z "$l_haout2" ] && l_output="$l_output\n - home directories are mode:
\"$l_max\" or more restrictive" || l_output2="$l_output2$l_haout2"
[ -n "$l_output" ] && l_output=" - All local interactive users:$l_output"
:\n$l_output"
else
:\n$l_output"
fi
}
Page 918
Remediation:
If a local interactive users' home directory is undefined and/or doesn't exist, follow local
site policy and perform one of the following:
• Lock the user account

• Remove the user from the system
• create a directory for the user. If undefined, edit /etc/passwd and add the
absolute path to the directory to the last field of the user.
• Remove excessive permissions from local interactive users home directories

• Update the home directory's owner
Page 919
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
l_output2=""
-rn '/^\//{s,/,\\\\/,g;p}' | paste -s -d '|' - ))$"
location
a_uarr+=("$l_epu $l_eph")
before proceeding
[ "$l_asize " -gt "10000" ] && echo -e "\n ** INFO **\n - \"$l_asize\"
Local interactive users found on the system\n - This may be a long running
process\n"
l_mask='0027'
while read -r l_own l_mode; do
if [ "$l_user" != "$l_own" ]; then
l_output2="$l_output2\n - User: \"$l_user\" Home \"$l_home\"
is owned by: \"$l_own\"\n - changing ownership to: \"$l_user\"\n"
chown "$l_user" "$l_home"
fi
is mode: \"$l_mode\" should be mode: \"$l_max\" or more restrictive\n -
removing excess permissions\n"
chmod g-w,o-rwx "$l_home"
fi
done <<< "$(stat -Lc '%U %#a' "$l_home")"
else
Doesn't exist\n - Please create a home in accordance with local site
policy"
fi
echo -e " - No modification needed to local interactive users home
directories"
else
echo -e "\n$l_output2"
fi
}
Page 920
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●

● ● ●
responsibilities.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1222, T1222.002 TA0005 M1022
Page 921
7.2.10 Ensure local interactive user dot files access is configured
(Automated)
Description:
While the system administrator can establish secure permissions for users' "dot" files,
the users can easily override these.
• .forward file specifies an email address to forward the user's mail to.
• .rhost file provides the "remote authentication" database for the rcp, rlogin, and
rsh commands and the rcmd() function. These files bypass the standard
password-based user authentication mechanism. They specify remote hosts and
users that are considered trusted (i.e. are allowed to access the local system
without supplying a password)
• .netrc file contains data for logging into a remote host or passing authentication
to an API.
• .bash_history file keeps track of the user’s commands.
Rationale:
User configuration files with excessive or incorrect access may enable malicious users
to steal or modify other users' data or to gain another user's system privileges.
Audit:
Run the following script to verify local interactive user dot files:
• Don't include .forward, .rhost, or .netrc files

• Are mode 0644 or more restrictive
• Are owned by the local interactive user
• Are group owned by the user's primary group
•
.bash_history is mode 0600 or more restrictive
Note: If a .netrc file is required, and follows local site policy, it should be mode 0600 or
more restrictive.
Page 922
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
l_output="" l_output2="" l_output3=""
l_bf="" l_df="" l_nf="" l_hf=""
-rn '/^\//{s,/,\\\\/,g;p}' | paste -s -d '|' - ))$"
location
[[ -n "$l_epu" && -n "$l_eph" ]] && a_uarr+=("$l_epu $l_eph")
before proceeding
l_maxsize="1000" # Maximun number of local interactive users before
warning (Default 1,000)
[ "$l_asize " -gt "$l_maxsize" ] && echo -e "\n ** INFO **\n -
\"$l_asize\" Local interactive users found on the system\n - This may be a
long running check\n"
file_access_chk()
{
l_facout2=""
l_facout2="$l_facout2\n - File: \"$l_hdfile\" is mode: \"$l_mode\"
and should be mode: \"$l_max\" or more restrictive"
fi
if [[ ! "$l_owner" =~ ($l_user) ]]; then
l_facout2="$l_facout2\n - File: \"$l_hdfile\" owned by:
\"$l_owner\" and should be owned by \"${l_user//|/ or }\""
fi
if [[ ! "$l_gowner" =~ ($l_group) ]]; then
l_facout2="$l_facout2\n - File: \"$l_hdfile\" group owned by:
\"$l_gowner\" and should be group owned by \"${l_group//|/ or }\""
fi
}
l_fe="" l_nout2="" l_nout3="" l_dfout2="" l_hdout2="" l_bhout2=""
l_group="$(id -gn "$l_user" | xargs)"
l_group="${l_group// /|}"
while IFS= read -r -d $'\0' l_hdfile; do
while read -r l_mode l_owner l_gowner; do
case "$(basename "$l_hdfile")" in
.forward | .rhost )
l_fe="Y" && l_bf="Y"
l_dfout2="$l_dfout2\n - File: \"$l_hdfile\" exists" ;;
.netrc )
l_mask='0177'
file_access_chk
if [ -n "$l_facout2" ]; then
l_fe="Y" && l_nf="Y"
l_nout2="$l_facout2"
else
l_nout3=" - File: \"$l_hdfile\" exists"
fi ;;
Page 923
.bash_history )
l_mask='0177'
file_access_chk
l_fe="Y" && l_hf="Y"
l_bhout2="$l_facout2"
fi ;;
* )
l_mask='0133'
file_access_chk
l_fe="Y" && l_df="Y"
l_hdout2="$l_facout2"
fi ;;
esac
done <<< "$(stat -Lc '%#a %U %G' "$l_hdfile")"
done < <(find "$l_home" -xdev -type f -name '.*' -print0)
fi
if [ "$l_fe" = "Y" ]; then
l_output2="$l_output2\n - User: \"$l_user\" Home Directory:
\"$l_home\""
[ -n "$l_dfout2" ] && l_output2="$l_output2$l_dfout2"
[ -n "$l_nout2" ] && l_output2="$l_output2$l_nout2"
[ -n "$l_bhout2" ] && l_output2="$l_output2$l_bhout2"
[ -n "$l_hdout2" ] && l_output2="$l_output2$l_hdout2"
fi
[ -n "$l_nout3" ] && l_output3="$l_output3\n - User: \"$l_user\" Home
Directory: \"$l_home\"\n$l_nout3"
unset a_uarr # Remove array
[ -n "$l_output3" ] && l_output3=" - ** Warning **\n - \".netrc\" files
should be removed unless deemed necessary\n and in accordance with local
site policy:$l_output3"
[ -z "$l_bf" ] && l_output="$l_output\n - \".forward\" or \".rhost\"
files"
[ -z "$l_nf" ] && l_output="$l_output\n - \".netrc\" files with
incorrect access configured"
[ -z "$l_hf" ] && l_output="$l_output\n - \".bash_history\" files with
incorrect access configured"
[ -z "$l_df" ] && l_output="$l_output\n - \"dot\" files with incorrect
access configured"
[ -n "$l_output" ] && l_output=" - No local interactive users home
directories contain:$l_output"
:\n$l_output\n"
echo -e "$l_output3\n"
else
echo -e "$l_output3\n"
[ -n "$l_output" ] && echo -e "- * Correctly configured *
:\n$l_output\n"
fi
}
Page 924
Remediation:
Making global modifications to users' files without alerting the user community can result
in unexpected outages and unhappy users. Therefore, it is recommended that a
monitoring policy be established to report user dot file permissions and determine the
action to be taken in accordance with site policy.
The following script will:
• remove excessive permissions on dot files within interactive users' home

directories
• change ownership of dot files within interactive users' home directories to the
user
• change group ownership of dot files within interactive users' home directories to
the user's primary group
• list .forward and .rhost files to be investigated and manually deleted
Page 925
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
l_valid_shells="^($( awk -F\/ '$NF != "nologin" {print}' /etc/shells | sed -rn
'/^\//{s,/,\\\\/,g;p}' | paste -s -d '|' - ))$"
while read -r l_epu l_eph; do # Populate array with users and user home location
[[ -n "$l_epu" && -n "$l_eph" ]] && a_uarr+=("$l_epu $l_eph")
done <<< "$(awk -v pat="$l_valid_shells" -F: '$(NF) ~ pat { print $1 " " $(NF-1) }'
/etc/passwd)"
l_asize="${#a_uarr[@]}" # Here if we want to look at number of users before proceeding
l_maxsize="1000" # Maximum number of local interactive users before warning (Default 1,000)
[ "$l_asize " -gt "$l_maxsize" ] && echo -e "\n ** INFO **\n - \"$l_asize\" Local
interactive users found on the system\n - This may be a long running check\n"
file_access_fix()
{
l_facout2=""
echo -e " - File: \"$l_hdfile\" is mode: \"$l_mode\" and should be mode: \"$l_max\" or
more restrictive\n - Changing to mode \"$l_max\""
chmod "$l_chp" "$l_hdfile"
fi
if [[ ! "$l_owner" =~ ($l_user) ]]; then
echo -e " - File: \"$l_hdfile\" owned by: \"$l_owner\" and should be owned by
\"${l_user//|/ or }\"\n - Changing ownership to \"$l_user\""
chown "$l_user" "$l_hdfile"
fi
if [[ ! "$l_gowner" =~ ($l_group) ]]; then
echo -e " - File: \"$l_hdfile\" group owned by: \"$l_gowner\" and should be group owned
by \"${l_group//|/ or }\"\n - Changing group ownership to \"$l_group\""
chgrp "$l_group" "$l_hdfile"
fi
}
echo -e "\n - Checking user: \"$l_user\" home directory: \"$l_home\""
l_group="$(id -gn "$l_user" | xargs)"
l_group="${l_group// /|}"
while IFS= read -r -d $'\0' l_hdfile; do
while read -r l_mode l_owner l_gowner; do
case "$(basename "$l_hdfile")" in
.forward | .rhost )
echo -e " - File: \"$l_hdfile\" exists\n - Please investigate and
manually delete \"$l_hdfile\""
;;
.netrc )
l_mask='0177'
l_chp="u-x,go-rwx"
file_access_fix ;;
.bash_history )
l_mask='0177'
l_chp="u-x,go-rwx"
file_access_fix ;;
* )
l_mask='0133'
l_chp="u-x,go-wx"
file_access_fix ;;
esac
done <<< "$(stat -Lc '%#a %U %G' "$l_hdfile")"
done < <(find "$l_home" -xdev -type f -name '.*' -print0)
fi
unset a_uarr # Remove array
}
References:
Page 926
CIS Controls:
Controls
Version

● ● ●

● ● ●
responsibilities.
Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques
T1222, T1222.001,
T1222.002, T1552, TA0005 M1022
T1552.003, T1552.004
Page 927
Appendix: Summary Table
CIS Benchmark Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
1 Initial Setup
1.1 Filesystem
1.1.1 Configure Filesystem Kernel Modules
1.1.1.1 Ensure cramfs kernel module is not available  

(Automated)
1.1.1.2 Ensure freevxfs kernel module is not available  

(Automated)
1.1.1.3 Ensure hfs kernel module is not available (Automated)  
1.1.1.4 Ensure hfsplus kernel module is not available  

(Automated)
1.1.1.5 Ensure jffs2 kernel module is not available (Automated)  
1.1.1.6 Ensure squashfs kernel module is not available  

(Automated)
1.1.1.7 Ensure udf kernel module is not available (Automated)  
1.1.1.8 Ensure usb-storage kernel module is not available  

(Automated)
1.1.2 Configure Filesystem Partitions
1.1.2.1 Configure /tmp
1.1.2.1.1 Ensure /tmp is a separate partition (Automated)  
1.1.2.1.2 Ensure nodev option set on /tmp partition (Automated)  
1.1.2.1.3 Ensure nosuid option set on /tmp partition (Automated)  
1.1.2.1.4 Ensure noexec option set on /tmp partition (Automated)  
Page 928
Correctly
Yes No
1.1.2.2 Configure /dev/shm
1.1.2.2.1 Ensure /dev/shm is a separate partition (Automated)  
1.1.2.2.2 Ensure nodev option set on /dev/shm partition  

(Automated)
1.1.2.2.3 Ensure nosuid option set on /dev/shm partition  

(Automated)
1.1.2.2.4 Ensure noexec option set on /dev/shm partition  

(Automated)
1.1.2.3 Configure /home
1.1.2.3.1 Ensure separate partition exists for /home (Automated)  
1.1.2.3.2 Ensure nodev option set on /home partition (Automated)  
1.1.2.3.3 Ensure nosuid option set on /home partition (Automated)  
1.1.2.4 Configure /var
1.1.2.4.1 Ensure separate partition exists for /var (Automated)  
1.1.2.4.2 Ensure nodev option set on /var partition (Automated)  
1.1.2.4.3 Ensure nosuid option set on /var partition (Automated)  
1.1.2.5 Configure /var/tmp
1.1.2.5.1 Ensure separate partition exists for /var/tmp (Automated)  
1.1.2.5.2 Ensure nodev option set on /var/tmp partition  

(Automated)
1.1.2.5.3 Ensure nosuid option set on /var/tmp partition  

(Automated)
1.1.2.5.4 Ensure noexec option set on /var/tmp partition  

(Automated)
Page 929
Correctly
Yes No
1.1.2.6 Configure /var/log
1.1.2.6.1 Ensure separate partition exists for /var/log (Automated)  
1.1.2.6.2 Ensure nodev option set on /var/log partition  

(Automated)
1.1.2.6.3 Ensure nosuid option set on /var/log partition  

(Automated)
1.1.2.6.4 Ensure noexec option set on /var/log partition  

(Automated)
1.1.2.7 Configure /var/log/audit
1.1.2.7.1 Ensure separate partition exists for /var/log/audit  

(Automated)
1.1.2.7.2 Ensure nodev option set on /var/log/audit partition  

(Automated)
1.1.2.7.3 Ensure nosuid option set on /var/log/audit partition  

(Automated)
1.1.2.7.4 Ensure noexec option set on /var/log/audit partition  

(Automated)
1.2 Package Management
1.2.1 Configure Package Repositories
1.2.1.1 Ensure GPG keys are configured (Manual)  
1.2.1.2 Ensure package manager repositories are configured  

(Manual)
1.2.2 Configure Package Updates
1.2.2.1 Ensure updates, patches, and additional security  

software are installed (Manual)
1.3 Mandatory Access Control
Page 930
Correctly
Yes No
1.3.1 Configure AppArmor
1.3.1.1 Ensure AppArmor is installed (Automated)  
1.3.1.2 Ensure AppArmor is enabled in the bootloader  

configuration (Automated)
1.3.1.3 Ensure all AppArmor Profiles are in enforce or complain  

mode (Automated)
1.3.1.4 Ensure all AppArmor Profiles are enforcing (Automated)  
1.4 Configure Bootloader
1.4.1 Ensure bootloader password is set (Automated)  
1.4.2 Ensure access to bootloader config is configured  

(Automated)
1.5 Configure Additional Process Hardening
1.5.1 Ensure address space layout randomization is enabled  

(Automated)
1.5.2 Ensure ptrace_scope is restricted (Automated)  
1.5.3 Ensure core dumps are restricted (Automated)  
1.5.4 Ensure prelink is not installed (Automated)  
1.6 Configure Command Line Warning Banners
1.6.1 Ensure message of the day is configured properly  

(Automated)
1.6.2 Ensure local login warning banner is configured properly  

(Automated)
1.6.3 Ensure remote login warning banner is configured  

properly (Automated)
1.6.4 Ensure access to /etc/motd is configured (Automated)  
Page 931
Correctly
Yes No
1.6.5 Ensure access to /etc/issue is configured (Automated)  
1.6.6 Ensure access to /etc/issue.net is configured  

(Automated)
1.7 Configure GNOME Display Manager
1.7.1 Ensure GDM is removed (Automated)  
1.7.2 Ensure GDM login banner is configured (Automated)  
1.7.3 Ensure GDM disable-user-list option is enabled  

(Automated)
1.7.4 Ensure GDM screen locks when the user is idle  

(Automated)
1.7.5 Ensure GDM screen locks cannot be overridden  

(Automated)
1.7.6 Ensure GDM automatic mounting of removable media is  

disabled (Automated)
1.7.7 Ensure GDM disabling automatic mounting of removable  

media is not overridden (Automated)
1.7.8 Ensure GDM autorun-never is enabled (Automated)  
1.7.9 Ensure GDM autorun-never is not overridden  

(Automated)
1.7.10 Ensure XDCMP is not enabled (Automated)  
2 Services
2.1 Configure Server Services
2.1.1 Ensure autofs services are not in use (Automated)  
2.1.2 Ensure avahi daemon services are not in use  

(Automated)
Page 932
Correctly
Yes No
2.1.3 Ensure dhcp server services are not in use (Automated)  
2.1.4 Ensure dns server services are not in use (Automated)  
2.1.5 Ensure dnsmasq services are not in use (Automated)  
2.1.6 Ensure ftp server services are not in use (Automated)  
2.1.7 Ensure ldap server services are not in use (Automated)  
2.1.8 Ensure message access server services are not in use  

(Automated)
2.1.9 Ensure network file system services are not in use  

(Automated)
2.1.10 Ensure nis server services are not in use (Automated)  
2.1.11 Ensure print server services are not in use (Automated)  
2.1.12 Ensure rpcbind services are not in use (Automated)  
2.1.13 Ensure rsync services are not in use (Automated)  
2.1.14 Ensure samba file server services are not in use  

(Automated)
2.1.15 Ensure snmp services are not in use (Automated)  
2.1.16 Ensure tftp server services are not in use (Automated)  
2.1.17 Ensure web proxy server services are not in use  

(Automated)
2.1.18 Ensure web server services are not in use (Automated)  
2.1.19 Ensure xinetd services are not in use (Automated)  
2.1.20 Ensure X window server services are not in use  

(Automated)
Page 933
Correctly
Yes No
2.1.21 Ensure mail transfer agent is configured for local-only  

mode (Automated)
2.1.22 Ensure only approved services are listening on a  

network interface (Manual)
2.2 Configure Client Services
2.2.1 Ensure NIS Client is not installed (Automated)  
2.2.2 Ensure rsh client is not installed (Automated)  
2.2.3 Ensure talk client is not installed (Automated)  
2.2.4 Ensure telnet client is not installed (Automated)  
2.2.5 Ensure ldap client is not installed (Automated)  
2.2.6 Ensure ftp client is not installed (Automated)  
2.3 Configure Time Synchronization
2.3.1 Ensure time synchronization is in use
2.3.1.1 Ensure a single time synchronization daemon is in use  

(Automated)
2.3.2 Configure systemd-timesyncd
2.3.2.1 Ensure systemd-timesyncd configured with authorized  

timeserver (Automated)
2.3.2.2 Ensure systemd-timesyncd is enabled and running  

(Manual)
2.3.3 Configure chrony
2.3.3.1 Ensure chrony is configured with authorized timeserver  

(Manual)
2.3.3.2 Ensure chrony is running as user _chrony (Automated)  
Page 934
Correctly
Yes No
2.3.3.3 Ensure chrony is enabled and running (Automated)  
2.4 Job Schedulers
2.4.1 Configure cron
2.4.1.1 Ensure cron daemon is enabled and active (Automated)  
2.4.1.2 Ensure permissions on /etc/crontab are configured  

(Automated)
2.4.1.3 Ensure permissions on /etc/cron.hourly are configured  

(Automated)
2.4.1.4 Ensure permissions on /etc/cron.daily are configured  

(Automated)
2.4.1.5 Ensure permissions on /etc/cron.weekly are configured  

(Automated)
2.4.1.6 Ensure permissions on /etc/cron.monthly are configured  

(Automated)
2.4.1.7 Ensure permissions on /etc/cron.d are configured  

(Automated)
2.4.1.8 Ensure crontab is restricted to authorized users  

(Automated)
2.4.2 Configure at
2.4.2.1 Ensure at is restricted to authorized users (Automated)  
3 Network
3.1 Configure Network Devices
3.1.1 Ensure IPv6 status is identified (Manual)  
3.1.2 Ensure wireless interfaces are disabled (Automated)  
3.1.3 Ensure bluetooth services are not in use (Automated)  
Page 935
Correctly
Yes No
3.2 Configure Network Kernel Modules
3.2.1 Ensure dccp kernel module is not available (Automated)  
3.2.2 Ensure tipc kernel module is not available (Automated)  
3.2.3 Ensure rds kernel module is not available (Automated)  
3.2.4 Ensure sctp kernel module is not available (Automated)  
3.3 Configure Network Kernel Parameters
3.3.1 Ensure ip forwarding is disabled (Automated)  
3.3.2 Ensure packet redirect sending is disabled (Automated)  
3.3.3 Ensure bogus icmp responses are ignored (Automated)  
3.3.4 Ensure broadcast icmp requests are ignored  

(Automated)
3.3.5 Ensure icmp redirects are not accepted (Automated)  
3.3.6 Ensure secure icmp redirects are not accepted  

(Automated)
3.3.7 Ensure reverse path filtering is enabled (Automated)  
3.3.8 Ensure source routed packets are not accepted  

(Automated)
3.3.9 Ensure suspicious packets are logged (Automated)  
3.3.10 Ensure tcp syn cookies is enabled (Automated)  
3.3.11 Ensure ipv6 router advertisements are not accepted  

(Automated)
4 Host Based Firewall
4.1 Configure UncomplicatedFirewall
Page 936
Correctly
Yes No
4.1.1 Ensure ufw is installed (Automated)  
4.1.2 Ensure iptables-persistent is not installed with ufw  

(Automated)
4.1.3 Ensure ufw service is enabled (Automated)  
4.1.4 Ensure ufw loopback traffic is configured (Automated)  
4.1.5 Ensure ufw outbound connections are configured  

(Manual)
4.1.6 Ensure ufw firewall rules exist for all open ports  
(Automated)
4.1.7 Ensure ufw default deny firewall policy (Automated)  
4.2 Configure nftables
4.2.1 Ensure nftables is installed (Automated)  
4.2.2 Ensure ufw is uninstalled or disabled with nftables  

(Automated)
4.2.3 Ensure iptables are flushed with nftables (Manual)  
4.2.4 Ensure a nftables table exists (Automated)  
4.2.5 Ensure nftables base chains exist (Automated)  
4.2.6 Ensure nftables loopback traffic is configured  

(Automated)
4.2.7 Ensure nftables outbound and established connections  

4.2.8 Ensure nftables default deny firewall policy (Automated)  
4.2.9 Ensure nftables service is enabled (Automated)  
4.2.10 Ensure nftables rules are permanent (Automated)  
Page 937
Correctly
Yes No
4.3 Configure iptables
4.3.1 Configure iptables software
4.3.1.1 Ensure iptables packages are installed (Automated)  
4.3.1.2 Ensure nftables is not installed with iptables (Automated)  
4.3.1.3 Ensure ufw is uninstalled or disabled with iptables  

(Automated)
4.3.2 Configure IPv4 iptables
4.3.2.1 Ensure iptables default deny firewall policy (Automated)  
4.3.2.2 Ensure iptables loopback traffic is configured  

(Automated)
4.3.2.3 Ensure iptables outbound and established connections  

4.3.2.4 Ensure iptables firewall rules exist for all open ports  
(Automated)
4.3.3 Configure IPv6 ip6tables
4.3.3.1 Ensure ip6tables default deny firewall policy (Automated)  
4.3.3.2 Ensure ip6tables loopback traffic is configured  

(Automated)
4.3.3.3 Ensure ip6tables outbound and established connections  

4.3.3.4 Ensure ip6tables firewall rules exist for all open ports  
(Automated)
5 Access Control
5.1 Configure SSH Server
Page 938
Correctly
Yes No
5.1.1 Ensure permissions on /etc/ssh/sshd_config are  

5.1.2 Ensure permissions on SSH private host key files are  

5.1.3 Ensure permissions on SSH public host key files are  

5.1.4 Ensure sshd access is configured (Automated)  
5.1.5 Ensure sshd Banner is configured (Automated)  
5.1.6 Ensure sshd Ciphers are configured (Automated)  
5.1.7 Ensure sshd ClientAliveInterval and  

ClientAliveCountMax are configured (Automated)
5.1.8 Ensure sshd DisableForwarding is enabled (Automated)  
5.1.9 Ensure sshd GSSAPIAuthentication is disabled  

(Automated)
5.1.10 Ensure sshd HostbasedAuthentication is disabled  

(Automated)
5.1.11 Ensure sshd IgnoreRhosts is enabled (Automated)  
5.1.12 Ensure sshd KexAlgorithms is configured (Automated)  
5.1.13 Ensure sshd LoginGraceTime is configured (Automated)  
5.1.14 Ensure sshd LogLevel is configured (Automated)  
5.1.15 Ensure sshd MACs are configured (Automated)  
5.1.16 Ensure sshd MaxAuthTries is configured (Automated)  
5.1.17 Ensure sshd MaxSessions is configured (Automated)  
5.1.18 Ensure sshd MaxStartups is configured (Automated)  
Page 939
Correctly
Yes No
5.1.19 Ensure sshd PermitEmptyPasswords is disabled  

(Automated)
5.1.20 Ensure sshd PermitRootLogin is disabled (Automated)  
5.1.21 Ensure sshd PermitUserEnvironment is disabled  

(Automated)
5.1.22 Ensure sshd UsePAM is enabled (Automated)  
5.2 Configure privilege escalation
5.2.1 Ensure sudo is installed (Automated)  
5.2.2 Ensure sudo commands use pty (Automated)  
5.2.3 Ensure sudo log file exists (Automated)  
5.2.4 Ensure users must provide password for privilege  

escalation (Automated)
5.2.5 Ensure re-authentication for privilege escalation is not  

disabled globally (Automated)
5.2.6 Ensure sudo authentication timeout is configured  

correctly (Automated)
5.2.7 Ensure access to the su command is restricted  

(Automated)
5.3 Pluggable Authentication Modules
5.3.1 Configure PAM software packages
5.3.1.1 Ensure latest version of pam is installed (Automated)  
5.3.1.2 Ensure libpam-modules is installed (Automated)  
5.3.1.3 Ensure libpam-pwquality is installed (Automated)  
5.3.2 Configure pam-auth-update profiles
Page 940
Correctly
Yes No
5.3.2.1 Ensure pam_unix module is enabled (Automated)  
5.3.2.2 Ensure pam_faillock module is enabled (Automated)  
5.3.2.3 Ensure pam_pwquality module is enabled (Automated)  
5.3.2.4 Ensure pam_pwhistory module is enabled (Automated)  
5.3.3 Configure PAM Arguments
5.3.3.1 Configure pam_faillock module
5.3.3.1.1 Ensure password failed attempts lockout is configured  

(Automated)
5.3.3.1.2 Ensure password unlock time is configured (Automated)  
5.3.3.1.3 Ensure password failed attempts lockout includes root  

account (Automated)
5.3.3.2 Configure pam_pwquality module
5.3.3.2.1 Ensure password number of changed characters is  

5.3.3.2.2 Ensure minimum password length is configured  

(Automated)
5.3.3.2.3 Ensure password complexity is configured (Manual)  
5.3.3.2.4 Ensure password same consecutive characters is  

5.3.3.2.5 Ensure password maximum sequential characters is  

5.3.3.2.6 Ensure password dictionary check is enabled  

(Automated)
5.3.3.2.7 Ensure password quality checking is enforced  

(Automated)
Page 941
Correctly
Yes No
5.3.3.2.8 Ensure password quality is enforced for the root user  

(Automated)
5.3.3.3 Configure pam_pwhistory module
5.3.3.3.1 Ensure password history remember is configured  

(Automated)
5.3.3.3.2 Ensure password history is enforced for the root user  

(Automated)
5.3.3.3.3 Ensure pam_pwhistory includes use_authtok  

(Automated)
5.3.3.4 Configure pam_unix module
5.3.3.4.1 Ensure pam_unix does not include nullok (Automated)  
5.3.3.4.2 Ensure pam_unix does not include remember  

(Automated)
5.3.3.4.3 Ensure pam_unix includes a strong password hashing  

algorithm (Automated)
5.3.3.4.4 Ensure pam_unix includes use_authtok (Automated)  
5.4 User Accounts and Environment
5.4.1 Configure shadow password suite parameters
5.4.1.1 Ensure password expiration is configured (Automated)  
5.4.1.2 Ensure minimum password age is configured (Manual)  
5.4.1.3 Ensure password expiration warning days is configured  

(Automated)
5.4.1.4 Ensure strong password hashing algorithm is configured  

(Automated)
5.4.1.5 Ensure inactive password lock is configured (Automated)  
Page 942
Correctly
Yes No
5.4.1.6 Ensure all users last password change date is in the past  
(Automated)
5.4.2 Configure root and system accounts and environment
5.4.2.1 Ensure root is the only UID 0 account (Automated)  
5.4.2.2 Ensure root is the only GID 0 account (Automated)  
5.4.2.3 Ensure group root is the only GID 0 group (Automated)  
5.4.2.4 Ensure root password is set (Automated)  
5.4.2.5 Ensure root path integrity (Automated)  
5.4.2.6 Ensure root user umask is configured (Automated)  
5.4.2.7 Ensure system accounts do not have a valid login shell  

(Automated)
5.4.2.8 Ensure accounts without a valid login shell are locked  

(Automated)
5.4.3 Configure user default environment
5.4.3.1 Ensure nologin is not listed in /etc/shells (Automated)  
5.4.3.2 Ensure default user shell timeout is configured  

(Automated)
5.4.3.3 Ensure default user umask is configured (Automated)  
6 Logging and Auditing
6.1 Configure Integrity Checking
6.1.1 Ensure AIDE is installed (Automated)  
6.1.2 Ensure filesystem integrity is regularly checked  

(Automated)
6.2 System Logging
Page 943
Correctly
Yes No
6.2.1 Configure journald
6.2.1.1 Configure systemd-journald service
6.2.1.1.1 Ensure journald service is enabled and active  

(Automated)
6.2.1.1.2 Ensure journald log file access is configured (Manual)  
6.2.1.1.3 Ensure journald log file rotation is configured (Manual)  
6.2.1.1.4 Ensure journald ForwardToSyslog is disabled  

(Automated)
6.2.1.1.5 Ensure journald Storage is configured (Automated)  
6.2.1.1.6 Ensure journald Compress is configured (Automated)  
6.2.1.2 Configure systemd-journal-remote
6.2.1.2.1 Ensure systemd-journal-remote is installed (Automated)  
6.2.1.2.2 Ensure systemd-journal-remote authentication is  

configured (Manual)
6.2.1.2.3 Ensure systemd-journal-upload is enabled and active  

(Automated)
6.2.1.2.4 Ensure systemd-journal-remote service is not in use  

(Automated)
6.2.2 Configure Logfiles
6.2.2.1 Ensure access to all logfiles has been configured  

(Automated)
6.4 System Auditing
6.4.1 Configure auditd Service
6.4.1.1 Ensure auditd is installed (Automated)  
Page 944
Correctly
Yes No
6.4.1.2 Ensure auditd service is enabled and active (Automated)  
6.4.1.3 Ensure auditing for processes that start prior to auditd is  

enabled (Automated)
6.4.1.4 Ensure audit_backlog_limit is sufficient (Automated)  
6.4.2 Configure Data Retention
6.4.2.1 Ensure audit log storage size is configured (Automated)  
6.4.2.2 Ensure audit logs are not automatically deleted  

(Automated)
6.4.2.3 Ensure system is disabled when audit logs are full  

(Automated)
6.4.2.4 Ensure system warns when audit logs are low on space  
(Automated)
6.4.3 Configure auditd Rules
6.4.3.1 Ensure changes to system administration scope  

(sudoers) is collected (Automated)
6.4.3.2 Ensure actions as another user are always logged  

(Automated)
6.4.3.3 Ensure events that modify the sudo log file are collected  
(Automated)
6.4.3.4 Ensure events that modify date and time information are  
6.4.3.5 Ensure events that modify the system's network  

environment are collected (Automated)
6.4.3.6 Ensure use of privileged commands are collected  

(Automated)
6.4.3.7 Ensure unsuccessful file access attempts are collected  

(Automated)
Page 945
Correctly
Yes No
6.4.3.8 Ensure events that modify user/group information are  

6.4.3.9 Ensure discretionary access control permission  

modification events are collected (Automated)
6.4.3.10 Ensure successful file system mounts are collected  

(Automated)
6.4.3.11 Ensure session initiation information is collected  

(Automated)
6.4.3.12 Ensure login and logout events are collected  

(Automated)
6.4.3.13 Ensure file deletion events by users are collected  

(Automated)
6.4.3.14 Ensure events that modify the system's Mandatory  

Access Controls are collected (Automated)
6.4.3.15 Ensure successful and unsuccessful attempts to use the  

chcon command are recorded (Automated)

setfacl command are recorded (Automated)

chacl command are recorded (Automated)

usermod command are recorded (Automated)
6.4.3.19 Ensure kernel module loading unloading and  

modification is collected (Automated)
6.4.3.20 Ensure the audit configuration is immutable (Automated)  
6.4.3.21 Ensure the running and on disk configuration is the same  

(Manual)
6.4.4 Configure auditd File Access
Page 946
Correctly
Yes No
6.4.4.1 Ensure audit log files mode is configured (Automated)  
6.4.4.2 Ensure only authorized users own audit log files  

(Automated)
6.4.4.3 Ensure only authorized groups are assigned ownership  

of audit log files (Automated)
6.4.4.4 Ensure the audit log directory mode is configured  

(Automated)
6.4.4.5 Ensure audit configuration files mode is configured  

(Automated)
6.4.4.6 Ensure audit configuration files are owned by root  

(Automated)
6.4.4.7 Ensure audit configuration files belong to group root  

(Automated)
6.4.4.8 Ensure audit tools mode is configured (Automated)  
6.4.4.9 Ensure audit tools are owned by root (Automated)  
6.4.4.10 Ensure audit tools belong to group root (Automated)  
7 System Maintenance
7.1 System File Permissions
7.1.1 Ensure permissions on /etc/passwd are configured  

(Automated)
7.1.2 Ensure permissions on /etc/passwd- are configured  

(Automated)
7.1.3 Ensure permissions on /etc/group are configured  

(Automated)
7.1.4 Ensure permissions on /etc/group- are configured  

(Automated)
Page 947
Correctly
Yes No
7.1.5 Ensure permissions on /etc/shadow are configured  

(Automated)
7.1.6 Ensure permissions on /etc/shadow- are configured  

(Automated)
7.1.7 Ensure permissions on /etc/gshadow are configured  

(Automated)
7.1.8 Ensure permissions on /etc/gshadow- are configured  

(Automated)
7.1.9 Ensure permissions on /etc/shells are configured  

(Automated)
7.1.10 Ensure permissions on /etc/security/opasswd are  

7.1.11 Ensure world writable files and directories are secured  

(Automated)
7.1.12 Ensure no files or directories without an owner and a  

group exist (Automated)
7.1.13 Ensure SUID and SGID files are reviewed (Manual)  
7.2 Local User and Group Settings
7.2.1 Ensure accounts in /etc/passwd use shadowed  

passwords (Automated)
7.2.2 Ensure /etc/shadow password fields are not empty  

(Automated)
7.2.3 Ensure all groups in /etc/passwd exist in /etc/group  

(Automated)
7.2.4 Ensure shadow group is empty (Automated)  
7.2.5 Ensure no duplicate UIDs exist (Automated)  
7.2.6 Ensure no duplicate GIDs exist (Automated)  
Page 948
Correctly
Yes No
7.2.7 Ensure no duplicate user names exist (Automated)  
7.2.8 Ensure no duplicate group names exist (Automated)  
7.2.9 Ensure local interactive user home directories are  

7.2.10 Ensure local interactive user dot files access is  

Page 949
Appendix: CIS Controls v7 IG 1 Mapped
Recommendations
Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
1.1.2.1.3 Ensure nosuid option set on /tmp partition  
1.1.2.1.4 Ensure noexec option set on /tmp partition  
1.1.2.3.1 Ensure separate partition exists for /home  
1.1.2.3.2 Ensure nodev option set on /home partition  
1.1.2.3.3 Ensure nosuid option set on /home partition  
1.1.2.4.1 Ensure separate partition exists for /var  
1.1.2.4.2 Ensure nodev option set on /var partition  
1.1.2.4.3 Ensure nosuid option set on /var partition  
1.1.2.5.1 Ensure separate partition exists for /var/tmp  
1.2.1.1 Ensure GPG keys are configured  
1.2.2.1 Ensure updates, patches, and additional security
 
software are installed
1.3.1.1 Ensure AppArmor is installed  
Page 950
Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
 
configuration
 
mode
1.3.1.4 Ensure all AppArmor Profiles are enforcing  
1.4.1 Ensure bootloader password is set  
1.6.4 Ensure access to /etc/motd is configured  
1.6.5 Ensure access to /etc/issue is configured  
 
disabled
1.7.8 Ensure GDM autorun-never is enabled  
2.1.1 Ensure autofs services are not in use  
2.2.1 Ensure NIS Client is not installed  
2.4.2.1 Ensure at is restricted to authorized users  
3.3.9 Ensure suspicious packets are logged  
4.1.1 Ensure ufw is installed  
4.1.3 Ensure ufw service is enabled  
4.1.4 Ensure ufw loopback traffic is configured  
Page 951
Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
4.1.7 Ensure ufw default deny firewall policy  
4.2.1 Ensure nftables is installed  
4.2.3 Ensure iptables are flushed with nftables  
4.2.4 Ensure a nftables table exists  
4.2.5 Ensure nftables base chains exist  
4.2.7 Ensure nftables outbound and established connections
 
are configured
4.2.8 Ensure nftables default deny firewall policy  
4.2.9 Ensure nftables service is enabled  
4.2.10 Ensure nftables rules are permanent  
4.3.1.1 Ensure iptables packages are installed  
4.3.1.2 Ensure nftables is not installed with iptables  
4.3.2.1 Ensure iptables default deny firewall policy  
 
are configured
4.3.3.1 Ensure ip6tables default deny firewall policy  
 
are configured
5.1.1 Ensure permissions on /etc/ssh/sshd_config are
 
configured
 
configured
 
configured
Page 952
Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
5.1.4 Ensure sshd access is configured  
5.1.14 Ensure sshd LogLevel is configured  
5.1.20 Ensure sshd PermitRootLogin is disabled  
5.2.1 Ensure sudo is installed  
5.2.2 Ensure sudo commands use pty  
5.2.4 Ensure users must provide password for privilege
 
escalation
 
disabled globally
5.2.6 Ensure sudo authentication timeout is configured
 
correctly
5.3.2.1 Ensure pam_unix module is enabled  
5.4.2.2 Ensure root is the only GID 0 account  
5.4.2.3 Ensure group root is the only GID 0 group  
5.4.2.4 Ensure root password is set  
5.4.2.6 Ensure root user umask is configured  
5.4.3.3 Ensure default user umask is configured  
6.2.1.1.2 Ensure journald log file access is configured  
6.2.1.1.3 Ensure journald log file rotation is configured  
6.2.1.1.5 Ensure journald Storage is configured  
6.2.1.1.6 Ensure journald Compress is configured  
6.2.1.2.1 Ensure systemd-journal-remote is installed  
 
configured
6.4.1.1 Ensure auditd is installed  
Page 953
Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
6.4.1.2 Ensure auditd service is enabled and active  
 
enabled
6.4.1.4 Ensure audit_backlog_limit is sufficient  
 
chcon command are recorded
 
setfacl command are recorded
 
chacl command are recorded
 
usermod command are recorded
6.4.3.19 Ensure kernel module loading unloading and modification
 
is collected
6.4.3.20 Ensure the audit configuration is immutable  
6.4.4.1 Ensure audit log files mode is configured  
6.4.4.3 Ensure only authorized groups are assigned ownership
 
of audit log files
6.4.4.8 Ensure audit tools mode is configured  
6.4.4.9 Ensure audit tools are owned by root  
6.4.4.10 Ensure audit tools belong to group root  
Page 954
Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
 
configured
7.1.12 Ensure no files or directories without an owner and a
 
group exist
7.1.13 Ensure SUID and SGID files are reviewed  
7.2.4 Ensure shadow group is empty  
 
configured
7.2.10 Ensure local interactive user dot files access is
 
configured
Page 955
Recommendations
Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
1.1.1.3 Ensure hfs kernel module is not available  
1.1.1.5 Ensure jffs2 kernel module is not available  
1.1.1.7 Ensure udf kernel module is not available  
1.1.2.1.1 Ensure /tmp is a separate partition  
1.1.2.1.2 Ensure nodev option set on /tmp partition  
1.1.2.2.1 Ensure /dev/shm is a separate partition  
1.1.2.6.1 Ensure separate partition exists for /var/log  
Page 956
Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
 
 
configuration
 
mode
1.5.2 Ensure ptrace_scope is restricted  
1.7.1 Ensure GDM is removed  
 
disabled
1.7.10 Ensure XDCMP is not enabled  
Page 957
Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
2.1.3 Ensure dhcp server services are not in use  
2.1.4 Ensure dns server services are not in use  
2.1.5 Ensure dnsmasq services are not in use  
2.1.6 Ensure ftp server services are not in use  
2.1.7 Ensure ldap server services are not in use  
2.1.10 Ensure nis server services are not in use  
2.1.11 Ensure print server services are not in use  
2.1.12 Ensure rpcbind services are not in use  
2.1.13 Ensure rsync services are not in use  
2.1.15 Ensure snmp services are not in use  
2.1.16 Ensure tftp server services are not in use  
2.1.18 Ensure web server services are not in use  
2.1.19 Ensure xinetd services are not in use  
 
mode
 
interface
2.2.2 Ensure rsh client is not installed  
2.2.3 Ensure talk client is not installed  
2.2.4 Ensure telnet client is not installed  
2.2.5 Ensure ldap client is not installed  
2.2.6 Ensure ftp client is not installed  
Page 958
Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
 
timeserver
2.3.3.2 Ensure chrony is running as user _chrony  
2.3.3.3 Ensure chrony is enabled and running  
3.1.1 Ensure IPv6 status is identified  
3.1.3 Ensure bluetooth services are not in use  
3.2.1 Ensure dccp kernel module is not available  
3.2.2 Ensure tipc kernel module is not available  
3.2.3 Ensure rds kernel module is not available  
3.2.4 Ensure sctp kernel module is not available  
3.3.1 Ensure ip forwarding is disabled  
3.3.2 Ensure packet redirect sending is disabled  
3.3.3 Ensure bogus icmp responses are ignored  
3.3.5 Ensure icmp redirects are not accepted  
3.3.7 Ensure reverse path filtering is enabled  
3.3.10 Ensure tcp syn cookies is enabled  
Page 959
Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
 
are configured
 
are configured
 
are configured
Page 960
Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
 
configured
 
configured
 
configured
5.1.6 Ensure sshd Ciphers are configured  
5.1.8 Ensure sshd DisableForwarding is enabled  
5.1.11 Ensure sshd IgnoreRhosts is enabled  
5.1.12 Ensure sshd KexAlgorithms is configured  
5.1.15 Ensure sshd MACs are configured  
5.1.22 Ensure sshd UsePAM is enabled  
5.2.3 Ensure sudo log file exists  
 
escalation
 
disabled globally
 
correctly
5.3.2.2 Ensure pam_faillock module is enabled  
5.3.2.3 Ensure pam_pwquality module is enabled  
5.3.2.4 Ensure pam_pwhistory module is enabled  
5.3.3.1.2 Ensure password unlock time is configured  
Page 961
Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
 
account
 
configured
5.3.3.2.3 Ensure password complexity is configured  
 
configured
 
configured
5.3.3.4.1 Ensure pam_unix does not include nullok  
 
algorithm
5.3.3.4.4 Ensure pam_unix includes use_authtok  
5.4.1.1 Ensure password expiration is configured  
5.4.1.2 Ensure minimum password age is configured  
5.4.1.5 Ensure inactive password lock is configured  
Page 962
Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
 
configured
 
enabled
6.4.2.1 Ensure audit log storage size is configured  
6.4.3.1 Ensure changes to system administration scope
 
(sudoers) is collected
 
collected
 
environment are collected
 
collected
Page 963
Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
 
modification events are collected
 
Access Controls are collected
 
 
 
 
 
is collected
 
of audit log files
Page 964
Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
 
configured
 
group exist
7.2.1 Ensure accounts in /etc/passwd use shadowed
 
passwords
 
configured
 
configured
Page 965
Recommendations
Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
Page 966
Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
 
 
configuration
 
mode
1.5.4 Ensure prelink is not installed  
 
disabled
Page 967
Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
 
mode
 
interface
Page 968
Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
 
timeserver
3.1.2 Ensure wireless interfaces are disabled  
Page 969
Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
 
are configured
 
are configured
 
are configured
Page 970
Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
 
configured
 
configured
 
configured
5.1.16 Ensure sshd MaxAuthTries is configured  
 
escalation
 
disabled globally
 
correctly
Page 971
Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
 
account
 
configured
 
configured
 
configured
 
algorithm
Page 972
Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
6.1.1 Ensure AIDE is installed  
 
configured
 
enabled
 
 
collected
 
Page 973
Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
 
collected
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
is collected
 
of audit log files
Page 974
Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
 
configured
 
group exist
 
passwords
 
configured
 
configured
Page 975
Appendix: CIS Controls v7 Unmapped
Recommendations
Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
1.5.3 Ensure core dumps are restricted  
1.6.3 Ensure remote login warning banner is configured
 
properly
1.7.2 Ensure GDM login banner is configured  
 
media is not overridden
2.4.1.1 Ensure cron daemon is enabled and active  
5.1.5 Ensure sshd Banner is configured  
 
are configured
5.1.13 Ensure sshd LoginGraceTime is configured  
5.1.17 Ensure sshd MaxSessions is configured  
5.1.18 Ensure sshd MaxStartups is configured  
5.3.1.1 Ensure latest version of pam is installed  
5.3.1.2 Ensure libpam-modules is installed  
5.3.1.3 Ensure libpam-pwquality is installed  
5.4.2.1 Ensure root is the only UID 0 account  
5.4.2.5 Ensure root path integrity  
5.4.3.1 Ensure nologin is not listed in /etc/shells  
7.2.5 Ensure no duplicate UIDs exist  
7.2.6 Ensure no duplicate GIDs exist  
Page 976
Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
7.2.7 Ensure no duplicate user names exist  
7.2.8 Ensure no duplicate group names exist  
Page 977
Recommendations
Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
Page 978
Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
 
 
configuration
 
mode
 
disabled
Page 979
Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
 
are configured
 
are configured
 
are configured
 
configured
 
configured
 
configured
Page 980
Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
 
escalation
 
disabled globally
 
correctly
 
account
 
configured
 
configured
 
configured
Page 981
Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
 
configured
Page 982
Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
 
enabled
 
 
 
 
 
of audit log files
Page 983
Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
 
configured
 
group exist
 
configured
 
configured
Page 984
Recommendations
Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
Page 985
Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
 
 
configuration
 
mode
 
disabled
Page 986
Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
 
mode
 
interface
Page 987
Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
 
timeserver
Page 988
Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
 
are configured
 
are configured
 
are configured
Page 989
Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
 
configured
 
configured
 
configured
 
escalation
 
disabled globally
 
correctly
Page 990
Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
 
account
 
configured
 
configured
 
configured
 
algorithm
Page 991
Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
 
configured
 
enabled
 
 
collected
 
Page 992
Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
 
collected
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
is collected
 
of audit log files
Page 993
Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
 
configured
 
group exist
 
passwords
 
configured
 
configured
Page 994
Recommendations
Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
Page 995
Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
 
 
configuration
 
mode
1.5.4 Ensure prelink is not installed  
 
disabled
Page 996
Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
 
mode
 
interface
Page 997
Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
 
timeserver
Page 998
Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
 
are configured
 
are configured
 
are configured
Page 999
Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
 
configured
 
configured
 
configured
 
escalation
 
disabled globally
 
correctly
Page 1000
Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
 
account
 
configured
 
configured
 
configured
 
algorithm
Page 1001
Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
6.1.1 Ensure AIDE is installed  
 
configured
 
enabled
 
 
collected
Page 1002
Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
 
 
collected
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
is collected
 
of audit log files
Page 1003
Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
 
configured
 
group exist
 
passwords
 
configured
 
configured
Page 1004
Appendix: CIS Controls v8 Unmapped
Recommendations
Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
1.5.3 Ensure core dumps are restricted  
1.6.3 Ensure remote login warning banner is configured
 
properly
1.7.2 Ensure GDM login banner is configured  
 
media is not overridden
2.4.1.1 Ensure cron daemon is enabled and active  
5.1.5 Ensure sshd Banner is configured  
 
are configured
5.1.13 Ensure sshd LoginGraceTime is configured  
5.1.17 Ensure sshd MaxSessions is configured  
5.1.18 Ensure sshd MaxStartups is configured  
5.3.1.1 Ensure latest version of pam is installed  
5.3.1.2 Ensure libpam-modules is installed  
5.3.1.3 Ensure libpam-pwquality is installed  
5.4.2.1 Ensure root is the only UID 0 account  
5.4.2.5 Ensure root path integrity  
5.4.3.1 Ensure nologin is not listed in /etc/shells  
7.2.5 Ensure no duplicate UIDs exist  
7.2.6 Ensure no duplicate GIDs exist  
7.2.7 Ensure no duplicate user names exist  
7.2.8 Ensure no duplicate group names exist  
Page 1005
Page 1006
Appendix: Change History
Date Version Changes for this version
Feb 28, 2024 1.0.0 Published
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CIS Debian Linux 12

This document provides prescriptive guidance for establishing a secure configuration

Used for blocks of code, command, and script

Monospace font Used for inline code, commands, or examples.

Italic texts set in angle brackets denote a variable

Used to denote the title of a book, article, or other

Note Additional information or caveats

CIS Critical Security Controls® (CIS Controls®)

Items in this profile intend to:

o be practical and prudent;

This profile is intended for servers.

o are intended for environments or use cases where security is paramount.

This profile is intended for servers.

Items in this profile intend to:

o be practical and prudent;

This profile is intended for workstations.

o are intended for environments or use cases where security is paramount.

This profile is intended for workstations.

Using /bin/false as the command in disabling a particular module serves two

• An entry including /bin/true or /bin/false exists in a file within the

-IF- available in ANY installed kernel:

• The module is deny listed in a file within the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory

• No additional configuration is necessary

• Create a file ending in .conf with install cramfs /bin/false in the

-IF- available in ANY installed kernel:

• Create a file ending in .conf with blacklist cramfs in the /etc/modprobe.d/

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7

4.8 Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on

9.2 Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

T1005, T1005.000 TA0005 M1050

• An entry including /bin/true or /bin/false exists in a file within the

-IF- available in ANY installed kernel:

• The module is deny listed in a file within the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory

• No additional configuration is necessary

• Create a file ending in .conf with install freevxfs /bin/false in the

-IF- available in ANY installed kernel:

• Create a file ending in .conf with blacklist freevxfs in the /etc/modprobe.d/

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7

4.8 Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on

9.2 Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

T1005, T1005.000 TA0005 M1050

• An entry including /bin/true or /bin/false exists in a file within the

-IF- available in ANY installed kernel:

• The module is deny listed in a file within the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory

• No additional configuration is necessary

• Create a file ending in .conf with install hfs /bin/false in the

-IF- available in ANY installed kernel:

• Create a file ending in .conf with blacklist hfs in the /etc/modprobe.d/

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7

4.8 Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on

9.2 Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

T1005, T1005.000 TA0005 M1050

• An entry including /bin/true or /bin/false exists in a file within the

-IF- available in ANY installed kernel:

• The module is deny listed in a file within the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory

• No additional configuration is necessary

• Create a file ending in .conf with install hfsplus /bin/false in the