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    Motor Vehicle Technology For Mechanics-2

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    david.padson

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    Motor Vehicle Technology For Mechanics-2

    Uploaded by

    david.padson
    161 views292 pages

    Original Title

    Motor Vehicle Technology for Mechanics-2

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    161 views292 pages

    Motor Vehicle Technology For Mechanics-2

    Uploaded by

    david.padson

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 292

    THE

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    08 sy
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    44
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    Introducti
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    Thec harg
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    Thestarl
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    El
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    24 Wheelsandtyres 2
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    79
    Infroducti

    This book i s an in tro


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    VI
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    rop
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    usp
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    (
    incl
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    ngth
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    Figure2.4 Convent
    ion
    a elayout
    lheavyvehicl :ladderchassi
    s.
    1
    2 、
    Olm、
    [ eh
    icklc
    hnul
    o l
    : 只
    う f
    orme
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    nics

    日r
    reng1
    hra1
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    he veh
    icle.
    sapp
    ιIr
    -
    Lightvehiclebody 孔ncc.Unstressed panels a rc lhose 1 h"lc lo not
    construction con t
    Til孔 J
    tC s lgnl日can rly r o the 川 r engr h of 1 he
    おtr
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    legr al const ructiun the floorpan
    Ear
    lymol orveh ic
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    fr
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    11ys imibr1 り the
    1tshowl 1i nトl Ir
    日l e2. 4 form a complel est ru
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    Thismaclei tql lile山 I Syl uallachu ni t討 sIc
    l hasl he the met alLls ec
    li δ much thinnerlhan t ha1i na
    engi ne， gearbox anζ Ir o
    aιIspringδ ， 礼 nd provic
    leιl chassi s、lhe sh込 pcζIan clj oi
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    ivc lyi lgh1w eigh tbodyshel
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    wi1hl i
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    1 hati n
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    -produced veh iclcs.A f ll
    rlhclι I
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    whcel dr ivc vch icle討 cont l
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    luet oL I吊e a 汚ep山 礼 1
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    chas出お re乱 dting box- like shape tend行 1 0 礼l llp
    lif yr oacl
    and cngine noi se for t he occupal ls
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    sounc l
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    It ol l linimi日e
    lay，
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    r mostvansancl
    thet rans1l1i
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    even somcb llsesar
    e ofintegralconstruc-
    ti
    Ofl，al 50 known aδ unitary ur mono
    coqueconst ruCt
    lon
    Thesubframe

    The r ela
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    11pOぉcd on rhe vehic l
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    - t
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    share thc l
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    Figure2
    .5I
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    Sou門d
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    Figure2.6 Sound-deadeni
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    T
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    alr
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    <
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    7

    Hy dra
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    Figure2.
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    14 :
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    or、
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    Figure2
    .8Jackingpoints

    Jackingpoints "1ラron .un【￨じ rhocl)'ι


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    tec andthea i
    rlコaginfl
    ares.Ast hebody
    the日lIing01airhagsasp artorr hc equipl11ell or
    1 ofthe occupants inks i
    nto the airba呂 the
    ne¥V vchicleメ I n1
    fated airbags protectthe dr ivcl gasisforcec
    loutufvenrholes
    and f r 1ts
    Ol eatpas scnger from str ik
    ing.rcspecI
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    . the stccring whcclOr daぉhboarcl (Fi gur e
    21 3)
    Thcrc are a l
    lllmbcrof impon:川 tpoints 01
    American¥ 'c
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    l
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    whichyOllmllstbC:l¥¥山 C
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    : :
    :lhe airhag as an . 1d
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    . Inn or
    lll日Iopcral ion. and ぃ hcn おtored cor -
    U川 jUl1ct
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    ththcおじ川 hc lt rectly. there i s nり にlangcr f r
    olll thc 孔i rb礼
    日
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    2
    . When I ヒll10vcd f oJll江 vchic
    r 1e 01 ' a ¥V
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    T
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    ;1¥¥'
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    and mll剖 not be dropped 01 ' d amagecL I n
    sOlllecou nt ries an expl o si¥ 'esil仁enccl l
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    3
    . Thenitrogcngaお I hati n日 日I Cぉ rhea i
    rbagi span
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    、¥ '
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    Ic出

    4.Thc whilc dustthm i sメccn 川 t c rl n日川 lon IS


    alsohannless:i ti ぉu scdt ol u
    br icalCtheh"g
    ラ Thc contents of an unus ecl l ll
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    h、
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    l、 Icon
    山 tall刊 日) (!
    il
    lll1~l zi d e ， whi c
    hi お v erytOXl仁
    Figure2.13 A
    irbagsafet
    yprot
    ect
    ion:40mill
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    守

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    flated にlu(
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    l
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    • Vヒ ，hick わりに 1 )' pancls arc ofren r e


    ferre
    ζ11 "川
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    1日r eおおむく1. C ，
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    . T口Il1ccrcurrent S afel)
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    nt!vehicles crul11lコl
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    v
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    ) 仁e l side impaCI pro
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    1 lIch a s
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    ，，，
    ，1
    Alwaysdi scunnec tt hcbatterybe "
    Iorcremoving llirbags;S 出 11・h
    ellS.sca r-hel lensionど r sユn clr runl
    anairbagJl10dule airbags
    2 NOlc111a
    1 someAmcrican veh icleshave up1 0 • Tu prevent corrosion， sl ラじ ci
    alt r
    -c‘Itments <11ヒ
    halfλnhOl l
    r'sd elayeclactivatio
    nb llil
    tintulhe appliccl. G汎 1vani se
    c ls rccl mily heU
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    REVISIONEXERCISESANDQUEST
    lONS

    CH ECK YOURU NDERSTANDING 1 sricOyexplainl hcc liff


    erenιebel ¥¥ 'c c
    nchaメSI S-
    baseclanclin leg ralboclyconSl rllC li on
    2 3 4 ，、ノ6
    • 'her
    T c are l
    manufaClure r
    hree types uf vehiclc l
    s cul1l1l1only em]コl
    ayo
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    oy: conventional
    Giveanothcrl
    W hy礼r
    1al
    esuhframesl
    11efori
    l
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    nteg
    t日 1constrUCIion
    d¥¥Iilhi nlヒ 日r a lbodicsア
    fronr en月1l1eμncl r e山 whee lc
    lrive，f r
    unl enginc ¥lh
    X JIisJSI Te出 edpanei '

    ・
    anc

    l
    lfronl-whecldrive，andf
    Thc(WOmainlypesofvehi
    heCOJllpOSileclesignurl acl
    c
    u
    l

    l
    lr

    e
    c
    -wheelc
    l
    cconst
    l
    r
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    ive
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    rtype，ancllhei n
    lc-
    ¥
    X

    f
    lha

    oun
    li

    c
    討 t

    Which r
    hepurposeofac
    ¥Vo Jll山 n i
    l 01 EUJ 'u
    rumplezoneジ
    lems ofequipment mユvbe
    pean-clcsigned ' 、 ch icles lh
    a l
    gral( also known as unitary Or l 1onocoque)，
    l protectoccupanrsi nr r
    onl:1li Jll p~t Cl S~
    some rimes' Nilhasubframe 7 なfhenc luYulln e
    e cllo lakcspcci alpre じl u
    tlo
    n s
    • A vchi cl eりfu ni rar ycons tructio
    nneedsa乱 l b- '
    withavehiclecquippedwithai rhags，anc .
    lwhat
    frame1 0supporlthewei ghtufcomponcnt ssuch arcrhey フ
    asthcengineandsuspensionunir s
    The e
    tro
    le

    Introduction Energyconverslonprocess

    Durin日 I hじ日 r st1 00 )じ:lr s01 ' t


    " hc l 1o
    l torvch i cle Fuel< lncloxygcnareCO! 1¥
    'ertcdt ohcatener gyhy
    Nじ 、 C川 1[ o r11
    1討 り rpower h山 !(: been t ri以 l 、s o
    m (:'- 仁0 1111ラU 川 ion. The heal Cl じa le<
    .
    lc luring the com
    1mじ お れ i lh l ill1iled 札 Icces行 EI c
    にI r
    ic po¥ ver ha行 bustion p lりに C出 口I llSC討 thega討ヒ st rappecli n只1ι
    l仁
    beel 1I I討じ d [ 01 おpeci ali討1vchi c
    les f orl llany yc礼' [S
    I t hecylindcr1 0cxpancl. Th iぉ cxpanSl on じ IU討es‘1
    lndi
    < s川目礼 i nhecomin日 札 usableat lernarivef orrhc prc s
    δure 1 孔l il d -up .、 ¥h ich i s lhcn con¥'er ted t o
    ca. r lighl‘ 、ln ユnd 1 孔lぉ l lulI hc engine t hati s lllechanicalcncr gyasrheexpanding日as ヒsf or cea
    「りLlndi n 1llり川、 e hiclじSI ぉ theheatcnい包11le .nOl "m p l討tondo¥Vnt hecyl in
    clcl
    ιi l lyc‘l iI cd1 hcinternalcombustioneng ine 1
    11e up- an ιI - clo\~' n movemen r oft hじ pl日 on I お

    C( )I J Ih l州 1i()1I iぉ aword t hat dcscribesthea ct 01 じonve nedr or o u lry ! l1otion ( 10t lr n¥ he vc hicle' s
    lxl i n11111111U11江 IcombuslI on meanst hatr he f uel whec ls ) hy a connecr ing r oc¥anc l CI 、Thiメ l行
    礼nl

    同 h urmi l1siιlethecnuine.¥
    い
    X/i
    t hexternalcombus- l ikc I he r ider's I cgs an c
    l the chain wheel of "
    t
    Ion t hじ burningtake 芯 p laceo llts
    icle t he engine) hi仁yclc
    ISi
    : nI hじ引じ日 1 1
    1ど n只i 1CI
    l 日I ピxal 11ple Thcener gyof1 11
    0 1iuna nclofv ehiclヒ!l1ove1 l1ent
    1'11 (': e ng ine pro¥'idcぉ t hじ po¥ ¥
    'er10 t ur n the LS心 i llc
    cl kineticenergy.To Slup : i ve hi仁 Ic1 hi s
    vehi じI c '
    5wheel只 ‘ lnd a l lhり ugh i l appearsr o be enc1 gy 1
    ' l11 1
    st be COllver rccJ1 0 抗I1m hヒrf orl11. Thc
    、 erycompli calecl.t hep r inci ple0 11whi ch Il¥ vor k討 hrakes < .10 r hi 討 by c Ollvcning kine¥iιcner gy
    1討 r e la t ivヒ1 )'simple. Thc engine conver tscner gy) 111¥り hcal .¥ X
    lhen < 11 1 hc k ine ti
    cenl'r gy h山 been
    JU行1as戸 川 孔 n clICO! 1ve r
    tenCJ 日y.¥ '
    (!ctakei nfoud C口 nver tcdt I
    ievchiclei 行 sla
    ti onary(1 ・!日urc:).1)
    (fl le l )礼 行 じ nい .
    el只V句 礼 n ζ1 uurho .
    ιI v convens l hisr o The imcr n a
    l combu点1 10n eng! l1c IS not a very
    hc 川 ( t his kecps ()lIrbl ood ¥V孔 r m)礼 nd I 1o
    l tion e flicicntenピr gyconvcrrcr ，asi tcanno¥turna l
    l¥ h仁
    (
    、
    ‘t lki n品 川1 <
    .
    11 'unnin日 ). a芯 ¥¥'cl出 usi ngi l1 0f ucl r ucli n¥o1 l1cc hanica]ener gy， Sur priδingly， 1
    l1ucho!
    th仁川¥<:'1'n :tlf l
    ln仁lIonメ ufl lic hody(operatingI hc I he f lleli s¥ ya s tecli n thc f orll ufhじ川、 el
    1 ihヒI
    lungメ 川 1 dh仁 川 t )
    .Tuen社 hlct heboclyt u' bu rn'the くlu¥ ¥
    '11t hc exhaustpipc wilh the 1 ‘
    " StC符 ls e
    s.01
    '
    Jood 1 江l 、じn 1 1
    1， I l‘t
    lso ! 1ee <
    .
    lsoxygen， which ¥Ve ‘I bs円 rhed by t l i e cool i
    ng sy引 ヒ Jll and r aにi
    ll:teι
    11 (1

    ohl :ii nhyh rcall iin日 Ihヒ川l110sph引 e . Only ぉol11e 2う pcrccnt uf1 he
    Thc i l1lヒ1'n ‘
    i
    I ιombllsrion engine ¥ ¥'
    o1'k si na chヒmica l energy f ec l inlo thc engi nc i お u scd ¥ 0
    お i Jl1 i l~t 1' ¥
    ， ¥':
    t y Enc1 gγi
    ' stakeni ni nt l
    1<
    .:ro r
    lll( )ffllcL c
    lr i
    vet l問 、 chi仁 l e
    mixed ¥ ¥'il h oxygen， and b l l
    r n.
    r The burning AsthepisronmovcsupanddownthecylindeI
    cl仏 HC Shea1 . which i st hcnconvened i nt omove 1mus rs t口p， (i lthuughver yh ricly )川 t he10pand
    11
    1じ1 11and used t oc l
    riveI he v e hicle. The el 呂1
    1 11c， horrum ヒ¥ '
    c1'y t ll
    llC 1 じhan日CS d irec1ion Thc討C
    ，

    an ι 1i n c lcじC IIhcvehi cle‘lS礼 wholc 凶 l her ef ure九 lラo inrsar ekl 10wna stopdead- centr e( t.d.c.)and
    machincr l1<
    1¥C りn vensener gy.Ener gyC(lnonlybe bottom dead- centre (b，d，c .) (Figurc 3 .2). The
    convene< .l
    :t icanncverhecr eat
    句 c
    ιla n c
    lcanneVel c1is.3nce1I川 dl
    1 e clhyrhep it'tonherweentく I
    .c.al1c 1
    be dest r oyじ c
    I. Letus no w look ll10re c losel y at h .d.c.i scalcd the stroke.The dial11elCr( )fIhc
    hu¥v¥hccngine: tchieve ぉ rhi sconversi on cy lin clcri 討 callcdI hcbore

    1
    9
    20 九1
    0 、
    ehid
    1のI 仁 1
    仁に hnulo 1m
    日).10' e
    ιhl
    :ni
    cs

    削r(
    oxy
    gen
    ) P
    etr
    ol
    (
    che
    mic
    ale
    ner
    gy) (
    che
    mic
    alener
    gy)

    Heal M
    ech
    ani
    cal
    E
    ngi
    necyl
    ind
    er e
    nergy en
    erg
    y
    (com
    bus
    !旧n)

    Veh
    icle Hea
    t B
    rakin
    g K
    inet
    icenergy
    s
    lopped e
    ner
    gy (
    f
    ri
    cti
    on
    ) (th
    ee門ergy01
    門 o
    vem
    ent)

    Figure3
    .1Energyconver
    sioni
    navehicle

    Cl
    ear
    anc
    evol
    ume
    T
    opdeadc
    ent
    re
    .d.
    (
    t c)

    S
    tro
    ke B
    ore
    Pis
    tona
    t
    Id.
    . c

    日o
    tto
    mdeadc
    ent
    re
    bd.
    ( c.
    )

    C判i
    nde
    r
    円以 o
    nat
    b.
    d.
    c
    →

    Figure3.2 P
    ist
    onandcyl
    inder

    Calculations
    Thesweptvolumeofone cyl inc
    lerisfounc
    l
    Ihe engi
    ' ne capac
    ity of a veh
    iclc i
    s oft
    en dis bymu lt
    iplyingthecross-sect
    ionalareabyrhe
    playedり n t hc bodybyabadgesuch as1 .3.2000 δtoke.i
    r V
    Iulti
    plythisby rhe numberofcyl i
    n-
    りl' 2 l
    itrc
    .Thisrcpr esen
    tstheenginecapacity01 cl
    ersfortheswep rvolume01 'capaci
    ryofthe
    Ihe totalsweptvolume，which i scalcu
    lated as engme
    tdl o w日
    Thじ pL
    ，t
    rol
    ιngm仁 2
    1

    Fi
    1メ1Calcll
    lal
    CI he cruss-討ecr
    ional ar
    ea oft
    he R
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    erarm R
    ock
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    haf
    t
    ιyl I山 ngt
    indcrI hisfo
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    a V
    alv
    esp
    rin
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    sc i o n ~l l 山口 I
    cl 1Tr.
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    par
    kpl
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    ¥
    ¥'h(
    ;rc 1T = 3.1"1
    2( 0' 22
    1 17)and r= r adil
    凶 0'
    1I he
    c
    )'
    lindcrhり l じ (dial
    llele
    rd i、i
    d e
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    P
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    W hcn I h仁 :!
    rca ha討 hecncal cl
    lla
    rcdi liぉmll
    lti・
    Gudgeon四n
    [
    'I
    ied h)' Ihe lt:nglh 0'
    1I he sr
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    0 givc Ihc
    m C[、、
    '
    l olUI lll
    '
    Pi
    sto
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    Co円n
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    ingr
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    ¥
    'ol
    urle0
    T 1り n心 cyl
    inc
    lcr= 7fl2
    1
    rhercf
    ore C
    yli
    nderb
    loc
    k Cam1
    01
    10刈e
    r
    a
    ndc r
    ank
    case
    ヒn知 neGlp‘I
    cit ，2
    y= 1
    T 1xJl Cams
    haf
    t
    an
    dlo
    be
    れ hcrc Jl = theI lll
    lllherofc)'l inders
    The d imcn :i
    ，
    - onお り f cyl in
    clers are invari孔bly
    gi¥'eni n millimじt re討、 butcapacI r}
    'isincubiccen- C
    ran
    ksh
    aft
    Iimcl rcs.1i s ncce討 日 Iry a t some poi ntt hen to
    COJl¥'cr
    tt hじ日目 ur es Sump
    1n 1 hじ1'0110、 、ing e xalllple ¥ ¥
    'e cal
    clllalcr he
    ClJ工l Cly 01 日、epl v oll
    l l
    lle of a f Ol
    lr-cylindel
    en且inc w iil
    l a bor e 0"1 80 m l1 and a s
    1 lroke uf
    70 1 11
    11
    1.Thじ bor c anζ 1sr roke dimcnsi un行 arc D
    rai門 pl
    ug
    di¥'idcdhy 1 010 hrin昌 t hclll10cenrimel res Figure3，3 Mainengi
    necomponen
    ts
    cy
    li ndcrs¥
    ¥ピp
    tVO
    IUl
    llC= 7TX 〆x 1
    = 7TX 日 o
    2x80/2x 7
    .0C l
    llう，

    = ，) 号 2 c lll .~
    1
    0111
    < s 、
    ¥ Cplvolu11c
    l
    lhe piSlon byl hegudgeonpin.whi仁h runs i
    bearing caled lhe l ittle end.Thc ol her ，l a
    r
    na
    gcI
    =cylindcl引 vcptvo]umcx nO.ofcyl
    indelメ
    =3う2cm¥x斗
    end 0' 1rhe connecring r ud i s connecl ccl1 0 lhc
    ，
    = 1，0
    8ζ1 1
    1 orl寸 081i
    lr‘
    c
    s
    cranksh arlbyl l l
    e
    The crankshaft i
    a nsofl
    sI
    hebigendbearing
    lou
    1 nted i n bear ings int he
    Thh¥
    ¥'o
    lldh仁 ，
    l ，， i
    d1 ヒ a1
    01
    ヲ .4l
    ilr
    eengine crankcase， and i sf rcc1 0r o
    tal仁 Thc c ranksh a
    fl
    andconnectingr o
    c lconver tlhヒ lincar01 " up-and-
    duwnl llolionofr hep islon1 り rota ry11
    1りt ion.One
    cncl ofl he cranksha fr has an " ll
    achmen r rh"，
    drivesl hecamshaf l
    Mainenginecomponentsand The flywheel i sf aslened l o onc cnd 0' 1r he
    theirfunction crankshaf . J
    l t isr e
    la l
    ivcly heavy、 i n order t o
    provicle lhc momei 1lUITl lhal keeJ 刊 lhe cngi ne
    Thi討 お cClion proviclcsa 1ラriefi n
    troc
    luction. More turningberweenpowcrst rokeぉ
    delalicdじ xrl anation討 appe"rl alerinrhechaplel Valves open a ncl clo討e lhc i nlcrand exhal討1
    Thじ cylinder block conrains onc ur 1 l10rc portsa tpr cdetermincdtImcs1 0 cOl 1lr
    o ll hecn rry
    cylinclelお in¥ ¥'h
    ich cach piston i s1 0Gl t
    cd and ufl hc f r
    esh charge 0' 1f ucla nc
    lI he exil ofhurnl
    、¥'
    hichg llic
    lcslhep iSlonmovemcnr(Fi gure3，3 )， 1 cxhau民[ gases.Thcy ar e of l
    en called poppct
    also providとお mOllnling pointsf orlhccrankshaf r valves
    ancl，0 1
    1ぉ0 111じ cngines.f ort he camsh afttoo. On The camshaft i sIl10unled i n bearings，a ncl凶
    、vater-cooledengi ncsitalsoincorpo rat 、
    ι ajackel cl
    rivenbyl hecrankshaf .I
    l thasan ll
    lllheroflohc討
    forcool i
    n呂、vat cr1 0flo¥
    ¥'rOllnd called cams prolruding al ong i l
    Sl engl hh ll
    l
    The piston and i rs seals.r hc pi sr
    on rings 可 spaceda(i nlervalsaroundthecircumf ercnce.The
    1
    1山 1smil l hc rorce oflhe expancling gas 1 0l he camsopeneachvalvci n討equcncef orasetan日l e
    connecti ngroc .
    l(ドigure3.3) ()
    fCI 山 lksh afrr ota(iol
    l . On a fOUr- Sll
    "okc cngine
    Th (;connectingrodconnecr sIhcp isron10lhe lhe c3msh日f lr oralcs a r half lhe spcじd ( )fl he
    にrank she
    l f
    1.andhast ¥
    ¥
    'Q bear in
    gs.I ti討 al
    ta仁hed1 0 cranksha ft
    2
    2 1
    ¥l
    o1m、e
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    eじh
    nol
    o、 f
    只 υrl
    llι
    ("1
    !:
    mIl、

    Induction
    Engineoperati
    ng cycl
    es (
    'he 1'i計 口 n m円、ど行 ι I()¥¥n111じ ι)'1 in
    ζ￨じ1 、日 ndι1 ，
    .; 1

    c
    10eおおり I 1
    le ぉ 1'l:CC ‘1h<)、l' Ihc p i討10n l[)C!じ: Is es
    .
    "
    klny i nlじJ'Jl<
    l1co mhuぉt ionengines r e ly 01 a facl
    (Figure 3 .4，，).A¥ ¥ hc samじ t I
    n 、ヒ 1he i nl目 、 :d¥'仁
    ufp1 lysic行 10opel 川じ rhe <1i"<
    l Ir ollnd us i s川 礼
    opens. an cl hecal 1se pIston 11l0¥"Cl l
    lcn¥I sιre< llln g
    prc出 ure( )fJhl :r(1 0f ¥ cm')， Ifaspacc川 l u¥
    ¥ビl
    Ilor
    l e討pace.a Irr llshc行i nheCl ll討cofIhcp ]
    'c出lIr t
    '
    plヒ討メ UIじ is opencd r o the lelm osphere. a irw ill
    uf Ihe 日t l
    1losp here.Y Oll: nd I C
    l !O s (川 lelhi ng
    rushi nl Inii lt hepres surci sequaliぉcc .
    lA punClur e
    sill
    lil
    al じver ylllllC ¥¥じ bre日I hど り U IιhCSI ScXJxl nd
    In礼 t yr'p
    t rovl :ぉ 1hm1 he revcr sei s，，1 以 )[ru
    (;:high
    ancl;Jirflowsi nlり り lrI ll
    n日計
    pressun :t h・ I1心 1 1
    1 escape ¥Vi ll do sり unri lrhc
    In1 1じ1'C
    1 IIり 1
    -1'o¥¥'c
    rccl urro く}ch fenH11 c l Llじl
    pre出1IH':討 江 I ど じ qu 日l
    i
    sl l1ixcd¥Vi rht hea i
    rbe" forcitじn tじ1 ぷ Ihecyl i
    nclじ!
    In thc i n lじ r n‘t
    I coml孔 I Stl
    O! 1 engl l1c 礼 lr0 [
    ' an
    W hen 1 11ヒ pi stonr eaches1 1
    1ピ l 旧 日 りII
    Iofi t
    sメ1 ]'
    01叩
    江ir/fucll lli xlurcA 口、 おi
    、 nt oacyl i
    nc l
    erandi sCOJll-
    I1
    lei nlcl、日 I vじ close見
    pre討討 ccl i n 1 11ヒ combUSl 川 n c hamber hy 1 1
    1じ
    UP¥¥山 d Illovcment( )fa pi sr
    on. A ftet 仁omhustIo! l
    "nclI hじ po ¥¥'crslroke lhe 討pcnt gases flow oul Compression
    through I hじ じ x1 lausl. A II i nlとr na1 COI 1h
    l usliりn Thei nl
    ela n clじxl !:
    llls
    tv汁l 、じ討 ;[
    1じに l os
    ecl:r hじ c
    ylin -
    en日 l
    I1C討 h，ιil1 lei nf r
    eshζlir，andhrealheoutspcn t der i s sealed (Fi gulじ ヨ 4h)， Thヒ PIS¥O!l movcs
    gases. Thじ 1 womain types ( )fpiston 01 "r ecipl口 IIp¥Var
    cls，com pr es
    sing¥ 11ど け i
    r/I'uじIllixtur eInto‘l
    、
    m

    じI1JIl日じ n臼I nじ ; lr 'k


    t nり Wllaぷ I V':O-Slrokcand four - SI1λ
    l 11sp"ιe([hc仁口 1 1
    11u川 lonιh:l 1he
    Il r
    ). The¥ el11-
    str
    ukecnginじお perature ~Il so ri討じ討 a s you 1 1
    1‘l
    } 1川 l ' di吐、。、じ r
    e ι
    l
    ¥¥'
    hen pllmpingupahicy仁 l cl}IC ll IC11《 IUihじ In
    TheOUo(four-strokelcycie rCl1pピr
    l alu'e1
    ] IcipsI hじ 、l
    ir/fuelmixlUI仁 l り h urn

    Power
    MOSIIllOlor veh icle per
    rulengines opera
    te
    Aぉ t 1
    lc p is¥ol ピ "che
    1 ， 討 Ih仁 101ラ ()
    f Ihe c )'lindcI
    on 1 hc four-
    stroke cycle 01' Otto cycle
    cluringcompr essioIl. :
    1I1c1cnricsjxl r
    ki gn
    il e沿 I1
    lc
    n ~l llled a
    fte
    rNi kolausOtro，whoI nven日 C
    Iir
    Ill
    l xt
    llre 、¥'hiじh 1孔IrIl討 、ヒI Y1‘'
    1"ι1
    1)
    '(Fi 日llrt'う →C )
    T1 1 etcai efoulstIOKC81neachcycl e induc ・
    I
    'hじ{ヒ II
    Ipel礼l ll
    re Iiδじ討、 er yquick l)
    ' and soζl oes
    tion， cOlnpression， power，anclexhaust
    11
    lC 1'rc出 ure. which f orccぉ I
    hじ pl st
    りn ζlo¥¥'n Ihc
    ιylinderon1 11じ P円、、 じ1討t roke

    O O
    C O

    可.ー'〆 可，ー〆〆

    (
    a)I
    ndu
    CI旧n (
    b)C
    omp
    res
    sio
    n (
    c)P
    owe
    r (
    d)E
    xha
    usI

    Figure3，4 TheQttof
    our-
    strokecycl
    e
    Thep
    err
    ole n g in ~ 2
    3

    Mi
    xtu
    rebei
    n日
    compr
    esed

    T
    ran
    sfe
    ィ
    E
    xhaus
    l
    p
    ort p
    orl

    I
    nl
    etp
    ort

    Gas-tig
    ht
    (s
    ealed)
    cra
    nk case

    (a) (b) (c)

    Pi
    sl
    onr
    is
    in
    g P
    is
    t仁川 s
    ta
    rti
    ng1
    0de
    sce
    nd Pi
    st
    onn
    ear
    in
    gb.
    d.c
    E
    vent
    s Exha
    ust Newm
    . ixl
    ur
    efro
    m
    a
    じove M
    lxl
    ur
    ebei
    ngc
    omp
    res
    sed P
    owe
    r t
    ransf
    erpol
    rhe
    lps1
    0fo
    rce
    p
    lSl
    on out'
    ol
    d'日as
    ι

    畑山刷
    四国間

    Ri
    sin自問 sl
    α1c a
    uses Newgasbein
    g Li
    ghtcompr
    essi
    onfo
    rce
    s
    de
    pr e
    ssio門 i
    ncrankc
    ase l
    igh
    tl
    ycomp
    resse
    d newmixt
    ur
    et h
    rou
    gr
    Newm ix
    turerushe
    sIn tr
    ans
    ferp
    ort
    1
    0fi
    lti

    Figure3
    .5 Thet
    wo-st
    rokecycl
    e

    Exhaust 111i討 can be ach ieved i n t 、


    、() ¥Vay行 The
    Ar thc hOIlOl
    l l O[Ihc PO¥¥TI 川 r
    okethe exhau目 ne¥V charge can bヒ comprcssecl 礼nd ぉuppli ecl
    江
    、Iveopピns‘lndt l
    )(
    :
    .burmgasesbegi n toflo
    v¥!out underpressur cbyascpar arechargingc ytinder01
    ()
    ごIHUIC う <
    Id).Thepislunl elu
    lnδ lOlhelupoflhe a hloWC1 01 hy L lおing l 、
    he do¥Vnv arιI rnotion
    cγIInにI
    cr
    .pushingoul thccxhaustgascsasi tc¥ocs ()frhepisronancllhecn日l I
    1eC l日nkca討 e.A vcrsi 日n

    おO.! ¥
    rl hビ IOp Ihじl'Xh
    :1U川、、 Ikeζ10討C向 日 n
    cl1 he O! rhe f orlllerw ill he founcl i n t he chapl e
    t
    inlel、日I¥
    'じり￨刊 n内 1じacl
    ylOlepeallhecycle on Cu1 l1p reSSlun Ignl1lon cng11le討， hut now rhc
    crankcase C01 l11
    ヲrc片付 1
    01 、
    1 e t討 r
    on 1 汚 c xpl:1
    ined
    Engine rotation (Fi日ure3う)
    Thじ pislunand c r~lnkshaft are linked10日elhelhv !nsrcac lofvalves i nI he IOpofl hむ cylinderlhe
    thcconnectingrod( rconrod.Durin日 thefout
    ) Iwo- stroke en呂1 11じ hasupenin日 付 callccl ports i n
    刈lo<
    les o[ 1 he 0110 cycl e lhど clan<
    lshafl will lhc 仁 yl inderw all. Thc p i川口 n ‘Iclsa討 a valvc 10
    1じ¥'o
    lveI ¥
    ¥'
    icじ AI I hじ 出I l
    l1e t
    il1e t
    l he cal
    l1shaft， opcn Orc 10scrhe1l1. Thecrankcase ‘tlso hasgユト
    札.i
    lhI hヒ i
    nlclandじ xhauぉ1cat l1sforlhec y
    linclcl tt日hrs ιI !s101 万revenlpre出lIr el oss
    は i
    l
    l"Icvolvejus
    l() nce Ascanbcseenfruml l
    lecliagram( Figllre3う ，，
    )
    可
    、
    e entsareuccl Irnng礼hovc: Jndh elり れ lhepistun
    11 r
    < hc s< lmc r imc， so we must consi der two
    Thetwo-strokecycle
    ac【lons‘ Iralime .I¥elowlhep i只ton，f reぉhmiXlure
    1討 rushingIntothcc rankca日ヒ depreメsi onhccause
    rhe i nler pOrl h‘I S hecn Inにり、 ered.Al lhe r 口P o f
    As the namc suggest s，this cycle is com-
    rhcにY 111 1 dC11 11
    cmlXlUIC1 5hC11 日 C011lpr e出 ecl
    .As
    pleledinonlyIwOsl Tokesoft he pistonand
    Ihe p is¥ on rcachcs t .d.c. the miXIlIre i s igniled，
    one crankshaft revoll
    lli
    un. Thisis achievecl
    and rhe pislon i 行 pu 汚hc く1do ¥Vn on 1 he pO¥VC I
    hyexhausringr hcspen tgasesand f i
    ll
    ing the
    slrok . This c
    e 10scδlhe inler port .a ncl the p iおton
    仁ylindel wilh a flヒsh chalge at t he same
    lhヒn slanお 1 0 comprc討只 rhe f resl
    t miXll IIじ inI he
    Jme
    t
    crankcas c.aprocどおお cl !leclcrankcasecompres-
    sion( F igll r
    e: )う)))
    24 ¥
    .[
    otr、
    o c
    bic
    l仁 t
    ec
    l】n
    olo
    gyf
    orl
    lle
    chan
    ic討

    Tow‘1 1ι
    I sl hc bOllOI11o fthe slrokc two lhings
    h"P Iコじ na gain.Theexhaus(gase討 C行capeI hrough
    Enginel
    ayouts
    lhe CXhaUSl p OI. (lnc
    I ! the preぉsunseιI mixture
    Multi-
    cylinderarrangements
    inthecrankcasenow 1 f0wsthroughthetransfer
    porti nlOt hecylinder(F igure3うC ).l tiscli
    r ectcc
    l
    Although t her e<Ir
    : e1 113nysi ngle-cyl inc
    lcrcn日me討
    upw山 c l
    si n such " way t hati l helps t o push
    lhey" rcgenerall y討Jllalla ncllimir仁ι 1inr he
    il礼pρ1i←
    thc l a討1oft he burnt 日ases O l
    ll ofthe exhaust
    ca lion .Theyarer requcn tlyu自edf O1 11101
    01cycl ヒ吋
    y

    pO r
    l
    τv a.
    lerpumps，generator sand bOalS . To i ncr出 iぉe
    As t he engine cuntinues rurning. r hc pi S10n
    thcpo¥Verofanengi nel hecylindercanhcl 1a
    l de
    r
    ises t o sca l off the transfer porta ncl S{1r
    : t the
    la rgcr.ortherecanbc1l10r eofI hclll
    compres汚ion s troke. Thc upwar cl 1ll0Vemen t of
    [r¥VouldSeel 1l
    l ogi calt odevclop礼 l ar
    gesi nglc-
    1he p iston cr eatesadepI色、 sioni n thccrankcase
    cylinderenginc，aぉ t here woulcl he fewe r panぉ
    Asthepi stonmovcsUpthecylinderthεinletpOrl
    But the disadvanta呂e of onc pOWel討troke i n
    i
    s Ul 1co verecl 引) Illuref rcsh miXlUrC e nters. The
    ever yfuL lrmea nst h
    att hereareCunぉi derablcOUr-
    cyclet hcncontinues
    01一balanceforces heCalSe uft he heavyrecipro-
    1
    11 one r o tatio
    nuft hec rankshaftt hcre aret i
    'VO
    cating pa rts(thesearer hc componenrs，s ll ch出
    strukes，each st roke providing t ¥<vo funct iuns
    thc p iston，t hat JllOVe I I
    pa nc
    ld O¥¥'l1 ralhcrr hは1
    They are power
    induction
    /exhaus t and compressi on/
    rO la lC).The r esu lrin日 roughneおお (lnd i 、 hration
    Jll
    l S"t hesmuothec .
    lawayれ i hal
    t :irgcnywhee. las
    is uf ten l hc casc with sr arionary 礼 n c
    l1 11山1I1e
    eng111U
    。
    I'he car nceds i nst antr C
    S]ラり ns ビ ユ討 wc1 < 1お

    お1 1100 rh rllnning.A I εlrge nywhccl白川! e


    sr e
    ;
    ，討0
    ¥ 11-
    ab lysl110ulh runnin ，
    日 h ll
    ti rabsorl 刊 agr c川 ζ Ica1
    Comparisonoftwo-strokeandfour-
    stroke
    ur encrgy a nclt akes a lung 1 imc 1 0h uilclI Ip
    engmes
    spe e c
    l.Ther ever sei おa lsot ruc:1hヒ k inc
    ticener g )
    rakesalongtimet 日 ζli
    ssi palC.Ol hel仁 umponじ11ls
    1'hヒ p rinci plec l
    i討advanlage of the two- st roke
    I11S
    1 talsol111 1sthc heavieri nconst ruction( "
    0lake
    enR1nc じOJllp ;
    :lr
    ed ¥ vi
    tht he four-stroke enginc i s
    the load on l hem. Thi s¥ vould J ヒ引 tl
    li n a ver)
    i
    rspoorvolumetricef ficiency.Thisi slhe r at io
    poorpower- to-wei ghtr a
    r i
    o( 11
    lisi st he r"lio I h"t
    ofJlli Xll
    lrCdrawni nlOIhecyl inderCOJllpar ed、 、'ilh COl l1paresl he powerp roclllceclhyanengincand
    lhc 礼Jllo ll n
    tt hal ¥Vol
    llcl theor et
    ically 日1 i r <1t
    il
    Swei ght)
    川Jllo sphericpressur e. PoorVOIUmelr icd日 仁J ency
    出 c
    llIe l oi nc
    f而ci entscavenging:t hati 討、 rhe
    removalofexhaUS1gases and r heirr eplacemen t
    hyf rcぉhm ixture.Thcf r cshmixturedoesnota cl e Econol11y an
    cl good perforl11ance r equire
    quatelyr eJllovea l
    lt hespentgases，a nc
    ls omeOri t enginesto be lig
    htin w引 ghrbutproducea
    also I 1i
    1 xes Wilh r he exhaustand i ぉlosti nlO l he 10l of powe.r This is besl ach ieve
    cl by
    cxh孔1I討tsy 討tem increasing r
    he nUl11ber of cyl inder
    s: lhe
    slII l he two おtroke en呂i ne dues have the engine willrun 1
    1
    10re sl11oOlhly，willhave a
    bencf l 0'1a pO¥VC I δ11okecveIY1evolutionand bener power-to-weightr io，a
    ar n
    ι1 wi l be
    i
    tc lcvel op行 礼 SJlloolhcrturningeffonortorque 111
    0re responsive t
    or e quirec
    l changes i n
    1r a1日 。 h ‘ISf ewer moving parts，a ncli sS iJll speeclanclt
    orque
    plじ ra nc
    l cheaper t o Jllake r han a four- stroke
    englne
    The main disaclvantage of the f our-stroke
    engl l1e 1ぉ thatwi rh a power s troke only ever y Fur examplc，t he fi
    ringi nlerval討 of" fouト
    1wo r CVOIUlion沿 uflhe crankshaf tit has an U ll- cylincl
    crengineC eln bean‘lngeclr ogivea powel
    halanced cycle，as the power st roke JllUst turn str
    oke ever y 1800 0'1crankshaf1 ro1‘l
    t
    lon、日 lvmg
    the cranksha ft anι IJl10Ve thc piston thruugh four power stroke討 f or every I WO crankshafl
    thrce olherstrokes， J ti s also more complex i n revolutiuns
    const ruct lon Thec lisaclvanlageisthatIl1U
    lli-cyli
    ncle
    rcngines
    Iloweve. rt hcfOUr -Slrokeengine i squieter .< In
    : ζ! lr
    < e morecomplicatcd and co川 I y，bビcauseoft hc
    日IV仁メ h ettcrf l
    le
    leCOnOJlly nUl11ber0'1parts
    'h
    J じ p
    CIυ￨仁 n
    r gmピ 2
    5

    Cylinderlayouts

    FOllrcyl in d出 品 辻 r
    ecOI ii
    l!
    : deredlhel Is Ia
    l lmi nil
    ll
    UIl
    l
    ，
    an礼 ngedI nonel i
    ne.T I
    口 口b tain日 nool herper [
    orm
    ‘I
    I1l
    '"s ix and ei ghlc ylindヒ1 討 mayh c employed
    {ドigllrc .~.6). Ol h引 by OlllSi nlIsei nc1uc
    le (¥'
    ¥'
    0
    threc，日veandevent 、
    、clvecylinders
    日p"ιecons icle
    rati on討 of len demancl t h
    a llll
    ll
    l
    1ip
    lじ c yli ndel 対日r e l l
    loUl 1ted i nlo (W Q bankぉ
    日rranged a s 日 ‘vcじ but orcrat i ng a C Oll
    l1l0n
    1
    じれ tnksha
    f t(F ig
    llrc3 .7)
    Therehavebeen汎 I CCヒ 出f l
    l
    ldesign良 川 l hcpa SI
    o!1 hじ lypc known as a hor izont ally opposed
    engine( Fi glle;
    r 3.8).S llchengi nescanbehOls ccl
    hclo¥¥
    '1 hじ 110ml inじ t O1 lc
    1 rea持el hespaccav ail
    Figure3.8 Hor
    izon
    talyopposedengine
    礼13l
    cl olpcopl coll t12H 1
    ・呂ヒ

    Thef
    iri
    ngorder

    1
    "
    '0oh
    lai
    nthcm
    axi
    lll
    ul1b
    l cnc日101る，l
    1100thr
    unn
    il宮
    、
    ther eciprocatingr n川 scsanc lthe白r ingor dermust
    hecare[ ll
    llyarrangcd.To oh lain lh 山川 fo ur~cy l in
    deri n-lincenginehasacrankぉh arta rrangemcnti n
    whi ch the pi stons at e礼che n
    ιIa reι t
    ll .c
    .d .(top
    c
    1cad-cenl re) an c
    l1 he cen lre1 wo ar ca l h. d仁
    (hOrtOll
    ld e
    a c
    l -ce
    nrrcl. The F tring or c
    lerf ort his
    engine ¥Vould hecyl inder s1 -3-4-2Or1 -2-4-3
    thl
    lsgt Vt nga po以 crs lroke cver y1 800 01crank
    shaftrotalion.f)elell n
    in i
    nglhef iringo rclerbycam
    arrangcmenli sexp1 ainedl alcrint hcchapt cl
    1
    "0 obl ai
    na w ell-b"lancccl ぉix -
    cyl in
    d erengi nc
    Mal
    nbe
    ann
    g
    thep islOns¥Vo ulclbemovinga slhreepait お ~IITI \'
    ing al1 .
    c1.c
    . at1 200 inlcrvals( Figur e3..6
    ). They
    Figure3.
    6Si
    x-cy
    linderi
    n・l
    ineengi
    ne
    ¥Vould be ar ranged l O 白r e in lhe 討equcnce
    1-う-3 -6-2 -
    4 .Or1-4-2-6 -3-うち U亡haneng ineh出
    apuwers trokeever y1 200 ufc r
    anksha '
    ft["ot
    atIo n

    Enginecomponents
    Thecylinderblockandcrankcase
    B
    ala
    nci
    ng
    s
    hat
    l
    Thepurposeofl hecyl in
    derblocki st o holc
    l
    the cyl
    incle
    r sri
    gic
    lly inp o
    siti o
    n. On 1l10S1
    ligh
    tveh i
    clesthecyl inderblock eXl endst o
    formp a
    rtofthecrankcase，andl hereforeil
    alsosuppor tsthc crankshaft bearings. The
    name given t olhislype ofcons lr
    uc ti
    on is
    monobl ock
    Figure3
    .7Veeengi
    nel
    ayout
    2
    6 、
    l
    o!
    ol、
    t
    :h
    icl
    cI ch
    じ:
    . n
    ulu
    只y'
    orm (
    t 1;¥
    n
    i ぜ l
    .対

    S
    l
    ight
    lyh
    igherth
    an
    b
    Joc
    k( p
    rot
    ru
    sio
    n)

    c
    μi n
    de(
    bl
    ockーーーー

    Wat
    er
    c
    ool
    ing
    ar
    ea

    S
    eal

    Figure3
    .9 Cyli
    nderblockandcrankcasef
    orover Fi
    gur
    e3.1
    0 Wetl
    ine
    r
    headcamshaftengine

    BCC:l lIs e
    ι1ll1onoblock i scOl 1p
    1 l
    icはl ed i n shapc ¥¥
    "i
    llh:".
    ennsGISIon
    lo Ihじ b l【)
    ck10CIじ川 C礼 1
    :lrgc
    i
    ti snormally( 'Js
    ;
    . tin仁￨りおど- graincasti ron .Thiぉ I S surf 1r
    acee e
    a ovcrwhich ~1Ì 1 仁川 1n
    O¥¥"to cool the
    chじ:lp .h川 ι 、、
    l / eanng.st ron旦 r ig icl
    .ligh l ande~ l sy cy lin (k~ 1 討
    !ocast .Togivet hヒ casl ingsl renglhandr igi c
    lilyi l Thc IOp ofI hc cyl
    inder block i
    s ll1achin
    ccl1 0
    ISI 1l
    l ern‘d ly ¥¥'cbhcd 1 0 carr ya nc
    ll ra
    :nsmi lthe take the cylindcrhead" Thc watcr passagcs t 1
    lat
    10:1ιIson t he m孔 i nandcamsh afthear in日s(F iglllヒ cool Ihehlocka recarri
    cclIhrough inl OIheh出 Ic
    I
    3り) logerhcr¥ ¥
    'il
    h an oilno¥¥"10l uhrica
    r eI he "ah-c
    }¥nahernativ<' .m areria ll oc asti lりnlお礼 l urni niul 1
    l gear
    .l :
    lol
    ls 01川 udメ‘ Ind nuts re
    l‘l
    in rhc c)
    "lin
    clel
    :l
    lIoy v 、 hich h日討 1 he advユn tage of being vcr y hc‘c
    Irorheh
    I loclく
    lighl. Th じ ma jo'c
    ]l isad¥'an tagc i お IhalIhea ll oy i s
    nol¥'じ r yhard¥¥'広I r
    in g
    .J Li st her eforenecc 討 加"')"1日
    ha¥ '
    1
    .'S
    : O111じ f or l
    l1 日l'c a汚ti ron i l
    lsen 01 'l ine r that
    j'
    ()
    rlll討 1 he 1 ""ζ I
    -wearing cyl inder. Alul1li ni
    ul l l Headgasket
    hl口仁 ks山 じ じ 1 Stwithoutc y
    li n
    c l
    c rs，1孔 1I hcI Op and
    bO¥(OIl1りl'Ihecyl indビ10P C11i11H汚 日1 じ mac hineι11 0 I
    . he pllrpoおじりl' I hl' c ylindじrh ι i
    ι ! 日ιI skeli st o
    wke I hじ おと p: l川[じ c ylinder I iners. 1 nζ1ividll a1 form ‘ Igas -Iighr、れリ{ピ r -t[1
    且 11: Ind oil - tight 刈~al
    1iner 討 1 1l1lstbe kcplr igicllyi n placc ¥ ¥'hc n1 hピ het¥Vccn the cvl in dcrhe‘l ιl汀 ncl Ihc hlock.1 i s
    ヒngl llじ i sasscmhled 1 0 prevenlcool a111 org~l ぉ es l1ade'
    1 1'
    ' 011
    1s olid、ann ユ
    ピI c
    clcoppel 切りr 1
    :r hin山 nd-
    rroll
    lk‘I kingpaぉIlhCI 11 '¥vic
    hofasbest oshClwcen日〉 ρpcr，01 "il mayhc‘1
    Linc rsi nc lircclconl 江c r ¥Yilh lhc coul江 n t ~l J'C Ihi n she el ofs rai1l
    l ヒ 行 討 討ll'eI( !日u
    ド rL'う 1] ) \X/~ltel
    cal ledwetI iners(F igure3. 10).andl ho刈 pr e州 民1 pa同 agc ぉ olif eedぉ andr eturn抗 日 ndsl uι 1orhoh
    i1l
    l o : 1 CO ll1plel e bluck are calcd dr yI iners hol es ~l re cut through I he g‘ l
    sket .j¥l
    odern mct礼l
    Thesecomponen ts<lr c dealt ¥ ¥
    'il hi n ll10r c dcr ai l gaskel shavccorr u ga liol ls~lro und ~Ircas t h.lIh 川 G

    in Ch: lp lerH 01 comprcssion i gniriol 1 ( di esel ) 10 hc 討eal ed，ユndI hヒy m川‘， I sohピ 日 川 t 'd ¥
    l ¥"ith
    じn gll1l'S 汚u bst a
    nce討 I h礼1h elP1 0f orlll‘IS l'
    日￨
    1'hピ り u tl
    '1ζ: ls ingofr hecyl indじrblockcon r ains Thc scquence f or r cll':lsing ‘ I
    I1d t i日11
    1ヒnll l日
    1
    11
    ι白¥¥':l Iel 'jackcr¥X 'ater passa日es 1ll1lSrdireCll he cyI NKle11 1巴 Ic
    Ir cl日1 11111213011N0111ulN1 、
    丹i l，， 1、
    cool :
    !n l1 0I he hO llCSI areas 0' 1r he cyl 川 d erand 1l
    l1pon::l nt 礼δa l点。 l メ t hc 1 i日hteningtorquじ Thc
    en:lhlじ IhehC: l11 0helakcn"w"yq ll
    ick ly.On: li l nlll1be
    1 r si n Figurc5 .11sl to ¥¥":1I ypiじ dt ig1
    lrenin日
    ('001むι Iengines t hc o ll tersur facヒ oft hc casl i n g 行以I lcncc
    L
    r
    hじ pじ1
    mlじn
    H1n
    c 2
    7

    Wa
    le
    rpa
    ssa
    ge

    ①
    F
    ①
    。 。 。 。
    ノ
    @ 、
    ①
    ノ 、
    ① ノ
    @
    C
    yli
    nde
    r

    Figure3.11 Headgas
    ket.Thenumbersr e
    fert
    othet
    ypicalorderinwhichthecyi
    lnderheadbol
    ts(
    or
    nutslshouldbetig
    htened.Thegasketi
    tse
    lfmaybeverythinindeed

    On many modern vehicles c ylinc


    lc r head
    temper~ltur e I
    SavcryImportantr eqlllrement
    whenIC1 110 V1
    11HO1 1GI
    !日ht
    cningther etaini
    ng
    boltメ or n llls
    . The heac l may be war pec
    l
    bcyond r ep 礼i
    rif1ii sno1a11heC()lTectlem
    pCI川u rc¥¥' hじn1 h
    i討 、vorki
    sdone

    Thecylinderhead

    Thccyl i
    nclerhe a
    cls ca l
    sl he ¥Vorkingend0' 1
    rhecyli
    nclcr( F
    igllrc3 .12)
    .Onsomeengincs
    Iherop0'1I hepis lon 出 recessecl10form: he
    t Figure3
    .12 Overheadcamshaf
    tcyl
    inderhead
    comhll日 i
    onchamber ，hlltono lhersa rece~出
    ismadc i nr hc fa ce 0'
    1r he head.The i nlel
    anc
    l cxhall川 pOr lS，l ogcth町 、v irhlhe inlcr Crankshaft
    an1exhauぉ(v
    ι alv
    e s，arel ocate
    cli ntheheacl
    The c rankshaf
    l of an en呂l 1e 1
    I δsil
    lli
    lar1 0:the
    crank月 on札 bicycic(Figl
    l
    rc3 .13)
    .Ther ide
    r'sfCCl
    Abり¥'e 1 hじ h eacli月日t u a
    1 ecltheva l¥'cgearand. push 0 11 thc pecla
    ls， ¥
    vh
    . ich lurn the cranks
    ¥¥'
    ith J11:1ny Jllo cl
    crn cn宮i ncs， also t he c<lmshaft muunrecl un lheζenl rc sp
    in c
    lle
    . converting the
    Sp:lCl'i:-
    ;a ls om日ι I
    e1 '
    ，'r
    口
    l hesparkp lllgs.orf orlhe up-ancl-clown muvcmcnl 0'1l he I
    cgs in
    lOr ul山 Y

    l
    ll
    lectOJ "S:111ι
    I hcater n llltお onCO
    ! IlD
    l re 出 10n lQ!lI
    -
    ^
    V ι 日 』 い

    110nじ n gin
    c:-;. Wal 'j
    CI 日正 keli s provided ar ollnd
    Ihc cO l llhllメI !onιhamhcr 1 0 take < lW<I}' excess
    h巴 1.On: Ii
    r -coolcden日I 1C討l argel insf orm p allof
    、
    1 I
    Ihcc l in
    d crheadSu1じ1 lhcex仁esshealc an he
    quickl yI lk
    : cn山 ¥ 'ay
    rl
    1
    じ hじ I di 行 川)lll
    et
    lll1e討Ill:lcl
    e0'1a出 m ilarm eltcr-
    io
    d1 01 11川 口 fI lt
    ecylinderbluck.Thi si お[0 ovel
    COIllC I ltep r o
    hlellls as日〉仁川 rcd ¥ ¥'irh di rrer
    ing
    exp ‘InS lonI 日ICメ Ilo¥¥
    'e、 じr.1 1
    1仁rcasingusci sbeing
    1
    11江ζlじ0 1礼I U llli
    niu
    llla llu)
    'cylinderheaζbl ul o¥Vcl Figure3.13Thecrankshafto
    fanenginei
    ssi
    mil
    ar
    en日1 1
    1じ れ じ 1 日!日目 nι1 1lp
    l l口
    、 ehe a1clissi pation tothecranksonab icycl
    e
    28 )
    ¥
    Iot
    orv
    chiにl
    ete
    ιhn
    ulugyf
    or1
    1
    1じc
    h:m
    iじN

    motion.1 111 h:
    l1 wayapushingef fo
    rti sconver tヒd C
    ran
    kpi
    n F
    il
    l
    etr
    adi
    us
    i nl o<1rurningf urcec alle
    cltorque
    Thc 1 ラ1川口 n i n<11 cngine i s connected (0 the
    cr <lnk sh<lf[ by Ihe connecr ing r
    ocl.l n much lhe
    s at l
    lCW~ I Yaぉ I hchi cycle.r heup- ancl-c
    lmvnmovc-
    l 1en
    l tofl hepiSluni sconvertedi ntor otaryl orque
    a tt he cr ankshaf t
    . sccause f a
    rgrcatcrforceぉ ar e
    hci n日 convcrlcc I，allr he components ar e much
    Web
    st rongcr，anc .
    lt hヒ crankshafti ssupponec li nm or e Mal
    njo
    urn
    al
    hcari ngs
    Thecranksha f
    l同 normallya robusr ，one-piece
    λIloy ぉt e el forging machinecl t o ver y 白ne t olel
    礼n ce行 S () lnemanuf aClu re
    rsuメes tcclalloys0" 1casl
    I "0n 仁OI
    1 lI<l
    1l111
    1g coppcr )chromiull1 a ncl ni ckel F
    i
    li
    etr
    adi
    us
    Cr
    an
    kra
    di
    us
    Casl l i口n cranksh afl
    s have provccl t o be ver y Ma
    inj
    ou
    rn副
    d ll r
    ahl c
    ;I hey havヒ goodwcaring propertiesand ー， -
    ~ 1じ le同 pronじ t o!'atiguethan f orgeι1s l
    eel討h af t
    s
    Thcj Ol l
    r n札 I
    sl11ayhehardcncdbyproce 討討 esSLlch
    a sn i
    t ridingurinduct ionhardening
    Ascanbcsccnf rornFigure3. 14，thecrankshaft
    hasan l
    ll11herofi dentifiahlcparts

    Figure3
    .74 Single-
    throwcrankshaft
    . Mainbearingjournal
    1 .Any partofrhe shaft
    Ihユ1r ol at
    es1Il礼 bearingi scal l
    eclaj Ol
    l rna.lThe
    11
    1汁 inbearingj O
    llr nalsSllppo rtt hesha fti n lhe
    (Figure3.15)
    ;lhel ar
    gcrt h
    ist1c
    l asurcment.t he
    cylinderblock
    grcC
    ltcrthcturningforceappl ie
    clloIhec rank
    2. Crank pin journal . Th is is lhe part ofthc
    shafrv ，
    'hi
    le incr
    easing the p
    islonぉ ef f
    eC1Ive
    cranksh aftt o ¥Vhi cht he connecting r ocli s
    slr
    oke
    allached，and i s oftcn c乱 l ledt he big-end
    j()
    lIrnaI
    :)
    . Crank radius. Thi s is the l erl11 u s e
    c l t 口
    ιle行crihcthc of lぉetfrom Ihe main journal st o
    Ih仁 crankp in:ili 討 likelhcIcngthofl hepec lal
    U 礼 nkonac ycl
    c.I nlhe出 l !
    l1e¥ vayasthecycle
    1ζ ￨じ
    r's f ool mo¥'C行 two crank lengths f rol11
    highcぉ1[ 0l o¥V仁川 posi li
    o n，sot hcpi ston! l1o ves
    川 1日 m OllnlI h川 目 t ¥Vicethecrank o ffs et
    .This
    附 I hestrokeofanengine
    4.Thewebs.Thehi g-cncljourna lsandIhemai n
    hear ing journals ar e held logether by the
    ¥Vchs.which mayalsoincorporalecounlerbal
    Jn
    ; cev .
    .'
    el日hl 吋
    号 Fi lletradius.A sharp corner i nt h is pOSl1 10n
    ¥¥'ou
    lclcr c
    at caweak spot . 50a r aclillSi s pro- Cra叫~ shaft 印
    日一e
    nd
    j
    our
    nal
    。 Vζ￨
    1じく.110日voi danyprobl ems l
    作al
    n
    j
    our
    nal
    Crankthrow.A s in日l e-cylinc
    lcrcngine hasa
    おinglc-Ihrowcr anl、ぉh a
    ft，while a f our - cyl
    inde1
    engine wuuld have a four -thr
    o '
    ¥v cr ankshaf t
    Ilov，cvじ
    ' r.cngincsof'vee' con日gurat ionofren
    shar ch i日-endj Ollrnalsbet¥veen t ¥Vo o pposing
    cylinders C
    ran
    ksh
    aft
    7.Crankshaft throw.Th iぉ clcscr ibes ho w f al t
    hro
    w
    thccenlrc0' 1thcbig-endjournali so ff弓etf l'01
    11
    Ihc cen lrc( )f the cr ankshaft main journ礼l Figure3
    .75 Crankshaftthrow
    h仁 pL'l
    r ro
    lL'n
    gin
    c 2
    9

    日 Internaloilways.Tosl Ipp lyoilluI h<


    .
    :h ig-en
    cl
    jOllrna1
    s lhe crankshaft h川 i nt :r
    < na
    l 0ければ yぉ
    clr
    ill
    eclfrolllrhea cl
    jacel1lIllainhearingj 日u rn
    al
    一 Mainbearings (Fig
    llr
    <
    from I
    .:3.]6).Oil1
    he oil gal
    f0wsi
    ler y
    . anc
    nlOI
    lf ro
    l
    hcI
    l ll
    llai
    hel
    nb
    じ i
    <
    .
    li
    :
    aring討
    sr cc
    l
    along the crankshaf loilway円 1 0 each 0' 1Ihど
    O
    i
    lse
    a! hig-enclbearings
    り Otherrequirem 町 l
    ts.Oneenc l 0' 1lhecrank-
    shafrf orl1s a ho
    l ss1 0、 vhich 1 hピ f1y¥Vheel iメ

    。
    l
    i
    way
    s 、
    auachcc
    0'
    l
    .Theotheren
    1keywayl l1a
    c
    chinccl i
    ll
    n
    IS
    lO i
    U日l
    l1
    Iyhass
    0 pr ovi
    (
    c
    川 1

    l
    じ form
    caposト
    tive drive [ ort he tin1ing 岳 e~I r.Sl sprocket s0 1
    pllll
    eys.I'u lleys fora ll
    x iliary c l r
    i、じ smay also
    neecl10he1ll0uI 1Iecllhcr e
    i
    ¥t bOl he nc s 0'
    l 1rhe sha rl somc f orll 0'
    l 1o il
    sealin日Illustbeusec l10pr eVCll1l eakagef ro1lt
    l he
    Figure3
    .16 Five-
    bearingcranks
    haf
    t. revolvingj o
    urn als.AlIhcf 、
    lyvhee Jenc .
    lanol iseal
    asshoWI li n ドi gurc3.1 6i 民 cOl
    l ll
    l lon
    l yf りu
    ， n cl‘hUI
    S
    cr
    ol
    l ano ilscroland1 fingcrr ing Ila
    l yheu sccli n
    S IC‘Ic
    I
    R
    earb
    ear
    ing (Figll
    re3 .17).Thc sc rol orq llick I hreClc
    l' screws
    rheo il back 10¥Va rc
    lsI he i ns
    icle0' 1lhccnginc. A l
    Ihe slme l
    < il
    lle，rhe cel 1lrifugal rorce 0' 1I he spi n-
    ning cranksha flf orccs oilr oc limb I hじ t h
    r o'¥vel
    W hen i rreachesr he eclgci liお thr o¥V1 of rint oユ
    channe landr eturnst ot he引 JtlP
    l
    Thccovera tthetimi J 、
    日 gearend l lS
    l川 Ilyhasa
    lippecls e
    al，I la
    l clefromsynlhc licruhhビrsl i ff
    e nccl
    bya mcr alぉh ell( Figll
    rc3 .1 8).Ith江 丹 江 ninneri Ip
    F
    lin
    gern
    ng， ! I I 回 sump
    that rubs01 the c ranksh礼f l1 0S lolラ oill eakage
    Figure3.17 '
    Scr
    oll'
    -typeo
    ilr
    eta
    ine
    r Lighrcon laC1i sll1a
    int a
    i ne
    c l byI he 1I 引~ 01':1s l e
    c l
    garterspnng

    T
    imi
    ngC
    Qve
    r
    Theflywheel

    pu
    ll
    ey
    Thisisusu allyacaslirol
    1di s仁川I<Ichcd1 0r he
    rearen 10'
    ι 1thecrankshaf .I
    l ISl1a
    l in pllrpose
    is1 コrhe engine rurning Sll100l
    0 keel hly :11
    idling speed. lt al
    so provi c
    lcs rhe face on
    wh ich lhe clutch i
    s1101
    l ln tcd，a n
    cl has 1he
    stanermotornng呂eara ttachecl1 0i
    lsou rel
    eclge

    ltisill
    lportantlhallhc1fywhccli ぉb aJan仁ヒ da ncl
    T
    lmi
    ngg
    ear I
    llounted concen tica¥
    r ly; an of f
    -cemre 01' oLlI-ol
    、
    一
    一ノ balance 1fy¥Vheelwould 仁 川 I sescvcre vi bration
    L
    ip-
    typ
    ese
    al
    Sumpg
    ask
    et To pr event incorrecl mOllnring l he 1fywhccl 問
    I
    、llac
    hccl to an accllralc
    lyll1a chinel nan日e、
    c 、lith
    In
    l cqllalyspacec lhol r
    討 ordo¥¥'eb
    Recen rclevelopmenlS i ncluclcil日hter，t¥¥'o-part
    Figure3
    .18 Oi
    lthrowerandl
    ips
    eal 日ywh eじIswirhshock -:
    lbsorbin日 spnn日行
    30 九1
    υlo
    r、じ h
    iどI
    ct'仁 h
    ( no!
    oE、
    之 f
    ormc
    じιh1
    11
    I C
    S

    Mainbearings Thecamshaft

    The crankshafl revolves i nshell-tY1


    'e main Toenahl etheenginet o function，thecrank
    bcarings( Figl
    lrc3.19 ).E a
    rlicrdesi日nsh礼d a shaft must drivc othcr parts， such as the
    main bearing h et'¥veen every t'
    ¥vo cylinders camshafr (Figure 3.20).The cal l1s
    haf
    t opel
    ￨孔Jt !
    ll()
    stengines I lOW. have a main bearing ates the valve mechanislll that opens anc
    l
    he1ween each c ylinclert o1'ro
    v ic
    le 1he hest c
    10ぉeslheinletandexhaustvalves
    support. Each bearing i ssplitt o alluw the
    crankshaft t
    calleclt
    groovc日，a nc
    o bc f
    he cap:i
    lisb
    1i
    o
    lt
    i
    t

    e
    c
    te
    c
    ぉ l
    l
    o
    . Thc lower half i
    cate
    cl hy c
    lsecurcly1
    10wel吊 01
    0itsmat
    s

    ing
    。
    c
    ¥ Ie rengine凡 had1hecal
    block opcrating the ¥
    ヲ 'a
    h'
    1s
    l h，，f
    ti n1hec
    eべ by cal l1-f
    y
    o
    l
    l
    l
    i
    o
    n
    ¥
    d
    ¥
    '
    c
    e
    l
    l
    討urface on the c rankcase.These caps are pushroclsand rockera rl
    ll討 Thistypeofen見 lI1eI S
    sccurc cl and l i
    nc-bored toget her i n manu- rc f
    crredt oas日 push- roc
    ¥overheadvalveengine
    factur e， 社nc
    l 1hey m llst never be changecl (OI IV) (figure 321)、 r elユ!lve! o孔 n c¥'じ n carl
    icl
    arOllnc.
    l c
    .
    lesi 日n¥ ¥Vi
    t 、
    h a l¥'
    esi nthccylindcrb l口c k!C礼I lec
    la
    sidevalveengine (Figure 3. 22). Many engines
    nOi'N h乳、 er hecal 1s
    l hafri nthじ ど v
    lindじrh eaι.1and
    Th仁 bCJr in日 surfλcc is formcd from t hin-i
    'va!
    l arc dcscribcd as overhead calnshaft engines
    shell bearings，which. l ike the case ancl ca1's (OII C). The cams l 1ay a
    l ct0 11 roにkerar ll
    lS0 1
    are i n1 ¥
    ¥'0 h‘
    dvcs. One p‘ l
    rt 白15 snu日I yi n 1he ιlirect
    lyuverthevalvethrollghab llcker-typecarn
    crankcase.theotheri nlheca1 '.Theyare01 日e
    ' e
    l folowel
    叶 r i 、
    p lined vit-
    hat hinf tl
    rn ofbearing materia!， Asthei nletandexhallstv a
    l¥'csn c
    cc lopcno nl
    ) '
    accur川 el y macle t o very l ine tolerances.The oncedurin岳 eachc ylinclercycleof1 ¥¥'0crankshafr
    hc川 Ing IlletユlconM川 S of 80 per cenl t i
    n with revolutions，rhe camshaft turn行 試 thalf en日lne
    SO! lC antimony a
    l ncl coppc. r 011 hcavy- cluty speecl. The valve timing (the poin1 a t¥ ¥'h
    ich the
    en日1I1es t
    守 in.lea
    cla nclco1'pcrmaybel l
    sec
    l.Once V社 Ivesopen)muぉtbeexact
    a呂ain，i f these bιIrings are 1 0 be reused they Ti
    Ieca!1l凶 haftlllayalsuoperatesuchotherC Olll-
    11
    111叫 nじverhechangedarouncl ponentsasrhef uclplll1p
    l .rhci gn
    i1io n1cist
    ri
    1丸 山 Jr
    A simil;l
    r comro引 r ioni sl lsedf or rhe half - 礼 ndr hco ilplll1p
    l
    IIりり n
    I -shapじιIth r
    uSlhearings01 ' ¥Va
    s!】ersthat are
    日t tc
    cl10 hmh 討idcsofonc ofthe l l
    lain hearings
    They hり I d the crankshaft ini t
    s correct position
    Be
    ar
    ing
    length¥VJYs， 礼 n
    ζI uke rhe end rhrusr of c 1U1ch
    operallon

    Dri
    vef
    oro
    lipump
    andd
    ist
    ri
    but
    or
    Deta
    chabl
    e Locョt
    i
    ng
    be
    aring dowel
    s
    hell
    s
    Cams

    B
    eari
    ngs
    Mai
    n
    bear
    i
    nq
    Fl
    angef
    o
    rattachi
    ng
    cap t
    imi
    nggearwheel

    Figure3
    .79 Mai
    nbearing Fi
    gur
    e3.20 Camsh
    aft
    Thel
    X'l
    ro
    lt:'nf
    :i
    ne 31

    R
    ock
    er

    V
    alv
    e

    C
    ams
    haf
    lge
    ar
    P目s
    ton C
    ran
    ksh
    a!fg
    ear

    Figure3.21 Push-
    rodoverheadvalve(OHV) Figure3.23 Camshaftgeardrive
    englne

    C
    yli
    nde
    rhe
    ad
    V
    alv
    c
    Sprocket sandchain
    s
    o

    Al o¥v
    Cr-Cusldrive is obtaincd ¥ ¥
    'il
    h:11 endlcss
    n
    円
    -

    chail1r 、
    unning0 crsprockじl ぉ(Figurc5よ4 ).A lじn -
    //

    行101
    1ピrIllUぉtbeu 行cdl 日 p
    rc¥'enlas l辻ckch:li
    nr r
    o!l1
    J1mplng 0 c
    l 、 rIピelhλnd losing lhe timi ng
    . This
    dri'c i
    l s quiet and r cliab
    le..~ l oSl cn日Inヒメ ¥
    ¥'
    ilh
    O camshanぉ i nlhecvl inderblock' " じにl
    1aindr、
    i en

    Camsha
    tfw
    hee
    l
    Figure3.22 Typicalsi
    de-
    val
    vedesign
    Tl
    min
    gch
    aln
    Camshaftdrive

    C‘1mメha"l
    ls 111川 hc dr 、
    i' cn Iヲ} 011c of 1
    11
    1じじ
    11
    <:
    ，
    '{hod~ 日じ‘ 11 おお prockc l S and ch日i
    n.orlOolhec
    l
    hc
    -
    ll

    Gears
    ，，
    Thi i 1 1
    1ヒ 1110s1じxpcnsi¥'
    ernethodo"fdrivingt hc
    ι1mぉ 1
    lal "
    1
    .hじ仁川lISじ Itreql
    lircsa
    hsolll
    te]1recisi ul1i n
    1
    le sha"
    Ihe J1 0~ltlonin 目。 f 1 l
    ts and i d
    i cr gc，]1 討

    ιlur
    ing1 1
    1日nuLlclurc(Figurc 3.23).1lis I'c
    r )'r eli・ C
    ran
    ksh
    aftw
    hee
    l
    ahle an d.i f日brc01 "nylon idle
    rgears a lビlI:-， e
    ζl
    Clnhじ ¥'l' l
    "
    )'qlllet Figure3.24 Camshaftsprocketandchaindrive
    32 M
    υlo
    rvehidc
    :t
    . e
    chn
    olo
    山 f
    Ol川 じじ ]
    );
    ul
    i日

    Toothedbelt eplaccl1lじ n
    r l of loolhed h
    eltお 山 e e
    sse
    nti
    al(
    0
    Wilh lhe widesprcad刈 op1ionofoverheacl cam → a
    voi
    clprohlems
    日h:l
    f tS， 1l1<1ny manUfaC1UrerS of mass-procluced
    vehic Jes havc bccn f irring 100rhed r llbberb e
    l1S
    Poppetvalves
    (Figure 3，2う . The belli
    ) s norchecl in1crnaly 10
    for
    111t eet h(lnc
    !maintainrhecorrectvalverIming
    Ag~l in 、 s om c form of t ensioner is required t o
    'he v
    '
    l alve norl
    1la
    llyl
    lse
    cli
    n the f
    Oll
    r-sl
    roke
    plヒvenll heb cllfromj llll1ping1eel h
    .This1 ypeof
    inter
    nal comhL lstion engine i
    sl he poppet
    drivei 討 chcユp)andi squieti fcorrectlytensioned
    valve( FigL
    lre3. 26
    ).[ t
    spLlrposeis[Q l
    e1the
    One d i泊 ι I
    van¥age i sl h"l rhe b ell generally
    gases in an
    cl OLl1o f1he c
    ylin
    cle.
    r When 1he
    Iヒqu iresr cpl<
    lcemc n
    l0 11孔 rcgularb asi s，normatly
    sc
    valve i 10sedi tmustformag as-ri
    ghtseal，
    bClwecn 60000 km a ncl 100000 km. On some
    ancl when i lis open i1 mLls
    t offerlim
    ile
    c l
    vehic Je sI hi討 i
    s(1 rel
    at ivelysimplea nclcheapjub，
    resis
    tancet othe日O¥Vofgases
    whilc on others i 1i s l110re c orn
    plicarecl. Many
    eng1 l1c 行 WIll su f
    iC1 8CVCI e damugc f10111an
    ¥
    V
    "
    ur r c
    l-111口ving piston making contact with an
    opcn valve i fthe CII l
    1ぉh af tclri
    ve loses timing0 1 Thcpoppctvalvci パbasic
    al ly礼 C
    Iisconas tCJll
    hreak討 [ 'hecυ r
    rect acljustment oftensioners、0 1 The i n
    lel porl a
    nζIit
    s valve are usually l
    a[日e
    rr n
    rhe 1 l1a intenユnce of automatic u nits，a ncl thc cliamcter than the exhaust port and valvc，t o

    C
    ams
    haf
    tge
    ar
    5
    ρrl
    ngr
    eta
    mer

    V
    alv
    esp
    ri
    n日
    T
    oot
    hedb
    elt

    V
    alv
    este
    m
    o
    i
    lsea
    l

    J
    ockeyp
    ull
    ey
    b
    etlt "
    0
    e門 門er
    C
    yli
    nde
    rhe
    ad

    O
    ilρ
    ump
    d
    ri
    ve

    V
    alv
    e

    C
    ran
    ksh
    afl
    g
    ear

    Figure3.26 Poppetva[veassemb[edi
    ncyl
    inder
    Figure3.25 Camshafttoothedb
    e[tdrive head
    r
    hepe11
    の1cn只1
    1
    1l' 33

    provi cle eaぉi er g<l S now i 1t


    l u t he COl llb usti
    on perf
    ecta l
    ign l
    llell l
    ¥X10rninlel¥'al
    veg uiclesalluw
    ch alllber
    . The val ve i s held cl osed by a st rong oil10 he clrawl1 dow l lhe v<
    llveぉtel
    llお 礼 nd inlo
    spr ing(01 'sprin日s ).Thcspr ingI 1US
    l Ial sokeepthe lhe c01l1
    l 孔l日10 、
    1 chamhcr ，as e l 、
    l (1$ cauおlI1g
    va¥vest ell
    li nconl aCt、 .
    vi lhl heoperatingl llechan unevenvalveseat ingweal
    iSll
    l atal l il 1c
    l s dur ing l he opcning and closing SOI1C v
    l alvesea lsanc!日 uideぉ<Ir
    emaclei ntegl日l
    pじr io
    cl.Oncprohlel 1w
    l ilhpoppetvalvesi sval ve withlhccvl i
    J
    n
    clcrhead
    bounce.acondition i nwh icha t hi 日hspeedsl he
    valve bOllnces back open when i t sh oll¥cI be Val velocation
    c!o行じζ.1I fl hiお p rubl じ111uCCl Irsa l a high hutper- Side-va
    lve en且i nes¥¥'cre once CQl l l
    ll
    lon， hUI t his
    miued cn呂 1Iles pじcd， t hc val vespr 、
    ings3re . vcak l sno¥v l
    ayoul i arge
    lycon日ncd [り sl l
    la
    lli n dusl
    r i
    al
    anくI! ll
    l 川 b cr cnc¥Vcc J en呂Jnes ¥ X /
    hen thc va lve 汚 礼r e mounl ec¥i n thc
    Thccol l
    el s日te lr
    . Ollnc
    !theval vesl em a ncl¥ ock cylinderhe acl.lheirl ocal
    ioni ぉι Ic
    t e r
    llli
    ncc lbythc
    11110e I日'[oove， f 、
    orming a cone) vhere t hey ar c shape ()
    fl he combllslion ch~1 1ll be r. Engineswi l
    h
    hcldi npl acヒ￨ヲ ylhe討 l ラnngr etetl1e
    l ranι 1thespri ng hemispher ical combusl Ion chambc rs:p art icu¥
    a r
    ly
    tcnSton l 、
    hosc vithmurethant woval vcs， o ften h ~l ve the
    il
    The valves oper a
    te l In cler extr e l
    l l
    c con clitions， valves inclincd C Figure 3. 27).Three，f our and
    ユ討呂‘ I St Cll
    l]X.
    '1之I
    1Ur c日 l lay exceeι1 2000o
    l C ;l he evcn 白ve valves percyl indel社r eof ten lsed f Ol
    cxhalls ，
    tvdvchc‘ Idi slhじ hOleSIp art( )f[ hcCOI l1 high-perfor l
    llancccngines(Figure，) .28 )
    hll日 i
    onch alllhcr. Va lvcsaref urge
    ι1f r ull1 ana lloy
    sleじIu SlIally containing n i仁k cl. chromiul l1 and
    sil
    icon01 'c ohalt.' 1
    'l
    1e v< llv e heada n cli tssearar e
    nOllnalyl l
    lachi ned[ 0an正Ing leuf4ぅ 。
    'hev
    I al¥'
    cs eating I sof tcn礼ni nser tt hati se it
    hcl
    リn i nlcr f
    erencc press 白101 ' 1お 討c rewed i l1lo rhe
    cyl indcrhc‘I d.Valvc ぉe ats are made f roll1 very
    hard ぉpeci a
    la ll oy st cel お おlIc h as S tel lite，COI l1-
    1
    '0ぉedoll unHぉtcn，cob al l，chr Olnilll11 and carbon
    to wi thstand thc conr in llolls puunc ling of r he
    ¥'alvesa nclt hehight ell
    l per atl
    lr es
    Thc 、引 I vc i s gU iclcdi ni ts 01 ラer ati on by t he
    valveguide whi句 chi sgenerallyi nsen cc li n rothe
    cyl indcr hcad hut can be presscd out a ncl
    rcnewed when wor n
    . Thegui clci su乱 l all ymade
    frurn 日nc-gr ain caSli r
    on 01 ' sometimes br onze
    Afteri n持crlm日 a guide l hc val vc sea tt nllstbe Figure3.
    27 I
    ncl
    inedl
    ayou
    tusi
    ngtwi
    nover
    head
    rClllac hinccll Oensurct ha tva lveandgui dearei n cal1s
    l hah

    T
    hre
    eva
    lve
    spe
    rcy
    lin
    der F
    ourv
    alv
    es.t
    wos
    par
    kρl
    ugs F
    ourval
    ves.
    cen
    tresp
    arkpl
    ug
    (
    th
    em o
    SIcommona r
    rang
    eme
    nt)

    Figure3
    .28 Mul
    ti
    plev
    alvear
    rangemen
    ts
    34 .~lol()r 、じ hicle l
    ech
    nol
    oμ、f
    nr1
    1ec
    lun
    I(，
    .
    ，
    .

    Operatingmechanisms
    E山 1'de
    1 討ignshavet heircarnshaf
    tsl oc
    atccli n the Volumetricefficiency(thea ll l
    ountoff res
    h
    cra
    n l
    く仁 as
    e.:rach cam operatesa p l
    lshr oι 1ancla ll
    li
    xtur
    . ec 1rawn into the cylinder )s hol
    lld
    roc
    lくerar m r ha1for
    ceお lhevalve open.Bct ween idea
    ll y be 100 per cent
    . butt hisi sr arel
    y
    thcc<lm and t hePll
    shroclisahardenec lcam f ol- achievec
    l，a n
    clt hc cf
    f
    iciency f
    alls as engine
    lower 01 'tappet， '
    ¥vhi
    cht akesthe rubbing V .
    leal specclincreases. The l
    o¥
    "¥'
    erthe vol ume tri
    c
    ofthccal l1sh
    aft and i
    s held i
    n agll
    idc 111山 hined ef
    ficiency ofany panicul山 ヒn gine，rhe l es
    s
    intothecr ankcase po¥:
    veritproduces

    Moclern engines l
    cal1s
    l haft
    s(Figl
    lre3
    Is
    .29
    Ial
    l
    ).I
    ly have over
    nthisar
    rangel
    heac
    l1e
    l
    nt
    ]' 、
    0 impro c cylinder f illi
    n日 the i nl 、
    川
    et e! S
    opene lheforetOPc
    c 1eacl-cent rc(t.c1.c.1an clc10ses
    thecams haf
    ti sloca
    t edont opoft heengi ne， afte r hmr口m c 1caclべ:cntrc( h .d.c.1.' fh e exhallst
    anclactseithe
    rd i
    rectlyont o acaporblcket valve i s opened hヒfore h ζI .c. ancl 仁￨り行 e cla fte1
    tappetcoveringrheval vespring，01
    "thr
    ough .
    td.c .(Figllrc3.30).'fherei 凡社 l 冗 riocla tthetopof
    ar lr
    ocker< t
    n rhe p iston's stroke whcn hoth ¥ 'ah' e討 are open
    1り呂じ t hc.
    rThisi 討 しrllcdvalveoverlap.Thcじ什じζ t
    ofr hisi 只 roaltowrhc clcprcssion crc川 c c
    lbyrhc
    escapln日 exhau吋1呂 ‘ISt oh e
    l lヲ bringlhe incomin日
    Cam I
    nve
    rted
    ¥¥ b
    ucket mixturc i no rhc cylindcr
    r . Simil川 I y，c lelayi
    n日 the
    t
    appe
    t clos 111Hof11 1Jinluv礼l
    L veal
    l o¥¥
    ' 、
    sthem o emenlo !
    the f re
    ぉh g ases t 口付 qucczca l it
    tlc Illorc i ntothc
    cyl indc1
    Ea rlyopcningofrhccxh日us" 1v alvじ i spossihle
    hecause t herc isl irt
    le prcssurc I cfti nr hc bll r
    nt
    gasesa tl hi品 pりi l，but enough f
    n り.rl hern 1 0r u討h
    OUlasIhcexhau川 ah 、 'eopenぉ Thiぉ helps討 仁 川 -
    cn日i ngofthecylinde. rand increa行 esthedepres
    sional re
    ;:lJyr
    c cfcrrcc
    Jt o
    Convenlion辻 1G1m討h a
    Fts h山 e 日xedcams 江 n cl
    the l ill
    ling i sl ik ぉe 日
    eれ 1 xecJ wl 1ere i ti ss er on
    江 川e mhly.Thcrc areぉomeengines，h o¥¥、
    'e er， In

    .
    td.
    c
    ~

    -・・
    Fi
    gur
    e3.29 Singl
    eoverheadcamshaft(
    OHC) E
    xha
    ustv
    alv
    e
    o
    penper
    i
    od

    Valvetiming lnl
    etv
    alv
    e
    open
    ρer l
    cゴ
    Onc ofthe prohlel ls f
    1 aく 1
    n詰 en日inedesigner si メ
    2
    45。
    ho¥V 1 0 makeδ l Iret ha
    t rhcc y
    l inc
    lcri sAlledwi th
    freぉh ! T
    lixrurc0 1
    1t he induction s t
    rol、e
    . On na tu
    rallya討ri rale
    den日i n
    e sCtl
    10se¥:，'i
    thou(anvformof
    Ch~l r
    gin日)，t h
    is.is limitcd t o how Illuch can he
    forc cc
    li nto thecylinde r
    sby川 l llosphericprcssur c 600
    !I
    I SI
    plet
    lll
    p O出 i
    ely日1 i
    b
    t
    l
    sc
    e1
    y
    0designanenginer
    li
    nclers、
    hatcanCOI11-
    、 ith nc'¥v mixturc at all
    -
    -
    -
    --
    -
    -
    cngme討pecc ls:thereforct heIII礼nufacturercle出日 ns
    b
    .d.
    c
    thc cnginc [ (
    )operate l l
    loste f ，
    fcientlyλr wh川 I S
    cOl1s i
    delヒdt obじ i{
    smostusualrunningspeec J Figure3.30 Valvet
    imingdiagram
    '
    11じ pピ11"01
    cn只 ]J1t;' 35

    Clearancetoo wid e
    Thevail'ewi
    llopenl at
    ca nclshutcarly
    .causinga
    sl
    l1allc
    iりp i
    J nVOllll
    l
    le1r
    ic eff
    iciency a
    ncl powel
    'h
    I salsoi
    erei IkclytobcI1lcchanicalnoi行e

    Cl earancetoosmall
    Ileat exp(lnsi on rnay prevenr the val vc froJl1
    closingon10i t
    sseal.T hispermits日
    <lSseepagc1 0
    OCCllr.r c
    slIlti
    ngi n poorcomprcぉsion ~ l n
    cllos吟 口 i
    po¥Ve.rl ftheen日inei srun( 0'
    1anyl cngthoftimじ
    int hiぉ con c
    lition the va、
    l esancls
    ca t討 c ou
    lcl hc
    burnt~I'way

    Hydr au lictappet s
    日じlI ~acl J u日 1n 呂 hydraulic tappじ1
    δ are cりI lmonl
    l y
    U行ヒc¥onn刊 nyll1oc ¥crnengines(Fi日U1ヒ333) This
    type of tappet w ill1 1a
    l i
    n t
    ainr he correcr va
    lvc

    Figure3.31Var
    iab
    levalvet
    i1
    l1i
    ng1
    l1echani
    s1l
    1
    Figure3.32 Adjust
    ingvaJ
    vecl
    earance

    日hich¥'
    tll
    vetimingi行礼l
    ter
    edc
    lll
    rin
    gen日I
    l
    leopel・
    川1
    り n(ド1
    34U1Cうう J) P
    lun
    qer

    Valvec
    1earances F
    eedc
    ham
    ber αIs
    upp
    ly

    ¥
    XIhcn the valves beco1l1e hot the st
    e1 1S
    l
    N
    on-
    ret
    urn
    l，whi
    expanc chcalsf orS01 1ewor
    l k
    ingc1 ear~ b
    al
    lval
    ve
    ance t
    o allow lhe v
    alves to c10se pr
    oper ly 一一-Pressure
    (F
    igurc3 .32. This c
    ) 1earance i
    s specifie
    cl chambe
    r
    by the 11a
    l nufac
    turcr，as i
    sr he 1l1e
    thoc
    l of
    aC
    Ijust
    11Cn
    l t

    r
    :a
    illl
    reinensurin
    gtheCur
    recl workingcleユrancc
    、
    ¥'
    il
    lrc此 1ti
    nヒit
    hじru'
    fthc!'o
    llc
    ) ¥
    ving
    ιunc
    ¥irions Figure3.33 Hydraulicsel
    f-adjustingtappet
    36 11
    ，
    ¥0
    (01' v
    ehi
    clet
    echnol
    ogyf
    orIill'ι
    hιH
    l!C
    S

    clcarances ir re討pective of wear [0 t he moving Pi


    stons are macl
    ef r
    oll:
    l :
    :
    I
    luminiul11 alloy.ancl
    工H
    l lSand changes i nr emperature as thc engine havelhefollowingfemurcs
    warmsUp.Nop e
    riocli
    cmaintenancei snecessary，
    1.The lOp of lhe p islOn. Ihc crown，l 1u
    l s
    l bc
    v:¥
    ive timing c
    diminated
    10es 1101a
    ' l
    ler，anc
    ¥ valve noi se is
    strongt ocopc v、 it
    hl hじ heala nclprcメ乱 lre
    2. The crown l 1lay be nm，dO l
    1led or recessed，
    O
    il prc出 urefromrhccngine'smaino ilgal l
    ery
    depencli nguponlhedesigno(thcCOl1lb ll
    sl io
    n
    enlersthcf ced challlberoflhetappet，pa出 C討 lhe
    chambe l
    nOI1-return b all valve， a ncl 日Il
    s the pressure
    chal
    lllラe.
    r Thisforcesrhe plunger( 0rakc Upany
    3
    . Therel l
    layberecessesi nthecrOWI 1t oaccom
    t10
    1 datethevalveheads
    c
    1carance.¥Vhenrhecamshaftrorates.r heu p'¥varc
    l
    4. Therew i
    l lbea tleastr wocompressionring s
    movement0' 1t hcC3mcausesr hebalt ocloseand
    scユIthe pressure chambe. r The Ouler ancli nnel
    [0s eal againstgas pressure l eal、
    ing int ot he
    crankcase，a ncla ll easloneo ilcontrolring[ 0
    partぉ 0'1lhe tappctthen hydraulical ly lock Up tu
    prevento i
    lf r o
    η1 nstt1g up t he piSlon i nlOlhe
    Ilake i
    l tSulid. Becau行eofas ligh
    tl eakageUpl he
    combust ionchambe l
    日 de0 '1lhcpl l川 geに compensatedbyconstantul i
    5
    . The rings will be held i n grooves l 1lachinccl
    pre出 lr esupply，zcro valve clearance combincd
    arounclt hclOp ofr hc piston i nanareac allcc
    l
    withc orrectvo;llv
    cscatingi salwaysmaintained
    the ring belt.On sul le e
    1 ngine討 these r ing
    grooves maybec asti n usin日以 hardermalel
    Thepiston ia.
    l This pan oflhe pislon has quitc ‘ 1large
    c1earancebetweeni lsel
    fandlhec y
    linclerw all
    6
    . The 10weSl part of Ihc pisl on i s ct l
    l cdt he
    The purposeoflhep ist
    on ist
    otrans
    lllitthe skirt.Iti s a goocl 日ti nside the cylinder l O
    pressur
    e creat
    ecl by t
    heCOll
    lbust
    ion process stcaclyt he pi stona nc
    l yel a llo¥
    ¥"i rr o tl1O¥'
    C
    totheconneclingr o
    cl(Fi e3
    gur .34) freel. Excessive c
    y 1ear'.nce he
    I re reぉuI討 l n
    noise，c allec
    J piston slap.The s kir
    t1 11<1
    1
    ' he
    splittoallowf orheatexpansi ona n
    clt口c onrrul
    The piston must meet a Ilumberofrequir
    e- pistonf reepl ayi ns
    iclethec y
    l incl
    ct
    mentδlO1
    c0lhiscffectively 7.s uilti nt o the s kirt are lhe hos討es f orr hc
    gudgeon pin、 t he swivel connecliun a 11 he
    1
    .I1I lu
    l s
    .lcarry piston ri
    ng点 toform a g as-
    tight litt
    leendofrhecunroc J
    .1 う01h lhcho州 csa nι
    1
    日n
    clo il-t
    ightseali nlhecylincl
    er lheguclgeon pin i tsel'
    lar e川 ronglymade，日nd
    2
    .1Il1lu strnovef re e
    ly，Wilhrnin
    il11un1 f
    ricr
    ion arel ine
    lymachi nedt oheaverygoodf l
    twhcn
    .
    )
    .Itl1lustbeasl ighlaspossiblc hOl
    4
    .Il 11l1lSlbe strong enough l o cope wit h the 8
    . Thegudgeonpin凶 normal l
    yf ullytloatingand
    hc‘l
    tandpre臼 urecr e
    ateclduringcombusrion retained by a circlip in each hoss (Figurc
    33う).Thi sprcvcntslhc pin ftり 1
    11g
    <礼J gl1gO
    l ul
    the cylinder¥¥
    '3
    11
    . SOIlC gudgeon r
    l inぉ are 0
    1
    thesel11i
    -flo
    ali
    nglype:l ha
    li s，thcyareapress
    日tinthesmallendufI heconneclingr oc
    l

    C
    omp
    res
    slo
    n
    n
    ngs
    Rm
    g
    b
    el
    l P
    in
    Ci
    r
    cli
    p
    川c
    。 on
    t
    rol
    r
    mg

    白 凶g
    eon Pi
    s
    tor
    5附c
    t p
    lr
    C
    onr
    od
    Fi
    gure3.34 COl
    llp
    ressi
    oni
    gni
    tio
    n(C
    I)engine
    pl
    ston gure3.
    Fi 35 Gudgeonpinl
    oca
    tion
    r
    hc
    :p'
    tl
    rO
    ]c.
    :1
    1民1
    I1e 37

    9.An a
    dιlit
    iol
    1al ol
    icontrolr
    il
    1日I11aybc f
    ll
    tcc
    lal Piおtonr i
    ngse 1n!genc ralymadcf rom 日ne一 日ralJ
    1
    lhehase"fl heskir
    t ca日 i ron.an clhaveexce1cn l ' 、、
    carqua lil
    ies.A gap
    is necessa ry f orasscmhly and r Cll
    loval ;i ta1 so
    Pistonrings ，，10¥V5t he r ing 1 0 日i vca uni f orm r ac1ial pres sure
    of around 150kPa when ιomprc 付 ed i
    お nt or hc
    bore.AllhoL lgh r he sl anclar dιI cおi gn "f1 he COI11
    secause a clear
    ance is nece
    日 山 y between pr essionr ingsi s()farcc l a n g lll ~ ll おど cti on.thcr e山 C
    thcpiぉ1
    0nand l he cyl
    inc
    lerwa1sagas-r i
    ght manyvar iati ons( ドigur e3. 36 )
    . The purposc 0'1t Theoi lcon t1ol1
    " "i
    l1日 りrr ings< Jr el110un tcdbcl o¥V
    seali
    plSl
    s nOl possi
    、
    01nngsI Sto
    b
    lc hc
    lhe complι si 、on r ings. Thcy"ppl ya pr e出 ure0 1
    lr
    < ounc 1300kPa and，agai n，m: lyV :l ry i n desi日n
    • actasa呂"5sea l (Figure3 . 37)
    • provicle " patht o help concl
    uctt he heat
    。 fCOI11bUSlion f
    roI11 l
    he piston i ntot he ri
    Pisl
    ng i
    on r
    nl0 t
    i
    ng gapsar
    he cyl i
    nc
    c chccked hy pLl1ti
    ler as i l wOL llc
    ng each
    l be on l he
    cylinc
    lcrwalsan clsoi nrothecool ln
    <
    : 1; plston andchccking l
    句 hegap wi l
    hf ee !erhl acl
    es
    • controll heaI110untofoi lont hecyl in
    clel The p05i tion i sveryi mponan t;t he l o¥ ¥'
    estp山 10 1
    wa 1
    1s1 0 preventanyexcessf roI11 entering lhe cyl inder， ，'her er hc ri ngsι1 0 nolrub w i llbc
    thcCOl l1bust
    ionchambel virtualyUI1¥Vor ll
    . whi l
    cl he CCn lr escct ion¥'vher e
    t hcydomayheverydi ff
    cr en1 .Thegaps hoL lldbc

    C
    yli
    nde
    r
    l
    in
    er M叫 旧n MOi
    lon
    0
    1pt
    sto
    n 0ρ
    1Ist
    on
    C
    ompre
    sse
    d Exp
    and
    ing
    c
    har
    ge gas

    -4
    eμ
    C
    har
    get
    hr
    us
    t J
    .
    1

    "
    ・
    .
    " .J・
    .
    ??444
    孟
    .
    .
    .
    ・
    ・
    .
    ・..
    -.
    ..
    J・
    ・-
    ・.
    ・
    '
    .
    ・..ι

    一一 一
    '..…-
    ..'・.
    一
    -川
    一一."
    ' v
    … -・
    一.
    "
    ・.一

    一 -
    .
    ，.'.
    ，
    '..
    '
    一 ・，
    P
    ist
    on ，
    .
    .. :'.:.~ r':'-':.". - I
    Scrao ed
    ・・ ，

    • 1 r r •
    t

    ・
    . I
    I:~:; 印 I
    ret u
    rn
    1

    0
    h 吐
    ・
    0.

    .
    "，
    .

    1
    ."
    "，
    h・
    ・
    Ac
    cel
    erat
    in
    g M叫 旧n
    (
    a) pt
    st
    on (
    a) 0
    1pi
    sto
    n

    「t
    J
    J
    E
    xte
    rna
    llys
    teppe
    d
    s
    cra
    per
    P
    la
    rni
    nl
    ell
    ace
    P
    la
    tnc
    hro
    miu
    m.f
    ace
    d B
    eve
    lle
    dsc
    raper
    T
    ape
    rfa
    ced

    S
    lote
    dscr
    ape
    r

    Ba
    rr
    ell
    ace
    d St
    eppeda
    nd
    bev
    ell
    eds
    cra
    per
    (
    b) (
    b)

    Figure3.36 Compressionrin
    gs:(a
    )prin
    ciple01 Figure3.37 Oi
    lcont
    rolrin
    gs:(a
    )princi
    ple01
    action，and(b)somedi f
    fer
    enttypes01rin
    g action，and(b)somedif
    feren
    ttypes01r i
    ng
    38 j
    ¥
    lot
    or、
    {'h
    : i
    ιlじ L
    edlIluk
    明、 l
    υrlけじ c
    lwn
    i仁行

    wItbin the ll1el


    llU
    f山 2tur
    er'st olerances. There， ，-il 3.38 .¥Vhereaf
    ) l
    llly日oa11n呂 gud呂町)11p lll凶 used，
    al s
    o he a liul eaxi辻1clιIrancεb ヒ1wecn t he r ing Ihc iInlcじnd usu孔 lIy h‘IS‘Ibron乙cb llSh. Altcrn
    and the walls ofthe 刊行 t OI
    1g roove，¥NhiCh Jl1Ust al ively， 1
    11ピ bllぉh may be 1 ビp laced1 ヲy、 Iclamped
    alおり be¥Vi
    lhi nt olerance cyc. ' i¥'hcnr hc guclgeon pi nI llO¥'CS 0 11
    1)'i n rhc
    ¥
    Xlhen~lssc mbling rings01 1
    [0ap istontheyl lluSl pislonbosses
    bei nthecor r e
    clposi tiol
    1. moun t
    edther i
    ght，"'
    1 ay The l illle-cnd hearing i s usually lubricaled b )
    Ip，日 ndw
    I ilh Ihegapssl aggered arDl lnc
    l the Ci
    1 splash. but eng ines wit h h i日h ¥yor king t CIl1-
    cLll
    l1fe
    rence.1 ¥ri n
    g compressorshoul d be used peralurcsl l1ayhaveo ilf orcedt hroughI hcconroc l
    、vhenIhep iSl01i、δenleredi 1l0 I
    1 hec yl
    inc
    lerborc， orbyspra yjetsa :t
    t hchasc0' 1thccyl i
    ncler(Figure
    roavoidhreakage 3.39 )
    . The addilional o i
    l also a c l討 as a plston
    coolanr
    AIthcol hcre nι10' 11heιonroζlislhebi 日 cnd，
    Theconnectingrod
    whichi sspl ir1 0cnahlct it
    tin呂 t othecrankshaf ti n
    exactly the s al1e way a
    l s the !ll，日 n be山lI1gs
    c
    1cscribcdcarlicr .Thc bi g- cncl c‘1PI Sr じl a
    i n
    eclby
    The connecting rod or conroc llinks t he
    high-tensi e引
    l l1c1sorbolts lightenecltoaspecified
    pisron ro the crankshaft，enabl
    ing recipro
    可

    ro rque沿ヒ Ilingr :nd1 口仁 kedi np lace.T i1"thin-wal l


    caling motion [ 0 be converted i
    nror orary
    shell bearings are ofthe same type as lhe main
    t01司l1e
    bear in gs
    Lulヲri c
    a tionofI he bιIri ng i s by m巴 1 n討 ()
    fthe
    oilways i n Ihc crankshafrr :lrcady1 ccscribccl.The
    I
    tislIs u
    ally Jll日 ζ
    1C f
    1口III a s
    teelf O
    I日i ng in the beari ngsh a¥ eはじ learanceufasl
    ' in l
    eas0 .01IllIl1
    f
    or1
    1 1 an 1
    1 0" 1 ぷC CIion 1 0 give i
    t strength (Figure which undcr n()rrn~ tI workingconc ¥itions i sfll
    J ec¥
    ¥Vitha日1mofoi .
    l1 '
    1thiぉ日 1mhreal 耐え.Io ¥
    ¥'n.!lletal-
    1
    <ト meralcりn laCl'¥¥
    '
    il
    locc山、~lIl d hearingf a i
    lureδ i
    inev i
    tab le. Di nyo ilw illal50r e sulri nc1amagcancl
    "
    Iailurc
    it
    Ltl
    een
    d Grearcarcr lllstbetakcn1 0av oiclanyf ormof
    ιlamage 10 the cOl l1ponenls. and 1 0 l 1a
    l inra in
    ahsolll t
    cc lcanl ines
    sc luringr cpai r¥Vo rk.Thcpans
    I
    llus.rbe kepli nt he pOSHI OIlS frOl l
    l whi 仁hr hcy
    wereremovecl.especiallylhebe~lring メ hell ぉ

    C
    ros
    sse
    cti
    on
    C
    ool
    ingf
    in
    s

    O
    ils
    pra
    y

    B
    ige
    nd

    L
    oca
    ting
    企守
    11
    o

    ・
    e
    e

    d
    owel
    d
    u

    日l
    gen
    d
    c
    ap Figure3.39 Under
    crowncool i
    ng01adi esel
    enginep i
    ston.O
    ilisfe
    clthroughadri ll
    inginthe
    connectingrodtoprovidel u
    bricat
    ionlortheli
    tt
    le
    endaswelascool in
    gf ortheunder s
    ide0 1t
    he
    F
    igur
    e3.38 Connecti
    ngrod(
    conrodl crown
    T
    I】じ p
    etr
    olen
    日11
    1に 39

    Enginebalancing In1ll0Sl cascs t he vibrations arc s at


    i s
    fac t
    orl
    iy
    ‘
    l hsorbcdhyI 1
    lecngi ne11l0unling メ.b utinengincs
    、
    "bo eaboul2l il
    res
    'c"pacilYaddilionalbalancing
    日"I"nn :weighrsarcadded1 0Ihecrankshafr isncedec .
    li fthcenginci お1 0heS lllOOIh川 l
    clq uiel
    10 balancc the main rOI
    :Hing f
    orces cr
    eated 'hi
    1 日 can bc a 、
    chie cd 1 0)
    '1 11じ"'ぉ!日 llalion of "
    in Ihe cngine. The f orces procluced by Ihe deviccf roJ11 thecar lydaysofJllOlor ingk n
    o¥¥'ll:IS
    111
    0Vl1日p islonsandtheconnecli 呂 r
    J
    、 oc
    lsare thcLanchest erhanllonicbalancer
    kno¥¥'n as secondaη1 forces， anc .
    l have a Al lo
    1 dern ¥ 'crs
    ion 0'1t hisιl e¥
    'icじ issho¥V1 1i n
    vibralion frequency Iwice Ihe speed ofIhe Fi呂IIrc 3斗O .T1 le r，，'in bal礼 nce(orsilenl)行hafts
    cranks1
    l"fl. T1
    lcse forcesarecOl l1plel
    c l
    ybal - runnlnga rt ¥Yl仁 eenglllじ 討 pccd.areposit iollCc
    !on
    ancedi n行i x-cylindじrl
    l ineandveeengi
    lーl ne5‘ ci ther siι
    Ic 0' 1 Ihe cylinder b lock，onc a l il
    llc
    bLli
    1 n four-cylinderin-lineenginesvi braLIon hig1lcr Ihan rhe olher .1 'hc)'r ot
    alC in opposi lc
    doe ぉ()CCULpar ticula
    rlya tcenainspcec ls direcli o
    ns. 50 I 1
    I"rrheir1 00
    10-"，と i
    ghtscountcrbal -
    anccmovemcntofl hccngineCOm pOnCi 1ts

    C
    ams
    haf
    t

    Ti
    min
    gbe
    ll

    C
    amsha
    ft
    s
    pro
    ckel

    5
    11
    en
    lsh
    al
    l

    I
    nJe
    cti
    onpumps
    pro
    cke
    l

    S
    il
    en
    tsh
    af
    tdr
    iveb
    el
    l

    Figure3.
    40 Ti
    mingbel
    ttr
    ain
    4
    0 ¥
    lol
    orv
    ehi
    clcr
    cch
    nol
    oμyl
    υrt
    neι
    han
    ics

    le討l
    Sanclreac
    lingsshould be in accorc
    lancc¥
    "
    ¥'
    irh
    Faultdiagnosis thevehidemanufacturcr'sspcci
    ftcatiun
    s

    Runningtests
    Non-runningtests
    A number of f a
    ults can bc c
    letermined vit、
    hout
    cl
    isll
    lant
    lin乱 hyrunnin日 rheengincordrivingthe SOl
    lleles
    tsarecar
    ricd outhyturningthccn旦1
    1C
    l
    Vじhicle over01
    1thestane
    r01' whenstationary

    Burningo il Cylinderleakaget ests


    Bluc slllok
    ei nt he exhausti
    s an almost cenain Thisi stheeasiestandl ll
    ostcerla
    i n¥ vayt
    . ochcck
    indicato
    rt hml ubricatingol
    iisbcingburnt.ltw i
    ll for l e
    aking i nto，or ou t of ，rhe combus rion
    he particul
    arly noticeablcwhen 品rs
    topening the chambe .
    rT trequires 1 10 mor e than an a ir
    line
    throt
    lleaFterallowingtheenginetoi c
    1l
    eforafcw al日I
    c コtcrwelc
    1edtolhebocly0' 1an0 1c1sparkplug
    minutcs. Spark plugs may be Foulec1
    、Nith black The'connector 'isthcns crewedi n lOeachc ylin
    c l
    cl
    oilysoot，anι1wi llcenainlvbehlack inturna nc
    lana irli
    ncconnecteι1t ()民 upplyatle a
    st
    6.8bar (]OOlbf /in'
    ) of ' cl
    can' compre討メ ed a il
    Crankshaftandconrodbearingnoise Eachcyl indersholllc
    1bじ川t.d .C 日r i ngstroke{¥nc
    !
    ドaultyhig-endbearingsarc indicatec 1hyasharp， thecn日i nelocke c
    lt 口 rrevcntrotation. Puuingt hビ
    medium-heavy and rhythmic knockin日 u nc
    lel vehic1eintogear"¥liththehandbrake0 1
    1normally
    10辻c
    l. Compl etely¥¥10r1-
    ! 01
    ltb earings willknock Sl
    I
    f'
    日 ces
    whヒnthcengi neisrevvcdupa tic
    1l e rhefollowingcomponcn tsarethencheckec 1
    A f ai
    le1
    cl i
    tt
    le-end beari ng i si ndicarec
    1 hy a
    1日h
    i ler machi
    ， ne-gul1r ype I之t
    t
    tlewhentheen呂[ n
    e l
    .In
    letvalveseal
    : any leakagecan he heard by
    ぉpeec
    li ぉq uicklyi ncreasec
    1Fromi c
    ll
    e l
    islening inthc :tirint
    lke w
    <
    . ith rhe rhror
    tle
    Mainbearingf ailurei討 characteriseclhyac ¥eep openanc ¥theairc1eanerremoved
    rumble.panicularlya rluwerengi nespeec !s，whヒn 2.Exhaust valve s
    eat: an cscapc ufairw il
    l be
    、l
    CCじleratingu n clc
    rload heardi ntheexhalls
    lpipe
    Cranl日 h~lft b earing ('
    (1ilures may be aCCOJ11 Norc t
    hatlack ofvalve c
    lear
    ances may give t
    he
    paniedbyasubst an
    r i
    al1 口問。 Fo ilpres sure sa
    lll
    eresu
    ltsasboththeabovel es
    ts

    Excessivepistonclearance
    3
    . Cyl
    inc
    1ergases/a
    ir leaking i
    nto coolant: b
    llb
    bles 、、，
    i11be visible i
    n lhe radi aror hcadel
    111
    ehollowsl apping noiseprevi
    ouslyref
    errcc
    1to
    I
    Sn o11
    ceιI
    1，Iyc
    1iffc
    rentfrom thcothersounc
    1s，anc
    1 tank
    4， Gaskct lcaking 10t he ou
    tsidc: an airescape
    i
    sl11os1noticeablecl
    uringf c
    1ling
    a汚ti
    h口III thejoint
    .Thismayn eec
    l~l liq
    uiclsuchas
    olitomakehllhblcsapparent
    Valvemechanismdefects
    う Gasket l eaking i
    nlO anmher cy l
    inιler: an aT
    i
    A general，f airl
    y high-fr
    cqucncy rattling sounc
    1
    escユpecanbe hcardthrollghthep lll呂 holc01
    typi
    liesじxcessivevalvcc 1earance. Engines with
    theadjacenrcyl i
    ncle
    l
    hydraulic tappcts may hrief
    ly exhibill hi
    s very
    louc
    1ly 口n star
    t-up iFsome ofthe tappe臼 have
    d口lineddurin呂 standing.A vchiclc le
    fticll
    ef ora Compressiontesting
    perioc
    !Illayne e
    cl(0runf orsomeminutesbefore A compr ession t
    est
    ing gauge isanached toeach
    :
    ti
    lthetappct 日 have日l
    Ieclanc
    1ar eoper ar
    ing.Some cy
    lincle
    ri n turn，and t he pressurc a
    tc ranking
    moc1e日 revving-upmayovcrcol llethepr oblem speec
    1i sr ecor
    clec
    l. Thc velli
    cle manllf
    actl
    lrc
    Iメ
    conditions sholl
    ld be mc.
    rThcぉe ¥Vi l
    l norrna
    llv
    Crankshaftthrustproblems in
    cll
    lcl
    c
    An じ n呂ine that slo¥Vs consi
    derahly ¥vhen rhe l
    . enginea tuperalin呂l emperature;
    仁lut
    chi お ζlepre出 ed coulc
    li n
    cli
    cate excessi
    vely 2
    . hattery fl
    llly charged f or n口r!
    lla]cranking
    w()r
    l
    lt hr
    uδtbear ing討 speed;
    3.thro
    ttlewicleopen;
    Oilpressure 4
    .i gnitio
    nsystemn e
    utra!i月eι!
    ?
    Oil pressureon vchiclcswithoUlagaugecan be しI
    う 討 f白cient time allo¥Vピ d t
    o reach 兵pc
    c c
    l: Jnd

    ICHtcd hy att
    ach
    111日 one to rhe o
    il sysrem. Thc pressure
    Thepじ1ml
    eng
    ine 41

    Thc pre討 札 I
    川1
    re
    s，;-
    ¥n
    (¥ mor
    cp
    0n見 bClweencylindeI討 wi
    art
    icu
    larl
    y the var
    Jlbcspeci日ed i
    i
    nlhe
    旺 VIS
    /O α
    NEXER SESANDQUEST
    lONS I
    。
    、 rkshop111礼 nual
    1 Labelthe component si denrifiedi n Figurc
    3.42(seepagc42)
    2 Whati smeantbyi nternalcOl l1bu ぉtio n?
    3 Nalll etheI O/lrsrrokesoftheOuocycle
    CHECK YOURUNDERSTA NDIN G 4 I
    -lowcanyoui denrifyt hei nletvalvef ro
    llllhe
    exhausrvalveonap art icularengi neコ
    ラ Whati sthespecd ofr hecal 1s
    l haf rcOlllpared
    • The cyl inderi nilお 行 impleslform i sal ube of
    wirhr hatoft hecrankshaf r'
    circu!a
    rCI り汚行 -scction，CI口s ec
    lo ffalonee ncl
    6 Whati s11e
    l antbyl helermv a lueouer lat)
    • Ap isron品川 ciosclyi n
    sicl
    ethec yl in
    cl ersot hm
    7 Whar i sI lleantby rhe swep 'v ollll71e ofan
    l
    tc ;-
    ¥nmove汚moot h
    lyl IPanddown
    engi ne?
    • Pi sron ringsprovideas ealfort hecombus ti
    on
    8 W ha td ere
    rlllinesthes troke0' 1anengine'
    gascsancllhccn日ineol i 9 Why 1 1u
    l stt here nor lll
    ally be a c lcarancc
    • Thepisron i sconnc 仁l e
    clt othcl irrlee nclofI he
    bet¥veen thee nclofavalvea nc
    li tsoperating
    connじζ Il
    I自 rod(conrod)byas
    1 wivel lingguclgeon
    mechanism?
    p i
    n.Thebigー ヒ nd0 '
    1I hecon roc
    li sa ll acheclr ot he 10 Whati srhe1 110
    51COlllmon I le
    l l
    hod0' 1clrivi
    ng
    crankshaIf rhe camsha ft On I lloclern l ighl vehi cle
    • Thecrankshaf lisI hem山 nsh aftoft heengine，
    engines?
    ancliscar ri
    edi nbιeIrJng 行 inthecrankcase
    11 W hya re Illul
    tipl ecyl indersused i nslC以 Jof"
    • Thccam討h aftisdriven fromt he cr ankshaf tat
    singlel argecy lin
    cler'
    h a
    lfen呂IJ1C討p eecl，anclopenst hepoppe lvalves
    12 Na1 1eI
    l hcpans口fthepistoni n Fi gure3. 41
    • POppClvalves are l iueclin the c ylinclerh eacl
    13 StaleI he Ill"jorope r
    ati ngclifferencebelwccn
    10conl ro
    llhci ncoming mixt ure~1l1c1 theexhaus r
    two-str okeand fuur -
    strokeengines
    i ngbUrnlgases 14 Givet hemeanin目。 fthet er11c
    l ruJlkc asecο川
    • Thef ourbasicelemenrsofi ntern alcombus t
    ion
    ρreSSIOJI.
    cn呂ine opcr ation are inductiun，compression，
    15 W hatistheprobablecauseofbubblcsi nIhc
    power ，andexhaust coolanlwhencarryingoutacylinderleak3ge
    • There‘I r 、¥
    et o I X1Siccyclesofoperation: t ¥vo-
    le
    stフ

    ・
    strukeandrour-stroke
    l
    nt
    occuri
    hc two- stroke engi
    nonecrankshafrr
    nc a!l fuur '
    cvolution
    elemenlS

    • f n the fOll r-S


    l r
    oke cngine two r e VOllllions are
    nccdedI 山 I hc0110cyclc

    也 竺竺 6

    Uncler
    rakcIhcf
    olo wingl
    aぉksl
    lnc
    lcrsl
    lpe
    rvi
    sion
    1 C出 nglhecor rectr oulsancla s u itab
    leengi ne，
    仁h cck a n
    cl a clj
    usI l he val ve c l
    ear ances lO 5
    manu" le
    lctu
    rer'sspeci fic
    ations
    .TakeC3ret oob 2
    scr ve a
    ll the rcquir emcntsofcondi tionsa ncl 4
    ぉequcnce 日t n c'¥v sealsa ncl/or gaskers as
    appropriateoncompletion 3
    2 Carry ou r a cylin
    clcrcOl ll
    preおお lon test
    .l l
    S1I1g
    the corrcct e qu
    ip l
    l lenr and I he workshop
    Ilanu
    l alforlhevchi clc
    3 Carry ou l a cyl
    inclerl eal
    くag eleSlon，i fpos s-
    iblc ac
    句 lerec
    t i
    vcengine. Obser veany r equire- Fi
    gure3.
    41Quest
    ion1
    2:namet
    hep
    arts01t
    he
    men lSのfthevehiclemanufactllrel pl
    ston
    The i
    tio
    n em

    Thebatterysl 1pp i
    1ese lcclr
    ic alpowe1
    Introduction
    The key switch conrro1s t he s ドt CI l(
    l ancla c ts
    On t he induction 川 rokc ‘Il llixt
    urc ofpct
    rolancl asananti -
    t hef
    tclcvice)bycl 1lL
    ingol l01δwi lchi ng
    <
    1
    1r1 5小川、 n II1{() rhc engi ne cyl inc
    Jc.
    r Once I
    he onIheSl 1p plyofCl 1rrenlf r
    olllI hcbanery
    J
    lll
    xt UI じ h:I
    S bcen C()lllpre~叩 cd. somc means of Thecoil t ransformsI he lo'
    ¥ v haucr yvol t
    a日e1 0
    IgnJlIl1日 t
    iisneccled lhc very high voltagee ssentia lt oj Ul11p lhespark
    pluggapandi gnitethemixturc
    lコrivcn at hal fengine speec Lr he distributor
    1i l1
    sIhe purpose ofIhe ign1 0n system t o c
    lislri
    bl1t
    es high-volwge cl 1r r
    c nlf rolllI hc coil1 0
    creal
    bUSl
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    r
    icspark i
    ion chamberatexact
    nthe engine COIll-
    lyther ig
    httimei n
    cach spark p 111
    gi n1 1
    11
    11.a 1ι、1a l Ihe p re
    c ise
    mOlllenllt1 おreql1irec
    l.Thec l
    isl ribl
    1l o
    ra1 sohOl 1s eぉ
    orc
    lert oign日ethemiXlure several orher important i gn ition components，
    which w i
    l l be 100keclati nclc tai
    l1 aler .These< 1r e
    thecon laclbr eakerpo inrs， acondenser( 01'capa
    cito
    r)， an
    c ltheadvanceand r er arc
    l mechanism [ 0
    A basiccoilignitionsystem alte
    rrhelimingoft hespar k
    Thesparkplugsar cscrewedi n
    to Ihec ylinc lc1
    .
    Iook a
    lI ・1
    4 4
    UIC4 llO 討ce t
    hc basic pans of a heacl，anc1 prolrucle slight1yi ntot he combl 1sti 、
    01
    I ica]討y日 cm. Pl
    yp 1lsil
    llp
    1y.I
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    componじntI 行乱お 1
    010
    ¥¥ぉ high-volta呂Ccurrenrl llustjU1l1r { o cre atcas r ~l rk ，

    Mai
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    l
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    HTl
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    8
    ater
    t y

    I
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    ti
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    ar
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    s
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    is
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    C
    oi
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    Figure4
    .1Basicc
    oili
    gni
    tio
    nsyst
    em

    4
    3
    44 M
    olu
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    eじh
    nol
    ogyf
    orIl1c
    ch日n氏、

    andsoi gnitethemixture.A highvoltagei snece ぉ- However，thiscur


    ren
    tcouldhev
    astl
    yin
    creasedi
    n
    sarynotonly1 0j l
    ll11Pt hcgap， hlltal501 0forceirs rhreeways
    w‘Iyrhrollgh r he hot，high- pre附 lIregases i nt he
    ]
    . byi ncreasi ngt
    hes p
    e cclormovelllent;
    combust ionch礼J11b e l
    2
    . by i ncrea兄ing the strengrh orr hc 111
    ζIg
    netl仁
    Thelow-tension(LT)andhigh-tension(HT)
    自el
    cl
    ;
    leads ( calラIcs)aredi fferenr inr ha1t he LT cables
    3
    . hyi ncre asingt
    heamounlofca hle(01'concluc
    山 et hinand 1heHT cablesar cl111cht hicke.
    rThi 行
    1Or
    )pas singrhrought hemagnetic白eld
    l
    ラroviclcs 礼 n il1p
    l ortant c 11 1er or he f actthm the
    19n1lOns
    t y討lcmcon lal 、
    nStvoCl rClts.
    Thc LT barrery sl lpply nceds only r elat
    ively
    i
    l巴h1i nsula t
    i o
    n.l tnormallyoper atesatunlyabout
    12V，and r herci slittle仁 hanceorel ectricsho くks
    f
    rom i .
    rA more scienti日C I 1e
    1I
    11C f o
    rt hiscircuil同
    theprinlarycircuit
    Thc十ITcal ラleぉ connecrt hecul i，ιli
    slr
    ibulorand
    sparkp lllgS.Theheavy i nsll
    l乱t
    lon1 $necessary( 0
    rrevent cu rrenll eakage，01 "giving you a strong
    elecrr
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    pr o 20000V i fy Oll
    rOllchr he wrong placelThe ol hernal11e f orthis
    p山 rofrhesystem i srhesecondaη， circuit
    一一 M
    agn
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    ld
    Magnetismandinduction +
    守p
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    att
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    日eror
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    沿 0u n
    c l
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    t:<
    lnd a l
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    hc
    p
    rinc
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    tion

    W hen an electr
    ic cll
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    f0ws rhrolgh a C
    abl
    e
    conc
    luctor，suchasacabl e0
    1 仇ll
    re，I
    tcreates
    amagnet icliel
    c
    larounclthm con
    cluc1Ol Figure4.2 Simpledemonst
    rat
    ionofi
    ndl
    lced
    l
    11agnetlsl11

    Youcan pr ovet h附 yourselfbyにl oingasimple


    expenment，aお おhown i nF igur e4.2 . Place rhe
    仁o mpass next t o rhc con cl
    uct or，s¥v i
    tch on the
    circuil，a ncl you ' wi
    ll not ice t hat the cumpass
    nc ccl
    leIllovesasthel l1agn et
    icl ie
    lclcreated1 コ
    Y111 G Magne
    l
    cur rentnowa ctsuponi t
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    ne ti
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    ucesaじur rent
    inr hatconc.
    lucl o.rTo provet his
    .youneec lascnsi ー
    r、
    Ic I nstrument . such as a ga 、
    ltanol11eter 01
    ιImmete仁 r o measure the cu rrent1 fo w，anc la
    f
    ie
    ld
    行trong llla自net. aδseen i n Figure 4.3 . Move r he
    11
    1‘Ignerιi仁 川 出 rhe cablc quickly. You w ill see
    frol
    ll the r novelllent oft he galvanometerneed le
    th;l
    t¥ .
    ¥'hcnt he l11agneric 日c ld proιlucecl by t he
    ma日net cro ち
    s
    .es. the cablc a smal current i s G
    alv
    ano
    met
    er
    induced( crcarecl)
    Our expcriment pro ζl uceぉ on ly a very small
    日l l
    lount ofel ectrical current，¥vhich i s why we Figure4.3 Simpledemonst
    rat
    ionofinduced
    neccl 汁 very 日ensltlvc meter t o measure 1 l current
    r
    hei
    gni
    lionS
    ySl
    じI
    II 4
    5

    Incrcasin日 l he speec l of 110ve


    l l1e
    l nr and lhe aroundrhej 1r i
    maryc oil.Astheengi nerot cs，
    at thc
    日r en日rh0'1rhe ll1agnericf
    I
    じI dll1ayhOlh hedone contact bre<
    :lker is oj
    1ened hy. rhe cam.Al l hiお
    elec1r
    ical
    ly.I ncr easin日 1he al10
    l llnl of cahle i
    討 poinl lhe ci
    rclli
    li sbr okcn，sl Ipply Cll
    rrenl S1
    0p品
    ιl
    one si l
    l1p
    ly by ' Iormin呂 i
    ti ntoc oi
    ls of many Oowing，and lhe ma日nel 1C 白clc
    l collapses.T hll兄
    札口 ns0'1Ihinwire.sywrappingI hecoilsarollnda ν
    ミ h
    ilethec ircuiti sinoper ati口nan c
    ltheenginei s
    sof
    li roncor c，lhes lrenglhofIhemagnel icfie
    lcli
    s turning，rhcr ei 討 lhe rcpealcd Clιllion and co l-
    f
    llrthcril
    lcre出 ヒ C
    I lapseofama呂nel 1c白el dC F
    igllrc4 .
    4)

    Coilprimarywindingfunction Coilsecondarywindingfunction

    The p llpose 0'


    r 1l he pril
    l1arycircll
    ilis 10 The pllrpo
    se oflheseconclarywi ndingis10
    creale ancl break (or collapse) a concen- provide a suf日ci
    elll
    1 y high-volage Cll
    rren
    r
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    eclma呂n elicfi
    clc
    l rh幻 aspark isable10jlll1P
    l acros
    sI heelec
    lrodegapoflhesparkp ll
    l g

    ¥lhヒnI
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    tlonI討 rurnedonandthecontac[
    hrcakeriお じ1
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    t日o wsfrom r he The seconc .
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    ndinsic
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    t
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    ! eakerpoi n
    lsand so 1 0 carth and back tothe asanel eclromagneli nwhichcu r t日o¥
    ren '
    vsanζ1iお

    IX
    11
    lery.ThisCllTcn【
    l f10w cr catesamagnel ic日eld int
    crruptec
    .
    l，wecanseefromwh剖 hasbeensa iζ￨

    H
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    Figure4.
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    cleterminedbythevehiclemanufact l
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    engine，i tspl lpose，andt
    r hef l
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    and1 11
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    erse
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    Thesparkplug

    Figur e 4.8 shows t he consl ruction ofa t ypical E


    lec
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    Ea
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    spark p lllg
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    ceramicmater ial汚uchasfuscda luminium o x
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    .8 Typicalsparkplug
    Theplu日b ocly， whichr e l山 nslhecent reelect rode
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    lく occurs.Thcplugshould
    a
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    a
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    0m mor1
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    4ml11 dial
    η-
    l icl
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    t 00anc l8 oc
    .
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    condit
    ions vary between eng川 e 1 ypes， each
    ct cr，al
    rhoughothers izesmaybel Ise
    cl en日inec
    1esignhasitsowngr ac
    leofsparkplug
    Althou日hr he spark plug i sofsimpleconslruc
    l i
    o n，itrnustoper atee ffici e
    ntlyunclerpressuIヒ and
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    cs r musr sl ayg as-tighrundel
    lhese condili ons a nclc lclivcr up to うo01 " more
    l
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    tlhecor reclgra
    cleof
    spar kscach seconc l. The plug mustoperate a la plugis白lte
    clt otheengine， anclt ha
    tthegap
    tempcrat ure hi gh enough t o burn deposits from berweentheel ectroc
    les i
    scor
    rec .
    rAn incol・
    theelecr rodcs t o stop ilfrom f ouling，bu t not50 rec
    tplug 01' pluggap maycalsetheengine
    high r h
    ari rl 1i
    1 ghti gniter he mixture before lhe to r
    un inef
    ficiently，anc
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    lse
    日p arkand so causc pre- ignition.P re-
    ignitio nis mechanicaldamage
    callsecl by cxcessi ve
    l y high t emperatur es igniring
    r
    hci
    μnl
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    nメy只I
    cm 49

    H
    OIp
    lug(
    Ion
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    oldp
    lug(
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    or
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    )

    Figure4
    .9 Ho
    tandcol
    dplugs

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    (Figurc: '.9
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    itionsystemhasSOI11<: inher
    cntd
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    Ot
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    Similarly. thcgapbet wcen thecon tactpoint行
    Thc c ol
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    alt s
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    l.as itdoes，thedwcll an日l e
    1
    1 ，
    11runwi( hh
    i日hercombls r
    iontempera(l Irc
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    2
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    . Athighenginespe ecl
    sther ei
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    I
    the con taclbreakcr l O bounc c.r cd l
    lcingthc
    Ballastresistorignitionsystem coilout put
    .I
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    、
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    Thisi sa ref
    inemen t oft
    he basi
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    .Thiお r es
    lllts
    system， which gives a bener spark f
    OI inana [teralion oft he ignitionlimingandt he
    improveclcol
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    内
    am lobe ' eaI
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    ιu lti ngi nc
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    1コproximate
    [ ly6V)
    4
    . The mechanicaland v之l ClIUI
    1l aζIvance 山1(1
    and ah al
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    i刈 01'. Th eresistol昨日l!ec li nthe
    retarddevi cesareacompr omiおじ 'fheyc l
    on ()
    t
    pnm汁 r c
    r
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    lt hcc oil
    give precise i gniti
    on timingovert he engil
    ])uring engi ne cr 阜
    、
    、
    ankin ' it
    h the s t
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    f
    llls peecla nclloacl1乳n ge
    刊 行

    high 10' 1on thc h


    1( at tcry greatlyr ccluces lhe cf
    -
    う Thes ystemr eql
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    nitionsyst em.A t
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    loperat ingproperlyandr hetimin日亡or r
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    nitioncoil Althollgh the basicsystem has hccn inI I討e fOI
    ¥li
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    hi lSnormal¥ ¥'ork ingvoltageavai labl ethecoil manyyears，t hen ee
    clf orimprovcc
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    canpr oviclcf ul
    lsecon claryvoitage.Asおり Onas( he and the concer n ovcrenvironmenlal po1 lution
    en日I1C 討 t
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    storec
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    1emandimprovementsi nigniti
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    prevent clamage t o rhe 1 0¥V-voltage c oil，thc which t he basicぉystem cannot meet . Forsuch
    halastr eぉi Slorisbrollghri ntol hec ircll
    it10l imi
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    .novf
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    enst otheirvehicles
    5
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    resultsi n asparkofhigh i nr
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    Electronicignition atiot.V
    1 oltage t ranぉformation 1ill
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    Elect
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    l gor
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    sy引 ell1. Thisallo'i
    N日 amu 亡hh igherr a
    le()fspa rl、行
    capacitordischargeorinductive
    persecond. I Joweve. rtheぉhortに1 U1ユ1i
    oll()fl:aにh
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    ll un汎 l
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    Capa
    citordischargeignitionsystem 110
    l steng1 l1cs

    This systcl
    l1is nol wicley uscd，a
    l n
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    siderahly f r
    oJll the st andarcl and inductive )o
    J nol arrempt 1O l CぉIor r epal
    l日
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    1S 1theproblel l
    1討 ¥V
    ilhLlsingac oilto 仁川 P
    ιIcil
    0rc l
    ischa
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    proviclethe hi日h voltage is thc til
    llerequire
    cll O knO¥Nwharyou 3rec .
    loin日 Theener gy prりー
    build up ancl collapse rhe l1a
    l gneric fi
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    yshock 0 1
    a spark can be proc l
    ucecl
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    ly k ill) '
    ou. The capacitO]' llly‘
    a lIso
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    lerengi nesthiscanbeamajorpr oblem hold i rs chal日e for ?4 hり ursり rmore 江 r t
    el
    Swilchingof f
    Inthecapaci rordischargesysl
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    Theinductivesystem
    electronicconrrolunir.Anelecr ronic'
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    This isa widely u se
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    thep ril
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    l F
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    the pri
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    clingofan i gniti
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    lt ern- to proclucc a high voltage i n thc 討l'condary
    ミvr
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    atin gcurrent)乱 I pplyr od.c. (directcurrcnr)and
    fee
    c ls i
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    lorl1e
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    400V neec lcc
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    iggerr eleasest heener gyf ro
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    fby a transistor("n
    capacitorr olhecui l bya ctiv
    a ringa rhyristor( an
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    ldclenc1ischarge0'1high-
    I
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    a
    reclミvithcon tacthreakerpoil 1
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    /in
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    10 E
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    roni
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    丸山刊 e en 日1Ilじ specζ.1al1d ‘1川 、CUUIll aιl、 anccto int
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    ，150apply r O The ぉyS1CJll conslsts りfrhe following majol
    thisメysrじ!日 (Olll
    ponents

    Fullyelectronicignitionsystem Electroniccontrolunit(ECU)
    I
    rs1 ¥
    ¥10 mai
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    To furrheri l
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    1 r
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    an electroniccontrolunit ( ECU) i s used
    Crankshaftsensor
    This syslem i ss imilar 10 rhe electroni c
    Thiお cle
    rerrninesrhc crankshaf rspecd an c
    l posト
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    l
    ion. As r he crankshafrrotatcs、 thescn討orpro-
    isrhatrhei gnitio
    nr 川lingisconrr olec
    lbyr he
    dllc
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    his
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    theECUcanderenninet het.d.c. posi
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    cngil
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    .Thesei 1p
    l l
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    10calCl
    llatcbasicignit
    ionliming
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    .
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    l
    ---・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・~

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    lecl
    ro
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    tro
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    ral
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    noc
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    r

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    ranks
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    se
    nsor

    T
    oin
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    Fi
    gure4.
    11Progr
    ammedi
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    2 1
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    ehi
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    Coolanttemperaturesensor camshaf. A nor


    t m<llc
    : 1i
    slri
    butorcap then cover
    s
    The ECU uses l
    hisinrormation t
    oac
    lju
    sri
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    lOI
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    orengineconcli
    t
    ion
    Variations
    Knocksensor Coilsf orinclivic
    llla
    l01 'pair sofc ylinclers，1 11
    011
    11r
    ecl
    Thiお providesa small inpur vollage t ot he ECU， aboveorac 1jacenttothesparkplllgS.( ]r
    ea llodler
    wh ich i s propo r
    tional to the vi bration sens e
    c li n variat
    ion . Individua lc oils are usual ly l110unled
    thcengine hlod く Thev ibrationss erupbycom directlyabovct he plug. r esut¥in呂i nno HTl eads
    bUSlion c let onation arec 1etect ed by the sensor ) Wher e ac oilsup pl iesa p air0' 1cylinders.出 I J l e
    l
    anc1lhcinformarion i s fed to t he ECU.The ECU veeengIJleCOI 1日 gur ati
    ol1，ther ecal1 beas park0 11
    responclshyr etardingthei gniriontimingu nri
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    .ecl spark
    knocki n日沿 t ops. The r iming i s then advancec 1 occurringc1u ringl hevalveover lapp eri o
    c l
    a呂<
    :11
    11，JI1 st
    ep ，ぉ upt orhcs ettingprogrammecli nto W heret hei gni t
    i onsystem i spanoff ulenginc
    theECU.Th i沿 prucessofsensinga n c
    lac ljusting is managemen t，the i nformat ion from the va r
    iolls
    carried out r or cach i nc1iviclual cyli nc1eral lhe sensors wi ll be u secl hy l he ECUr o contr olf uel
    timetheenginei srunning. I tenabl est heengine suppl y，aswella st hei gn
    ition.Thecoo! an t同 nSOl
    】 be r
    t
    < ll
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    roviclese sse
    nti alinformation
    %引 llngt o gl VC Opl川 lUI
    11e f日ci ency，wilhout lhe for mixrure f or
    l llulation ancl rhe LaI llbda p robe
    riskofclama日ecausedf romdetunali on Cemissioncontrol)四 nSOl
    Ther ear ea1 su sensor st o monit ori n l
    eta irflo
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    ¥.
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    rtemperature，which、althoughnor
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    el cl
    irecrlyl i
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    on sysr eI
    ll
    ， I lay r
    l e吋ut¥
    cnce I 討 t hm the primary r esistancc has been in changes l u i gnilion syst cm oper alion as
    lower ed i norderl Oensur cr hart he I JTourpuri s rhe ECU monit ors and con rrolsa l
    l the engi ne
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    ! is maintained const antly funcr i
    ons
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    rhe c o
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    c if rolll a con tacr
    ￨r
    ヲ eakertype0" 1ignir
    ions ystem i s1 1
    '01s uirable

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    Faultfindingandmaintenance
    'hese a
    f rc httec
    1 10 c
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    -
    1T outpuras
    Basicc oi
    lignitiondefects
    u汎 l込
    l.Thc unittowhi chtheyaref i
    tte
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    l
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    SeeTahl e4.I
    I
    llaybef ilt
    edonthcs ic
    ¥c 0'
    1rheengine，orrhere
    I
    llaybeac l
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    ercnrlyshapec
    ¥componenlmounrc cl
    ont hccnd( )
    ft hecamshafr，forexamplc Electronicignitiondefects
    Typ icaly，i n such a unir the r Olor arm i s
    moul 1tec
    1011aslubsha t，wh
    f ich i
    spressed i nto:<
    1 Thesearcl im
    itec
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    ailu
    rc.Onmany
    vibra1i 1-
    OI absorlヲi
    ng bush on lhe enc l of the systems， shoul d a cum ponenlf i.
    a1t he sysr
    cIl
    l

    Table4.1 Bas i
    ccoliign
    itiondefects
    Symptom P
    ossi
    blecause

    ・
    • E ngi
    n
    Engi
    eb
    a
    neι
    p
    c
    i
    k
    n
    k
    f
    i
    s
    re
    'u
    swhens
    nde
    rloa
    t
    d
    a
    rti
    ng Ex
    cessi
    veadvanc
    e:r
    ese
    tig
    nit
    iont
    imi
    ng

    ・
    - Roughrunni
    ngandlac
    kofpower
    L
    ackofpower Ex
    ces
    siv
    ere
    tar
    d:r
    ese
    tig
    nit
    iont
    imi
    ng

    ・
    - E
    ngin
    er u
    nshot

    ・ Lackofpower
    Roughrunning
    P
    r
    t
    e
    e
    -
    m
    i
    p
    e
    g
    n
    r
    i
    a
    t
    i
    t
    o
    u
    nduet
    rebein
    ocombustion
    gtoohigh:checki
    gni
    tio
    n

    ・
    - Enginer
    unsonwhent heigni
    tioni
    sswitchedoff t
    iming
    .s pa
    rkp l
    ugtypeandc orre
    ctgra
    deoffue
    Iused
    Engin
    estart
    sb utrun
    se r
    rat
    ical
    lyunder Faul
    tycap
    acit
    or:replac
    ec apa
    cito
    randconta
    ctbre
    ake
    r
    th
    rot
    tlelo
    ad;inves
    tiga
    tionr酌 ea
    lsweaks park
    l
    altheplug
    s)anda rc
    ingalt h
    ec on
    tac
    lb rea
    ker
    r
    hピ I
    gn
    lll
    on町 おI
    Cm 53

    reSClSi lSclrl O operate in a 'f~l il -sa re' 01' 'Iimp anclr he magnclic l icl d col l aps es. Aお i lc loe，も so，
    hOll
    le'I llode. This，，10¥、同 thed r ivert ocontinuc rhe r nagnet ic f orce cu ts acr oss t he seconc !
    :ary
    IhcjOl 、
    ll11Cy vIrhl i
    mi【eden日i nepcr formance ¥Vincling .i nducinga 1110menlary surgc oft hOl-
    A majordisadvamagcofanyelect r onici gnit
    ion sancls ofvol ts i nt hc many turnsof¥Vi re. Thi s
    sy引 el1i
    l s Ihc neecl'101
    'd e
    clicar ec l cq llipl1e
    l nr 1
    0 highvol ragei staken!Or hesparkp lll詩話
    carr)
    ' Oul I 川i1rc Jiagnosis
    .I nr he case 0 [
    ' pro ・ • J n el ect l
    "onic i gni tion syst ems t he COl 1rtc
    : t
    grammecl cngine rnanagencnt お) 、 '
    SlCI llS，s
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    orI
    1lI1"
    l
    hcvch
    Ybcnccc
    icle
    Jcd lO repr ogr amrhesel -
    ・
    provi deδgreateraccur
    Programmedelectronic i
    have a micr ocompurer
    acyandr
    gn
    c
    i
    Ji
    li
    a
    o
    ，¥Vhich carri
    bility
    n systemsaJ
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    so
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    funcrion行 ofthemechani cala n clvacuuma clvance
    Routinemaintenance
    mechanisms. The ECU l Is es I hc i npll t from
    sensors [ 0 ca lculλtec I¥ vcl a nc l timing，basec l on
    TheconlaC! brcakclぉhOl l
    lcJ be i nspecl ec
    J cvcr y
    cl
    arapro 呂ramm ec
    li n
    toi lbythemanllf act ure.rThe
    0000km or 50，and cleane
    1 ι1and ac Jjllsr
    ecJi f
    ECU Ce ln mak
    : e COl1st ant changest o the i g
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    ll
    . ingt hemovi ng
    11
    11
    1Ilg，
    I anιIi sveryaCCl Irate.Tomeetnewexha ll川
    panst oavoidanexcessofo il01 'g reaser e aching
    cmi s
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    9，
    t
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    n'Iall
    lryr l lnn ing01 'b
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    Jown
    'b urn日1
    soonbef i
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    rhc ins ll
    larecJSll lfacessuch asr he cJistribl
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    lirtanddampne
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    1r hecoi
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    as
    REVISIONEXERCISESANDQUE 訂 /ONS I
    Sparkpl ll
    g5ぉhou ldber el 10v
    l ec
    lanc Jcleaneda r
    Iheι st.me time ast heじon tac lI
    ' コ reaker . Generally. 1¥ XIhy ar e rhe leadsf rol1I
    l he d is lribll!Orc ap
    rhe el ec
    lrodes shol llcJ be 出 I n clblasl ecJr oc lean 111c
    l ht hickerIhan r he ol herca ble si nI he
    Ihcll1. Once Ihey a rec le an ecl. rhc gap I 1US
    1 Ibc sy slem ヨ
    res etr oIScor r
    CClmeasuremcnl .lti sa1 so import- 2¥ Xihich cOll1ponenr changesIhc l ow-vol tagc
    antt hatt he i ，
    n乱 1101泊1c 1rhreadsareclcan and bauerycu rrenli nloIhehighvol lager e
    qllircd
    UI1ζ ama日
    l 以l arr he5 parkp lllgフ
    日par k plugs and cont actbr cakers (1ft : us u
    al ly 3 ¥ X!hy i sa high-vol tag cClIr relll needed< 11I hc
    chan呂eda tmajol沿er vl ces sparkplug sフ

    4¥ Xihi ch componenrs sense speed anc Jl oacl


    con dit
    ionsi nthebasi ci gni t ion竹内t emフ
    CHE CK YOURUNDERSTANDING ラ ¥ X
    Ih ali sr he purpose0' 1I he conlacrbreakcl
    po in rs'
    • I nI hebasi cignirionsy51 emIhecon l
    aCIbr eakel 6¥ X
    Ih aldoesr het erll1c /wellC/! !g
    leI lle an'
    !
    1o intsmakc and break the ci rcui't be '
    tween the 7 ¥ X/hat i st he Illajo r advant age 0' 1e lect roni c
    batcr y and t hc i g
    n ition coi l primary ' ¥vindings ig nition，a nclhowιl ocsi lc 1i ffe
    rfromI heba出 c
    Thcy areopenccl and clo sed mcchanicaly bya systemフ
    cam，timc c
    lt O thc enginecr ankshaf .¥
    t Xlhen rhe 8¥ lhatadvantag
    X esc l o
    e ぉI heprogr all1l11ecli呂1 1
    1-
    poi n
    rsar ec losed，acurr en tofappr oximate lyうA t
    ion sysl em have overthc ba臼 cel ecr
    !"onic
    nO¥VsI h
    r ollghI hccoi l primarywi nd ing，b l lild
    i ng syslem， andhowdoesi rd i1'
    1
    'e rfr oll1 i
    r'
    1I
    !1astrongmagnelc白e lcl，whi仁 hs llr rollnc
    lsborh 9 ¥ X
    Ihati sr hed if'
    1crcncebelwecnaι hofa n
    cla

    ・
    theprimaryandsecon

    日el
    I1 lakcs a'
    dt ur c
    1c¥V I
    ach its m
    lli
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    c
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    l山 ywinclings
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    il11l1l11. ¥'
    tor r
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    he magnel
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    Ih
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    lwouldbeI
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    br eakclザ 河 川，lhe Cl Irrcn t1 f0w ccasesabrllply i)o


    j ver-rel ar
    clec!i gnitiol1t imi ngフ
    Thepetrolengine ~el supply

    Thctankhast rac
    1it i
    ona llyheenl ll adcf r ic
    oIll ll1l1
    Introduction steel sheet pres s
    ing s. with weldecl j ointぉ and
    seams( F
    i gureう 2 ).P lastici snowi l1g eneral use，
    Thisch乳 p
    tercxamine sthefunct
    ionofthecompo
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    r.an1 ci l
    nentsthat ma~く e uplhef u
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    dues Ilo t curroc .
    le. P !弐s t
    ic tanks cはn a l5 0 be
    petr
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    ).Thefuelsupplysy
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    ιonsi
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    2
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    c
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    3.af uel日1ter during ac 仁川 ents. MOSltanks h olc
    1s ufli c
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    4.c
    1e livery1'i
    1'e
    s tu enabJe t he vehicle t ot r avel ラ00k lll without
    ref u
    elling
    .a
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    Fuel F
    ue
    l fuel surge when lhe vehicl ci 討 c orncnng 0 1
    pump f
    l
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    r brak ing harc1.Theen目白 ) '1 11 うo1 i
    tr c行 0 1汎 1 rg1l1g
    Ca
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    r
    fuelc oulc1upsctvchicleslabi li
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    th
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    dyticconverlermust run on u nl:caclじc
    1f u e
    l
    ancl lhey have a sl l
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    C二
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    ng
    nozzle
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    ll- boreo Ulle[ pipel e ad ing
    tot hccnginc a 可nζ1ar nり untingpointf ort h ef uel
    leveli ndi
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    T crci so r tcnJ g a
    l l乙ヒ日 I ter( 川 l he
    Fl
    exi
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    e Sup
    ply Tank
    pl
    pe pl
    pe outlet pipe p ic k-up. On many ll10dern vchi clcs
    lhe f uel purnp ll1ay be i ll
    1ll1crsecli nl he 1 'e lrol
    Figure5 .
    1 Mainp
    art
    s;nacarbure
    tto
    rfu
    el tank i nsid e aswirlpot， ¥Vhich 社l 同 hasa日I t
    CI
    systell1 screen
    Thelaηk1ll1lS tbeventcdt oa llo¥Y a tlllos phe ric
    pre s
    surctof orcct hcf uellhrou日hl h eourl etpipe
    andt opreVenllhetankfromcol laps ing.Onll1any
    Thefueltank vehicle討 [hevent i si n thc l il
    lerC31 '，1 、
    10町 e C仁
    legislati
    oni n manyc口l l
    nt riesnO¥V . clemユnくl 討 l hat
    nofumeお orf u
    el shouldhcab lct oesc 日p ef r ol
    ll
    Thef uelt3nkstor
    est heveh
    i c
    le'sfue
    lsupply，
    thet3nkt ot heannosphere.A討 1 ιr e 討u 句 t
    1
    t lll
    llCcon
    anc
    1i snearlyalway sattheoppositeen1 cof
    tro
    ls ystCll1Sar ef[ll
    ecl1 0Capl Uret hep ct rolf Ull1e討
    the vehi
    cle from the engi
    ne for reasons of
    anclf eε
    ιIthemt ot heengi nca tsuil礼 h let i
    rn e行 f OI
    saf
    ety，s pace anc
    1 weight c
    1ist
    rib
    ution. This
    burning.¥ 七t1vespcrmitt hee ntr yofa i rt or hetank，
    meansl halformostc arsi
    ti5arther eal
    butthcyc 10set opreventf U
    l llc‘
    eII k‘ IgC01 'p et rol
    escapei ft hev ehic l
    eoverturn日

    5
    4
    r
    hep
    etr
    ole
    ngi
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    l
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    " S
    llp
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    5

    V
    ent

    口u
    tl
    etp
    ipe
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    il
    te
    r
    t
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    F
    uel
    leve
    l
    I
    ndl
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    u
    nl
    t

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    oca
    ti門B
    l
    ugs

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    auz
    efi
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    n
    ter
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    D
    rai
    nplu
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    Figure5.
    2De
    tai
    loff
    ueltankconstruc
    tio
    n

    lherci s<1finegauzef il
    tcrandsedil l
    1ヒn tchambel
    Thefuelpump lhrough¥vhichthef l
    lelm llstpass
    Anecccn t
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    Thefue
    lpUll
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    l '
    1.Ihepllmp， ¥ 'vhic
    hmoves
    rhec
    ar孔l
    l r
    ertororrhefue
    linjeclionsys
    rem thed iaphr IP anddown， On t
    a呂III l hcc.
    lownwarc .
    l
    movcmen t0 (
    't he diaphragm a c .
    leprcssiun i s
    crearccli n the upper pUl l1ping chamher . Petrol，
    uncler atmuspheric pressure， f lo'¥v
    s i nro the
    n1er
    e <Ir
    - e two ha臼 c lype吋 0'
    1fuel pUl1p
    l chamber . As the eccentric rotatcs i t allow$ rhc
    slechanical plUUpS opel礼l ed by rhc en
    gllle retll
    rnspringt ofurcethcdiaphragml Ipwards.As
    r ，
    isdr. rndelectricpum ps i
    rdoess o. the inlervalvec 1oses
    .，theoutl etva¥ve
    opcns，a nclp etro lisf urced i nro the carburetfol
    nOatcha1 11
    1ラel
    、
    Meclanicalfuelpumps "hearm i
    J si n[ wopans: l hc bel- crank lev cris
    helcli n contac[ wit ht he ecccn l
    ric by a small
    retllr
    n spring.The inner pan transmi tぉ rhcforce
    MO Slcars wirh carburel
    tors use r
    hisrype of frol
    ll lhe bell-crank to r he diaphrag ll
    l Sfラindle
    pUl 1p(
    l Figureう 3).!riscl
    rivencli
    recrl
    ybyrhe Havin呂 two pans enables t l
    lc diaphragm [ (
    )
    c<1ll1shafrorana uxili
    aryshafr，anclisbol
    recl rem山 ns tatiunary when t hc floa
    t chamhヒri sf u
    ll，
    10rheo ursic
    leoflheengine but p erlll
    irs rhe b cl卜仁 rank l ever 1 0 conrinuc
    110V
    l l
    I呂 upandduwn¥
    l X
    lhenf ucli討 u sedan clr hc
    coil spring movc s
    .the c1iaphragm llpwarcl人 lhe
    nll' p
    llJ1lp i
    s made f
    rol
    l1 adie-
    cas
    taluminillIl1 dr、
    ii ng faces ¥ ¥
    'i
    ll again make contactλnd
    礼10
    )'i nt¥¥'Oll
    1ユ11，
    1PII
    '
    Iメ Und craremovablccovel pllmrl 1ga
    l ctlonreSllmes
    5
    6 !
    ¥l 'h
    otorvt
    . idct
    じd1
    l1ol
    ogyf
    ormechanics

    Idome

    5
    eal

    Fue
    l

    コ
    chamber

    I
    nle
    tva
    lve
    .. F
    uelo
    utl
    et
    F
    u
    i
    n
    e
    l
    e
    l
    l
    .
    . リ Oul
    te
    tva
    lve
    Camshaft
    ecce
    ntric

    Di
    aphr
    agm
    Pumping ~ Screw
    chamber

    Return
    sprl
    ng

    Co
    lis
    pri
    ng

    ContactQ
    rdr
    ivi
    ngf
    ace
    s
    8
    ell
    -cr
    ankl
    eve
    r
    Diaphragm Unkassembly P
    ivo
    tpi
    n
    spi
    ndle

    Figure5.3 M echanicalluelpump

    Magnethousing Returns
    pri
    ng Earth O
    ull
    etc
    onn
    ect
    ion
    connection
    Con旧 c
    tbreakerp酬 s ¥ M a m C M
    Magnelcore OuUetv
    alv
    e

    Contaclb
    rea
    kerCQver

    I
    nle
    tva
    lve
    E
    lec
    tri
    calsupplyconneclion Magnetarmature
    Pumpingchamber

    Push-rod Pump I
    nltconnect旧 n
    e

    Figure5.4 Cross-secti
    on01electr
    icluel pump.
    1K'p
    t :t
    t r
    ol(:1明日l
    efu
    el日 I
    ppl
    y 5
    7

    E
    lec
    tri
    cfuelpumps springhaspush ec
    lallthefue
    lou toflhechambel
    the conlac【S e
    1re agaln ι
    macl
    e' and pumping
    reSU
    111CS
    Theel ectr
    icpumpf orusewi t
    hcar bureuors
    was<Itonet
    : I
    mever ypopul ar，asitcou l
    clbe Immersede
    lec
    tri
    cfuelpumps
    f
    il!ed in almost any position bet、
    ，veen the
    tank anc
    ll he engine (Figure 5.4).sut itis
    mor e expensive anc
    ll ess reli
    able than the On f uel-injected engines an inexpensive，
    mechanicalpump hyclrocl
    yoami c electricfuelpump i s often
    usecl，ancl maybei os
    tal
    lec
    lint he f
    uel tank
    (Figure うう). The pump i sto
    tal
    ly iml1e
    l rsed
    The pumpin日じ haml ヲeriss imilart othmi nrhe inf uel，and a s petro
    li snotcombustiblei n
    mechanical pump. The pump bodycon tainsan rhesecon clit
    ions，thereis00dangeroff ire
    eJcct r
    icsol cnoi d， whichr ccei vescur rentfr om thc
    ignit io ，
    nsvi tcht hroughap ai rofcon tactbr eakers
    in the f )
    lImp. One oft he con tactsi sst ationary， ThepUl1p i
    l slocatec
    lononeendofthemotOI
    ancltheo lheri sconnecl ec
    lt olhecliaphragmbya The pump bocly iseccentricrol
    he r
    olo
    r，which
    cOl1lrolr o
    cl¥ Xlhenr hccon lac t
    sa reclosecl，cu rr
    en t 呂i
    vesa va
    r ia
    blespace( Figureうの Metalro
    lle
    rs
    nows t hroll
    g ht he solenoid and cr catesa mag-
    ne l
    i c Acld wh
    守 icha ttrac
    tsan i ron di sccal led an v
    alv
    e
    armature .'fhiメ d iおじ isaltacheclr or heunders ide
    ofl he diaphragm¥ lhen t
    X he d isc isattracted t o
    イ岬山山 .
    . F
    ue
    linl
    ake
    rhe sol enoid t heιliaphragm i s also drawn ，

    inwards ;the volum仁 川 thef )Impi


    l ngchamberi 5
    increased，~lIl d 50f uelflo¥
    .vsfromt he tankt o白1 1
    lhespacc.During r hislime lhe cont r
    ol rod has
    F
    副w

    R
    ol
    ler
    ce
    llpump
    UO
    ，

    love dv ..
    dth thec liaphragm and hasopened t hc
    H

    Il
    cont aCls， Thesol enoi disnolongera crivated.The s F
    uelf
    lo
    w
    diaphragm r elUr n 討pring now f orces t he di a-
    phragm out¥Vards，expel l
    ing f uel rhrough thc C
    heck
    outlelvalvc t o thc carbureltor . The con trolrod v
    alv
    e
    Jlo
    l ves hack w i、
    tl thediaphragm and closes the
    H
    igh
    -pr
    essu
    re
    DCm
    olo
    r

    口>l1la
    I
    crs
    fno f
    :lhuslhewholecyclei
    ucJi s neヒdedbythe1
    srepeared
    f0mchamberthc
    。υt
    le
    l
    dialラh ragmr eIl
    ili
    < nsi na m icl-posilion. ¥1hen rhe
    X Figure5，5 Hydr
    odynamicfuelpump

    R
    ol
    le
    r R
    ol
    le
    rra
    cep
    lal
    e

    R
    oto
    rpl
    ale
    S
    uct
    ion ~ー、、
    P
    res
    sur
    e /
    '一
    ー、‘
    s
    ide si
    de

    • •

    Figure5
    .6RoIIerceIpump
    58 ¥1
    ! 0
    1υrv
    ehi
    cle¥(o，(:
    hno
    loμ
    V(01' mピc
    h:l
    nic持

    10仁川 c c
    li nther otorarcfrec10 JllOVeand f
    lyOll
    t 4
    . Whcre l i
    lt 丸 山 el
    el i
    llc
    ζ1，ensure that they are
    ~.va rd ぉ unde r ccnlri
    fuga
    lrorce. Fuelfromrhci nl
    cl clean 口 rare passing a ful1
    l f0w 0'1fuc.1Thc
    ISt 1‘Ippじd i n Ihc spaces be
    l¥Veen rhe roll
    ers
    . As l
    ilreri nIhel ank. orc enI、hヒ tanki t
    selr，may
    Iher Ofo rlurn s.Ihespaccsr eclucea c
    lja
    cenltoIhe nccdc 1caningi fc
    1irt
    yf uc
    lhaぉ beenu s
    ecl
    oUllel 、andr uclisforc
    eclourofr hepump 'i
    う I pe block九日eora 100 討ec onncction on rhe
    slIction side I
    llay hOlh c al
    lse1 0¥V or non-
    ex i
    slenlfucldclivery

    Pipelines PCl
    roli
    shighl yflammable. Neveruse
    n a
    kcc i呂h
    ll ts0 1 ぉIllokewherelhc
    rci 討

    ヒ
    コtmlorpClrolIUll1c
    I δ J 'hefumesinapcrr
    ol
    sothcoppera n c
    lr in-
    plateclsreelpi peshave t
    lnka
    < rcveryclan
    g el口us
    been usecl[ '
    orf uelp lp
    ll lg，but these have
    largel
    y given way t opla s
    ric materials.The
    pipingu se
    cll 1us
    l tbe ri
    giclenough r o問 団 111
    i
    tsshape u n
    cle ratmosphe ric pressure，and CHECKYOURUNDERS
    TANDING
    l
    l1ustbecapableofbeingconnect ec
    lwithour
    r
    isk 0'1leaks f rol1 s
    l ys
    t el
    l1 pressure. Many • Thc f ue
    l 山 ppl ys y
    s tcl1 c
    l onsi川 行 り fa tank，
    counrr
    ies have r equirements f orf i
    rea n
    c t pipes，a pump 01 " pumps ，a ncl a carburel10r0 1
    羽'earres
    lstance rueli nje
    c r
    io ns yslel l
    1
    • Twotypes0' 1fuelpUl l1pa rea va
    ilable:I1c
    l ch山 ト
    icalandelecl ric
    ¥
    Xlher ear igi
    cl supply pipe i susecl a Aexible • Fuelranksan cl pipesarecOl l
    ll1o
    l nly l1adeo
    l f
    linkl l1uS I bc p r
    ovicle
    clF or conl 1ecti
    ol1 ro rhe plasriconI lloc l
    e rnvehic 1es
    engine1 0a ll
    o¥Ir
    -
    ¥ oren呂ineI love
    l men tandvi b
    ra- • Ther uelpUl 1p¥Vo
    l rksonIhep rincipl
    cofp res-
    liol
    1. F ucli n
    jeclion systell1s use b
    raicl
    ecl( pro- sured ifference. Many usc a di aphragm t oa l
    ter
    le
    clcζ1) ， nexible此 Ipplypipest othei n
    jectorsfOI lhe volume ( )
    f a chamber a ncl thcrefore the
    Ihe出 nncr caSOI
    l pressll
    re
    • Thep Ulllp川 gpr ess山 condiaphl ιI
    gmpumpsI S
    crea
    rcclbyt hespringbel o、¥' thediaphr agm
    • I lyclroclynamic c 1ectric pUll1pS rcly on an
    Faultfindingandmaintenance ecιentricr ul orcnl argingand reducingchamber s
    10c r
    c arcrhcpre 対 抗1 ヒCIiIlerencc
    Her
    e:lr
    e¥("
    cwimponantpoints
    I ・ I'etrolishighly1 fa l
    lll
    l1ab k::c10 nOfuscanakcd
    l
    ighr， sl10kc o
    l r wcl c
    l whcre rhcre i s petrol0 1
    1
    .I f lhじ en日i ncwi llnors tart，an
    cll ackofp el ro
    li s
    petrolf urnesprc ぉc nt
    SllS
    I ヲcClcd，Ihe日r s
    ls tep istocheckt harrhere
    isf ueli nthctank
    2 日ometlJl1e汚1l10rc r
    ¥lhenc
    X liagnosin gfu
    h
    ι
    e
    LIl ()
    lsuppl
    ne pump I
    yplり l
    ヲl
    S 白1 1
    ell1sonany
    e
    cl
    lRE 附 ONEXERCISESANDQUESTlONS I
    Ilo
    l dern vehi cl e check the supply s y srel
    l1
    おp CCl日仁 atiun
    ; ，，1f uclp Ulllpo ll
    tsideI he t ank 1 ¥X
    Il
    1y isit necess山 Y1 0 use a nex ihl
    e pipc r o
    does 1 1
    01 nece 出 ari
    ly mean t ha
    t there i s nor connectther uelsupplysyslemt otheengine?
    口n ei nsicl
    e! 2 ¥
    XIhyi sIhcf u
    c 、
    ltank entecltoatll1osphcrc?
    3
    . Mo 剖Illo dernpCl r
    olpU1 ll1
    刊 arer elia blc， They 3¥XIhichcOl 1p
    l onentc 1e
    lerminesI hef uelpump's
    礼re no t l Is
    ual ly r epairable. ancl m llS( bc deliverypressurc?
    rene¥Ved j ff a
    l ll
    ty. Make Sl Irct hat the tank 4 Stteo
    a ne<l
    clv
    < lnr
    ageofaneleClri c"u
    IelpUl 1p
    l
    ven ting iscor r . anc
    cct .
    lt hatslIpply vol tage i s ラ ¥
    XIhyi sI he f
    u e
    lI Ink v
    < cnlingconl r
    ollc
    cl0 11 ‘i
    aclc quarc.bef or ehuyingane¥Vpump I
    llocl
    ernvehi c
    leヨ
    rburati n

    pctr ol expand and COl1lr act ¥ ¥'


    ith tcmpcrature
    Introduction change，and weight v aric、
    s vi l
    h pre 剖 u rcchange話
    ca lls e
    clbya lritl
    lcle01礼 lll
    losrher iccondit ions
    'e
    l l
    rol¥
    ¥'
    il
    lnolh
    llr
    nwil
    hoUllheO
    X)日
    'じ ncontaincd
    The mass ofai r per k i
    logr am off lle
    li scale c
    l
    ina i.Therunclion0'
    r 1Ihecar bllreUOI凶 [ 0comr ol
    lhcai r /fuelrat io.AlthollghancnginewOl ll
    clrun
    lhc q ll anlily ユnd proponion of pelrolanc 1" il
    on a wi clc r ln
    ( 且eofc l
    iff
    erel1l r al i
    o お it¥ ¥'ould not
    'n
    l
    Oll
    lering t
    lpl
    l
    l
    l"ndspe
    1
    <
    .
    :' engine c
    .
    ピd
    ylinc
    .Thecarburel
    le
    rs.t oc
    lori
    O
    s<
    llt
    lls
    rolpOWCI
    orequire にl
    run c co nollli call 、
    y，01 Vi l
    h maxilllum e f白Clcncy
    rhechcmic al lycor reclr al
    iof orcomp lel ピ com bus
    to at0l l11S仁 lhじ l ヲじ lroli nlO " fJne Sp l礼 y of vcry
    li o ni s14う kgofe lirt o'1kgoffue. lJ l
    ore< 1irthan
    SJllλ
    11 ζlropklぉ l h 川
    、
    、 'i
    l
    lr e
    aclily vaporiδC 1 1
    110 a
    thi s'¥' OUI c
    I Illakc a l ean mix 印 r e，a
    ¥
    l
    n
    c ll ess ail
    con山 s te nt
    .comhu行l l
    iヲlemixture
    w( ) ulclr eぉ1I1
    ri nar ich mixt ur c.Tablc6 .1l islS
    Thi討 ch， ラl
    '
    l じ rexp lor cslhc workingp r i
    nciplc01
    some 1 ypicalmixtur er atiosf orthe basi cl ypeo f
    lhじ じ Ir1)L1
    Iじ!tor.Iti 討 n otthei n
    ten r
    ion 10 くlcscribc
    c~lrbure ll o r rh:
    :-tt
    I hi只 chapreri scxa1 1111
    1IIlg.Not e
    lhcp lじC IS仁 del"lis0 1札 口 y( )nemakcofc a r
    l孔 Ir
    ellOI
    lh a t lean b l lrn engine汚 (see l al er) may r lln on
    hlll1 日l hcrl o he llラ blli l
    dl IPan l Incl
    elおl ancl
    in gof
    leanermixtures
    theha ，i
    ，
    ' coperat 川島 p rincipleぉ
    .~lodern en gines，p ar
    liclllarlyl hosewilhengi ne
    managemen tsysr emsan clcat alylicconveI 1crs，run
    Combustionofpetrol
    on miXLUrcs t hat ca! l bc eit hersl i日h l 、
    ly veak 01
    li
    ltl
    cr ich. depcncling on ci r
    Clll 1Sl ances. l n
    "
    gcner al，howevcr ，i li s Slil
    lr rl
    l
    le 1hm a ¥Veak
    Thecar
    bll
    rcl
    lorl
    1lusl
    mi x tllre makesan enginc r ll 、
    n hot vh ilca r ichel
    • 310miset
    enSlIr
    hcpet
    ccomple l
    ro
    li
    emi
    l
    1toav eryf
    xingwitht
    i
    nespray1
    hea i
    r，lInd e
    0
    l
    lli
    1
    con討l
    x makes f
    Im prion
    orcoolrunning a
    . 13mh con dil
    n cli l
    lcr eased f
    ions maycausc some
    ll
    el

    avar ictyofengineぉpeed/l oac


    1conc 1il
    ions; rowerI OS5
    • providc r he corr ecra ir/f
    l l
    cl mixrure f OI Thc r a rio ofl he m iXlllrc en lering lhe engine
    a
    ll oper alingr eqll
    irelle
    1 nrs，i nc
    1uc1ingcol cl wil la ff eCll hecomhllSl i
    onprocc お付 a nda lso，I 1
    1CIe-
    srarling and { "ul
    l accel eratio
    ll. wi thl1 Jx
    l: i- fo re . r he c O lllposir ion of l he exh"l Isr gases
    Il
    1l1
    ll1fuelcconomy Le g islarionr ega rclingcxhauSlcmi 州 i onshasl edr o
    • a
    ll ow lhe eng ine 10i cle sll100rh
    l ly、 anc 1 incr casi ngl y comr licated car buretor s，which ¥ vi
    ll
    have no f lal SpOlS ¥.
    vhen r he l hronle i s allo¥V lhe¥ 'chiclesrowhichr heya re日ledl o pass
    opencd qUlles tnngen te lll
    l S
    S lonles1芯
    • beac 1jllstablelOSlIi
    lc lifferenrc1imaliccon-
    clit
    ions. and Jllcct lo c
    a l exhauslemis 引 o n
    regulations Table6.1 Typicala i
    r/fue
    lr ati
    os
    Stage Enginefunc
    tio
    n R
    ati
    o
    11 勺4

    Coldsta
    rlin
    g 9:1
    Thcproponionsoff l
    llanc
    c 1ailえIr
    econsider cdi n Id
    lin
    g 1
    0:1
    今、uAU守

    tcnnぉO flh仁 1
    "I
    1 la
    lδ 汚 Thcreasonf o
    rI lc
    1 aぉ1I1
    ln日 lhe Economy 16:1
    mixtl
    lreslrcngth hy l
    1lassis
    .lhalm乱 開 ISconsl an仁 Ac
    celerat
    ion 1
    2:1
    R
    J

    、、 、 川
    、
    V

    hじrC
    :ls'o!ume i cs¥¥'
    il
    htcmperatureaメ ai rand Maximumpower 1
    2:1

    59
    60 九l
    oto"
    l Vじh
    ic
    lじt
    ecl
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    <
    .
    :
    :ha
    niにお

    A
    tmo
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    cpr
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    ure St
    rang
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    rv a
    lve
    N
    eed
    les
    eat ， (ch
    oke
    )
    whenclos
    ed
    P
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    r
    o
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    A
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    ent
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    F
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    le
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    、 /
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    、
    、ー
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    •
    4
    Je
    t Atomi
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    hra1l
    le町
    m
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    rsfu
    el f
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    landai
    r b
    utt
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    flyvalv
    e
    s
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    C r
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    sa mount01
    m
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    er

    ー
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    Lowpr
    ess
    ure

    e6.
    Figur 1Basi
    csimpl
    eje
    tcar
    buret
    tor

    Thebasiccarburettor the mani fol


    clt hrollgh lhc ca r b
    llrclor "s choke
    tube，passingt hrough a speci ally shapec lr esrr
    ic-
    tion c alled t he venturi.I nl he vent urit he a il
    The basic carhuret
    tor consists ofrwo main speecli ncreases)r esul tingin aclcpres sion art his
    pa
    rrs: a floatchamber 1O sl Ipply t
    he f
    l ，
    lel pomt
    anc
    1achoketube i nwhi cht hef le
    lismixec
    l Theolt lelfromt he1 r0atchall1beri δ placecli n
    withair(Figure6.1) the l1i
    l clc
    lleoft hisc lepr e
    ssion.Atmospher ic pres
    Ir
    Sl ef orcesf llelf rom t he 1
    f0archamberi nlO lhe
    c
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    llr.
    iAsl hef lelish irbyr he
    The levc
    ¥i nthcnoatchamberi scont loJled by high-vel oci t
    yai r1f0wing throllgh lhe ven tl
    lrii lis
    af loat ¥.V
    henlhef u e
    Jpllmpoper ales，fl
    lelen ters atomised i ntoa日nespr ay，befor eitisd ra'¥vni nro
    lhe日oarchamberl hrollgh lhe needle valve，a ncl thei nlermani f
    olcl.Atomisationi sal erm1 I日c1ro
    礼sl he f
    lle
    ll e
    v eJri
    5e5.50c locsthc1foa.rThe r loar describe the pr oceδs whereby lhe l iql
    liclf ll
    eli s
    li
    fts thc needle untili lc¥oぉeぉ lhe supply.The broken l IPi nto extremely small c lro
    plets.J nt he
    correcll ev
    el offll
    eli salwa) 'sbelowlhe l evelof inle
    tmani fol
    cliti svapor isec
    l(itbecomesavapol l
    1
    lhe f ue
    l ol l
    tl . An a
    el i
    r vent "lloW5 t he 日oat 01呂出).a n
    clitpassesi nto whichevercyl incl
    e rhas
    chamhert o 日1 and atmospheric pr essuret o act ani nletvalveopen
    uponlhepet rolint hヒ flo
    atchambel Theamountofa ir/fuelmixtur eclrawn i nro the
    明/ hen the enginc isturncc l，thc pistons mQve cylinc
    1ersc 1epenc 1son ho wrarlhclhrol t
    leva lvei s
    clownwardsont he
    irinduc tionslrokesa n c
    lcr eate openec 1.Onavehi cl
    ewirhab asicca r
    l孔l rctt
    orr his
    adepression i nlhe inletm aniro
    lcl.Ail 一
    日O '¥
    ¥1S11t
    I O isconrrollec 1bylheacceleratorpedal
    C山 b
    ll
    r;ll
    iol 61

    The simpl e carburetlorw il


    l provicle a cor r ect in the f
    orl
    ll ofremoval
    ラle、scr
    e、¥
    'edi
    ns
    .ens mac
    .
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    tuhe. sccal lseofthec li
    fferenr1
    f0wcharactcristics
    ()
    fp etrol日 nc
    .
    la ir t、
    ，i 、
    .
    r
    il proviclearich mixrureat
    Mainj
    etoperation
    hi自h spccc lぉ れ hen a high quanriry of a
    1 iri s
    pas苛 ing lhrough. a ncl a weak mixt urc a tl ow
    In rhe air-blced type 0' 1carl孔 I
    rC!
    !or ，pelrol1fo¥Vs
    speecls守¥Vhen a 討mall amOL ln{ ofai ri s n O\~/ i ng
    through lhe mainj etand gat hersi n thc spray
    (Figurc 6.2)γ' 0 overcolne thisclisadvantageanc .
    l
    tube ar rhe same I cvel as inl he noal charnhcl
    give e f
    ficient carl孔 I
    rat
    ion on a var iable- spccd
    CFigure6 .3)
    .Theopeningsa trhctop0' 1rhespray
    englne，SOI l
    1じ form ofco mp ensation m ll st he
    luhe are s llhjecr ro engin巴 i n!ak 巴 d epression
    used
    Inside t he spr ay t uhc i st hc emulsion 印 be，
    which hasa ser iesofopenin呂S，and < ln aircor
    rectionj e
    ta tt herop
    ，ι
    Mi
    xlur
    e 〆 / As engine speecl incrcascs the f ucl¥ ¥
    'el
    li s
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    y P
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    ixl
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    c
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    /'〆
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    /
    u
    回E

    currecrion jet and IhrOllgh the opcnings i nt hヒ


    p旨﹄一時右主旦比

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    /
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    1
    47
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    /
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    il
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    Figure6.
    1
    00weak E
    ng
    2Thisgraphshowswhatwoul
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    li nc
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    Com pensmion may be achi


    eved i
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    ari
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    pa開 inglhcmthroughaccurately品izcclclr
    illin
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    62 へ1
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    Coldstarting engl1e 1
    l 討 にold and opens itfu
    lly¥ ¥
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    ure
    、
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    l.eilh
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    1
    . Thea i
    l討peedi ぉvervl o¥V. C孔usingthemixturc
    lOIヲじ¥Vcalく
    Bypassstartingdevice
    2
    . A proporlion ofthe a t口1 1
    11只ec
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    Anal terna
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    ncl-
    onrothecol d日 I
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    ac esinsidethei n
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    enl "ir/fuel supply inside lhe c"r hur ello r，which
    fo
    lcl
    .i nstcad of bじ ing vapori sed 10i 1
    1lrrove
    IS 礼l s
    o con1rolled manually 01 ' a utomat icaly
    combust ion
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    1 aratepet ro lj etancl
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    lr a
    ti o of abOUl 1i
    e r passagc 1 0 an outleton the m ~l niro lcl sic
    lc of
    lう l九 、ouldbe100れ民t I 、fornormal仁ombustion. lhe lhrol
    lle alve.A l、 ypic，，1l1el
    1 hocl oCconlrol i s
    anclaI llctho
    ζIofcnrichment! lu
    1 stheL I討ecl hyarotarydiscva lvc
    rhi自 oflenlakesl hef ‘
    onn oCacholebutterfly
    valveorstrangler(Figure6 .4
    ).[¥cOllsi川 行 おi
    tnp ly Cold- startsystemrequirements
    oC" bunじ r fl
    )' l'礼 I¥
    'c
    .¥ ¥
    'hichr cst
    ric
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    ti svery i n1pOrfe
    lnrr harcolcl川 山 l i
    ngc levicesare
    into the car burettor .[ 1l 1ay bc manually CO
    l I1- returned 1 0 theり ffPOSilion ぉ
    "
    soonaspos sible
    Irolled01 'fullyautomati仁 lnvar i
    ablylhcchokci s ¥X
    / i
    lh cold- slart
    in呂日 i r
    /fuelr atios礼 討 !o¥'a討 9
    ¥ :1
    linkcd l ol hc lhronlesolhal¥Vhen i li soper alec l excessi veuseoft hesysl em ¥'
    villre叩I ti nanQVeI
    lhet hroltlcisopcncdぉI I
    日ht l
    y rich mixturc，r c乱 ilti
    ngi n poor running 01 "e ven
    AU!O!Tl川 icchokc お 山 cs c
    thyopcningt hcrhr ut slaling， anc
    1unburnl Cuel i nlhecyl 川 ders.Aslhe
    tlc bcrorc st artin日 1 0 permilthe mechanisl 1 1
    l 0 inler manifold bcginぉ r O¥Nann up. r u
    e l 1hm has
    operale. The chokc i scontrolled by a bimel 札lIi仁 con clCI刊 ec
    l onto the i nter
    iorsurface討 w ill evap
    spnn日， w 111C1
    1c lり行ヒ s lhヒ bUller fy 、
    1 、 hen lhヒ ur at
    c . makin日 I he conc Jir
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    c. An
    CXCCSSoff u
    el Gln，， 1
    ぉo wash川、' -ayl ubr i
    canla nc
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    Jil
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    lThisi st yrica1 ofvehicles
    A
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    制rf
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    tr
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    a同 v
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    iis nol f o 日 間l
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    もM
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    Fl
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    entu
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    圃 l
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    回 11
    1
    ，"，
    WW11
    ! ￨1
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    ¥ D
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    T
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    e
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    Toeng
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    unti
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    dl
    ingm
    ixt
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    lmixt
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    F
    igure6.
    4 Chokeoper
    at旧n Figur
    e6.
    5 Slow-
    runni
    ngj
    et
    C山 h
    urll
    : i
    on 63

    depre出 ion r orf u


    c lto1f0w f r
    OIllt heぉpra1 'I llbe characre
    rislicsb<
    :twccn fue
    lanζ r
    . rhc f
    !日 i uel ¥Vi
    ll
    1
    :
    l11
    1 Ihe spccd of a i
    ra rullncl rhc slighll1
    ' open notbど iIl
    1Jle
    l cl
    iat
    cl)山 '
    ail
    ablea
    ncl，汁お "elり r
    c.an 礼l

    IhrOlllc dues cre"lc a high clcpr e行sion， an cl thc ぉpOI、


    、!ilresult
    ic
    llin日 oUll
    eti ssitu<
    l1ec
    ¥j us
    tbelowthegapi n" 1his
    以1ヒυ (!
    ?lHUICGう)
    rhisおyst emOpCI日l e討 int hc 出 1mヒ、、;-!v as r hc '
    foover come t hi lc
    Ic
    ssl .
    len wcakcning oflhe
    ma111 J日 討u pplyingj usrenough fud t o kcep t he mixture a chargeoff uelISi n
    jccle
    clintothe
    enginet icki
    ng( )
    ¥'
    (:r
    . On elb asiccarbureuorr hcre a
    irstreamf r
    uIl ac
    l le
    v i
    c eca
    lled theaccelera
    i
    s an adjusting screw t o vary the i 1
    c1ing air/fuel t
    orpump
    ratio，thc 1;1l(
    l )Unt ()f mixturc suppli ed "10 I hじ
    cngi neheings <:tbythethroHleopening
    Figurc6.7sil o
    ¥¥.soneofse¥ 'era
    ld e
    sigl刊 I nIhis
    Progressionsystem example a loos じ fil
    lin呂 plllngeri sconneCle clt o
    rhc lhrott
    lc，Suc lclcn openi ng 0'1Ihc lhrottle、，、i1
    push the plunger r a pidly c lo¥Vn ilS cyl i
    ndcl
    'hel
    1 i
    l活ti
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    1engine討p
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    dledoe討
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    lorcing fuel p<
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    he C.Iじ 1
    ieryv日I vじ anにIi nlOl hc
    level01"1he叶 )1""
    1'I llheolltlet¥X'ithol
    lrmoref l
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    札 I
    f日cientf ucl"10 raiscr he cngine ぉpcじに1 . f)uring
    Ihe cn日inc ¥ ¥'
    olll
    cl nol r l
    ln prope rl，
    1 and a f
    ' lat
    spot-anenginehesi l<lion-wouldOCCl Il
    日en l
    leoperalion ofthc I hlυtt
    lc.r u
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    fo 0、 escapepastrhelooscp lln巴er，andnoenrichmen
    l t
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    clc
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    'I I
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    takesp lace. Thc cyl inc lcri sr cchal日ヒにI¥¥. 、
    hene CI
    、 herci
    、 ris influcnced hy clepression o nl)' whcn lhct hr
    ottleisrclcased
    lhc Ihronlc 凶 行 l ight
    l1' open (F ig l
    lrc6 ，6)
    .1 'his
    syslem s llpplicぉ exlra f ll
    clt oincr case engine
    Fullload enrichment
    specclahovei clc，l
    l l
    nti
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    P . e行 10rhc
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    l etcanoper atc
    Some ヒngincs ，;l rc de 自民 ncd 10 he uscd 川
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    Acceleratorpump ai
    r/fue! ratio norrnallv ¥
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    ly and SIlo
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    引IddcnlyIhcrc vi、
    ll bc"n i nぉt
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    ternatively

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    7 Mechani
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    Figure6，6 Pr
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    et pu円、p
    64 I
    v
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    lhere may bc a system controlled by mechanical influencec


    1 by manifolc 1 c 1eprcssion， which
    linkage increases as lhe t
    hro
    ttle openin日 decre
    ::日 e
    5.The
    clevic
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    ecc¥
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    Theuseofweakmixtures
    thro
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    ¥
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    :1. UndeI
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    lll
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    ¥
    C<
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    mixtureburnsa 1asl uv./
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    gaおヒ討 LObecorneh Ot
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    ternati
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    throtr
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    can run 0 1 a weaker mixture、
    1 .
    vithnoc ¥angerof c
    ¥epression (Figure 6.9). Int h
    is type ofc ar-
    ovcrhearing，a nelanypowerl os
    .sisnotnoticeable burettorthechoke01 'v entu
    riareai svariable
    A weakermixtureproclucesnocarbonmonoxide， anc1iscontrolec¥byamovabl ep iston，asi n
    and improves r he v ehicle's fuelconsumption the illu
    str
    ation (orsOI 11etimesbya pivot ing
    Modern cngincぉ have t o meet stringent exhal ls
    t 'pla
    re')
    emission laws，and t hi
    s ha s
    .resulted i n manufac-
    turersclevclopingv ¥!hatarc known asleanburn
    The pisron，orthe r llbb
    erdiaphragI 1a
    1 ttachec
    1
    engincs.Un ιle
    rnormalc l
    rivin自 conclit
    ionsitisr a
    re
    for Ihe driver 10 require maximum power from
    t，i
    to i ss ll
    lコjecled，through asI 11alo i白ce，toIhe
    r
    venturi clepression on it5 upper surface，a n
    cl[ 0
    rhe engine. Lean hurn en日ines I 1ake u
    1 se ofthe
    bene日 。
    目 fa sl ighl旬 、 .
    veal くer mixture without
    atmospheric pressure below. The p
    springare l ift¥bythec
    ec 1iffer
    iston and i
    enccbetwcenthese
    t
    s
    causlI1
    自. Iheen日i ne[ 0over heat
    pressures，a ncl the p
    iston takes up a position of
    eqli l
    ibr
    illI
    11 whcrc its weigh tis balanccc¥by thc
    Economydevices c
    1epression a t the ventllri
    .The pi sLOn therefore
    ri
    sesa nclf al
    lsasnece同~lr)' t omal 1l
    l a
    ll
    laconSL anl
    Most carburenorsa.re Attecl with some form of clepression a t any engi ne speed 01 " lhroltl
    e
    econOI1y c
    1 1evice. '
    T"he c
    1evice in Figllre 6.8 i
    s opening. I f lhe venturi clepr ession increases

    Ma
    inai
    rtu
    be

    Di
    scval
    vean
    d Perm
    anent
    di
    aph
    ragm smal
    lai
    rlea
    k10 H
    ydr
    aui
    lcd
    amp
    er
    comp
    ensati
    ng
    wel
    l
    R
    ubb
    erd
    iap
    hra
    gm

    V
    ent
    uri
    Sp
    ir
    ng
    D
    eρr
    ess
    iont
    r
    ans
    fer
    L
    arg
    eai
    rhol
    e
    Th
    ro
    tt
    ledi
    sc
    DuCl
    lO n
    eed
    le
    compen
    sat
    ln
    g
    we
    l
    l

    Mix
    tur
    e J
    el
    ad
    ju司'n9
    Th
    rot
    tl
    e nu
    l

    Figure6.8 Economydevice Figure6.9 Zenith-Str


    ombergca
    rbl
    lre
    tto
    r
    C
    ;
    :Ir
    hU
    r;
    lli
    on 65

    atmospheric prc出 ure ¥Vi l


    ll if
    l rhe p islon，cnlarg
    11日t hevcn Luri as it does so a ncl reducing lhe Carburettora n d manifold
    dcpression，u ntilas t
    ate()
    fbalancei sachieved layout
    rhis proviclescondil ionssi mila
    r[0 lhesimpl e
    carhurctlori nt h
    at therc isa constanl C lirspccd Anempts have been made 1 0 improvc the
    礼nc l
    ιI cpre出 ionovcrlhcf u
    e lj e.
    rHere，hoれleVel ef白ciencyofl hecnginebymakingl hビ inle
    lpOI 1行
    the vCl Iu
    1 ri area i sincreasinga n
    cl decreasi ngto ancl passages bel ¥Vccn the carl川 r ellora ncl rhc
    acljus
    ll h camounl0" 1airenreringl hei nrake.The cylin
    clersa ss honaぉ pos 引h l
    e.1 1c10esnolmallCI
    jC
    Iareamus tal δohcr egul
    ate c
    lt osu irrhevarying ¥Vhelherr he chokel ubei sh or
    iヌOnl1， .
    1ver t
    ical0 1
    vcnlun Sl χ
    C1 0give a cons r anlmixtur e strcngrh alan anglc i n ber'¥ v
    ecn)as long aぉ the 1 f0λl
    Thi沿 i s achieved by having a tapercd needle challlberi s venica.l Many c liffcrentcarhurel tol
    礼l lachcd1 0 lhebOllom0' 1l hep isron anclmoving versions have been used i n rhe pas . b
    l Ul lhe
    11討i
    1 delhej Cl. Aぉ lheneedler i
    sesili ncre aseslhe downcll"aught rype hasbeen f avo l
    l rcdi nr ecenl
    SIχ e0'1thej ctopcninga n
    clincreasestheamount yearsbecallselhca i
    r /fuelll
    liX
    llIrei sa s
    s i
    stccl hy
    off uelLhmcanヒn t
    crthea irstream.I nt his¥Vayil gravity[0en lerIhem anifol
    cl.a nιIal a
    rgervenl ll
    ri
    ma1l11all1討日じ on ぉlantmixtures trength can be cmployed. Figure 6.10 sho¥Vs lhrec
    layouls
    Coldstarting

    Manifoldsystems
    Thesimpleslmer
    hoc
    li sachievecl byloweト
    inglhe j
    el
    . Thej
    er movemenr i s con
    rro
    lle
    cl
    byap u
    llcable To improve volumelri
    c eff
    lci
    ency rhe i
    nle
    l
    manifo
    lclmus lbec1esi
    gne
    cl1 0dis
    lri
    bulcthe
    mixrure as evenl
    y as possibl
    ca nc
    l assis
    t
    ¥X
    /hen Sl山 lig，lhecngi
    n ne t
    urnsoveralabout vaponsatl
    Qn
    う00rpm， r cs
    lllti
    ngi nlo
    v.la
    ， irspeedanclvcryl i
    tt
    lc
    dcprcs吊ion. Bccau討 ヒ l here i
    sl i e c
    ul 1if
    ferencc
    hel
    ¥¥'cenlhepres ぉureabove01 "belowthecarbu- ln
    ler manif olds are usually made ofc a叫 I ron
    ret
    lorf 1is
    ton.i lr emains at the boltom of ilS al
    Ull
    lini
    llJl1 a
    lloy 0，1 I
    " lQr
    l er ecent
    ly
    .p las
    tic
    .The
    chamhe. rOnlyasmall quanrilyofa iris abl
    e1 0 borcofr hemanif oldshouldbel hcs之Imediamctct
    mix¥Vi thani ncreasedamoun(off uel，sorichen asrhei nlerpon. 1r討houldhavcnosharpbcnd人
    ingIhem iXll
    lre as th
    is ¥Vo lll
    dc all se S01l1C momentum of the

    ，
    ‘
    ↑

    14
    III
    411会V
    o
    A

    w
    r

    T
    oe叩 e

    4V

    A
    irf
    lo
    w_.
    T
    oen
    gin
    e

    S
    pra
    ytu
    be

    F
    loa
    t
    c
    hambe
    r

    (
    a) r1
    1叶 ↑
    ↑ (
    b) (
    c) T
    O刊 n
    e ↓
    Figure6
    .10 Car
    buret
    torl
    ayou
    ts:(
    alup-
    draught
    ;(blsi
    de-draught
    ;(c
    ldown-
    draugh
    t
    66 (
    ¥
    <1
    01 "v
    01 :hi
    t dじ I
    t
    :chnul
    ωμy'
    1
    1υ
    rr :
    lHch川 1
    1
    1<
    :
    ::
    '

    I
    nl
    etv
    alv
    es C
    yli
    nde
    rhead C
    yli
    nde
    r I
    ndu
    c!l
    onma
    nil
    old
    / m
    lxl
    u
    New
    re
    (
    dow
    n-dr
    a咽ht)

    E
    xha
    ust
    m
    ani
    fol
    d
    ¥ /
    -
    --
    -
    -- I
    nl
    e1
    p
    ort

    E
    xhaust
    gas
    es
    Col
    d
    po
    s日t
    のo

    Carbur
    etor イ01
    十
    m
    ou n
    ting p
    os
    lti
    o
    n

    Figure6
    .11I
    nletmani
    lol
    dlorlour
    -cyl
    inder Figur
    e6.12 Use01exhaustgasest
    o hea
    tthei
    nlet
    engme mani
    lol
    d

    A
    cce
    ler
    ato
    rpumpo
    utl
    et

    P
    rim
    aryb
    arr
    el
    S
    eco
    nda
    ryb
    arr
    el

    M
    ainj
    el
    s

    P
    roョre
    ssl
    vea
    ct旧n
    l
    in
    ka日e

    A
    cce
    ler
    ato
    rpu昨 P P
    rog
    res
    sNeo
    utl
    et

    S
    eco
    nda
    ryt
    hr
    ot
    tl
    e

    T
    oopent
    hr
    ot
    ll
    es
    P
    rim
    aryt
    hr
    ot
    tl
    e
    Figure6.1
    3 Multipl
    e-chokecarburet
    tor

    l
    11i
    xtL
    lret
    o be 105t，f uel¥Vuuld じり nden5eun l he en呂ine reaches oper 川 t
    n呂 t cmperaturc. Other
    bends，anc luneven mix(urcc lisrr
    ihution¥ voul
    clbc systCt
    11S incluc
    ¥c hcating ¥Vith the cooling watel
    exaggerated. Figur e 6. 11 sho¥Vs an example of anclelec
    tri c
    alheatetぅ
    inlctl11anifoldI礼y out
    Toa s
    sisr v~lporisation as500n aspos sib
    leaftel
    sla
    rtLng ) 討011
    1ヒ i n
    let l11anirolds are heatcd by the Multiplecarburettorsandmultiple-choke
    exhaL1s tg a
    seδ CFigure 6.12).This i 見 called a hot carburettors
    spot，and i s comrolled by a valvc to prcvcn t
    ovcrhcari ng oft he mi xrure. and cunse4uent 1 0 To incrcascvolu!
    l1c
    tri
    celfIciency i
    tis pos
    sihle t o
    。
    制
    fdensity a ncl volumetr i
    c ef日ciency，w hen rhe i ease thesize ofrhe chokc tubc anc
    ncr ¥¥'enturi.
    C
    arb
    llr
    at
    ion 67

    1hlIS ‘ 11り
    、 ing more air and fllel 10 enter .the tenfold 0
    11 engines worki
    ng i
    n dUSl
    y envi
    ron
    engi ne cyl in
    clers.L Jn fortll
    na te1y、 this is not as ments、，
    、i1、O
    lltal
    l自Ircrs
    good an op i口n ~IS i
    t t appcar st o be，as 礼 l arge-
    ιliamctel 仁 hoke t llbe l ea
    cls
    .(0 pooraromi sarion
    andr Olgh rllnninga ll o wenginespeec l
    sbe callsc ll 自I
    Moclern <
    : ters serve t
    hree i
    rnportant
    0"1p OOIιleprcssion a r rhe ven ll1r
    i. Manufactllrer s fll
    nctio
    ns
    h.
    1¥ "
    t:1 0 日ndtheoplimu1l1 s iz eofじhokef orr h
    cil
    • Theyr em oved llSlandol herp ar
    li cl
    esfrol11
    engl l1es，O t 日Imulliplc cl rbllretlOrs. ora s ingle
    thea irbef oreirentersthecarbur etol
    carbul ヒlor ¥ ¥'i
    lh I11l1lti
    plじ chokes to increa s
    .e
    • Theysi lencelhesOl ln
    cloft heairentering
    efF
    Icicnc )
    '川 ldOl llp
    llt
    theintake
    ]'
    (
    )i 1
    l1proveVOl 1l
    1l1elricef!
    自c lency.1 ラo'¥
    verOlllpl
    lt
    • They a c t as a 日ashlヲack arrest
    erwhen a
    and economy. h i呂h-performance engi nes may
    colcl orpoor ly tll
    necl engine 'c oll
    ghs'a
    h山 eI llll
    l1i
    plヒ C山 hurelOI お t hel lsua
    lar rangemenr
    nal11ebackthroughthecarbure tlol
    i
    sf oraf Oll
    lーにy l
    inderen日iner ohavet ¥VO anclsix
    cylindcr l InilS1 0 havc l hrce.i ¥llhol l
    gh aclvanl<ト
    gCull討! ぉuιh i n只ra llmiり nお 山 e expensivc) anc l
    reqUlr cexpcr ttunll1g i
    ¥lthollg
    hl her
    e ar
    e l11any c
    li
    ffer
    CI11ι
    lesig
    nぉ， I
    11e
    1
    wot ypes
    .shりwni nFi耳ureぉ 6.14and6. 1う川 elhe
    m osrcomJ11on
    Tosavespacea nclreducecosr s，manufactur-
    ersnown l111
    11
    lrip
    le-chokecarbur enorswith
    lWO， lhreeOrfourchokes(F igl
    l r
    e6.J3).Each Wi
    r
    emesh A
    irf
    lo
    w
    choke has i ts own jetsyslem clrawing f
    llel
    fr
    ol1l a COl
    1ll
    1lon noat challbe
    1 .
    rFourchoke ， Ai
    r
    i
    nl
    et
    In
    l ilSl1lay he usec
    l 01 six-orei ght
    -cyl
    incler
    veeenglne 討

    Airf
    ilt
    rat
    ion
    Q
    il
    Enυ
    uines conSl Ill
    le
    u
    l
    al包e amounts 01 "ai.
    rancl rhat
    a1r1討
    。It
    じ nheavi lycOl1tal
    1li
    naleclwithc l
    ust
    .[flhc
    duぉt¥¥'
    a対日 l l
    owedt o cnterthc enginc.con sic
    lcl
    ablc ¥¥
    '"r ¥¥， (
    a )ul
    cllakc pl acc. Te討ts have shown '
    thatthe ¥¥
    "c aron thc cyl indelヘ、allscan increase Figure6.15 O
    ilbatha
    ircl
    eaner

    T
    opc
    ove
    r I
    n
    lett
    ube

    、ノ A
    iri
    nl
    et
    C
    asin
    g 4砂ぞ
    ‘
    . ‘
    ・
    』ノ

    S
    eai
    lng P
    ape
    rel
    eme
    nt F
    lar
    edm
    out
    h0 門t
    1iake
    d
    isc

    • T
    oengi
    ne •
    Figure6
    .14 Paperel
    ementai
    rcl
    eaner
    68 :
    ¥
    101
    0rv
    chi
    cklCc
    hno
    log
    yfo
    rme
    clu
    nic只

    Paperelementaircleaner 1
    . carburet
    torAoodingresul
    lin
    gfr
    oll
    l
    Thisisusedonl i呂hrvehi仁le
    s.A replaceablepapcl )c
    a 1efectiveneedlevalve，01 " ad
    irty01"c
    .
    lam
    element，clcsignec
    .lsut hatil doesnot rest
    rict2it ageclneedles e
    at，
    flo
    v/，i日r
    ぉ redi napres sedstee
    lorp las
    tichousing， 1
    0) punclureclfloal，
    whichi sus u
    allymountedonropofthecarbUrel c
    ) highf uel-pu
    lllppressure，
    lorTheel emenrmustber eplacedwhend irty，01 c
    l)l eaking j et
    s or gaskel討 i nsi
    de lhe
    atthespeci白e c
    lser icei
    v n
    terva
    l s c arl
    3UICttI，
    O
    . uthercauses
    2
    Oilbatha ircleaner
    a)f ue
    ll ev
    elsel100high，
    This is very e f
    fcctivei n dusty conc li
    tions
    .A it
    b)¥ V
    Olilordamagedj el
    S
    日owsi ntorhef i
    llerlhroughan o ilt rayan c
    llhen
    c) colc
    l-s
    tanclev
    ices
    ticking0
    11，
    rhroughanoi l-impr egnated，日ne、 vi
    ， refI
    lrerbeforc
    c
    1)c l
    irt
    yairfi
    lt
    el
    enleringtheen呂i n
    e.MOSlofthedi rtistrappedi n
    theo i
    lt r
    ay，thcnthee lirreversesclirec
    tiont o日ow Dunotover lu
    lookexternalCG ses，s
    llc
    has
    upwarcls，when the r emai n
    clerist rappecli n the
    ]
    . enginerunning[00h ot;
    olie
    cl¥¥'
    Ire mesh. Theo i
    lr equirschanging，a
    e ncl
    2
    .s p
    irite
    cl，high
    -spee
    clorl ow
    -gea
    lζ1
    11V11
    1EV
    lhemeshneeds1 0becleaneda lre g
    ulari nter
    va l
    s
    3
    . excessiveload，urluλdedroofrack
    ;
    Apan from renewing lhe oi l，lhi
    s lype of自l 【el
    4
    . hrak巳ち hin
    clin
    g
    requires110replacemenrp a
    rrs

    Poppingback

    This isa terl


    ll given r
    o Ihe phenomenon ofa
    Faultfindingandmaintenance
    Aal
    lles p
    itti
    ng back Ihrough l
    he cari
    Jur ett
    or
    .l ris
    cause
    cl by too weak a mi xtur
    e. but Illay re
    sul
    t
    froman Ulllbe
    rofc lef
    ects
    There is veryl i
    ttl
    et o go wrong with t he
    moclern carbUrellOr;c lef
    ects are generally 1
    .t ryingtos t
    artacoldengi newir houtrhechoke;
    cluerocl
    ir
    rorwearBecauseofs tri
    ctexhaust . al
    2 eakin呂 gaskel i
    n lhe i nl
    ake s y
    ste
    lll(check
    emission r
    egula t
    ions，car bur
    ettora cl
    justment bysqui r
    tingoilonthej o
    i nl
    s10seewherei tis
    pointsaresealecllO pr eventtampering.T tis c
    lrawni n
    );
    only when ther eisan obvi ouscarburer tol 3
    .r et
    arcle
    cli g
    nitionti
    lll
    ing
    ;
    cle
    fecrrhatanyarremprsh oulc
    l be ma cle lO 4
    . defecliveinletvalvese:at，01'va¥ven olc
    losin日
    adjustrhe original ser
    rings，ancl rhen on ly properly
    'when the correctcl a
    ta and equ ipment ar e
    avai
    lable Hunting

    This t e s lIsec
    rl11 i 1 ¥vhen thc cn呂1Ile rllns[ na
    AII lhe otherengine serrings must be correcl sericsofsurgesa ticl
    le
    .1 isc all
    seclbytoor icha
    beforeyoumakeanya tt
    elllp
    lt oa c
    ljus
    ti c
    lli
    ngset mi x
    tllre，a nc
    l providcd lhere i s no cleep-
    scatccl
    ling
    sa ncl the exhauSlemissi on reading.Do no r callse，tcanbecorreclec
    i 1byιaI j
    ustment.Emission
    overlooksuchf actorsasaproper lyworkingf uel controlc arbllr
    e t
    t o
    rssho l
    lld only bea c
    ljl
    lst
    eclifa
    おuPIヲI
    ysystema nc
    ll hecorrectrypeofca rbu
    retlol carbon Illonoxicle(CO)gasanalyseri sa vail
    able
    forIhevehic le Correctadj lls
    tn1enroncar s¥vi
    : l
    h anemissionc ar-
    bllr
    ettorb ll
    twil holl
    tac ata
    lyticconver te
    r¥ v
    illbe
    Excessivefuelconsu町
    、ption shown bya l ightgr eycololl
    ri nsi
    clet heexhallsr
    ta
    ilpi p
    e
    Fi1δ
    1，check【hmthep r
    olコl
    el
    llr eall
    yc loe
    sexi に by
    討
    carefull
    y measuring rhe preιise amount off ue
    l Otherproblems
    heing llsec
    J a日a inS
    l at ruc mileage. As a lr
    eacl
    y
    menlloneζ1， chcck a l
    l en日i ne s et
    tings bef or
    e Althollgh car
    bll
    rett
    o rs are usual
    ly re
    lia
    b l
    e，l i
    ke
    unclcrr
    aki gc
    n .
    leta
    ilec
    l work 011 the carbureuor
    .I f orhercOlllponents they can fa
    ila r
    tcrprolon担任l
    fuelCOIぉ 1l
    1 1p
    l t
    ion isheavy、 lhisIllay bc caused service. Here are some problemδ l hal may
    Jy
    i occl
    lr
    Cal
    r
    ラur
    all
    01l 6
    9

    1.ConSl an t-vacuum carburet to'l;poorst ar


    tingand • Thc driverl lsesl he r
    hrot t
    le valve 1 0 vary r he
    10問 。 f powcr .A c liaphr a且m punClure can ljlanl ly0'
    i 1I
    llix
    tllreslppl iedt ol heengi net or eg
    causel hcsepr oh lems，hecauset hef l
    lcln eecl
    le 1I1alespeedandp口、 verolt
    ， p
    llr
    wil notr is
    ecor rectly andt
    町 hemix[Ur e¥vil be • COl11p letccomhllsr onor1kg0'
    i 1pel rolr equireぉ
    tooweak ]4ぅkgorai l
    2
    .I lesitalion 01' pop ping hack when l rying to • Engi nesneec .
    lar ichermi xtureforc o
    lclst arting
    acceleJ川 じ bri 討k ly
    . I rl hc car h
    llrerror has a an cli n
    irialaccel en:li
    l on buta v ./cakcrmi xture fOI
    ζ
    li aphr agm-l ype accc !cralorpllmp i t may he economica lcruising
    pl ln
    clllrcc
    land r ail
    ingL OpllIlpcx
    l lrar l
    lcl • ' rhere can bc. six srages i n efT
    cct ive car b
    lll‘ト
    .
    3
    . POOI ' Sしlrti
    ng when hol . low powerourput ， t on:choke，i
    i c
    .
    lling，rr ogr
    essi on，ma inj ヒ1，山:ccler -
    hi日h f

    chokesl
    u
    exhaUSIお1
    cl cons
    110k
    l
    lI lp
    l tion a
    c.Thi討 i sl
    ickingon.A l11anla
    n
    Is
    cl，possi
    Ialy c
    l
    l
    lyoper
    a
    l
    bl
    l
    at
    y，bl
    se
    e
    c
    c
    ack
    l by a
    lchoke
    ・
    aL

    fi
    Orpll11p，anc
    The r
    xecl-je
    lf'
    wo m山 n r
    r 01日xed-
    l
    lll oaclcn
    ypes 0'
    choke ln
    r
    ichmen

    il，and l
    l
    1carhurcr lorar
    hc con忘l
    el hc
    ant-
    札/i11n eed anent iont り lhccabl elink.An a llto vaClum，var iable-chokeuni t
    mati c choke ! llay have a l oose housi ng 01' • Thccar bllr
    ettori smounl eclont hei nletl11ani
    clcfeclivehi mcla1i cぉrnng rolcl，whi ch disl rih
    u res rhe mi xlll
    re 1 0r hc inlel
    por t
    s
    Faults and thei
    r possi e U:I
    bl USCS arelist
    ed ful
    • Thca l 日l
    i tereXl ractsdustf roll
    lt hca ir ，acts" I
    S
    日xecl-chukeand conSlan"
    ¥-
    v;J仁 uumc< :
    !
    rbu
    re t
    torsin
    asi lencer ，andarrCSl Sany1 fashback
    Table自 6.
    2孔 nd6.3rcspecl
    ivel y

    CH ECK YOURUNDE
    RSTANDIN G ￨町VISIO
    • Thef llnCl
    ion0' 1l hecar bl l
    rel loris'
    10 l11i
    xpet
    rol 1 ¥Vhich P山 lofa carbul目 turmalJlt
    alJlSa con-
    and e
    1irint he cor r ectr at i、 a
    口 s needed by l hc 5tanlleveloffuel
    '
    cngine，and t o a l O ll1 i ~氾 I t IJlto a 白ne spray fOI 2 1-
    [0¥V doeslhelhrot
    tlevalveconl
    lりI lhcengi nc
    vapun出 l
    llon speedan clpowerOL lt
    plll
    フ

    Table6. 2 Faultsandpossib
    lecausesf
    orf
    ixed-
    chokecarbu re tt
    ors
    Fau
    lt Pos
    siblecaus e
    Poors r
    arr
    ingfromcold • Chok enoto pe
    ratingcorrect
    ly

    ・
    - Manual:checkf ul
    lyclosedwhenon
    Er旧 t
    icslowrunnin
    g Idl
    ei nc
    orrectl
    ysel
    - Slow-runningje
    tparti
    all
    yb locke
    d
    Hesit
    ationdur
    ingacce
    lera
    tio
    n • Progressi
    o nje
    tb lock
    ed

    ・
    - Acceler
    atorpumpn otwork in
    g
    Lossofpower BlockedJers
    • Thro
    ttl
    ・
    enotopeningf ul
    ly

    ・
    Lowf uelleve
    linf l
    oatchamber
    Poorh o
    ts t
    art
    ing Richmixture
    • F
    F
    • F
    u
    l
    u
    e
    o
    e
    ll
    a
    eve
    l1

    lpumpp
    ・
    00h
    tchamberf
    re
    ighi

    s
    l
    s
    o
    o
    u
    r
    d
    nf
    i
    et
    n
    l
    g
    o
    oa
    tchamber

    ohigh

    Table6.3 Faultsandpossi bl
    ecausesf orconst
    ant-
    vacuul11 carbure tt
    or s
    Fau
    ll Possiblecause
    Err
    ati
    crunn
    ing，st
    all
    ingatlowe
    nginespeed， Sti
    ckingp i
    slonduet o
    lac
    kofpower，andhighfue
    lconsumpti
    on • di r
    typistonorsucti
    onc hamber
    • jeto u
    ・
    tofc
    bentneedl
    • pu ncrure
    e
    e
    ntr
    e

    ddiaphragm

    ・
    .o ilto othi
    ckindamper
    Hesはat
    ionwhena cc
    eler
    atin
    g Lowoi
    Oi
    lt
    l
    oot・
    damperl
    hini
    eve
    ndamper
    l
    70 M
    oto
    re、
    h
    icl
    ete
    chn
    olo
    只yf
    ormヒc
    han
    ics

    3 Whali 日lhepurposeoft hevenluri


    ' 7 How i st hec ffc ctivesizeoft h ejeta lte
    redina
    4 Whyi sar i
    ch1l1ixt
    ureneededf orcoldsta
    rting， cunstant-vaCLlL11l1carbureuor?
    anc
    lwhatp ar
    tufa白x ecl-jelcarburett
    orful白ls 8 Whathar1l1 i sl ikel
    yt ur es
    llllf ro1l1 r
    llnni
    n白 川
    th
    isf un
    c t
    ionフ eng1l1e、Yi
    i thoutana irc1eanerelement?
    ラ Whati st hcd iffer
    encebetweenanxed-choke 9 Wha ti st h
    ee ff ectun p erfor1l1anceufrunning
    anc
    1aconstant-vaCUUIl1 carburet
    tur? anengi new ithac logg
    e c
    lai r日1 te
    lコ
    6 Why a re 50 1l1any C01l1pensati
    ng jets and
    systemsn ee
    cleclinaf ix
    e d
    -jetcarburet
    tor?
    Petr
    o
    'li
    白jeclon

    Introduction Fuelinjectionsystems
    Cλrhll
    I TIO r ，
    -h" ed pel rol r llel sysl emぉ have rhefllelinj
    ec l
    ionsystcmsi nlro
    clllce
    dl o Jllcctthe
    ¥¥'orkcd¥ ¥'
    cllf or many yca rs，bUI deman cls f
    or e
    arlie
    s t Cal
    ifornian legi
    sla
    lion ¥Vcrcr ll
    lly el ec
    hetter fuelt'conomy. l uwerexhaus temis si
    ons t
    ronic
    . These wer e very expensive，and subs e-
    I
    I1crea.じζ
    '
    i 1p o¥¥
    'erO lllpllandmore1
    l fexi b
    lccngine q
    llenllyacheapers y stemwit hmechan icalc o
    ntrol
    pcrforJll"ncecan be Jllelon ly by mor c complex wasc lev
    elopeclforlessぉcnsit
    ive1l
    1e
    .!rket
    s
    carhur ClOI討 a ndancil la
    ry sy sl巴I1lS.iV
    Iostmodern
    Gll凶 nowhavcaf u c
    li n
    jecl
    ions y stem)bec auseit
    Mechanicalmanagementoffuelinjection
    isoflcn chcapera n cl mor e efnci enl，ancl can be
    readily comh ined wil h an clecl ronic engine
    m::l
    n:lgemen lS)
    '討 l
    CI1l f
    orI Ol
    alcomr ol
    Thiss ystem l Isesamechanicalf lel-
    meler i
    ng
    c
    list
    ribl
    l[Qr[QcOl1[r o
    lt heai
    r/f
    l
    lelra
    tio(Figure
    7.1)
    .A t hro t
    tl ebuuer f
    lycomr ol
    stheairinler，
    Thcadvant agesIha
    lapplylOal
    lelecl
    ron
    ica
    lly
    anc
    lt he flleli l1j
    ec[Qrsa[Qmise l
    he rue
    l by
    cOJ1lr
    oledぉy
    SLems山 easrolo
    ¥¥'
    5
    sprayingi ti 1t
    l othe i1l
    l e
    tvalvepon oneach
    1.bCll
    crcOl1lrolorrher lle
    ls llp
    plyl Ocylinders
    ; cyli
    ncler( Figure7 .2a)
    2
    . higher volllmclr
    ic ef nciency. as t
    hcr ci 芯 nO
    venturi10r e
    str
    ictt heai rflo¥
    '¥
    '
    .
    )
    .b Cll
    eraloJllisa
    tionofI hef l
    lel
    Oper at ion
    "
    '
    1.prov附 ion ()
    fl he corrCclmi xlure r
    ario foral
    Asl he t h
    rottleb utte rfl
    yi sprogre ssivelyopened
    cngin econdit
    ions，r csultinginb e
    llereco!lomy
    the1fo¥
    'vufa iri ncrcases.Thei ncominga irlif
    tsr he
    andh i且heren且111(: powerOl ltp
    ul
    airnO¥V scnsingpl al e(Fi gll
    re7 .1 )
    .Thcミv icl
    e r[ he
    thro
    ttlei sopened，l hegr catcri sl hea l日OW，and
    i
    lhe higher l he p lat cw ill be l ifted. The p late
    Thc mor c ヒl
    aborarc syslerns al
    so 昌ive lhe
    thro
    ll日h i tsa rm，l i
    ftslhe con lr olplungcri nl he
    cor
    rcclquanl
    ityofa i
    r/f
    ll
    elJlli
    Xlll
    re10 eachcyli
    n-
    fuel-mcl cringd islrinuto.rwhi chalow5l 10
    l rcr uel
    c
    lcron every i
    nduction s
    lroke. ensu
    ring smooth
    、
    ande enpowcrou tpUl
    to1fow.The presslIr
    openst he lines tot
    e cr
    hc i n
    eatcc
    jeclOr
    l by I
    s，whi
    he r ue
    l Aow
    ch cont inu-
    ouslysprayf uelonl Ot hc bacl く o rlhei nlelvalve
    (Fi
    gllre7 .
    3).ThealOmisedf uelmixes¥Vi lhtllca il
    Thedisadvantagesofpet
    rolf
    ueli
    njc
    clionare
    andvaporisesbefor een tcrin gt hccyl i
    nderwhen
    a
    sf o
    llo
    '¥v
    s
    thci n
    letval veopens
    1
    . Thc !lo
    l rc elaboral
    e sysl
    e!lSar
    l e mOrcc
    ost
    ly Mechanic al systemshave lhed i出 Idv山 ltageof
    andmorecomplic(lt cd movi ng pansr hat wear，caus ing i naccur aci esi n
    2
    . Specia
    lislおじ r
    vici
    ngisrcqui
    red thc air/fuelr atio. Theyar c also pr onヒ 1 0C OIT()-
    3
    .F a
    ilurcofakeycomponenlcOll ddis
    abl
    cthc sion from ¥ ¥'alerint he f uelsysl em. and a rc I css
    cngl
    l1e sensit
    iveI hane l
    cctro nicalycomrolle cls y日 CIlS
    l

    71
    72 ;
    ¥1
    0101
    'v'h
    t ickl
    l'
    dlnologyr
    or1
    l1cchani
    cs

    F
    uel
    I
    nJe
    CIo
    r Warm-up
    A
    irfJow reg
    ula
    tor
    T
    hro
    ttl
    e sen
    s1ng C
    ont
    rol
    b
    utt
    erf
    ly p
    late p
    lunge
    r
    F
    uelmeter
    ing
    d
    lst
    rib
    uto
    r

    I
    nl
    el
    ma門i
    fo
    ld

    Fuel
    F
    uelpump
    r
    egu
    lat
    or

    Ign
    iti
    on F
    uel
    S刷 tc
    h f
    il
    te
    r
    F
    uel
    lan
    k

    B
    att
    ery

    E
    lect
    ric
    ・-
    f
    uelpump

    Figure7
    .1 M echanicali
    nject
    ion fuelm anagem ent

    ，
    Arf low Fue
    l
    sensor di
    stri
    bul
    or
    pump
    F
    uel

    S
    ingle
    .
    .
    I
    nJe
    cto
    r
    E
    lec
    tro
    nical
    ly
    c
    onl
    rolle
    d
    I
    nJe
    cto
    rs J戸 Fuel
    ra
    il
    A
    .r• I
    nlel
    Continuous
    flowinj
    ector
    s
    戸 r m
    an i
    fol
    d

    contr
    olled Inj
    eclto
    n
    byf u
    el spray
    pressure direc
    led
    alinl
    et
    valve

    (
    a) (
    b) (
    c)

    Figure7
    .2Petrolinjecti
    on system s
    :(a 、
    )m echaricalel
    ect
    roni
    csyst
    em ;(
    b)s
    ingl
    e-poi
    nti
    nject
    旧 n，
    (
    c)multi-
    poi
    ntinject
    ion
    PじI
    mli
    n
    ject
    ion 73

    E
    lec
    lro
    nic 1
    1
    1presel 1l-d
    aysyslemsr heECUusuallycon rrols
    l
    ue
    linj
    ect
    or
    al aspectsofengine management 日uchsysl emぉ
    have t he advantage of being able t O 1 l0
    l nitol
    enginespee c
    lanclloadIllor eaccur a
    l ely，ィ 15 welaf .
    i
    being able t o gather and use otherinrormat ion
    sllch aseng ine tem peralUrea nclign iti o n timing
    cOI1
    c1ir io
    ns
    AlIpelrolfueli n
    jecti
    onsystemsr el y01ar o
    r a
    ry
    electricf uel1'umporpumpstosu1 '
    1'lyaci rcuilOr
    piping with f l
    lel，pres.
    sur
    ised a nc
    lr e
    g l
    ll川 cd t oa
    predeterminedf igure.011ECU-cont rolec lsystemぉ
    the inject口問 a rebasi calyspray ' r
    aps'，which ar c
    O open ec lforvaryi ngperiods0' 1rimel (Ja llowpre汚
    I
    nl
    et surised f uelt o escape i n
    t o the airs lr eam.The
    m
    anif
    old I
    nl
    etv
    alv
    e l
    I1J
    ectorvalvesareOrened an clcloscd accura【e ly
    hysol cnoic
    lvalvesi nsi
    dethcm ( Figurc7う)
    Figure7.
    3 Fuelbei
    ngsprayedi
    nthei
    ntakepor
    t
    towardsthein
    letval
    ve
    There ar
    e two main typesofel
    ectr
    oni
    cf uel
    in
    jecti
    on: single-poinr and multi-point
    Electronicfuelinjectionmanagement (igure7.2b，
    F c
    )

    The managemen r of t he f uel syst


    em is
    Sing le-pointinjectionhasas inglelarg einj
    ec-
    car
    riec
    l Oulby an electroniccontrolunit
    tormounted i n thc usual p
    laceforacarburenol
    (ECU)，whichisaspeci al
    iseclmicr
    ocomputel
    This i討 ar c
    1ativelycheapsystem f orsl
    lll.
    a 1mass
    (F
    igure7.4)
    コ
    l r
    ocJ
    lIce d vehicles.1 1 has fl
    ll
    lel
    ectronic contrl，
    o
    buth ~IS thcs amcdrawbackascarbureuor si nthat

    E
    leC
    lri
    c F
    ueli
    f
    te
    !r
    f
    ue
    lpump
    F
    uelt
    ank
    E
    lec
    tro
    nicc
    ont
    rol
    u
    ni
    l(ECU)

    •
    F
    uelr
    ai
    land
    p
    ress
    urer
    egu
    lal
    or
    T
    hro
    ttl
    e
    I
    nl
    elm
    ani
    fol
    d b
    utt
    er
    fly

    S
    olen
    oidope
    ral
    ed r
    ifl
    ow
    f
    ue
    linj
    ect
    or s
    ensi
    ngpl
    ale

    +
    I
    gn
    il
    iof
    1
    d
    is
    tri
    bu
    tor
    g刊!旧n
    I
    s
    witc
    h

    Figure7.
    4Electron
    icf
    uelmanagement
    74 .
    ¥lm
    o1、
    eh
    iclピ【 e
    chno
    log
    yfo
    rrl
    lt.'dunitメ

    engine. Thiお information i 討 日) mparccl れ i


    th
    A
    rma
    tur
    e S
    pri
    ng
    El
    ec
    tri
    cal thedatastored i nthe ECU 'sI 1lcllo
    1 ry.andal Jtl
    te
    Ne
    edl
    e
    t
    erm
    inal
    s OLllputsarc then acti
    vatcc
    lt ocOl 1tr
    o! theengine
    lhese i
    ' ncludc set
    tin日 t
    lte period 0' 1injecl
    ion r
    町 o
    ensurct hattheappr opriale<lll1ount0'1f u
    clissup-
    plie
    clf orrhcquantity0'1airandl heconcli t
    ionぉ

    Airflow

    t
    .
    V r1
    1easuringthe3i f0 w日c10nchyユn <1i
    rf l
    ap，a丹
    Fuel
    s
    tral
    ner 、
    .vit
    h the mechanicalSySlCI
    l
    1， or by thc I
    l10rc
    S
    olen印 d
    wi
    nding recenthO l、
    v
    ，ir
    eorhot白1msensor s

    Figur
    e7.5 Fueli
    nje
    cto
    r F
    lap-typeairflowsensor
    The air1fu¥V sensormcasurcぉ thevolulTIc ofa
    it
    pa臼 ingt h
    roughthechal lh
    1 eranι ti
    n t
    otheengi ne
    the cylinders c
    lo nor r eceive exactly equal (Figures 7.4 and 7.
    6).J
    '
    vlovernenl 0'
    1the senSOI
    amounts ofm ixturε Multi- point injection has flapvariesa v ol抗
    t日e
    .which isfcd r Olhe ECUa s
    aninjecl
    orf oreachc yl
    il日c
    ler，soensuri n日 t
    hevery oneofi lsiIl
    ]ラut
    s
    bestmixturecl
    istr
    ibution
    The ECU mon itorsa whole ser i
    es ofsensor s Hotwireandhotf ilmsensors
    tha
    tsllpplyilSinpl
    lts，oneufwhichi sthet hro
    rtle There are sever
    al versionsofthe討 と お ど nsors，but
    posit
    ion，ancl another thc a i
    rf low'enterin日 the thcy work on the same basic pr
    inc
    ip lc，di lTer
    ing

    Co門I
    r
    olu
    ni
    t

    A
    irflow
    senso
    r
    s
    ign
    al10
    T
    hr
    ot
    tle c
    onl
    rolun
    it
    -
    I 】
    val
    ve

    I
    nta
    kea r
    i
    t
    empera
    ture
    s
    ign
    al10
    c
    onl
    rolun
    it

    骨 I .'

    A
    irf
    i
    lt
    er

    Ar
    il
    fows
    ens
    or

    Fi e7
    gur .6 Airflowsensor
    PCl
    ro
    lin
    jec
    l
    ion 75

    only I 1 de
    I l
    ails 0"
    1 COnS lr
    llctIOI
    1 and ope r
    ation t . Th
    or e volragei
    ncrcasei
    salru
    ell
    leasureofI
    he
    A ¥ ¥'
    i
    I仁 or f liJl1 r
    e討iSlance i s hea
    tecl aho、 e a11 quanri
    tyofa irandalsoofi
    tst
    emperatur
    e
    ternperal ll
    re (1
    可日 ure7 .7
    ).The incol l
    ling <
    1irflo¥V
    1λ￨くeぉ hcat from t he rcsi討lOr. The c口ntro
    lc i
    rcuil
    Pressuresensors
    11C
    l r
    C:1seお lhcvol taac10mainlainthet emner alure.
    、、hichi
    ~， l '

    rJl1じasurcsagainstanotherr efer
    cncer es
    .s
    .
    i
    Manifoldpressuresensor
    Engine load i s also rneasur e
    cl 1)' rhe manifold
    pressure scnsoron ぉome syst e
    lllS. Thi 討 sensor，
    which l1aybei
    1 ncorpor ared imo theECUi tsclf，i
    s
    connected 1O the l11anif
    olcl by a smal J pip e. The
    depression in the manifolcl is仁 onvertccl i nlo an
    e
    1ecrrica
    ls ignalforl Iseasaninpul

    Fuelsystempressure
    S
    ens
    or TheC jla n
    tityoff ll
    eli n
    jecte
    cli scleterl1i
    1 nedhyt he
    lengthoftimef orwhichthei njeclOrsal 巴 op e
    n e
    c l
    Thet .
    il1i
    1 ngbytheECUi sextr el
    11elyaCCl Irat
    e.The
    fl
    lelC jl礼nt i
    tyitself can he aCCl lr
    atc on ly ifr he
    prcsslIrci s helc
    l 3ta const ant f
    igl lref or alJt he
    injeclOrs
    .Thisi sensllr
    eclbyhavingac leliveryr a
    il
    (orf l
    lclcl
    is u
    -ib
    lllOrtllb
    e)，withani n tegralpres sl
    Ire
    reglll
    ator. auachcdt oa l
    lthei nje ct s(F
    OJ" igure自 7R
    Figure7.
    7 Bypasshotwiresensor an l7
    c .9
    )

    F
    ueld
    lsl
    rib
    uto
    rtu
    be
    P
    res
    sur
    ere
    gul
    ato
    r

    I
    nje
    cti
    onv
    alve

    C
    old-
    st
    ar
    tva
    lve

    Figure7
    .8 Fl
    Iell
    ayou
    tfo
    rel
    ectroni
    cfueli
    nject
    ionsγstem
    76 川o
    torv
    ehi
    deL
    ech
    nυl
    ugyf
    urt11じに h:
    tni
    c
    ..
    ;

    R
    etu
    rn-
    lin
    e (
    a)
    c
    onnet旧 n
    c

    Fl
    ywh
    eel

    R
    elu
    cto
    r
    d陥 C
    F
    uele
    ntr
    y

    V
    alv
    eho
    lde
    r C
    ran
    ksh
    aft
    s
    enS
    Qr

    Compr
    essi
    on
    •••
    spr
    mg
    - Di
    aph
    rag
    m

    •
    Con
    nec
    it
    on
    (
    b)
    Figur
    e7.
    9 Fuelpressureregul
    ator
    t
    .d
    .c

    M
    iss
    ing
    /' p
    ole
    Enginepositionandspeedsensors ./

    Twoofr heI1Qs
    l timportantsensorsarethose
    providing aninputforcylinder1t.d.c
    .posi
    ron，
    i and f
    orenginespeed
    Miss
    ing
    pO
    le

    Indicalors on rhe nywhe e


    l 0'1 aliming pulley Figure7 .1
    0 Crankshaftpositionandspeed
    change a magnelic f i
    elcl ζHouncl a sensor t o reluct
    ordi scandsensor:( a
    )assembly;
    providむ ι1voltage削 gnal(Figure7.10).Thisinfoll
    lla (b
    )r eluc
    tord iscdetal
    is
    .Thet womissi
    ngteeth
    tionc
    .leterrnineswhen i njectionshoul c
    lstart，and， correspondt otwot .d.
    c.positions
    foraf ul
    lengi nemanagcments yste
    n1，isa1soL1sec
    l
    rocontro]thei g
    nit
    iont i
    ming
    Figure7 .11. shuwsas implifred1f0wcharroffuel I
    npu
    ts O
    utp
    ut
    rn
    J仁ct i
    uncuntrol

    CHECK Y O
    UR U N
    DERSTANDING E
    ngi
    ne
    loa
    d
    . 1 ‘ue
    li njec
    t ion has the following aclvanl ages
    E
    lec
    tro
    nic I
    nje
    cti
    on
    OVCI汁 pel rulsuppl y討ystem usinga carhurenol ld
    . .
    c c
    onl
    rol d
    ura
    tion
    hi日hcrvolumel ricef 日C1ency、ast her eisno r e
    st ric u
    nl
    t
    lion1 0i ntake al 日O¥
    i V;beleral olllisati
    on oft hc
    iucl じl
    E じclrunic con trol providing the cor rect E
    ngine
    ll
    llx
    ture 1 川iof or (11 engine condit ions，r esu
    lt ing spe
    ed
    in beucr economy anc l higher power OUlpUl;
    hellerd i
    slrihl
    l l
    ionuflhea ir
    /fuell1li x
    rure i
    ntor he Figure7.1
    1 Simplifiedflowchart01l
    ueli
    nje
    ct旧 n
    。
    泊
    cylindじI nl 11ul
    ti-injcctorsyste
    lll
    s contro
    l
    P~(rol 川 )
    ect
    lon 77

    • Fl Ie
    li njccl i
    ons ドt emsar er equ irec.
    lto旧 cr ease 2 1-
    10w i s
    engi neOl llp
    lll .y etallhes a1l1eli1l1er cdlcepol l
    u i
    )t heairnowconlr olecl
    tionands av<;f ucl i)r
    1 heairi ntl
    lkemeasur ec
    .
    l
    • Thc f llnCl i
    on oft he elect ron ic con l
    roll Ini t on an el cclroni caly con troleclf l
    lclinjecl
    ion
    (ECU) i s[ 0 1l10nilOrlhccngi ne load，c lel
    ivera ncl sys tem?
    at01l1i
    sethef llel，andcon trolt heai r/fl
    lelra
    tio 3 W hati sc liffe
    ren r abolltfllelinjecl口 ropenl1g
    l
    • The F .CU depcnds l Ipon i nf OIlηat
    ion f r01l1 timeson mechanicalanc .
    l ECじ-con rrol
    lec
    lf l
    le
    l
    scnSur smon i toring engine l oacl，ai rtemper ature 11)
    I ectons ystells
    1 フ
    cyilnder1l .d. c
    .posi t
    ion.anι 1enginespeed 4 Ho¥V cloesanECUcon rrol[ heq llanl
    ityoffllc
    l
    • Thcdat a 凶 compared with informat iuni nt he in
    ject eci
    '
    ECl "，andl heOl lt
    pll
    tSareact ivat edaccor di
    ngly ラ Whatar e the Iwol lai
    1 nt ypes01と l ectron
    icaly
    conrr ol
    ledf l
    leli njections yslel
    1lフ
    6 In¥ vhatr especti s si
    ngle-poi n
    ti n
    jcction no
    REVISIONEXERCISESANDQUEST
    lONS I belerthanac arburetor ?

    1 Inthc1l1echanicalflelinj
    ect
    i em，
    onsyst wh
    ich
    t
    Iemぉ
    ) con
    j tr olairf
    low
    i)con rrolflcli
    njecl
    ion'
    W h剖 alu1l1i
    sesl
    heF Iel
    l フ
    Compression nition iesel
    )engines

    I
    ntr
    odu
    ction Typeso
    fCIengine
    'he n
    '
    T :l!l1edieselCOIl1(:
    Sfr
    o!l1 HudolfDi
    e宍e
    lwho Four
    -strokeCIcycle
    inI Hりi k X》￨くのい 1ap a len tc口、er i
    n gtheo perat
    ioll
    0"1 ~t n じ nH111C111W111 C 111211111 り n ¥¥'asλchicved 1
    η
    hi日hcomprc出 [ on The Cl cnginc clllp
    loy
    δ l he same f OUl
    sl
    rokc討 ofinc
    ll
    lιtl
    on，compres Slon、 powel
    an
    clexhaus
    lasl hesparkign
    itioncycle
    The n<lll1e compression ignition (Cl )
    describes lhe proccss ofcombusti on. The
    baおicclir
    rcrencefroma petr ol engine i
    sI I
    1a1 Induction
    inlhcCIcnginヒ nosparki snceclcdt oignite The p i討1
    0n IllO¥'Cぉ<
    .Io¥¥
    "n the 仁yl111dmue dil
    11
    1日‘1
    the mi xtur
    c. Air alone isc lrawn into the large
    l 、り IUI
    1lC 礼 nc
    l1 0¥
    ¥'
    (;
    '1
    ' prc出 Ire (ドigure H
    .l <
    U
    cylinι
    lerc luri
    ngi nc
    l ion. anc
    uct 1ili s com
    Air110
    ' ¥¥'
    Si n
    to l hビ depres sion lhrollgh thc open
    presscd 50 thatis
    t.tcmpcr ature i
    sr ai
    sed t o
    inlc
    l vah"c lln
    lill he 1
    刊行 1
    0nr eachesthchorroJll of
    rhc point whcrc i呂nili
    on oft he cli
    esel fuel i
    lSsl rokeanclthevalvccloscお Thec ylincle
    ri sfu
    ll
    OCCUl討 assoonasi tisinjecte
    cl 01'
    孔1

    Compression
    'hel
    T el1p山 :
    l Itu
    reI
    I cはお c0'
    lcr 1thc‘l
    iri
    nthecyl
    in 可
    ¥/ilhhorhthci nlctandexh社 U川 、 ah'esctoぉecl.rhe
    dじl'b "sict llyclepcndsり nl w()lhing
    s :thcspeedof !l
    万 対ton1 10Ve
    l ぉIIpt hecyl indcr
    .cOl l
    lpress
    in日 t he~liI
    comp!七 山 i on.andr hじ じ xtent( )
    fcomprcssionC that tohじl ¥¥
    'een. '
    )000kP日 日 ncl号000kPaandI 辻ISlll
    g1tS
    is，t hc日n日1prcssurc) rcmper a
    t u
    re tり a rollnd 10000C( F
    i日l l
    rc8 .
    111.J
    ) .ll
    δi
    J)ic scl じn日l nじs have comprcssion !川 i os or bef ore 1ι1<: 汁日 nely alomiぉed spray り ff
    . lle
    li 討

    hじ1 ¥Vじむ nιl ho u


    t1 2:Ja ncl24:1 :1110
    51p etrolcngincs injcclcd i nl
    ol hヒ hOI 孔 ir
    . Thc c l
    roplct付 V‘I
    porlsc
    h""じ COl 1p
    l JじS Slりn 日 ll
    iosbclow JO:1 . The h i日h combinじ、、! i
    lhl hじ oxyg じni nIheλ11 日ndi gni
    l e
    comp! じS S]()111 日[I()
    S USじd i n Clengines arc s uf-
    nc
    .
    ler1 Power
    白 山仁 1
    10000
    11t 【) hcall
    ， As di
    C
    hじ a
    c
    i
    ri
    sじ1'Il
    l
    n
    e
    si
    lι
    dヒ thecyli 0arouncl
    h出 札 flash point ( the Thch l l
    rni、
    lH8 4江封じメ CIl
    ISC;'
    1vcryr:lp
    1ιII <':l
    llpe
    rat
    ure
    lel1p
    l じr:ll
    u 、
    J仁 川 口 hich lhe aporisec .
    lf l
    lelignireδ) lncreaメelり a round 1うOOO C ぃhichr~li ses thepres-
    of1 :r<川 Inc.
    l， ，O
    - oo C. I ¥¥"
    illI gnile aお メ oon as n I S Sll
    re lO arollnd 7000kPa CFi g
    llreH.lc) . This high
    inj<
    ':C
    l< .
    :d.Thi 討 りぐ 日 1討 、¥'ir h
    olll any n eeclf Ol 孔n prcsslIrcforces the piston <
    .
    Io¥yn lhecyl inc
    leron
    19nl tl o
    n町川 C l
    ll礼 I
    thOllghSOllledi c
    s clsh山 eg lo¥¥ 1日 po¥ ¥
    'ers trokc. proc
    .
    lllci
    n日 :1turnll1日 f orce 01
    pll
    l日S1 0h巴 Il he‘ I
    Irforcol c
    .
    lst a
    rling torqueonIhecranksh aft
    Ph) 'sicall y
    .C I cng inじ 内 山 C U5uallycO1111 ucteι
    1
    1
    1101':r
    <
    ' ol川 川 I yl h汁np erro ]engines.hutap 山 lfr
    oll
    l Exhaust
    lhall hじr ei sl i
    11
    1ヒ d ir
    Jヒl じn 仁じ inthe l lla
    in COlnpo 宇 A九 rhcpi ston re
    ache対 lhebo
    l I0'
    lり I
    I 1lhe仁y1111
    dC1
    nenl 討 ~I ι
    n It heir runctions. Ther c ~rc hoth t¥¥.
    o lheexh‘III川 、 "
    I¥'
    copcnsandlhcp附 tonr etu r
    nsup
    s
    lrokじ 日 ndI りlIr-strol、
    cCIen日lI1e行 lhe 仁 ylinder.p llshing I
    hc cxhιlust gasl'S Ol
    lr

    78
    じυ1
    1
    1
    1ヲ1
    じ州 i
    oni
    gni
    lio
    n(ιlic~む1)じ 11良IIl CS 79

    E
    xhau
    st
    v
    alv
    e v
    alv
    e
    o
    ρen o
    pen

    (
    a)I
    nla
    ke (
    b)C
    omp
    res
    s旧n (
    c)P
    owe
    r (
    d)E
    xha
    uSI

    Fi
    gur
    e8.1 Four
    -st
    rokecompressi
    oni
    gni
    tion(
    CIIcycl
    e

    IhroughIheexhaustpon(Figur eH.ld)¥X 1
    hcnl he E
    xha
    ustv
    alv
    es
    p1お10n near sthe top ofi1お st
    roke1 he i
    nletvalvc
    bcginぉ 100pじ nast hecxhauslbcgin行 t oclosc
    Thccycle rcpcat丹
    、 iththc in
    lct open and rhe I
    nj
    ec
    tor
    plSIり ndじ 恥 じndingthc仁 vl
    inc
    lcroni ndl
    lctiun

    Two-strokeCIcycle

    In rhc CI l ¥Vo-strukc cngi ne the compler e


    cycle 0' 1 oper ationぉ t akes place i n t¥VQ
    stroke suft he pis ron(rhalis.unecr ankshafr
    rcvul ution)，inasimi la
    rn 1anner[0thatort he
    petrul engi ne トl owever， wher e perr ol
    enginesof tcnrelyoncrankcasecompression
    tOl ransferthea i
    r /fuelmixrure to purge thc
    cylincler，CIengines usual l
    yr e
    ly on sume
    form 0' 1chargerorbl owe1 O
    •• φ
    • "
    向r
    ，‘ .
    rhcrc <11
    ビ t，，'
    0 b<
    1SiCr'pe討 0'
    ) 1CIt ¥¥
    'o-struke
    cngine: uniflow.l同 ing i
    nlelpons an
    cl cxhau日
    、ah-
    pon持
    es
    :: lnd valvel
    ess.1IδlnHInl
    et and exlullNl •
    Un i
    flo wCIれNo-st rokeengine
    111i
    ぉ englnじ ピ l
    ll
    pl口y討 n0111<
    1IpOppC トrypeexh礼lISI
    、日I¥
    'csatthcrop0' 1t
    hcに) '
    Iin
    clc.
    ropenecll.
    ηrocker s B
    low
    er
    opcr:ltc
    dhyacamshal '
    t(Figur
    、 eH.2
    ).Instea
    cl0'1inl
    et I
    nl
    et P
    iSl
    on A
    ir
    p
    orts c
    heSI
    val¥
    'cs Ihlヒ ユ r
    e ci nl
    ct ponsc u
    ti nto thc c
    ylin
    cle1
    walls atthc lo¥¥'
    ercnd oft hcにylinc
    lc.
    rThe pUns Fi
    gure8.2 Two-
    strokeC
    Iengi
    ne(
    valvedl
    80 M
    oto
    rvc
    hk:l
    ele
    chn
    ulo
    日yr
    ormeckmics

    lr
    <
    : c supplied with a iru ncler pres sure from a T'
    ¥vo-
    strokcCIengineshavea hi gherfuelCOI1-
    Ilc
    1 cha nical blower .Thc 11l0vel le
    1 nl oft he pisron sumption than thefOL
    II一行 l
    roker ypebecalISCrhey
    con rrolstheopeninga nιIc10singofthepor tsand haveal ov.
    .
    rervolumelricc ffici
    ency，althou呂hthey
    lher eforethe1 f0wofa i
    ri nrothecyl incle
    l dohaveab ette
    rpower- to-weightratio
    When t he pisron isa l rhc botrol lo
    1 fthec yli
    n
    (
    I<:r，the exhallst valves are open and the i nle
    l
    porrs arollnd the bOllOI1l 0' 1 rhe c ylinc
    ler are
    uncovered. Pres su
    risec
    l3 irisblowni ntothec yli
    n-
    Ier，forcing outthe burnt gases i
    c
    . n a proce臼 Comparisonwithpetrol
    knownaぉ scavenging.Theexhal l
    srval vesc 10sc engmes
    andl her isi
    n gpisronshlltso ffthei n letports
    Thcch l宮eoff
    a resha i
    rrrappec linthec ylindel Combustion
    1ぉ( Ol1lpressedhythcr isingp iston，gainingheali n
    lhc process. ]lISl heforc 1 .c
    1.c
    .，c 1i c
    sel f lle
    l is In t he petrol enginc a uniform combus tl
    iラle
    injccl ec
    li nto the hot，cOl lp
    1 ressecla ira n
    cl begins l1i
    l Xrll
    rei ssupp lie
    clrhroughrheinductionsysr ell1，
    r0I 孔l rn
    .There i sa rapic.
    lrise in temper atufcand and i si g
    niteclbyasparkwhen i tha s
    .beenCO!l1
    expal 刊 ion0' 1thc gascs，which force the piston 1
    コr esse
    cli n thecyl i
    nde.rAr part-openthrottl er hc
    down lhe cyl i
    ncler on thc powers lroke.Al l he petrolengine does not conver t lhe f ue
    l energy
    hottoll lofi tsstroke lhepisron l Incove rsthe i nl
    et veryef fe
    ctivelybec allscthccylinderi sonlyp日r1l y
    po rtぉ，a ncltheexhallstvalvesopen，repeatingthe fulofa il
    fl
    lllopcr aringcyclei nJlIstrwostrokes Inthec lenginethell1ixin且 ofrhef ueland a il
    The c 1es唱n 目 callecl I1l1i [
    loωbecallse oflhe isdone i nside the cylindc.rThiお i sachieved by
    討ingle- 1irection1
    c f0wofairlhrollghthecyli nclcl usi ngaveryhigh-pr esslIr
    csprayoff ll
    elandcon
    s
    iderab leairt urbulencei nlhec y l
    incler
    .I-
    Iowevel 、
    Va l
    vel esstwo ・st
    rokeCIengine theClengi nei sparticular
    lyeconomica l01f uela l
    The valvel essCIengine l Ises ports forboth in
    let part-open t h
    ro t
    tle positions becallse f uel energy
    andexhよlLIs tCFigure8 .
    3).I nt hislInusual typeof CO!1ve r
    sioni sveryef 日cient
    ;al i
    ttJefueli sinjected
    enginetheopposedpisronscOl 1lel ogetherinthe inlOaf l
    ll
    lcyl inc
    lerofai l
    centret oformthecombustionchamber ，andar e There aret w otypcs0' 1injecrion: directi njec
    forcecl apart on thc power st roke
    . The centre tion i si nlO lhe cylinderi tse
    l f，while indirect
    crankshafti sdrivenbyther ockin呂 町 msandco n injection i si nto anante-charnber ，¥vhich isCOI1-
    necting r ods
    . Ai ris bl
    own i na t one encl oflhe nect ec
    lbypassaget othecombusl i
    onchambe l
    cylinder，anc .
    lt he exhaUSlgascs are f orced uut
    rhrollght hepor tsarrheotherend.Thisenginei s
    Powerandtorque
    particula
    rlySl lloot
    hino pe
    r e
    ll io
    n

    CIengines i n gener al clevelop t he i


    r maximu! l
    1
    torql
    le anc l power a l lowerengi ne speヒdslhan
    I
    n問c
    to
    r
    the petr
    ol engine，although r ecenlc 1evelopll1ent行
    Exh
    aus
    t Ai
    rch
    est have brought the engine rypes 1 11
    l 1ch c10scl
    g
    ases
    together
    . Typi c a
    llya sll1al hi gh-speed c len呂lJ1e
    wil
    lreachi tsll1axill1ull1 revolutionsa tal i
    tt
    leovel
    C
    onne
    cti
    ng
    r
    od A
    ir 5000 rp m，compared wi lh lhe pel rolengine.s
    6000rpmorhighcr.Largcsi x-ore i呂h t-cylinderCI
    engines ll1ay reach r heirl l1axil
    l1ul1a
    l tas l it
    tlea s
    2000 rpm. Lo¥V engine spccc ls anclr ohl
    l stcon
    I印刈 e
    B r str
    uction give t he a c
    l vantage ofa longer enginc
    i
    Ife
    R
    ocki
    nga
    rm
    Construction

    C
    onn
    eci
    tng Thehighcompressi onr a
    tioandl heres
    lll
    tin
    ghigh
    r
    od
    compr ession pressures of a CIengine ca
    llf O
    I
    Figure8.3 Two-
    str
    okeCIengine(por
    tedl sturdy，heavy const ructio
    n. Tbe cyl
    inderh e
    acl，
    C
    orn
    pre
    ssi
    oni
    日ni
    tio
    n(di
    e封じ1)<
    .
    .
    :
    n包'"じ常 81

    cylinderblock. crankshaft and bearings have t o


    I
    >cstrongcrt hani nt hcpetrolenginet or esis
    rt he
    日rearc
    rf or ces . 1nιaIditi
    on.t he fl
    lel i njecl
    ion
    pumpel11di n jcct ol巧aremanufacturec
    ¥( 0veryf ine
    to
    leran仁C5. aclc lin日 1
    0 proc
    ll
    lcrio
    nC 05t5
    . Al rhol
    lgh
    extcnslveLIおci smadeofl ightalloy
    s.thep o'¥
    vcr-
    to-weightr atio i 、
    s1 0Nerthan F or similar-si
    zed
    perr
    olengi n e~、

    Cylinderblockandcrankcase
    rlrcぉmale. rh
    i日h-spceclCIengineslIsec
    li n1l10lO1
    vchic lcs<lr
    . e出 mi
    l山 r oI he pctro
    l-power e
    cl vel (
    b)D
    ryl
    in
    er
    sions.I 孔l
    t some l a
    rgerCIengineshaves eparate
    cylindcrblocks.Thecyl in
    clcrblockl1a
    l ybel l1ac
    le
    C
    yli
    nde
    r S
    i
    1gh
    tlyhig
    hertha
    n C
    oola
    nt
    IP 0
    l '1grOllpS 0'
    1cylin
    clersbolted to a 5epar are j
    ack
    el
    b
    loc
    k b
    lOC
    k( p
    rot
    rus
    ion
    )
    cranlくcase(Figurc:L
    I4).''her
    f earesever alreasons
    '
    Ior1h目
    . The panscan be l
    1 l1adcf
    rol
    l1d
    iff
    cre
    ntl
    l1ar
    eri
    ー
    a
    l月
    2
    . Cylin derblockぉ C<
    ls
    : tindiv
    idlla
    llyori ngr
    ollps
    じInbじ U討c clin1l111l
    lip
    lesforc li
    ffc
    r e
    nlsiz
    e50'1
    cngll1e，savl
    l1gJコ
    rOc¥l
    lcti
    oncost s
    3.1n case ofd~1 ma呂e 01' wear itischeaper1 0
    rcplaceonep札 nthan1 0bllyacOl 1pl
    l e
    tecyl
    in・
    dcrblockandcrankcasel lni
    l
    Mo s
    t CIengi nes- andぉoll1epet r
    ol engine
    s- S
    eal
    (
    a
    )We
    tli
    ne
    r
    ll
    SCc ylinc
    ¥er lincrs macle ofa differentmarcrial
    fr
    oll1Ihat0'1thccyl inderI
    >l0ck.SlIchlinersareof Figure8.
    5 Cyl
    inderi
    lner
    s
    twotype討 v .'
    etandc lry
    Wetl iners h<
    lv Cthick wal
    ls.andar ei ndireC1
    cOn 、
    t辻仁1 viththecoola n
    t( Fi
    gure8うa) .Theyarea
    pl
    lsh 日ti ntol hc bl
    ock.Coo[ antl eakage i s pre-
    ventec
    lhyseal salrhebottorna nclg配当 lくetsa
    1I hc
    wp.Thel i
    neriお prc
    討seddownan clhel c
    linpl 社ce
    byt he cylinc
    lerhead. I
    fclamage 0 1、 .
    vearoccurs
    remova[i seaおy，and se rvi cヒ rcp~tlr I
    Scompar a-
    ti
    vclych e
    alコ

    Nevert ur
    n( )versuchanenginc¥Vi rh;.
    t
    cyli
    nclerhe ac
    lr ell10vec
    l wil
    hol
    l1 日1引

    くIa
    ll1ping clown each cylindcrli
    ner，asrhey
    canp llshupwar c 、、
    ls vi1
    1 pl st
    onmovement

    Dryliners can be oftwo types : press li


    tり 1
    push白1(Figure8 .5b).Pressorinterference白t
    liner
    sa re prc5sec
    li n
    to the block wilh a pre州
    'hcoper
    f ali
    onsometimesca ll
    sf orhcati
    ng 0'1thc
    hlodく t
    O expand it，orfreezing of r he li
    ncr to
    reduce it
    s 出 ze.Once 白t tec
    l they may r eqlli
    r e
    Figure8.4 CIengi
    necyl
    inderb
    lockand machining 10 an exact inrernalcli
    ameL er
    .1'・hc
    crankcase majordisadvantage with i
    nterfe
    rence fal i
    nersi お
    82 ヘI
    Ol
    ore
    hi、
    c
    ler
    echnol
    ogyf
    orm
    ech
    ani
    cs

    lhallhec ylinclerbl ock.orevenl heemireen呂l 11C， Iunchamber1


    l 1
    1之I
    yhef
    orl
    1lec
    linl
    hccyl
    inc
    lcrhe
    acl
    has[ 0ber emovecll Oca rryoutt he¥Vork ori
    nthecr
    Q'wnufthep
    isl
    un
    Push f itliner scanbcpushec lortappecli nand
    oul ofl he cyl inler I
    c >lock.They a re pre日nishec l Pistons
    andt hcreforeneed!lOad cli
    tionl、
    a .
    vorkonce日lled Pislons Illustbe rnorc 101
    " 孔I srrhan rhoろe used in
    Theyarehel c
    li npo 出l ionbyal i 、
    p vhich白t sJnt oa petrolengine行ヲ a nclt heyl l
    sllall
    yhavcl hrccCOI1l
    recessa tt he 10p oflhe b lock，si l1
    1i1art口t hewel コr
    l essionr ings3ndtwool icon trolring討 A longel
    i
    Ine.r Once the c y
    lindcrh ea
    cli sf it
    tec
    l they ar c pisrun skin l l
    linimIぉes 1'1行ton 討λl，
    1 a
    ' ncl lhe
    trappel，a
    c n c
    l canno[ l11ove.Care shり u lc
    l al50 bc 呂uι Igconpini sl l
    slla
    lly川 ronge.rThヒ l列島 loncrown
    exerciscd t h
    att hesel i
    ner sar enotc listurbecl¥:vhen oflen forl11span0' 1theC01 1b
    l l
    lstionchamb 町、 and
    workingonapanlyd isl11amleclengine isshaped1 0crealelurbl ll
    ence( Figl
    lre8 .
    6 )
    Allhoughl he白t tll呂 ofi
    1 Inersincr easesthei ni
    rial
    cos1ofrheengine，t hiscosti smor ethancompen
    Advantagesanddisadvantagesofthe
    sated f r by reducec
    o .
    l maintcnance and l ongel
    CIengine
    en呂i nelife
    .L inersare u乱 l a
    lly1113c
    1e froJ11 berrer，
    we山一 reS1S日I1tmatcr ialt han l hal ofthe c ylinclc
    l
    A monglheadvantages日r
    elhcf
    ollowing
    block，and can he 1 百a chi neclto 白nert olerance内
    Examplesofsuch maler i
    alsar e high- qua
    l it
    ya lloy 1
    . Clen呂ineshave rhe 日ι Iv孔 ntagc of a grc川 C I
    caslironora lloys teel ther
    lllal eflciency and h
    白 ctle rf uelcconorny
    becallseoft heirh i日hC01l1pre出 lun1 ユ1(
    )
    Cylind erheads 2. Dieself ueli n manycounl riesi scheapert han
    COl11p山 e
    clwilhl heperrolengi ne， theClcyl indel pelro.
    la nclithasa1 11
    l 1chrcζ11Icc
    cl日r crisk
    heacl has to be more rubust， "
    ¥lih，l
    t Isually，l110rc 3
    ..Enginetorque i su札 lalygrea tera llo¥¥
    "en呂l l1e
    hcad bo llSfaslening i
    rt o the block.Accural ely speecls
    machined holes an cl mounting po ints are pro- 4
    . Maintcnancci sc1ccrcascd
    vic
    lcclforthe injeclOlぉa n
    c l heater p lll
    gs. Unlike う Longerenginel i
    fecangcnerall yhccxpcctcd
    sparkplugs thei
    可 n
    jectorsarel Islla
    llyc1a1l1peclinto 6
    . Theexhaustgaseおヒ1ll1 tt
    eιtbyaCIengi ne(
    :11巴
    place. Depencling l
    Ipon t he d e
    s i呂n， the combus- gcnerally less harl lf
    1 l
    l1t o peopl elhan I he
    fumesemittedhyanequ ivalentpet r
    ol-engined
    vehicle
    Disadvantag
    esi
    ncl
    lld
    elhefollowin日
    C
    omb
    ust
    ionc
    ham
    ber
    C
    row
    n 1.Theirconst
    ructionishcavicrandI llorcco川内
    2
    . ^
    slo
    ¥-
    ¥
    "i
    er r
    ale or accelerl
    t ，
    iり n 1
    5 usu日1COIlト
    paredwirhasi l
    ll
    ilarsi
    ヌeofp etro1engi ne
    3
    . Theyareoftennoisyi nopera tio
    n
    b
    ar
    rie
    r
    Comp
    ressi
    on s
    lo
    t
    rl
    nggr
    oove
    s CHECK YOU
    R UNDERSTANDING
    O
    ilc
    ont
    ro
    l
    n
    n日 • clengines have cOl1lpr
    e汚sion r
    ati
    us hel
    ¥¥"
    ccn
    g
    roo
    ves
    ・)
    L
    abollt12:1and24: I
    C
    irc
    li
    p uring induction onl ya iris drawn I nto lhe
    g
    roove
    Gudgeon
    日nhole
    ・
    cyl

    isr
    in

    ai
    c
    lel
    Duringcompr
    scc
    essionthct
    labovethef
    cmpcr
    laぉhpoinlofdieぉe
    aturcofrhea
    l
    i
    l

    Ski
    r
    t • TheCIen呂inei sfc<.
    ¥¥Vithf uelhyi njecti
    oni nto
    lhec ylin
    clel
    ・ 1 'wo types of c Olllhu川 ion chamher may he
    usedιl i
    reclinj
    ection01"i n
    di rectinjectio
    n
    • A clvantagcs or CJ engi nes include !e
    : hel l
    lherll
    lal ef
    白C1ency、 lowcrs crvlclng requircmcl1ts
    ;
    good torque a t low r pl
    ll‘ long 討ヒ rvice li
    fe:less
    Figure8.6 CIenginepi
    ston pollutiont hanpetrolen日I nヒs :1、
    0¥'erfuellireri
    s k
    ，.i
    じυrnp rピ~ • oni
    gni
    ti
    on(
    die
    scl
    )<:
    11月
    lI1C 九 83

    • Di出 l 小川 n t :lgc si ncl


    llde; noi sy i dlin
    g; heav)' 2 Unlike the two-st r
    okc pc t
    rol engi
    ne.CIt "'o
    C() n ~t rll c t l o n : an expcn メive. high-presslIref ll
    el st
    rokeenginesc lo notl IsecrankcasecOlll
    pres-
    川 j c c tl o n 叫 S( <
    .
    :Il1: l
    o'
    ¥¥'er po¥¥'er-ro-weight ra
    tio SI 、
    OIt obreathe. Ilo wisa irin
    troducedinto l
    he
    somel im <.: snccdana ir-heatingc old-stansystem cyl
    inclcrs
    '
    3 [I
    ow i sthef l
    leli gnit
    cdi naCIcngine'
    コ
    4 Ex[la i
    nrhet erm we lli
    ner.
    ￨REV削， ONEXERα'SESANDQUESTlONS I ラ L
    is[I breecli
    fferencesb c
    t ¥
    ¥"eendieぉC
    Ianc
    lpe trol
    cngl1e
    l s
    istt
    1 L !ne
    e日ζI
    v日ntag
    ヒ日 1t
    0" heCIenginc
    n
    e
    e
    n
    q
    d
    CI mbusti chambers

    Ignitiondelayperiod
    Combustion
    The period f rol
    l1t he sra
    rt 0] In
    Je仁 l
    io n ul1t
    i
    lt he
    t
    ill1ecOll1bustionbeg川 討 i sknown出 1 heignition
    W hencnginee flici
    encya n
    clthecOll1bust ion
    delay period.Injection cOll1ll1ences j usrbef olヒ
    processarea tt h
    eirbest，theexhaustgas i s
    .
    rd. c. whenf ucli sspr a
    yecli ntorhecyl inclera n
    c l
    v
    p
    i
    l
    rt
    e
    u
    t
    allycol
    eOrtool
    our
    l
    less.l
    1uch f u
    e
    fcOl
    li
    1bu
    l st
    ion i
    s being i n
    j
    si
    ec
    te
    ncoll1-
    c lthe
    clu ringrhisp eriocl，l1i
    l xeぉ wi、
    t
    l Iheh ma irundcl
    very h igh prcssure. Combustion c loc討 110t 日 CCU!
    engine 'sl1oke
    l s
    '.How c leanly t he fuela n
    c l
    il
    l1l1e
    l clia
    t e
    ly;the c lr
    oplets 0'
    1f u
    el go through a
    airl1i
    l xture burnsclepenc lson ll1anyf actors
    perio c
    lo[hcatinga nclvapori s
    ation
    the clesign oft he cOl 1bustion 仁hambe r，the
    20(
    l
    rh i
    sc lelay phase occupiesSOI 1C 1
    l )fcrank-
    type 0'1i njec
    t o
    ra n
    cl even the c lirection of
    sha f
    tr ota on，c
    ti luring¥ 'vh
    ichtherei s110chan日e1 1
    1
    fuelsprayalpl ayap a rt
    cylinclerprcs sure

    ThecOl
    llhus
    rio
    nprocesslakesacertainamounl
    1time，a
    0' n
    clisdiv
    icl
    ecli
    nto t
    hree phases(F
    igure Flamespread
    り1)
    ig nitio
    ndel
    ;;
    l
    )'period; Suf
    liciemf uelh山 nQWvapon児 dandmixedwith
    フ namcspr e
    acl; theairlQ causci t[0ignire，and lhef I
    1三l
    lleメprcads
    3 clireclI
    孔Ir
    nl1g
    l throught he mixture:the heatcrealcsar apic.
    lrise
    incylinζl
    erpres surelOabo l
    lt6う00kPa
    P
    oin
    t01maximumpr essur
    eris
    e F
    ueli
    nj
    ec
    t旧 ns
    tops This sucl
    clcn increase in cylin
    cler preおお ll
    rc 15
    Rap
    t
    an
    i
    dp
    dr
    emper
    r
    i
    e
    s
    s
    ei
    at
    u
    s
    r
    u
    n
    e
    r
    _
    、
    e _ ___
    a
    _ Maxi
    mump r
    ess
    ure
    hear
    clasdi
    engines
    eselknock，thcr
    . This phase takes 1
    yp
    i仁川 noiseofd
    00-150 ofCI 孔n
    icぉel
    kshaft
    S創 f
    -ignit
    io
    n ma
    inl
    ain
    ed rota
    110n
    D
    ela
    困ype前"
    0
    卜
    旧od、 ne
    arcons
    tant
    ωω
    コ
    ﹄

    Fue
    l剖star
    川I
    s、¥ ¥
    ω

    旧e nt
    er ¥¥
    ωL

    。
    !
    combus引1i
    O門
    旧
    n
    L

    chambe r Directburning

    Duringt hi
    s phasethe l astufthe fueliお injected
    and i s igni t
    ed immecliatel y by rhe burning
    I
    1llxt
    ure
    5
    00 2
    5。 。
    。 2
    50 5
    0。 COl l
    l b
    USlion isc Ol
    llple
    led. and thc expancling
    .
    t
    b.d.
    c Ld.
    c a.
    td.
    c gases force the pistonc.
    lo¥vn t
    he cylindcron t he
    puwer s trokc， The r a
    te of cornhus.t
    Iol1 int his
    Figure9
    .1 Diagral
    l1ofpressureversuscrank phasei sd i
    rectlycontrolledbytheC juantityo(f ucl
    angle in
    jecredi nlOthecylindet

    84
    じren
    gin
    ecombuメl
    ionc ham b(.'r~ 85

    Otherfactors rhe comblS l


    ion chal 1be
    1 ri ncluc
    les hoth lhe
    pisron crown anc
    l cylinclcr heacL The choiceof
    "hed
    ， esign0'
    1theCOmhlls
    t ，theprop-
    ionchamher c
    lesignclepen
    clsllpont hepurposef orwhicht he
    er
    tiesort hcrllelslch<lSitscetanenumber，r he engine isint
    end ecl and，i ncreasingly nov
    lac
    lay s，
    prcssl
    Irea nc
    ltemrer atureoft heaiIιluringcom how o therconlrols can be cOl 1b
    1 ine
    cl with rhc
    preSSlon，ど 11
    1ι
    1t he ralC ar、 ，
    vhich the fll
    el i
    s engi neroprovideaw i
    ιl et orqueh anclandgoocl
    InJ
    ecr
    eι1 ，arcal r aclo
    rsi nclecidi
    ngrhel engrhof exhaustemissionc ontr
    ol
    thec1elay pcrioc.
    lanc
    .llhe rat
    eofpres sur eri
    sein
    phasc2
    Directi
    nje
    cti
    on

    Thefuelisinj
    ecteclcl
    irect
    lyi
    nrorheCOl11blS
    -
    Combustionchamberdesign ti
    onchal1be
    1 r，whi chisusualyforl
    11ec
    linrhe
    口 ownofr hepislOn，rhecylind
    erhc a
    clbeing
    l
    コlIring.theshon per iu
    ι1ori nj
    ectio
    nr hef ll
    ela n
    c l fa
    1 r
    ai
    rm l
    lSrhecomplet ely mixe cL Forthi只 toOCCUl
    rhea i
    rha stohe l 10v
    l inga rounclthecombusti on
    chamhe ratt he timeufi njection
    . Thisa irlurbu Toach ievethoroughmi xing.thcfuelisinje
    clec
    l
    lence，おり metiIT
    H;Srefer
    r ec
    .
    lt oasswir l，istoal arge l1t
    I os も.
    virl
    inga i.
    r The sV¥i
    ir
    l or'squish'e f
    fectis
    cxtentclctcrmincd hy thcshape ofthecomhlls - creat ecl by lhe shape oft he p
    islOn crown，the
    ion chambe.
    t r To ensur et hata CIeng ine pel r
    is ing1 10Vemento
    l ft hepiston，orbyma ske
    clinle
    t
    rormお 泊 nd oper atヒs ef l
    iciヒntly an
    cle f
    f e
    ctively， valves礼"dsomel il1e
    1 sbyinlelponc le
    sign(Figure
    combus ion chamberc
    t .
    leδi g nisveryimportant .A 92
    ， ) 1， 1^
    11
    1l
    li-
    holei nject
    orislsu al
    lyus e
    clinsuch
    gooclclcsignwi lel刊 llrcth atrhefollowingc oncl
    i - desi gns
    tionsarepromoted
    L Thc a irand f lleli nt he comb llstion chamhel
    aret horollghlymixecl
    2 The r
    ， l
    lclahsmhs slr flCi
    entheard llr
    ing rhe
    cump r
    essi ons tr
    oket osel f-ig
    nileands .l
    arrt he
    combus tionrr oce出
    5 Theacr ll
    alcoml 孔lstion0' 1r hea ir/f
    llelmixr l
    lre
    Rota
    ry
    ，

    iscvenly d i行tri
    1孔llccIarollnc lrhe comblls rion S刷 l
    r
    chamhc. rt o prcvcntl ocalisec
    l horspmsfrom Mask Recess
    formjngan clcau出 ngpr e-l
    gmtl on fo
    rvalu
    e
    4 The prc日 lr
    ， erise i nsic
    l crhe cyl incle
    ri sr apid
    at
    1hou自h日r adllal，l uavo ic
    lexcessi vcs tresson
    themヒchanicalcomponen t点。l'rheengine
    う Thcactualmet al
    lics ur
    faceareaofl hecombusー
    r
    ionchal l1beri skep tt oa J111n
    IIl1Um，( 0avoi c
    .
    l
    llndue h catl oss. This i sc special l
    y important
    whcns t
    山 tingfWI 11 col
    cl
    6， AII the burnt 白川 es are e flicicntlyr el10ve
    1 c
    l
    frol1t
    1 hcじombll民t ionchambera ssoonaspos
    sibleont hcexhal lSls troke
    Ai
    r P
    ist
    on
    sq
    uis
    h c
    av
    lty

    Although t here /lr


    : e many combust ion
    A
    irs
    wi
    rl
    chal11bercle
    signs，l hey can be c
    li
    vic
    lec
    li nro
    twogr oups: directinjection anc
    l indirect
    injec t
    ion
    Figure9，2 CIcombusti
    onchambe
    r:d
    ire
    ct
    l
    l1]
    ectl
    ont ype
    86 .~'!otor v
    ehi
    clel
    cch
    nol
    o只vf
    ormピc
    han
    ics

    Direct- injection en日inesgenera1 ly start readily proζluces a irs wirli n the SIl
    l
    、，]1 pre-combustiun
    fr
    olll cold ancl1c0 not lIslIallyneecl startingaids chambertopromotcgo仁 C Icombusrion
    Allhollghtheytendtor l
    lnI llorerollghly partlcu
    ヲ The f ueli s injecled inlO lhe challlber by a
    larl
    ya l low enginc speecls，lhey have a high single-hole injector，which proζluces 礼 conical
    the
    rlllalef 白ciency，whi chproducesagoodtorque spray¥ X
    1henrhemixturei g
    nire s，thehurninga ncl
    口utputa ncl makes them mure ecunomical than expancling gases spreacl f rol1t
    l hc chambcr a ncl
    incl
    irect-injection lypes. Laler versions with f ll
    ll proclllceturbulencea nc
    l pressure i n lhec ylincl
    et
    electronic cngine managemenl control havc forcing the piston c ¥ownwarcls 0 11 i t
    s powel
    achieved a smoothness of performance t hat 討troke
    permitst he i
    rlIs einluxury(ars BCC3USCthcre i sa largcrsurfaccarca ¥ vith thc
    inc
    ¥ireCl-injection engine. there isI 10
    1 re hear ]ost
    fro
    llltheC Olllblls
    tionspace.1 '0 overcomed if白cult
    Indirectinjection
    coldslanin呂 ahealerp lll
    gi sl ilec
    l¥inlOea仁 hpre-
    combust ioncha ll
    lbel
    ThisI lay some
    l till
    les be refer
    rec
    l 10 as lhe Thisdesign i ssmooth r llnnin日 andc allsesl ess
    pre-combllSlion chamber type ( Figure 9.3) polillt
    ion，b llti t
    s lo¥verthermal ef I
    fciency means
    The COl 1bu
    l stion chamber is separa
    tecl from that iti sl ess econolllical than c .
    lirecトIJljectlon
    the cylincler by a shOI1 connecting passage englJle
    δ
    01
    ''throat '
    Compressionratios

    DlIri
    ngc O
    lll ession，a
    pr i
    ri s forcedthrough thi
    s CI cOlllpression rat
    i o付 出 ehi日herlhan lhoseofa
    passage a
    t high speed by lhe rtst
    ng piston.Th
    is cOlllparable petrol enginc. An incl
    ire
    ct CJ enginc
    c
    W り1I1¥ normaliy have a compression ratio of
    belween22:1an仁124:1，c O
    l l
    lpar
    eclwilhac 1irecl-
    I
    n
    jec
    tor I
    nl
    etp
    ort 11)
    l ectlonen日iner at
    i oofbetweenJ2:1a ncl17:1

    Advantagesanddisadvantages
    Hea
    ter
    ρ
    lug The advantages an¥
    c¥
    cisadvantages ofdirect an¥
    c
    in
    djr
    e ct川 je
    ctio
    narel i
    stc
    di nTablc9 .1

    CHECK YOUR U NDERSTANDING

    • The three phases ofcOlllbustion 日r e: 1日nl1lon


    c
    1elay.f lal
    llespreac
    l.a nl1
    c cireCIburnin呂
    • Comt ヲustion chamber c lesignis importan1 10
    ensure that the a ir anc
    ¥ fuel lrappecl insicle the
    Figure9.
    3 CIcOl
    l1bust
    ionchal
    l1b
    er:i
    ndirecttype cOlllbustionchamberareburntc Olllpl
    etely

    Tabl
    e9.1 Advant
    agesandd
    isadvantagesofdi
    rectandi
    ndi
    recti
    nject
    旧 ni
    nCIengi
    nes
    Advantages Di
    sadvantages
    Oirec
    ti n
    jec
    tio
    n
    Lowercompressionrat
    io Poorna
    tura
    lt ur
    bulen
    ceonmosten
    gin
    es
    Noe l
    ectr
    lca
    lcold
    -st
    artaids(
    onl
    arg
    een
    gin
    esJ Highin
    jec
    tionpres
    surere
    qui
    red
    Goodt herm
    aleff
    icl
    ency Noisyi
    noperati
    on
    Ind
    irectinj
    ectio
    n
    Goods wi
    rlc h
    aract
    eri
    sti
    cs High
    ercompressio門 r
    atl
    o
    Smoothr unningandope
    rati
    on Gre
    aterheat105
    5
    Highe
    rrpmp osslb
    le Col
    d-st
    art
    ingaidsrequ
    ired
    C
    I，(.
    'n
    ginじ(，()llJbus
    tio
    nc ，
    h川 nbピr 87

    • CIζomhu川 ionch辻 m lx
    .:rscanbcc las si日民Ii nto istt
    2 L bre
    emainad、引 ntagesofadirect
    -
    inj
    ect
    ion
    direClin
    jとぐ t
    lon日n ι
    Ii nd
    irectinjec
    tiontypes CIcngine compar
    ed ¥¥
    '
    ilhan indirecl
    -injecli
    Ol
    、
    • To ensure t h川 r he airanc
    lf ll
    el Jl1ixcs lhor- unH
    ollghly、 <
    ..
    :om
    l孔 I
    stion chambelぉ arc desi呂n e
    c lto 3 istt
    L breeadvantagcs ofan indir
    eCI・lnJeCt
    10n
    pl口motes ¥
    ¥'
    ir
    lorturhul encc CIengine compar ed ¥¥
    "it
    had ircct-injcct
    ion
    lnl
    L t
    4¥
    X s an c
    fhy i 1cctrical
    ly operat口 1col
    c
    l-st
    山 l

    c
    lev iじe nccdecl on an i nd
    ir ecト1I1J
    ecl口n CI
    ￨REVISIONEXERCISESANDQUESTlONS I engi ne?
    ラ Statear ypica!compressi
    onr atiof OI
    1 Givじ II
    I'(
    )clesi
    rab
    lc ch孔ra
    cte
    ris
    ric
    s()fCTCOI11- ) ad
    i irec
    r-inje
    ctioncn呂1'ヒ
    hustiO!
    lc hamherde行Ign i) ani
    i ndire
    ct-inj
    ecti
    onenginc
    Clen nef
    uel upply

    hutothers w
    ill bc l
    l10ul
    lled un，ur may even be
    Introduction aninteg
    ralpartof，lhei nject
    ionpUl l1pi
    tsc
    lf
    Therearet h
    reebasi cIypesin1Iおヒ
    Ihe CIengine f
    ' l
    lel sl
    Ipply s
    ystem consists ofa
    r
    uelstoa日erank，low-prc
    r ssure pipelines，f
    lle
    lli
    ft 1
    . cliaphragm;
    pUl11p，日Ite
    rs、f
    lle
    linject
    ion pllmp，high-pressure 2.plunger;
    pipclines，f
    uelinJ
    ect
    ors，andleak-of
    fpipes( Fi
    gllre 3.vane
    10l )

    Diaphragmpump

    Thcsearcs imil
    arl nactiun ifn01alwaysi nshape
    Fueltank 10Ihose0' 1thepetrolengine(seeChaplelう).b l
    ll
    externaldiesellif
    tpUl 1pぉ a
    l lwayshaveaI cvcrfOI
    On礼 l ightvehic lerhe f ueltankw i l
    l berhesal11e pill1ing(Figure 1
    r 0.2)
    .' f
    hiぉ cn礼l
    ラlesthesystem 10
    orsi milartoitsper fO!cuunterpart .I -
    Ieavyvchicles be' bl
    ecl
    'byh九 nc Jifai
    rhasen tere
    clrhepipelines
    norl11a
    lly have a l arge-capaci ty t ank. wh ich is
    cylindric
    al or r ectangular i n secl iol. Asa he
    1 avy
    vch icl
    cl11ay travel asl inle as 1.8 kl11 perl itr
    e0 1 Plungerpump
    die，氾 1ruel，the tank mustbc strongenough 10
    hol dquanti t
    icsi ntheorderof2うo litr
    e，
    、 Ve h
    icles "hi
    l stypeofpUl l1p islIs Ia
    l ll
    yI lloll
    ntedont hef uel
    rravclling long c listan
    c es may be l it
    tec
    l with a in jectinpllmp，andi
    o sι I
    rivenhyI hep l
    lll1p討 I I1rer -
    largertank， orp ossilコI
    yt wot ζ
    Inks n al camshaf .I
    t t wor ksOn a 白川1 1ilarp ri nci p
    le " 10

    J nte
    rnal bafnes l im
    itt he surging off ue
    li n討ide r hat 0'1 the cliaphragl l
    1 ) Jl
    IIllP， e xcept t hata
    thetankc allsedbyvehicl e1 110
    v el11ent.Ther ewill plunger i 対 U おecli n s
    tea cl 0'1t he cliaphragm，an ιl
    hc a tank u nitt o oper atet he f uel gau呂e，or ，on bmhthetopandbonol 10
    l '
    1t heplungera reuぉec l
    oldervehi cles，agauge mayhef i tt
    ecltothetank tot ransferf u el (F ig
    ll rc 1 03). A spring holdsa
    i
    tsei.
    fTopreventdirrf r
    ol11 enteringthetankther e camf ollo
    v re
    .
    ， ri ncuntact¥¥Ii t
    htheGl 1
    l1
    l
    11aybcamcshf il
    terinsic
    let hef ilerneck In oper a tion r hc p ll lnger f ullu¥VS the caI l
    1
    pro日l e of the i njeclion pump cal l1討haft，which
    moves t he plunger I Ipanc J down i ni l
    Scyl i nder
    Astheplungerl 1lov esc lo'wnwar ds， theVul U
    llleof
    the p Ulllpf ue l chal 1beri
    l ncrcascs.a nclt he pre s-
    Fuelsupplypump Sllrec1ropsi nthcchamber .Th iscallおC行 theo utlet
    va:lvetocloseanclthei letv
    n al veto open(Figur e
    The f l
    l nction oft his )JlII11P，which Ilay a
    l lso be 10 .3a). Atll10spher ic pressu lじ i nI he f uellank
    ca lledt he lit，t
    f l礼 n
    sferurf l pump，i
    eec stomove fo rcesf ue
    li n to the chal l1bcl日bovcthc plungel
    flle
    lf rol11 thetankthrollghthe日I te
    rsa nc
    lin tothe Atthesa lllet ill1e， fuelb eJow t heplungeri sf o rced
    high- pressure f uel i nject ion pl
    ll11p
    . Separate ()Itt
    l o the f iltersand t he I nJecliol pUl 1p by I
    l he
    plll11pSI llaybeope ra
    leclhyI hecngine'scal
    l1shaft， tension0' 1IheplllngerrClurnspring

    88
    CIen
    山 nefud刈 l
    ppl
    y 8
    9

    (
    a)
    I
    nje
    cto
    r

    l
    i
    1
    -

    1
    ，
    t

    '
    ・

    -
    '

    ・
    411

    411
    -
    31 v

    ill
    -1
    Hlg
    h-pre
    ssur
    e

    1
    f
    ueJhnes
    (form
    ed10gi
    ve
    e
    qualleng
    th)

    L
    eak
    -of
    f
    p
    lpe

    Bleedscr
    ew1 Bleeds
    cre
    w2

    A
    ir出eed

    •
    ・‘ O ‘
    F
    uelf
    eedpump

    F
    ueli
    nj
    ect
    ionpump
    Hand-primingl
    eve
    r
    F
    ilt
    er
    F
    uelt
    ank

    (
    b)

    I
    nje
    cto
    r

    .
    .一 F
    uel
    lif
    t下ump

    F
    uelf
    i
    l
    ter

    一
    →
    ・，

    t
    ank

    F
    ueli
    nje
    ct山 npump

    Fi
    gure1
    0.1C
    Ienginefuel injectionsystems:(a)in-line fuel pump;(b)distributi
    on-
    typefuelpump
    9
    0 ¥!
    I OlOrv
    どhide!
    cchnolo
    且?1
    0r1
    11ccham仁お

    F
    uel
    O
    uUe
    tval
    ve !
    I
    ow

    Spnngr
    etu
    rn
    Ha門d
    pnmer

    Pushr
    od
    O O
    :0
    Diaphragm

    Figure1
    0.2 Diaphragm-operatedl
    if
    tpump

    O
    ut ・
    一
    一 1
    n
    •
    Pumping
    chamber
    ¥ノ

    (
    a) (
    b) (
    c)

    Figure103 Plungerpump.(a)Inle
    tvalveopen，outl
    etval
    veclosed;pumpi sspringactuated (
    plunger
    )
    (b
    )I nl veclosed，outl
    etval etvalveopen;pumpiscam actuat
    ed.(c)In
    letvalveclosed;outl
    etvalve
    cl
    osed;sel
    f-r
    egulat
    ing

    l
    ine
    r O
    utl
    ets
    lo
    l

    R
    oto
    r

    B
    1ad
    e

    I
    nl
    et5
    10
    t

    Figure10.
    4 Vane-
    typetransferpump
    Clen
    印nピf
    ue l、
    lsupp 91

    AsI h(
    '( '1m討haf
    <
    - lcontinucs( 0t urn.the pll
    ln日仁r comparison， lhe f i
    neSI human h air is arOUi l
    ζ1
    1110、 e~ lIP ¥
    ¥‘Irds
    . crealing preS SlIl
    ヒ on I hc l uc
    1 30μm i ncliameler
    .¥ X
    ihynolchcιkl if oryOl 1rself
    、
    abo Clhじ pl un日c.rThiぉ closesr hei nletvalvcand you v .
    ;i
    ll need a mer ri
    c micromcter ，c a
    rc f
    lll l
    y
    opcns I 、、
    hじ り ulel a l c.when f uelisf orced bOlh χer oc，
    l
    .
    c andahairfrom)'ourhead
    int ot hど り ull<
    :1pip< :ancli ntothechal11!Jcrbelow Filler
    sf i
    tte
    cl belwccn Ihef l
    1c1l ank an cl lhe lif
    l
    lhep1ung< :r(1、i
    gur c1 0
    ..)b) pl1m pa re knoれ n KMprixBEar y 白Iters.T llesc山 C
    OI 1Cじ I hcp lllng出 h出 becnpushe clt oIheI Op cl
    csi gneclr o removc rc1mivcly l arge p ;
    lr1icles of
    (
    )fi I討 Ira ve， I
    1 hビし.I1Il f
    ol l
    o¥verretllrnstoitsbasc cl
    irt，andanywatert hali spresent.lIsuall yhyscc .
    li
    -
    po討 liiOI， wh
    1 仁n t hc plllnger return spring again ment ation
    . Because f ueli sl igh
    "¥
    er th.<
    11
    1 walcr ，li
    puメhじs1 1
    1じ lラlunger downwarcls CFi gurc "
    10
    .3c) I
    loals，andt hewaters inks1 0thebOll (
    )I
    1， l
    l oget hel
    Ihe p
    ' rcssurc i 1I
    l hcsupplys i
    clc 0'
    1lhesysl el
    llis wilhanyseclimcnl (Fi gl1re 10う ).The watcrl ll
    usl
    R口、?じr 1cd1
    l ヲy11
    1じ lじ1 対1
    01、ofr he討p ri
    ng:i fl
    il
    llcf u
    c1 bec l
    r a
    incc
    lof fper iocl
    ica l
    ly: OnI he lateslvehi cles
    凶 h cing1I計二 d Ihe plunger、 ，i
    ll0111)
    '1 10、
    1 c<.
    Io¥¥"n a引 v itchisr rig
    gereclt halaut omaticallyopel 1sr he
    u山 ds 、 、 hen thc spring can o¥'ercりI11C 1he 1rain可、 henrhe、
    c ;
    vaterl evelr i
    scs
    p1ヒ刊行 U1じ

    Vanepump

    Thc¥':ln <
    .:pumpi sani n
    tegralpanofad istri
    bu toト F
    il
    te
    rhead C C
    I)'pef uむIi nje cl、
    iol pump. An ofT-cenlr e r O( O I
    Gl r
    rll':
    -
    ' 、'In
    ; じお l ll oUn
    lCcIi 1s
    l l
    ols(Figurc 1 0.4). As
    1
    11じ rOl0J' r o¥:1
    !じ メ ¥ he vancs sl i
    de in and Oll ll O
    I
    n
    lolo ¥
    ¥ '1 hじ sl，，
    '1ラl' ofI hechamhcr. The increasing
    ca¥'l
    IyJメ リ 11 hじ i n
    le¥¥ oa llo
    '¥va¥l1o
    l sphericpressl Ir c
    10 push f ucli nloI he chambe r. Funl1crrOI ~ll i o l1 O
    ul
    car ricsIhじ l uelloIhcoUll elpon，¥ ¥'
    hereIhecav i ty
    Iじくluc ピメ 11
    1ぉi zc，f orcin呂 lhcfuelimor hc boclyof S edlme
    nle
    r
    lhcpumpユI‘1modじお tpressl lre e
    leme
    nt

    T
    ran
    spa
    ren
    l
    Fuelf
    ilt
    ers bowl

    S
    edi
    ment
    er
    c
    hambe
    r
    Thc f ue
    lc lcl
    i v
    erecl1 0r hc in
    jeclion pUl11p
    l1u
    1 SI be perf
    ecllyc le
    al. Even l
    1 1i
    1 nul
    e pani-
    clcs0'1c
    lin emer ingthe i n
    jecl
    ion pUl11p can
    causever yrapic
    .
    l、 veal D
    rai
    n凶u
    g

    Fi
    gur
    e10
    .5Sediment
    er
    I'
    hepumpi smanul '
    acl u
    rccltolheexcepr ional l
    y
    close1 01 じl ユn仁C討 。 f0.004m1l1 or0.0001 i n.Tl1isis
    hecallsじ i 11白川 t oI lc
    l ler and i njectvcr y preci s
    e On v e
    llic
    leswith asepar alcsl1pplypump，thc
    .
    11101
    l l11
    1討 。 ff ueli nlO Ihe cyl i
    nclcr，at exacl 1y Ihe main f i
    lter i
    s日lIe
    cl bctween Ihc l if
    t pl1mp a ncl
    right Jl1()Jl1じ 1
    11
    .: l 1d a
    l l cxtremely hi gh pres surc the inject
    ion pump;moderncommcrci; 1
    .ivehiclcs
    Any ¥ ¥'e:lri n thc 討Y討tcm c oulc
    l cause excc討討 l ve often h山 'e more l
    han one f1t1Cr
    . Di討Iribl
    1lor-lype
    r1c
    l l 10 bc dピI i
    vc lじに 1e1nd make t he engine run injection pumps WiL h an integral supply pump
    inef
    l白CIヒn ll)' rely on atmospheric pr essl
    1rc 10 lorce l l
    lef 1e
    l l
    Ther l1e 1S )
    'SICJl1 iおlhereforef i
    lle
    cl、v irhaser i
    eぉ lhroughthcmain自1 re1
    or日1C1 持、、 h ich r l
    'IlO、c ユ
    1 nyf u cl contamination Some 日I l
    ersincorp口r area scdi ment chamber，
    in
    c l
    llι
    Ii n目、、' 1I
    : <
    :r
    . hcrorc i tr eachcs I hビIIlJcc[lon in which casc they are ca llccl agglomerat ors
    pl1mp. TI 1じ日 I tヒr smllstbe ahle 1 0r Cl10ve p
    l arti
    - (Figure106)
    clcs孔 メ お m日1日付 う μm ( (J
    .()03m m)i nc l i
    a m
    Clcr.1'01 Fil
    lersnowgener a
    llyhaver eplaceablcelemenls
    92 ¥l
    Jolo
    rve
    hidビ l
    じchn
    olo
    且yf
    ormc
    ch山、 1
    仁S

    V
    enl
    ing
    o
    ri
    fi
    ce

    F
    il
    te
    rhe
    ad C C
    C
    e
    b
    o
    n
    t
    l
    r
    t
    e
    C F
    i
    b
    o
    l
    t
    d
    e
    r
    y
    F
    ilt
    er
    edfue
    l
    o
    i
    loutl
    et
    U
    nfi
    lte
    red
    ￨
    門 f
    ue
    loi
    l
    l
    吋el
    S
    eal

    F
    il
    te
    r
    e
    lemen
    t
    F
    il
    ler
    aggl
    ome
    rat
    or Cent
    re
    pa
    p e
    r st
    ud
    el
    ement
    S
    eal
    ing
    r
    ln
    g
    F
    il
    te
    r
    ba
    se

    S
    edi
    mente
    r
    c
    hambe
    r Figure1
    0.7Conventionalf
    ilt
    er

    Filterchanging

    Allfi
    lte
    rsmustbeseale
    clt opreventa
    irfrom
    enter
    inganc
    lfuelfromleakingout
    D
    rai
    npl
    ug

    Thisisachieveclbyen s
    .uringthata
    llunionsare
    Figure1
    0.6Aggl
    omeratorf
    ilt
    er
    cor ly tightened an
    rect 句clt harscali
    ng rings ar
    e
    placec
    l between a l
    lt he maling sur
    fac
    es. Thesc
    5ealsshoulcl be changed whヒnevcrthe 日I teri
    s
    F
    ilt
    erelements replacedorcleaneにl

    Thc白l
    Ierelemel
    1lmaybcmadeofplearedpapcr，
    cOl
    lonorfe
    ll
    Pipes
    Pleatedpaperelement
    Spccial r
    esin-[
    realcc
    Ipapcri susec
    lr o呂i v
    ei thigh Thesyslem uses[wO t
    ypesofpipe(Figure 1
    0.8
    )
    討l
    rengt h whcn wet .rli sformed round a melal lowpressurea nc
    lhighpre ssure
    Curc1 1
    1 aseneぉ 0"1vee-shapcc
    lcoi h
    . Thiお呂 rea
    tly
    illcrea
    ses the su racc area of the 白I
    f ter， a
    ncl
    enablcs ils scrv
    ice li
    fe lO be eX
    lencle
    cl (Figure W
    allt
    hic
    kne
    ss
    10.7)

    Cottonandf el
    t
    Oncccoml l10n，co ttonandfe
    llt eselclomusec
    1r !i n
    Ilodc
    l rnft
    lt
    e lぉ Allhoughthey have the c
    lis
    aζIvan-
    M 日eo rbcin日 ableonlyt o日lt
    erou tpa
    r t
    icJesclown
    to ~t )
    '
    .λC
    1 of ar ounζ120μm ，t hey c
    lic
    l have the Low Hi
    gh
    p
    res
    sur
    e ρ
    res
    sur
    e
    ac lt
    l、引 ! a日e I h
    at，i n many cases，they could be
    deanι1andr eus e
    cl Figure1
    0.8 Low-
    pressureandhigh-
    pressurepipe
    ι
    rcn
    gin
    efu仁1
    sup
    pl 、 9
    3

    low-
    pressurepipe
    巳 竺竺
    Lo'
    ¥v-pressl
    Ire plpe 1 5lIsed from rhc tank t ul he
    li
    lle
    rs，lif
    lplll
    llpan¥ ci n
    jccrionpllll
    lp;anc¥si lll
    ilarl
    y
    fo
    rl h
    el eak-olTpipesr oIヒlll
    rnfuclf r
    oll
    ll hei nj
    ec- Bef or
    e ¥Vorking on cr f uel systems ili s
    l
    orsr Or hc lan
    l" Thcse pi pes are usually ahout il
    11por
    tantto r el
    11el
    11bert
    halcleanliness is
    10-12m m i ndiamet cr
    . and are rnade f roll1 mild essent i
    al;thiscall10tbeovcrstrcs
    secl.Take
    care[ 0 ensure thatcli
    rt0
    1 白nep artic
    1es0'1
    川cclOLmur cc0ll11ll01
    l1ynuw.p l礼行tlC
    clustcl
    onotcontaminat ethesysrem，a sthi
    s
    、
    ，yj¥c
    ( auseclamaget othein
    jectorsa n
    c lin
    jec
    High-pressurepipe t
    ionpump

    Iligh-presslIr
    cpi peisl Iscc
    !betweenlhci n
    jcctiol
    l
    pUlllpanc¥rhcinjecto，'[ 13ecausc0'1lhehigh pre s
    surc.t hese pipc持 礼 r
    cI lade 0
    l '1high-qual
    ityI lc
    li
    l ¥ Servicing削 ters
    ぉtee
    llubingwilhw a
    l l討 u s
    ually2うIII日1Ihickpand For any panicular engine ，、vit
    h which you 山 ヒ
    、Ni
    lhahme 0' .，0I
    11 ll
    l l
    l， Theyci thcrhave hr azed famliJ
    <u
    .. nnc
    .lthe ins
    tructio
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    I

    nipples，m rhcendi ぉ f
    larec1roprovic
    1eaperfect， Notethenumber ，typeanc1posirion01日IIrhefuel
    presぉ1Ir
    e-t1且hlぉcal l
    il
    ter s， a
    ncl how often thcy need l ，
    O be crvi
    c c1
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    1theprocec 1urc， 1
    1possl
    ' i吋e-an dun c
    lcrsupel
    vs
    i.i
    on-car ryoutthe日I terchanges
    Allthe pipesshou lc
    1i c
    1callyhe ofthes all
    le
    lengthto preventf uelsur ge，andδhou lc
    1be Bleedingthelow-
    pressuresystem
    securelyclal
    llpec
    lr o preven t vi
    lコ
    rat
    ionan cl
    subsequentfracture.ltis31soveryimportant
    thatthe pipeenc1sSli neat l
    yi nrothei
    rl oca- TheSYS 陀 I
    II wi¥
    lnotwor kproper
    lyifairi
    sin
    ri
    onson r he pumpand t he inject
    or¥ N
    i t
    hout anyp artofi LAlthoughsOll
    lemoclerncl
    iesel
    anyt ens
    lon fuelsystems ar e sel
    f-b
    leecl
    ing，1
    110Slneecl
    ble
    ecling i f they have been complet e
    ly
    c
    1rainec
    1of' I
    uel，orifthe 日I
    tershave been
    changecl
    CHECKYOURUNDERSTANDING

    For the sa l
    l he 白l
    lC engine as t tピr-sel
    vlcl
    ng
    • CIf ueli n
    jcclion ぉySlems consi stufa l arge
    projecl，li
    ncl oullhe pro
    cedurer orblceding l
    hc
    capa city， IO¥¥'
    -pressur ef uel supply p Ul
    ll p，fcc
    1 1
    0¥Vー pr
    cssures ys
    rem.Again.ifpossihl
    ヒ carryOlll
    frol
    llaf uel lankl hroughp ril1a
    1 ryl iltcr
    s， EXler
    n a
    l
    thework
    札 IpplypU lllpSdeliverfuela tar clativelylowpres
    SlIrethroughoncormor eseconc l山 yl i
    l
    telδl Orhc
    I1l
    I cclonpU
    • Wher
    l
    llp
    c rhcr ci san integrals uppl y pUl1p、 f
    1 uel ￨REV凶， ONEXERC既 SANDQUEST
    lONS I
    isf urcecl by at rnospheric pre同 urc through l hc

    ・
    seconc

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    1aryl

    njec
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    he i t
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    i
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    o
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    s
    hevcrysma1
    n cquipl11e
    luper
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    a
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    tingdearances
    en t 日I
    lralion is
    1 Name the b
    system
    2 ¥lha
    X li
    asi仁 u
    nit
    s ofthe CIengine f

    savanepump.an c
    lwhcr cisilII川 t
    ue
    l

    lly
    esscntialt or ernove watcr: :
    Ind any p artic
    les of locatedコ
    dirt 3、 X
    1hyare日l te
    rs50importantinthe行ySlemヨ
    • A irl 1u
    1 slhc cxcluded f rol1 l
    1 he sy剖 em，so 4 トlowar ewate.
    ranclsomec l
    ir
    t.日Ir
    町 民Io ul01
    SCreは川 a rcl ille
    dr oallowthef uell inestobcbled thesyおtem?
    afterr ea九討 embl y
    .01 "ifthet ank i sa1l0wedtorun 5 Whyar eeXlerna
    lli
    ftpumpsl in
    cd¥Vilhahand-
    dr y operatingleve
    lフ
    CIinje loneq ~pment

    above cach elcmenl i 討礼 ζ ￨じti¥


    'cryv alve. I-<~ach
    Introduction pumping element conぉi sts0 1 ‘11万l ungera n
    c la
    、
    hanビ￨ vhich havc becn pre口付 el yl l
    la仁 hincd l o
    formamated p air.Theplung じ rI
    SI I
    I‘Ichined 仇 .i th
    The primary fun
    crions uf a compression a helix:t hali s.a にunじdcuUU41y a1 011RI 11
    c
    ig
    nit
    ion(CI)fue
    li nj
    ectionp
    Ulll
    pare plunger'shody
    • toc1cliver t he correct all
    lount of f uel The b arrcl has rwo pOr lメ ζ1r
    i1ヒd i nloi lSbocly
    unc
    le rall conditions.ofengi ne l
    oac.
    l ancl lhe inlct port 礼 nζ 1thc spi Uport れ hi ch a lign
    ，pe
    ecl; with the f uel gallery supplying，，1 l he pump' s
    • toc1eliver lhe correctall
    lount off uela r elemen ts
    thecor rec
    tt i
    llle
    ; The rlllngers can '1wi ぉI0' 1rotate¥ ¥'irhinr hcil
    • tor ais
    e the pres sure ofthe fuelso t har barrcls， and this movementi 討 c ont
    r ol
    led by l he
    the in
    jec tors can break up (ora t
    olllise) control rack，which i si lsel‘ conlrol
    lc cl hy hot ha
    thefueli ntoaAneIlli s
    t guvernurl l
    nitancllhcacccl cratorpeda. l'fher ota-
    t
    ion ofeach plun目的汁ItCl 只 lhc position ofthe
    helixr e!
    ati、ct othcδpillpor l、可¥'h
    ichr egul arcst hc
    amollnl of f uel deli
    ¥ 'じ rc
    :c
    1 by c江ch pUlllpi ng
    clc!
    l1cnt
    Thcrearel ¥¥'
    Otypes0' 1fuel11
    IJヒ仁 l
    ionpum pt hat
    are COIllJllonty fit
    led toI C cngi n es
    : the multi-
    element or in- line injection pump， and lhc Operati oll
    rotaryorDPA-typeinjectionpump W hen each 0' 1rhe p lll n日 山 行 is
    .a th Ot lOIll dea(ト
    centre (bd.c .)( c
    ig llrc 11 .2礼). pr c同lIr ised fuel
    ent ers through rhc i nlじ1pon はnd 日I l
    st he メrace
    immcd iate l
    yahove lhe p lllngじ1汁 n c
    .
    lthecuta以 ay
    formec l by thc h clix. Any r em!
    ，
    - lnl
    l1g f ucl rasscお

    through the刈 ヲi11pon けn ζIi n


    tor hc COl llll
    lonfue!
    gallcry
    As thc p llmp camsh afl lil吊 1
    f 1
    1 C1 31ungC131 1
    Multi-element(in
    -li
    ne)fuel re
    ::l
    che討 apointwhcrchothlhei nlelandl hes pi
    ll
    injectionpump ports ar e cut of f from t hc rll
    cl gλl I
    c:ry (Fi gl
    lre
    11.2b).Fl Irtherupwardl llu¥'Clllen
    tじ I ls
    L est hcfll
    et
    This t ype ofpUl l1p i
    slocmed on thc s ic
    lc oft he trappedabovetherlungcrr ohepressl Irisec
    .
    lancl
    en日i ne 1110
    どk ， and i
    sc lr
    i v
    cn by the engine.I Iis forcccl pa5 tthc d cl、
    i ery vah' e (nol shown hc re)
    じiIl ed an i nーli n
    ep Ulll
    p bじじ 1lS
    1 C the pUl l1ping towar c
    l行 thci njcc
    toJ'. '
    T
    'uVl， r
    y1 hピユ rnoun l 0'
    1fucJ
    じJCJllじ nt討 are 1l1ountじく t in line ~lS s ho'¥
    v n in lhaleach pumpingel cil1じ/11i.
    _capahlcofd el
    iver-
    Figur< : ll.1 lng、 cach plunger i sr ol‘led by mcans or a
    Thヒ pUJllp ぐり ns1 S 。
    t封 f ~l hollu¥Y alurninium toり th
    ecl conrrol r ac k. This r o
    ta li
    りn 、 aneメ lhc
    じISlng れ h i仁 h contains the S~l1 11e !
    luJlh
    l cr ( )
    f amounl t h礼 1 each plllngcr c江n dc 、
    lier [ 0 Its
    pumpingelement s川 T11cmmlnell 出仁川 i nc!clδ anachcdi njec!or(figureJ1 .2c礼 nζ1c1)

    94
    (
    ;1i
    njピC!
    I(
    )1
    lL'q
    ulp
    rnL'l1! 95

    Commonf
    ueJ
    ga
    JJe
    ry O
    eli
    ver
    ypi
    pe

    I
    nl
    etp
    lpe
    D
    eJi
    ver
    yva
    Jve

    B
    arr
    el

    J
    nJ
    etp町!

    C
    onl
    roJr
    ack

    P
    Junge
    r
    s
    howlngI
    he
    h
    eJi
    x

    Ca~、 s l1 aft

    一
    一 R
    o
    l
    a
    l
    ρ
    l
    e
    ρ
    (
    el

    Figure11.1 In-
    lin
    elue
    linjectionpump

    T
    oIn
    Jec
    tor
    (
    a) (
    c) (
    d) (
    e
    )

    I
    nl
    et
    p
    ort
    fk
    em畑
    同 副M
    ︾f
    o

    H
    ell
    x

    Figure11.2 Operation01pumpingelement.(a)Recharge:plungeratbottomdead-centre.(b)Spillcut
    o仔 position.(
    c)End01i :maximumpower
    nject旧 n .(d)End01injection:l
    o wpower.(
    e)Stopposi
    tio
    n
    sl
    oti nlinewithsp
    illport
    96 λh刈り1 、
    ヒhi
    deL
    echnol
    ogyf
    orme
    chan
    ic只

    Enginestopcontrol I
    nj
    ec
    lo
    rdel
    iv
    ery日p
    e
    ，
    V
    o
    r
    e
    g
    u
    l
    d
    i
    u
    u
    c
    d
    e
    m
    e
    e
    r • 仁
    コ R
    e
    d
    i
    p
    e
    r
    s
    ese
    nts
    To prcvenr a CIengine f
    rol1 r
    l llnning，the 剖
    f
    ue
    l
    in
    jec
    tionpllll1pi
    ncl
    llc
    lesaf
    lle
    lClIト of
    fc le
    vice

    When lhe c l
    eviceis operalc，
    Ic lhcconlrol rack
    roじIlCS，，1 thじ plungel討 引 ) l
    hallheirslotsl inelIP S
    pri
    ng
    、vi
    ththc討p ill ports(Fi詰lIre1 1
    .2e). This prevem 討

    theupw< lr
    c
    l- movin自 pumpingclcmentsf r
    oJl1 p
    res-
    In
    Sl SI
    !1
    日 thel u
    el V
    alv
    e
    f
    ace
    Unl
    oad
    er
    Deliveryvalve c
    oll
    ar
    M
    ain
    b
    ody01
    Thcmainfunctiunsofadel
    iveryvalveare v
    alv
    egu
    ide
    V
    alv
    e
    • to prevent fll
    elf r
    ol1r
    l llnning Olll of[ he s
    eat
    injeclOrpipe when lhe p lllngeri son i [s
    downwarcls trok
    e; Del
    i
    ver
    y
    val
    v
    e
    . lO ensure th
    maintainecli
    ata re
    neachi
    si
    cl
    nj
    ll
    all i
    ectorc
    ne pressl
    !eliveryp
    Ir
    i
    J
    e凶
    コe， tt ・
    • lostopc lrib
    blingatthei njeclOrnozzl eby
    ensuring a rapic
    lc ollapse ofpres sl
    Irea l
    theendoft hei nje
    c[ionphase

    Pl
    ung
    er
    s
    how
    nati
    nj
    ec
    tio
    nph
    ase
    A deliveryvah'e is日l ledaboveeach p lll1p
    l in邑
    clement， I
    tconsi 日 So
    f;;1spring
    -loac
    lcc
    lvalvc( f
    acc Figure11.3 Deliveryvalveoper
    ati
    on
    lメeat
    anc )礼ncl~t volul
    l1c-rcducerguic
    .
    le machinecl
    10gl¥r
    e礼 l冗 r
    fとct日 t.Thcvalvefacei stapel肌1.and
    marchcs up wi th as.imila
    rly shapec
    l valvc sear
    Governors
    machincclonrorhcmainbodyofrheva¥veg uic
    le

    Operation Themai
    nfunctionsofagovernoru
    nit<
    Ir
    : e
    ¥Xihcn thc p lllnger i son t he i nje
    clion phase，[he
    • [0 ensuret ha[anenginec 10esno[exceetl
    rise i nf uel pr essure pushes t he cl
    elivery valve
    it
    ssa femaximulllrpmset ting;
    Up '¥v山t1si nsi
    t l
    ei t
    sg ll
    icle
    . This aClion f orccs thc
    • lo con [
    rol t he engine's speec
    l wilhin
    unl o aclc
    rc o
    ll ar up¥varcls，anc
    . .
    l the valve face i s
    に!
    e白nec ll i
    mits
    ;
    lifletlo f
    fi rs seal(Figure 11. 3)
    . The pr essuris
    ecl
    • toens uret h
    att hecorrectamountofF uel
    fue l then pa出 es [hrough lhc volume -
    rcclucel
    isi njectec
    li nto the combustion cham
    guidc and on r o
    '¥vardsrhe i nje
    clordel ivery pipe
    ber lIncler all engine speecl anc
    ll oa
    cl
    anc l the appropr i
    areI 1J
    I ecr or
    . Al lhe e ntl oFlhe
    con
    c li
    tions
    in jcction ph孔se，Ihe plunger movcs clownwarc ls
    towarclメ borromc 1catl-ccntre. Thisc allseぉ ar apic
    l
    rec.
    lu c
    lion i n the pre 剖lIreaCling on t he t 1e
    1ivery
    va lvじ Thcr elur nspr ingforces[ heunloaclcrc o
    llal OnaCI cnginethespccclofthc f l
    leli njcction
    1
    111り thevalveg ll
    icle，scalingrhef u
    clr etu r
    n.Then pumpi sexactlyh a
    lFt hatoFtheen且i n
    e.5 0.asthe
    fu rthersl i
    gh 、
    t clownv .a
    rcl movemcnt ufthec .
    leli
    vー enginespeed increases句Illoref u
    elisc.
    leliverec
    .
    lt o
    じr yv礼 lveasi lC Iりsesproιlucesaverysmalspace theengi . This，i
    nc n turn，causcsa fl
    lrthcrr i
    sci n
    in rhc pipelinc，which c al t
    Iιlen pressure
    lぉe a 討し I lhe speecl ()
    fthe ヒngine. Uncheckecl，[ h
    isc Oll
    lcl
    ιIro p，antlpreventslhei n
    je clOrfromc 1ribblin呂 C札l
    Iseseriousenginec .lamage
    仁1i
    nj
    eci
    lone
    quipmじn
    t 97

    Thcl h
    rec maintypesofgovernorunItth
    atare Whentheeng inei sstoppec 1，t hespr in日 10ac
    1ing
    cOI
    1 tec
    1monly日l 1toanin-l
    inei
    njectionpumpare on thec 1i aphrag!1 movest
    1 hef uclcontrol rack 10
    thema x imul1l f
    uelposi tionf ors tar
    ling.W henl hc
    1
    . pncumatic
    j
    engi ne i s running，t he hi gh c 1epression i nt he
    .1
    2 fyweightmechanical;
    3
    .lea仁l
    、 ヲri
    ngmech::
    l1i
    I cal
    vent urii sf elri n the ck コ
    q hragl1l chal l
    lher，and
    this allows at mosphe ric pr es sure to push rhe
    Pnel
    lm at
    icgovernors c
    1iaphr agm back t o thc i dl ing posi tion. Thiお
    act ionl imitsthea! 11ounto ff ueld eliverec
    1tothe
    englJ1e
    Thistypeofgover norconsist
    sofaventnri
    明I hen t he accel erat orpedali sc1cpressec 1，Ihe
    flow control lInit，whi ch i
    sf i
    ttec
    1 to the hutter Ay valve pr o呂r essivelyopens up， and Ihc
    inl
    etmani f
    o l，an
    lc c
    lapneuma t
    i cuni t日ttec
    lt o
    c
    1epr ession reduces.Asthe depression 凶 norso
    the inje
    ction pump. Connect ing t he vent uri 自rc ar，t hecont rolspr ingcanf o rcethecont rolrack
    日owcont rolunittot he pneuma ticgover nol in thec 1i rect
    ionofi ncr easec
    1fueluntilt hespr ing
    are two sucrion pi pes.These enabl er he
    bal ance s.t hemmospher i
    cpr essur eonthev en
    tccl
    variat
    ion oft he c
    1epression int he ven t
    u ri，
    引c1e ofthe c 1iaphr agm. This l imir
    s cont rolr ack
    crea
    recl byrhe progressiveopeni ng orc lo s-
    I
    l1Qvementa nclgovernst heenginespeed
    ing ofrhe butterAy valve，to i nAuence r he
    Maxi llum f
    1 ue
    lC rnaxi mum cngineβpeec 1
    )出 con-
    pneumar icgovernor(Figur e11.4) tr
    ole cl hya srop a rt he otherenc 1ofI he conl r
    ol
    rack

    V
    ent
    urif
    lo
    w
    c
    onr
    lolu
    ni
    t

    B
    ull
    er
    fl
    y
    v
    alv
    e
    A
    uxi
    lia
    ry
    s
    ucl
    ionpl
    pe

    T
    oin
    le
    lva
    lve MaI
    n
    su
    cti
    on
    pl
    pe

    A
    lmosp
    her
    ic
    v
    enl
    D
    iap
    hragm

    Atm
    osph
    eri
    c
    chambe
    r Vacuum
    chambe
    r

    Ma
    xim
    umf
    ue
    l

    M
    lnimumf
    u創
    Pn
    eum
    ati
    c
    go
    ven
    orun
    ll

    C
    ont
    rol C
    ont
    rol
    r
    ack s
    pnng

    Figur
    e11
    .4 Pneumati
    cgover
    nor
    98 ル1
    010
    r¥'
    chi
    clet
    e仁hnologyf
    orr
    ne
    ch
    ι1
    11
    1ιぉ

    Flyweightmechanicalgovernor (figure11ラ )
    .Toprevenllheenginefrom. 11
    ' 孔1ing
    司

    社na ιIjuslableidlingscrew i ぉ白 lted101 11e contlり 1


    rack.Thisi Imitsthealllounl of1ll0Velllent ufthe
    Int hi
    s type ofgovernora S el ofbalancing
    controlrackwheni nthemin川 lUI lf
    1 uc1position
    (governor) weight s are mount ed on the
    When lhe acceleralり r pedal i so pelιIled. lhe
    pUll
    lp'Sdriveshaf t
    .Whenthesearesubjected tension0 1
    1thegovernorspring i nζreaメes，andt his
    toa cent r
    ifugalforce， a reaction occurst
    hat
    C3usesthccontrolrackt o1l10VCt o
    vvarcl行 thcm3xi-
    li
    ll
    lit
    st heIlo
    l velllentofthecontr o
    lrack
    I1UI
    l lf
    l u
    elp osit
    iun. A行 moref ue
    li sdelivered. the
    speeclsofboththecngine孔 ndIhci n
    )c ctionpUl l1p
    clriv
    esha
    fti nc
    rease
    . Thegovernorwei ghls nyoul-
    The l
    l1ain cOl
    l1ponentsofa flyweight mcchan-
    warcl吊 becauseofthe i ncr
    e as
    eclc entr
    i fugalf orc e
    i
    ca1且overnurare
    whichI lu
    l vesthet hrus
    tsleeveandt hec ontt口 1rack
    1
    . anacljuslablethrol
    llel ev
    er; back t o'¥
    v a
    rds the mJn1I11L
    lll
    lf ucl po 日Itlon. Th同
    2
    . apivotecl control a1
    '1
    11，which 1
    l10vesthe con actlonじontinuesu n
    tilas tateofbalancei sreachec .
    l
    tro
    l rack hetween i lS111
    l 1
    111
    11UI1a
    1 nclm aXi
    lTIUlTI 、、hercthccngincrunsatagovcrncclsp仁 ccl
    settln
    gs
    3
    . agovernorspring，whichconnectsthethroule Leafspringmechanicalgovernor
    1evertotheconlrolarm
    4
    . af ucl control r
    a ck. which a l
    re rs rhe pOSlllo
    n
    ofeachoflhepU1 l11
    ずsplungcrc lel
    1len
    ts; Thistype ofgovernor has 1 11
    anys
    ill1i
    lar
    iti
    es
    う ar hrusl sleeve locarec
    J on thc pUll1p' Sc lr
    ivc- to the flyweight unit t
    可 he 1
    11ainc
    lif
    ferences
    shafl，which i s operated by rhe centrifugal beingrheuseof
    aClionofthegovernor~veights
    • ashapeclgovernorspring;
    Atidl i
    ngspeed.lhecontrolrack11l0vestowarcls • aroll
    erassellb
    1 ly
    ;
    the 11
    111
    111
    11U
    111f
    uel position. Thi討 r
    esullsin rhe • ashapeclral
    l1p
    engine's running at a constant i cl
    lig speec
    n .
    l

    Accel
    er
    ato
    r
    pedal

    Pi
    v
    ot
    T
    hrot
    tl
    e
    O l
    ever

    G
    overn
    or 円v
    ol
    s
    prl
    ng Co
    ntr
    olr
    ack
    C
    ontr
    o
    l
    a
    rm

    A
    dJustabl
    e @
    i
    dl
    in日 scr
    ew

    P
    ivo
    t Mi
    ni
    mum Ma
    ximu
    rr
    Gov
    erno
    r
    we
    igh
    ts

    Dri
    ve
    shat
    f

    Re
    ta
    iner
    T
    hrust
    s
    leev
    e

    Figure11
    .5 F
    lywei
    ghtI
    llechanicalgover
    nor
    仁川 n
    jec
    lHm ピql
    ll
    . pml.'Jlr 99

    (
    a) (
    b)

    Cont
    r
    oJr
    od

    HMU
    R
    oll
    er
    a
    ssemb
    ly 一
    戸

    Ramp
    ノ
    G
    ove
    nor
    s
    pnn
    g

    と土L

    S
    pri
    ng
    ，
    C
    ams
    haf
    t t
    ens
    ion

    Figure1
    1.
    T
    hru
    sρa
    td

    6 Leafspringmechan
    ica[gover
    nor
    :(
    Wei
    gh
    lca
    ri
    r

    a)maximum f
    u
    e
    r

    e[po
    sit
    ion;(
    b)minimum fue[posi
    t
    ion
    •
    }
    r
    ー
    ︿
    ﹀

    Thesc i IC!lS 、
    l 1r
    e 1
    I汚 cd tu c ontrol I he On a f O llr-c
    ylin
    clcr C[ cnginc l hピ 川 ject
    10n
    じn 日J!lC sp仁じ ι
    ￨ phase付 shu
    l l[!
    c be evcry 900 uff l1l1l1p d
    rivcshaf
    l
    As 1 hc ‘l cce]er
    :nOl l ラじ ιL
    rl i 討 。
    lヲcra
    le cl
    . rhc rotal
    iun，¥vh il
    ef ora s ix
    -cylinde
    ren邑i nclheyarc
    lヒnぉl on on l hじ go¥'erno] 討pnn日 i ncrea
    s cs. This every 600. The ph3 sin日 of :
    J1 i n- linei n
    jectio
    n
    仁 川l メじ九 社 おじ 1 or 1'0[[じ rst り be f lllshcdc lo ¥¥'n pll
    lllpneeds1 0 bcp e
    riocli
    ca[ycheckedbecallsc，
    ht'1¥¥じ cnh otht hc ralll
    p山 1(1l hじ 呂 ovcrnorspnnυ aft
    era high mileage，the i ntc
    rnal componen ls01
    1h1I討 f orc
    Ing I he cり nrrol1 りC
    Ir o" ¥va
    rclst he maxi- lheplll
    llp討 ufferfr
    oll
    l¥VC山 ( In
    (¥lear
    I1UI
    l l1f ll
    d Pりお i l
    iun( Figll
    re 1[ .6‘，).''he i
    T ncreased
    cCl Ir
    1 ifu
    galf orcじ 汁 cnn日。 n the guvcrnor ¥ ¥
    'ei ghr s
    cn:.al仁川ユ noppo 討ingforceon rhet hrll
    srp acl，and
    IhllSmovヒ 行 t hcconl rol rod 10¥¥":11
    . にlslhじ Ill
    l11
    11ll1lm Calibrationi srhelerml Ise
    clL Oc l
    cscriberhe
    po siti on(トIgll
    lじ [1 .610
    ).Ili slhehalancingo !-t he procecl
    llre ufaclj
    lls
    tin
    gr he quantity offuel
    ccntr ifllalforcecre~lt(!d hy thc r
    g otati
    n話、.veighr ぉ， rhateaιh p l
    lll
    lpe l
    ellle
    n tc le
    livers10 c3ch
    and lhc 1 とn sion f orc仁 hじI di n lhe Icarspring by panicularinject
    o]
    lhe r o[!
    e
    ， 礼討おじ 1 111
    3ly、 lhal hu lds lhc l hrLlst pad
    and cOl 1tro
    ] rod i n thc 目。、引 ncd enginc specc l
    pO~ltl()n

    J
    ¥1
    axi1ll1l1l1 andr
    nini
    mlll
    11speeds;
    Jrcc
    lcr
    ermined The in
    jecliun p
    lll
    ll 0be ca[
    p nccd行 1 i[列、Ile
    clru
    h
    )日 ) n
    lr olrod川 口 ps どI刊 ure th1 each pumpin日 el
    a ement c l
    eiivどr
    s
    exacllyrhes amequanrityoff ue
    t
    Phasingandcalibration
    Phasingandcalibrationadjustment
    To check l h
    araf ll
    lll
    lpメ phasing ( tnd c a
    lihra
    tion
    Phasing i sa r erm L
    lsed l Oc le
    scribethe sett
    ingsar ewit hins pcc
    ifie
    ζIloleranccs，as pecia
    l-
    timing il
    1l"
    erv
    al，measl Ir
    ecli n degrees，be-
    is
    rpieceofl e51c qll
    ifll
    lle
    nlc al
    i c dadieselpu日直 p
    lwceneachsuccessi vcinjectionoffuelfr
    om
    testbench i slIs e
    cl
    theine仁lIonpL
    j lm p
    Injecr
    ion pUIl 1p rep
    ailお 山 e lI s11~1I 1y carri
    cdu ll
    t
    hy吋f l
    ecia
    liぉ1δe
    r¥ 'iccpersunnel
    100 、
    !O
    hil、
    ehi
    JcI
    c <
    .:
    chnul
    ogyf
    orme
    chm、
    1
    (
    :-
    .

    orhe.rThe r cccδsbel ¥¥
    'ccncach l obei ぉk nowllas
    D
    ist
    rib
    uto
    r-ty
    pein
    jec
    tio
    n lhe retraction curve.Ther e ar e as many cam
    pumps 10hesast heengi nehascyl indelお
    Themainst cc1boc 1yort heDPApumpi 討 ca1k
    :d
    The d isl r
    i h
    ulor-r
    ype i n
    jeclion pump i sl IsIal
    l y the hydraulichead.1 'hiscon tainsaselori nrer-
    ca1cdI hcr otarγ 口rDPA( diSlri
    hlrorpllmpapp li・ na1c1rillings，whicha llo wI h" r ue1i nto Ihcpump
    仁川 t
    ion)i n
    jeclion pump.The mai n pans 0' 1thc rhen，i n conj u
    llction ¥ vitht hc I "otor，l he prc s-
    pumparcsh m vn in Figure 11.7
    . The l)PA pump suriscc1f ue1i sc 1islr
    i1孔Iled 1 0each orI he i njeclol
    has. <
    1以
    " 0'1p1ungers1 0ca
    ted wit hin a cenlraly oUl1er pipcs i nI he approp ria lビ お equcncc.To
    tlou
    1 nred r Olor shal，which i
    f 討 driven 1 コy and cont r
    o1andr egu1 aleI hepr cメ札口 Corl hef ue1accu-
    limcd1 0I heengi ne.sehindI h" p
    111ngersi只 は おel rale1y，atransferpumpandreg 川l atorvalve山 c
    ofr oler s，which<Ir
    : emountec lonacamr i ng 日llec
    1i nsi det he injeclion pump.Theserwo com
    ponen t
    sensur et h atIhe1 i
    ncpr cssureoflher ue1is

    Thc main purpose ofrhe rotor is10t r


    ans-
    kep 、
    l vi thinspec iftcclt oleranc es . To I lC
    1 aSllr ethc
    quan tityoff uc 1enter ing I hc i n
    jccl ion pUl 1p pr
    1 c
    pon fue1IOwarc
    1srhe p1ungers，anc1then to ciselyl ln dera l lopcr atingconc li t
    ion人 a111etering
    c
    1i
    slribu
    re Ihe fue1to each oft he i
    njectol valvei sb uilti nlol hepUl 11p( Figur e 11.m
    out1
    elportsintheapprop r
    iatesequence lnor dert o pr ovi deI hc pump wi lhaI 1c
    1 anshy
    wh ich t he f ue1i n jecli、
    OI phaぉC Gl n be pr ogress-
    ively ~ld va n ce d or r etarded ¥Vi lh eng inc speed
    The cam r i
    ng has a numhcr of cam 1 o¥)
    es and 1 oac1 changes，an 泊 U lomal ic ac lvancemen t
    mach t equaly spacec
    ined a 1distancesf
    rom eaじh mechan ism i sf ited(ドi
    t gl l
    rcI1. 9 )

    O
    utl
    et

    I
    nl
    et M
    ete
    rin
    gva
    lve T
    hro
    ttl
    ele
    ve
    r

    H
    ydr
    auh
    c
    h
    ead P
    lun
    ger
    s

    信三雲診 R
    oto
    r
    s
    ha
    ft

    R
    oll
    ers

    Camnn
    日

    R
    egu
    lat
    lng
    v
    alv
    e
    Tr
    ans
    fer I
    nje
    clo
    r A
    dvanceandr
    eta
    rd
    pump o
    ut
    letp町{ me
    chr1
    a 、
    5
    m

    1.
    Figure1 7 DPAi
    nje
    cti
    onpump
    C
    Iinj
    eC1i
    onじCjl
    1p
    l r
    nピ"1 101

    I
    d
    l川自 Operation
    s
    pnng

    ¥
    X
    fhen lhc f sc
    ueli 1e
    li.
    ercc
    l10r ，
    hc IW
    Ain
    jecr
    ion
    pump hy rhc f uell if
    l pump. a sl iclin
    g vane -lypc
    T
    hro
    ttl
    e S
    hut
    -of
    f transfer pump r ai見es t he fucrs prc出 l Ire st i
    l
    l
    l
    eve
    r s
    pind
    le furlher(Fi 詰u re 11. 9).The purpose0' 1lhelransf el
    pump 1 烏 10 create a. transfcrpre出 U Iじ 50t hall hじ
    inj ionpumpcansupplyal0'
    ecr 1lhccn日i ne
    .sf u
    el
    R
    ack requ i
    remcn tsundervary ing opcratingcon cl
    irIons
    Governor
    To pr cven tt hc lra nsfcrprc行surei nsie
    !e lhe pump
    spnng from cxceee !ing cerrain de討19n 1 口I crances， ~I
    Damper 討rring- loadedr cgularorval vcis日ne c
    l
    ρl
    ate The POSi lionofl he fuel-mer ing v礼 I
    er vei scon
    M
    eter
    ing
    v
    alv
    es t
    em lr
    ollccl by a combi nal
    ion ofl hrotllcl evcrm ovc-
    M
    e t
    eri
    ng men【 anζ Il hc aClion ofl he 日overnor. From t he
    por
    t mel enn日 val ve， the prcssur is
    eclf ueli st ransrerred
    10r hc mel eringpo rtinlhehyd r aulichead.¥ Xfhcn
    the charging pun 01 t he rotor ali日ns ¥Vi tht hc
    F
    uelp
    res
    sur
    e meteri ng port .f uel i s transferred l owe uds t he
    plungcr s CFigure 11. 10). The prc出 ure of l hc
    Figure11.8 Me
    ter
    ingval
    vecon
    trol
    ledbya incuming f ueli s suf 白cien t10f orce lhe plungclお
    hydraui
    lcgovernor andr o
    llelヨ:Ol
    gal 1s
    l tacamling

    P
    erman
    ent R
    est
    ric
    tmg
    b
    lee
    d o
    nf
    lce
    ・‘
    間 1 1:
    F
    il
    e
    r
    •
    I
    ncr
    eas
    e
    •
    s
    ρeed
    T
    ra
    nsl
    er
    pum
    p
    C
    ont
    rol
    Eng
    ine l
    ev
    er
    dnve
    n Me
    ter
    lngv
    al
    ve
    fe
    ed
    pump
    wi
    th
    pl
    rmer

    I
    nl
    ec
    to
    r
    D
    ls
    tf
    lb
    ut
    orp
    or
    t

    I
    npU
    I
    4トー
    ー
    R
    etu
    rn
    加e
    T
    ran
    sfe
    r ー
    ー-i
    ・
    Cam
    rl
    ng

    M
    ele
    nng ・‘
    I
    n]e
    C¥
    lon F
    u
    l
    a
    el
    n
    k
    二ユ 日J
    r
    sj
    Figure11.9 Operatingprincipleoft
    hedistributor-
    typepump
    102 ¥
    lot
    o 、
    r ehi
    cl
    ere
    chno
    Jot
    !vf
    or111ピ c h ~\ni ( 、
    c"

    Char
    gin
    gpo
    rt F
    ueli
    nl
    etp
    ort I
    nco
    rni
    ngf
    ue
    l

    C
    yli
    nde
    r

    H
    ydr
    a凶i
    che
    ad
    Caml
    obe
    s

    F
    uel
    out
    l
    etp
    ort
    s

    Rot
    or R
    oll
    er Cami
    r刊
    日

    F
    igl
    lre11.10 Meteringvalve

    Furthcr movcmen!oft he rotorshaf t


    . which i s 文
    、之Ir
    dm()Vemenlcau討esI
    lloreofIhemel
    eri
    ngpur
    t
    heing d riven hy t he t ir
    ni n
    g gea l討 caLlses lhc 10 bc lIlco ¥'c
    rcc. ~dlo \V ing ‘1 grc~ltcr qL
    l ‘'
    l nti
    ry 01
    rollじ r
    s1 0r ol川 ヒ an
    clf ollo¥V thc risin呂 a nι
    1f a
    lling fl
    lel10 he c le
    liver ec
    J1 0 Ihe hyc Jra ulic heacJ anc J
    conloulぉ 0' 1Ihじ 心 1
    11
    1ring.AsIher oll
    er sappr oach pl l
    lngers、anι1so 1 heen日Ine巧peed i no巴 l ses.The
    1he peaks ( )f1 hc ca11l lohe止 the plungers < lr
    : e lransfer pres s
    llre also i n日 じ l 討じ行 汀 ncJ仁川J sesthe
    101ζccll owarcl計 出 Ich olhヒra n
    c l 50 i!1crcasC thc I1c
    l tcring valve to be pushec .
    lu p'
    ¥¥'ards inおi de its
    presお llc0'
    r 1Ihc fl
    leli n Ihe il
    1lernalcentr e gallery gllidcagainslt hegovernorspringprcs sl
    lrcl ln
    tila
    ofI he r o¥oc The r uelrem江lIlSunιlerpressure i n slaleofcq ui
    l ibril
    lJll i
    sJT<Iιh じd
    the inter na
    lgallcr yofthc1 "0tOl"untilthed istribu

    、
    10rporta lignswithoneofthef uelou tletportsi n
    Ihじ h C I，‘
    Il
    llic hea
    cl. The prcss llriscc
    If l
    lelisI hen
    trans l
    crrcι110Ihcappropri alei nj
    ec to
    l A
    cce
    lera
    tor
    p
    edal
    号、 R
    etu
    rn
    s
    prl
    ng
    Hydraulicgovernor
    Pi
    v
    OI

    The hasicI コr
    incipleofthe h ycl
    ralll
    ic gover- I
    di
    lng
    nQri stha
    t movingr he meteringval vea ]re
    rs s
    prl
    ng
    T
    hrot
    tl
    e
    thc eff
    ective area ofthe 1
    1letering port and l
    ever
    rher
    eforethequantil y offu
    elc leli
    verec
    l'0 the
    1
    R
    ack
    engl1e
    l
    G
    ove
    rnor
    s
    ρnng
    Thcpoぉ t Iion( )fthemeteringvah' eisc l
    epcnclcJ1r M
    eter
    ing M
    eteri
    ng
    llpon hOlh Ihe詰o¥ ' enl01 行 pringpres sure and rhc v
    alv
    e p
    ort
    pr e討 札 l
    rccr c川 c c lhyt he tran討f erI孔11
    1lp.Thepre ぉ一
    陥M M m

    Irc0 (
    "f ll
    el aCl i ng on rhc 1 ，凶 e oft he meterin目
    川リ剖川

    巧l );

    、a lq
    .'i s counlcr ac 、
    ted hy Ihe go ernoranc li c
    llc
    springs l ln
    lil、
    山 cq u ilibri ul1 pos
    l iti
    O!l( orstale ()f
    ba .
    la!lcヒ) i s ach ie¥ 'ecl (Fig llrc 11.11 ). Wllen I he F
    ueli
    n
    a仁Cヒl eralorpcι I
    aIiδoper ated.themeter ingvah' c
    ispush じくlιI()\\ ' !l \\"~lrcl月 insiclc itsguide.Thisc.
    lown F
    igl
    lre11.11 Hydraul
    icgovernor
    仁1i
    1j
    l 仁C
    IIOI1仁 q
    UI]
    1mピ1
    1
    1 103

    Automaticspeedadvancedevice rel
    llrn
    s 10 rhc rel
    arlじι
    c I position under the
    Ienceoft
    innl her
    etl
    lrnspr
    in.
    g

    I
    :
    lecause l
    Jolh I
    he engine.
    s spe
    ecl and l
    oac
    l
    Fuelshut-offdevice
    む ana
    arevariahl urol
    l1at
    icaclvancel
    l1echan
    -
    ism musl be f ine
    cl 1 0 a DPA pump 1 0
    aclvanceOrre
    tar
    dthcf l
    leli
    njectio
    nphase
    fhefl
    lelshl
    lt-
    offdevi
    cepr
    even
    lsaCIengine
    f
    rol
    llrunning

    ihじ 礼 It
    " 01l
    l日l
    l 、
    Cおpcじく 1ad anceu
    niti
    sIO
    Clr
    e<.
    !礼1
    IrcOl1si
    日 お り.
    tashul-
    o rt討l
    ヲindleIh
    al.¥¥"l
    lenopじr -
    Ihcb日 r
    :eofIhci njじιIl()
    np lllllp andconsi 長1月o fa
    aled causC5I11c n1GICnnHU1lvじ 1 0 hc l ifl
    cd
    可

    cylindじl' ¥ ¥
    'hich hast ¥
    q)p iおtons Loc川じく 1b
    ， C、、'cen
    I
    IIp
    ¥¥'
    arc
    l s10a . no l
    ucl. po山 l
    ion(Figlre l1
    l .fD.tn
    I
    s
    hじsct
    cre¥'ec
    ¥
    ¥'
    ¥i
    Op
    n
    l川 口 nsi
    、
    lり IhcCU
    s"1
    l
    lr
    J
    :
    i
    r1shapeclIcv町、 ¥
    n
    ←

    g(Figure 11 .1よ)
    ¥"
    hic
    . One0
    hi s
    1
    such孔 pりお ition the I
    ， 1c
    l ter
    in日 V; 、 、
    !1e prc entsIhe
    fl
    lelfromreachingrhehydr r
    :l
    ll
    ich山 ld0'1inje
    clors
    th
    (:
    'p istons I s白1じ c
    ¥¥ ¥
    'il
    h a dOllhle- action l'elll
    l l
    l
    刈)Iln日以Ili ch pllshes thc c alllr ingt O¥
    ¥'<l1ι
    Is1 hc
    full
    y1 じt lr
    : dedp osItion.I )uringengi neopel礼1 1011:] Advantagesoftherotarypumpoveran
    sl
    llr
    :11ιI rilling hchind Ihe second pislon a l、
    loV汚 in
    -lin
    epump
    fucl undcr1 1九nskrp lじ%引 1ヒ 1 0oppo討ethc討pnng
    pre州1I1 仁辻仁t ingonthcf '
    ir
    stp isron.Asthespeじζ 1of Thcr o
    laryi njecl
    ion pl
    ltll
    pha行日I'o¥¥
    'ni np oplllar-
    Ihecn日I nじ 1nC1仁川仁村、 1 het ransferprc 出1I1'ea ct川 H it
    yi n recent years ヲ山 【)1' t
    . 1 has a numl echnical
    behindIhesccondp i川 onl I1crcasc討 は n
    ζ1，拍 r Olates ιl
    a ¥'antageぉ over1110
    rcI1‘l
    ιli
    tion
    alin-l
    inじ pU l
    llpS
    IheCI I
    1lr ing! o山 山 dメ Ihel ul 、
    lyad anccdposi lion
    1
    .1 1 i s generally sl llaller
    . lighl じ.r anc.
    l mり r e
    Thi)
    -
    .
    "r 0
    1;l Ii
    on en: lhlじメ Ihe plungel討 1 0 bc f orced
    compacr.a nclcanber lt
    ! cdi n日 V ;ll
    'lじtY01con-
    logelhじ ! 日 ! al 1 e arlier perioc! than or hcrwise
    ¥ ' enientlocations01I heenginじ hlock
    ¥v(川 k
    l1 ， t
    礼 hec aSe . AsIhcen日lI1esp 仁edr ec
    !uccs.
    . Since Ihcc
    2 1ieselflle
    l1 1Ihr
    i仁川じ s~tll the movin日
    Ihe 1 '
    1:
    11
    1川、 じr p rcs討1I1ピ Ltll札 and thc c: Im r il1日
    i n tcrnal componenrs .i lr cqu ilヒメ no separate
    11Ih ric a
    r i
    o nsupply、a nclsol i
    l
    llepcrioc Ji仁 ma 1 ト

    tenancei snec essar.1


    y ¥ni lト linじ p l
    llllprequll'c s
    as ヒp arateo il supply1 01 Ih
    1 rica r e Ihe internal
    camshaft
    A
    oll
    ers 五 Ir has f c¥¥'
    er mo ¥'ing componcn 1s， ancl there-
    f o rcrherei s礼 lo¥
    ¥'erriskoft llCι hanicalfa i
    lur c
    Camn
    ng . 1 c
    1 10cs nOI nced phasing and cali lユ¥
    h !Oll.
    Cam hcζε IW 氾 t he phasin日 i s prc- spccifled hy I he
    lo
    bes
    11l ~lnufacturcr anζ
    Ii ss じ1hyI hじ￨ラ o:.dLI
    oll()frhe
    Pl
    ung
    er
    Gl tl
    l lohe持 " ， h
    ileIhcじ dihl 日1Iυnl討 dctermincd
    hy the r nelering valvl'. An i nーline pump r e-
    [U
    C lreぶ lヲh as
    in日 and 仁川 i h
    ralion1 es1in日 peno く1

    O O i
    う I
    c
    ti
    a ll
    yanda
    sl es
    clju
    st
    scxpenおi
    menti
    vcrOI
    'fnc(ヒ 州 日 r
    lake
    l
    )
    E an

    帥 加m
    v凡 FU 朴引 nv
    札U u n

    Dieselfuelinjectors
    HS
    mu

    P
    ressuri
    sed
    f
    uelaCl
    lng
    a
    galnslI
    h e ForaCI cn呂ine[ 0¥ ¥'or
    ka1ilぉIll(
    )s
    lc ffic
    ic n
    l and
    s
    e co
    nd achic¥'c cOl1lplete comhllお1り n.I hc d ie
    se lf uc
    l
    p
    lSlo
    n
    Ills
    l l hc changcd f ro
    lll'1l i
    qlli
    d 1 ， ，
    Ic (
    l ¥¥'
    hic
    h
    cannolbc c asi
    l y ignited) i
    n10 a ftn
    c. al omised
    Figure 11.12 Automaticspeedadvancedevi
    ce お'1
    1 Iy("， h
    三
    . ichw i
    llr eacJil
    yhurn)
    104 ~\'1() t<)J、 e hick t
    ι
    ehn
    υ10ぃ，
    目 fυrmピけれ 1nI仁S

    beluwt heneedleva lvea nclseati st hcnozzl et ip，


    Themainfpncr
    ionsofaC[f
    l
    leli
    nject
    ora
    re which di rcctsthe f ueli nroa prec lel errninecl spm
    wi thint he comhust i on charnher ¥ X
    fhcn t he fuel
    • to enSlr ethat the c
    1ieselfl
    lelisinjeαecl
    pressur ei sl uw，the need le val ve i s held t ighlly
    int
    or he engine'scOmbllstion chamberat
    ontoi lSsea thyspringpres sllre
    the cor rect pressure，a n
    clt o form t he
    As i njecr i
    on pump pressur er ise人 h ighlypres
    correctspraypatt ern;
    sll
    riseclf l
    lelen tersthe i njec tort hrolgh t he i n
    let
    • tostopr hein
    jecr ionofthef l
    lelassoonas
    lln
    ion . The f l
    lelisc l
    irヒcl ec
    ll o¥Va rc
    lst hcShO l
    llcl
    cl
    thei n
    jection pllmppreS Sll
    redropsbel ow
    0'
    1t heneedl eval vebyasmalc lri
    llingi nthebo cl y
    apr e-setlevel
    oft he inj ctor ¥
    c X
    fhen t hc f l
    lelpre ssure，a Clingun
    the sh o
    ll lc
    lerofl he ne eclle val ve，cxcccc ls thc
    in
    jcct o(sspri ngpr esslIre，t heneedl evalvei Iflsot 1
    "
    i
    tsseat ing，an clf ueli sf orced t hrol lgh t he spray
    Injectoroperation
    hol eint he nuzzlel ipasaf i nely札 lomlS目 ￨汚pray
    In conlrasl ，when lhe r lleli njcc t
    ion prc sslIrcr als
    Insi
    c
    leaCIf uelinject
    urnozzlei sanじcdleval ve，
    bcl ow t hatuft he i n
    jecto l 日pring pre ssure，t he
    whichhasbeenl 1a
    l chincdluver yf
    llet
    ! olerances
    neec l
    le val ve isf or cecl back on to i ts seat. Th is
    Thc nccdle va¥ve i
    s helc
    lti
    ghl 01 i
    lSseat hy an
    preven tsanyrnoref uelf roll1 he i
    ngi njcctccl
    inj
    cctorspringanc
    lspincll
    e(Figurc1].13
    ，)1ヲir
    ectly
    Ther e ar ef Ol
    lrt ypes off lleli njcct ort hatmay
    bef it
    teclr oC !engine δ
    1
    . si
    ngl
    e-hol
    ein
    ject
    or;
    2.m
    lll
    ti-holei
    njeclOr;
    3
    .pinlet
    t ypeI
    ザ 1J
    I ect
    or;
    4.p
    intauxinje
    ct ol
    Exampl
    esufeacha
    reShOV
    '
    ll1i
    n Figure1
    1.1
    4
    I
    n
    jec!
    o
    r
    s
    ρnng

    I
    nl
    etu
    nion (
    a) (
    b)

    S
    ρindl
    e
    、、ノ

    (
    c) (
    d)

    Ne
    edl
    eva
    lve

    Noz
    zle -
    Val
    ves
    eat
    Noz
    zl
    eti
    p
    Figure11，14I n
    ject
    ornozzles
    :(a)si
    ngl
    ehol
    e;
    Figure11.13Typica
    lCIf
    ueli
    nject
    or (b
    )multi-hole;(c
    )pint
    le;(
    d)pintaux
    CIi
    nj
    e<
    .
    'i
    lon仁
    <
    .jl
    .
    . l
    pmcnl 105

    Single-
    holei
    njector Pintauxinjector

    rheSingle-holeinjector(F
    igure1 1.14a)hasa The pinlaux in
    jector( Figur .14c
    e 11 1)isa
    singl
    e ぉprayou t
    le tdriled ce
    ntrally through vari
    ation ofthe pinl
    le type，bUl ithasan
    the end oft he injector
    s nozzlet ip，which auxil
    iaryholeintheinjecl
    or '
    snozzl
    etoassi
    sr
    alo¥Vsrheal ol
    ll
    iseclfuelto bcclirected i
    nto enginestart
    ingf
    rol1co
    l ld
    lheenginピscOl llbusl
    ionChalllb
    el

    ¥
    Xfhen t he engine i sbei ng rurned over1 ヲYI hc
    Singl<
    :-hol じ I n]C
    CIOIお， 1
    re出 Illplerand chcapel 行lartcr1 110101'. the pr essurc ofthe r ucli 討 o n1)
    '
    lhanol hcrI ypc s.One01 "Iheir111山 nιlisadvanrages sllf日cicl1t1 0r aisel hc neecl
    le valvc s i
    lgh l
    ly. This
    i
    sI halI hじy 日i ve:1r e
    1at
    ivel y puors pray panern 1
    110vemen ti s enough 1 0 uncovert hc auxi liary
    r h
    i討 o"l
    lcn1 ヒs uhsi nunbu rn
    lf ue1escaping i nlhc spr ayhol e、¥Vh ichdi r
    ects川 口日 of1 he" Iuellowar ds
    cxhaw刊 日日計 es， gl ¥'l
    n日 hcavy " Iucl consumplion lhc hOl lest p art of 【he combllst ion ch< lll
    lber，
    Fort hisre~l so n lheyareぉel cloll
    l白lcc llO 1l10c
    lern U汎 lallywher ctheheaterplug s山 es ituatcd
    CIeng ines Du ring norma l engi ne oper ation‘ t he mor e
    rapi c
    l bl l
    ilcl
    -up of f l
    lelpre出 lIrel i"
    llsI he pi n
    lle
    "
    Iasle仁 and c 1i recls 1l10Sl 01
    " Ihe a lり mised f l
    lel
    Multi-
    hol
    ein
    jector lhrol lght hc l 1ai
    1 n spr ay hol e and i n
    lo I hc com
    lJ
    lIぉt
    ionchamber.r npract iccappr oximat cl
    }'1 0ー 12
    pcrcen t ofthc f uelcon l
    inlles lo be ぉpray ecl
    TheIlUl
    l l
    i-holein
    ject
    or(Figure1
    1.14b)hasa
    throllghl heal lx
    ili
    ar yhol e，cvenwhenl hじ engl l1c
    numbe rofsprayholesc
    lri
    lledint
    oilSnozzle
    isrllnninga ti tsnormalopel ‘l
    tlonリlぉpeec l.Thisi s
    li
    p(usual
    lyf our
    )
    roensl l
    rel ha
    lt hee1l1x
    iliarysprayh o lei skep lfrcc
    fromab uilcI-I
    lpofcarbonc Icposi t
    s

    rhisI ype 0" 11 1J


    CClor i
    ぉ of
    len Al
    lCclt oζ1irecl
    ・

    in
    jecti
    on CIcngi ne人 becauseit ensures a I
    llorc Injectormaintenance
    preci
    se d iメl r i hulion ofl he atol
    l
    lised f ueJ
    . The
    maIn 日 ζIv anl ~.l ge.s ofュIllu
    lti-h
    oleinjeclorovera Oneofl heprohlen 】swi t
    hCIf l
    lc
    li njeclOr
    si sIha
    l
    出nglc-ho l ei nj ectora re Iheire白
    f ci
    J encycIeterior
    ateswithpr olongec
    IIlsage
    1.impr oveda lomi s
    alIonofthefuelj rhisl11akesitnecessar y10 ha¥
    'eI hci nj
    ectorsser-
    2 h el
    ICIι1 i
    川 ribu
    liun 0"1lhe f
    ueIi nt he COI11- vicec
    Iatr egulari nterval
    s.The rrcquencyorS l仁h
    bl日 ionchamber ; maintenancec IepencIsupon
    3
    . ar cclUC
    lioni nlheamol l
    ntoflInb
    llrl1l1"
    1I
    c1 1.lhcenginc.snormalopcr ati
    l自 co
    、 ndit
    ions;
    2 【hcql
    lalit
    yuf1"
    1Icl1
    I討ed，
    3
    .r heefAci
    enc)'oflhef ueト
    日I rerngs
    i y行t
    CI1
    l
    Pintleinjector
    γ"0ensu ret h
    att hei n
    jecrorbot ha10mi se吊 lhef uel
    andf ormst hecor rCCIsprayp a
    tlcr n，ilisnecessa ry
    ¥1i
    Xthani nc
    lir
    ecl -
    injecli
    ol1 CIengineinwh ich to chcck t he opening or cracking pre ssure 01
    Ihe aromiseclflleli ssprayeclinto the ante- Iheinjecrorsp e
    riocl
    ical l
    y.Theopcningpr esslIr
    ei お
    challlber(ratherlhantheact ualcomblls tion
    、
    chanber ，
    ) apinll
    e- typeinjecto
    rmaybeus e
    cl
    measu
    14.7
    r
    IhJ
    ec
    .
    li
    ii
    nbar
    n'or 1
    soratmosphcr
    01.3kl'a
    ).1'0r1
    es(1礼l
    110S1i
    l
    1
    nj
    10
    e
    spher
    cl
    e~
    ors，I he
    (Figurc11.14c) opcning pr essI
    lr ewill hじ 川 l hc r angc 1 2う
    ー1 7う
    bal

    Thc cnd of l he i nj
    eclor needl c val ve is
    eXlended 1 口 "
    Ior
    ll a pintle，whi
    l ch pr olrl
    lc
    lcs Injectortesting
    Ihrough I
    hcメi ngl
    espray hol c.sy 1l10difying the
    51χeand ぉhapeofI he pi
    nle，l
    t he i
    nj ectoピsspray Thcopeningpresslre()
    fani n
    jectorcanbet csted
    parrcr
    n can be changed 1O slIi
    lcl
    ilTcr enl engine I
    lsi
    ngaha nc
    l-operal
    ecll
    CSllI
    t
    1it，somelimcscalled
    requlr
    emen tメ a pop tester (
    Figure 11.
    1う). The basicIcSlcI
    106 九]
    ()
    lo
    r 、
    eiに
    h I
    etechn lgyf
    o
    ののr t
    llじdunic
    s

    F
    uelcon
    tam
    er Pres
    sur
    e
    a
    ndfl
    it
    er gauge If礼 t
    0l111
    おじ ι
    1f le
    l I or 1じお1IIl
    lid "1hi日h
    pre出 IIじ i s d i
    r<
    .:C1Cd 1 日目 山 ds I
    V he
    Nozzl
    eh o
    lde
    r hlll
    l1an body ilw i l
    l p"おお r igh
    tt hrotl日h Ihe
    I
    nje
    ct旧 na
    djus
    tin
    g
    pr
    essurescr
    ew skina n
    ιIc<tuses
    : e¥'ヒreIIlJ
    Ur)

    L
    ock
    ing
    n
    ut Maini njectortest
    s
    Afrcrchcckin呂 thc opじ n1
    ，、g p
    1じ出1I1
    じ り fIhe i
    njec
    lor，Ihree"ddil
    ion孔11C討l討結h りuldhccar ri
    c dout10
    (¥sse
    ssltSservl
    Cιtbl
    il
    i)
    '
    P
    ress
    ure 1. Leak-ba ck test1 0 chcck f orc x
    c ι同日じ i c" ki
    ll日
    Ch
    va
    e
    lv
    ck
    e
    f
    eed凹pe
    back off llC
    If rolll bCI ¥¥'C
    CllI hc nccdlc t ，" l¥'C
    and rhe no主又 l e body . ^preお 札I re drop f rolll
    内r
    s
    cr
    v
    en
    ew
    t appr oximal cly 1 o
    う bar1 り 100b"ri n1 仁 b討 1 h"1】6

    bピ仁川1C lsindi仁 川じお t l


    !atci l
    herthe 11('ピζI I ピ、1 ~!1、'e
    I
    nle
    C n alldl lozzl
    e. or 1 1
    1ピII1j eClOr ~p lïn g ， メ h Oll ld be
    !
    pump
    l
    O
    renc¥，"cd
    2. Nozzle seat t est.The 1 1
    1JCClor p res sll re i s
    raisecl 10 j
    llsl bclo ¥
    ¥ ' opじnl llg pressurc. . 11
    1ζl
    held Iherc forapprox i1
    l1ale
    I)'1 0 ぉecol lds.Any
    c
    lr i
    bbles OtιI rips prc討Cl l
    l on I hc l i p 01 'rhe
    l1j
    I eClOr nozzlei ndicat e1 halI he neec ll
    . evalve
    Handle
    verand
    mou
    nti
    ngb ase anclno乙z lct じqUI l¥
    .'1じ日 rind
    inμ urr cncwJllg
    3.Atomiser operation.A vi S
    llalchcck ofI he
    Figure1
    1.1 et
    5 Nozzl e
    ster 11j
    l eClOI 吋pra)'p allピr n should s!10 ¥ ¥'I l10 be
    unjform and CVCI lt hrollgholll. Any ahnormal
    panern may bcc川 l 引: c
    lb)ζι l rbo! 1h ui lι I
    -up i n
    ぉh
    o¥¥
    'nconsi
    slsofar
    e討 町 、。 i
    rcontainingt
    cstf
    lui
    d
    Iheno乙zlcholcs
    ahand- :r
    opt al
    cclhydraulicpump.andaca libr
    alecl
    prcssurcgauge. Byoper mingt helesrc.
    rthcinjcc
    101
    " open11g p
    l rc剖 ure can be mヒasur ec
    I. If Ihe Injectorfaultchart
    I
    I1J
    eClorpressure lSI 1cor
    I re仁1
    .il GIl1 bc ac
    ljustcd
    byγ 川 yi
    ngl hct cnsi
    onoftheInjectorspr ing おじく:Table ll
    .1

    Table11.1 I
    nject
    orf
    aul
    tcha
    rt

    ・
    Maini
    nje
    cto
    rfa
    ult
    s Probabl
    ecauses
    Excessi
    vel
    eak
    -of
    f Wornv al
    ve

    ・
    • N
    O
    o
    i
    z
    r
    zlecapn
    tbetweenn
    u
    li
    e
    nc
    ed
    o
    l
    rr
    ectl
    yt
    eands
    i
    e
    g
    a
    l
    ht
    e門ed

    Nozzl
    ebl
    ued
    ・
    • Faull
    Poorc
    Yf
    o
    i
    o
    l
    t
    tin
    gi
    ing
    .
    e.e xce
    ssiveligh
    tenl
    ngofho
    lde
    r

    Openingp
    res
    sur
    eto
    ohi
    gh
    ・
    • Needlev
    S
    • I
    p
    n
    r
    j
    e
    ayh o
    clOrs
    a
    l
    p
    lv
    eb
    ri
    es
    l
    n
    o
    e
    c
    g1
    iz
    k
    0
    ed
    ed
    0tigh
    l
    Openlngp

    N
    ozz
    l 1p
    edf
    r

    p
    r
    e

    n
    s
    s

    g
    ur
    eto
    olow
    ・
    • I

    • S
    n

    t
    j

    i
    e
    c
    T00l
    c
    k
    t

    l
    o
    i
    t
    n
    rs
    t
    l
    gv
    p
    es
    r

    a
    i
    p
    r
    l
    n
    i
    v
    e
    gbrokeno
    ngt ensIo
    n
    rweak

    Sprayp
    all
    ernd
    ist
    ort
    ed
    ・
    • Carbond
    Sealo
    • Sprayh
    rn
    o
    e
    e
    l
    p
    e
    e
    o
    d
    s
    l
    sp
    i

    a
    t

    r
    sonn

    t
    l ybl
    o
    edamaged
    o
    z

    c
    z

    k
    l

    e
    d
    e

    ・
    • Carbond
    Pin
    tl
    epos
    edamaged
    ilsonr hetipoftheneed
    le
    CIi
    nj
    ec(
    ionじq
    lJ1pmじ 川 107

    C
    old
    -st
    artdevices
    CI en日I nじ お り 1
    ラじ 1
    江l ul〉Y 旦eneratlng cn()u耳l 】 heal Ex
    cessfu
    el Con
    lr
    olr
    ods
    lop
    ζl
    urin日 Ihe compres出 ()η 川 r olくと 1 0 cause r he dev
    icebu
    tton
    airf llelmixlure1 0ぉdf -
    ignit
    e.J nacul dCJengine， Conl
    r
    olr
    od(
    ra
    ck)
    i
    l can hc d irficult1 0r :1
    ;iδe the a i
    r tempC J川 UJ仁
    川引くl eIheCOJllh ll討 1りnιhal 1h
    l ert oa1 じvel¥¥. h
    creil
    can (何1 I
    I<
    .:Ihcば 10mlおじζ lι1i
    ヒおじ 1fle.
    llTohe1pOVCI 一
    日 川 K' 1
    11iぉ pmh1じl l
    l.acold- s1a
    r t
    ingdevi ccJllusthc
    i
    ftt
    ιι￨

    Si
    deview01
    Heaterplugs ani
    n-li
    nef
    ue
    l
    I
    n]
    eCI
    IOp円um
    ρ
    Oncofthcl l l
    oslCOIllIl1り nιolcl-st山 tingc、
    lじI cesI S Fi
    gll
    re1
    1.17 Excessfueldevi
    ce
    thじ hcat erplugけ rgl o wplug
    LookingI 日ti
    lじ'1
    lil 、じ汁討p ‘Ir
    kp1u目 、 lhct ip0' 1t hじ
    i
    lじλ trp1u日 p
    c lり 1
    rll
    ι￨じメ s 1igil
    t1yi ntoti
    lじ c
    Ollll孔 (S(ion
    spa仁じ I '
    i
    l<:ti1ラ ti
    l( 川 旦 i
    l.i sa il
    <:山 γ dutyclect ri c日l
    clcmcnt¥X' hじ nt hじ d ri、ヒ roperatesthec olcl- st:tr1 maxi mul11f
    ue lpo討t
    Ilonλndc l
    elieranじx 、
    traql
    l:Jll1
    S¥
    ¥"l1
    ιh. hl，tt
    <:ryC l
    l]
    ']じn ti sf e
    clt o the p111g，¥ vl1ich ty'
    i 101ωiι1s tar
    ting
    . Whenthee ngin
    <:h川 s la
    rteく1 ，
    causcst h仁 じ iじII
    Iじn¥¥ 0g lo¥¥'redhol . Thi吊 11
    c a
    t st ilじ the conrrul rack 川口 l
    ラ 吋pri
    ngs h<lc
    . ki nloi目 。!ト
    江i.
    r1 1c
    11ラIn日 t o m:i1、じ i thり tcno ll日h 1 0i gnitet hc 呂inalposit ion、 and thじ じ xce只行 fll
    el c0l
    11r
    oli s
    fll
    e1Spl ι1
    )
    'f r ol
    l1thl' II1Jじ仁 t
    or.A clouh1e-coi 1hι1 tCJ released
    plugi 討メ 11、
    0、 ninFigurc 11.16

    Excessfue1device

    On c lilじU・injl'ction CIcngines thc excess f uel CH ECK Y OUR U NDER


    STANDING
    d<、
    :I Cじ 1九 日1t
    じn c on11
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    th・
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    se対 lhecontml r
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    to hc p lls1
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    ι I.li
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    1t11ell
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    川 i n-lincorDI 'A (rotar y)pumps.T1 1cpurpose0 1
    thc fueli njeじt ionplmp i st oc lc
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    <.
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    the timi n呂 scquence f o


    r c礼ch o !t h<
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    ρ
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    the engine.s m llxirn1l1ll spccd 、 、ri1h in c l c日ned
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    • A comll10n type of仁 okl -s
    t山 tc l
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    CI en日lIles I 討 the heatcr pl ug口1日l o¥¥' plug. FO I
    Cy
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    n engines 汎n ex仁css f ucl de l、 C CI S
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    IREVISIONEXERCISESANDQUESTlONS 4 OnaIllu
    (DPA)，w 1
    lti-
    la
    plun呂じ rr
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    s the purpりお e of l
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    Cllけ npUl1p
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    .U
    lrting
    pUIllp~ clevice?
    Thee haust stem

    l
    11ay bc hol red ()I ζl
    am pcd i nl
    o Dosition 1 0
    Introduction pr ovi de a gas-li
    ghl seal(Figurcメ 12
    .1.1 2.2). ^
    sil1p
    1 le 討ySICI1 co
    1 nsils0'
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    1 I
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    札 oftenorruhhc l
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    at10メphcr
    1
    1 c
    ;
    • 10r cduce I he noi
    ぉe oflhe cxhauslgas
    1
    f0¥V Componentsandoperation

    Exhaustsystemmountings

    The Oexible mouJll ings alo¥ l f


    ¥ or enginc
    ()nl' 0'
    11 1
    le principal cOl11poncnlS or movcment r elat
    ivc (0t hc bodYl and forthe

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    1
    0e sturdy and secure i
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    <
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    Figure1
    2.1 Typicalexhaustl
    11an
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    1
    09
    110 入1
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    "
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    r;
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    c cl 1tln i1
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    n the
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    17.2日nd 1 2.~)

    企高崎@③

    F
    lb
    re
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    9
    @
    Exhauslnoiおe i s caused by rhe necessar i
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    rorn
    伊
    ③
    the c ylincl
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    cl
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    < e
    s . wh ich have 10 he clampecl or ab P
    ipec
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    10t hep日S おじ ngers，anc
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    ubber
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    J
    '(
    ) in仁 I
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    ユメe thc SCI i cc il'l
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    h‘Iust可円t C!1S， a
    1 ncl sorne vehicle m ~l nufactllrcrs
    now n t th じ 111 礼討り ri gin~d equipmenl . They < ire Figure12.
    2 Typicalexhaustc
    lam ps，boxandpipe
    じxpcn 出、じ h utcxt rcl1dyl
    l on日Iasring support
    s

    M
    oun
    tln
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    )

    Mount
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    g

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    Figure1
    2.3 Typi
    calexhaustsystem(For t
    dEscor/Orion)
    r
    heじx
    lwl
    ぉI
    I .
    :¥刻、 I
    II 111

    Silencers
    Catalyticconverters
    ExhauSISySI
    slee.
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    scheap.st
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    ron呂 a
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    nc
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    lmil
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    r the envirolmen lI Sa
    10¥ ¥'ork.bUI corrudes easi ly
    . The inside i
    s major requirement i n many counlrics. a ncl
    11
    <
    - 社ckecl by lhe 礼c i
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    cl' ¥
    vat
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    li n
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    . vehi cle行 山 じ of lc
    n
    η
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    <Il
    - er，cl
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    alyticconv er t
    er sro con
    rhc v ehi
    clc. A I
    I l s，plus l
    hi he exlrelll
    es verrrhe pOllllta
    nlSproclllc
    ecl by l hヒ じ n日ln
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    0'1 lemper alure. reduces l he system's lif
    e intonon-loxicsubsrances
    consi cler
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    This isachi cvcc


    l hyUおingcatalysts， ¥ ¥'
    hicha re
    rhヒr c ‘1¥じ{山 o lll ~ lin ¥
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    pa州 l 日C九 日 n ι
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    1o1
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    l:lnn cr ， ¥¥'
    hen l1luch ofIheirs
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    'COJ1、ertcl討

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    .'1
    辻) l
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    S 汁 three-
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    swo o
    l

    Constructionandoperation
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    arom
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    ' a
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    1討 も1 reacrion i n which an cleclron i 討 ‘I dded
    10 日 n atom 0' 1 [りn. Typicalr c
    clll
    CllO!l r‘I
    じ C1 [ons
    (
    a) (
    b)
    はre 1he r C1lo
    1 val 0"1 uxyg じn f ro
    lll ユ IIIけ ICCL11じ

    Figure72.
    4 Exhallsts
    ilencer
    s:(
    a)expansi
    on はnζ1r he l ibcr
    r:l
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    s

    F恰x
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    epi
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    Figure7
    2.5 Locat
    ion01c
    ata
    lyt
    icconver
    ter
    112 人l
    oto
    r 、
    eh
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    1
    、Jnν￡
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    H
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    fulg
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    。 0
    000
    000
    H
    arm
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    sga
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    I
    n

    C
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    michoneycombm
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    lit
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    Chemi
    c
    alr
    eac
    tio
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    HC+CO+NO ，
    P
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    atal
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    t
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    ，
    ，
    ""
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    Mela
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    Figure12.6 Oper
    ati
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    heca
    tal
    yti
    cconver
    ter

    [n t he 1 hrec- way convcrtcr the neces出 1 1y Catalyticconverterrequire ents 、


    円
    r'a
    l ctlon訪日 r c‘l c
    hicvedhyhavingaceramichoney
    c()mb l11o! lolith，which i s givcn a washcoatof Thcr c~lrc somcimrortantrcquircmcntst
    o bcmct
    λluminiu!Tl ( )
    .'
    ¥iζ
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    lr a
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    1 0ahOL llt he si z
    e oflwO foot funC1iuninge ff
    eιl
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    "all pilChc巧 (Figure ! 2.6
    ). This surface i s then 1.lnordcrlO ι 10i t討 、Vurl、lhe 心 I 1 Il1U引 he川 ; l
    C(
    ):I(じd with thct i
    n ic
    Slt 1
    'ace討 ofthenobl e l11e
    tal討 rcmpcrarurco!川 l castょう OOC礼 n ζ1 ，p rcl"tλhly，
    c
    pla t
    i n
    ul11.1'h日ι liul11 andp allacliul11 heハヘ! een 4000C 山 ld 600o c
    .Al 1()u()oC and
    The cxhausl 持 l 行csare changed as they f l
    u¥v alコり VC
    ?110WCVC11I 11CCじれLlnicl 1o
    l nolith w! i1bc
    acro 州 thcscI 1cl
    1 a
    l s
    :ca1 'bon1 l10nox ic
    lc(CO)， nit
    ro- clamage c
    lan clmλycvcn111cll
    HCn o X1
    ζ Ic( 1¥0- ，，) and the h ycl1'oca1'bons ( jIC) . A pCI討I
    2 s
    lcnl 1 1
    11ぉ
    日 re ¥Vi l
    l ! le
    l lt t hじ く era!ll
    l ('
    hccomecarho! 1d i口xide(CO， )， n itrogen(N，)and 1110nolith
    W 川口(1 ，
    10) 3
    .l3urnl cngine o il i n the exhau川 w illa。
    討l
    Thcl じ 1ぉ，ho ¥Vcvc.
    ronepeculiarity¥ vithcalalyL
    ic ζIcstro ythc! 1o
    l noli t
    h
    CO!lve rle】メ l h礼 tcannotbc avoided: t hey of ten 4
    . Unleacled f ucl 11111S1 bcuscd i n ~l vehicle\~' ith
    prodllce a " rottcn cgg sll
    lcll bcfore they reach a' car"
    ; thc usc 0' 1I cac
    lccl pelrol w i l
    l 仁 りal the
    opcratln日!cmperatllre calaly 日付¥¥Iithl eac¥andrendert
    . he llli ne
    f fect
    i ve
    The closc cり n tr
    ol of the exhausIgases i na う The ign1 l1 0n system mustbc accuralcly con-
    thrce- way syslcm i 行 cn礼hlcd by r he use ofan rrollcc
    lf orr ullcl lc ctivcnc日
    oxyg 仁n 日e nsorcaledaLambdaprobe.Thisu nil 6
    . TheLambdaprobeexhaustgasscnsorl l1usthc
    ISll1()lIntヒι1i n thccxhaustgasent ry t
    o the cata functionin日cotTcct l
    y
    Iyt
    ic conVCl 1cr，and i 行 w
    irecli nto rhe enginc 7
    . A vehicleequippedwith辻 仁 川 l l
    lustneverbc
    l
    l1ana g clllcnt~も ysrcm humrsran :cd
    11l'e
    xh:
    lu、!、 v、t
    L
    '1
    ll 113

    CHECKYOUnUNDERSTANDING 6 Check t
    he t
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    tnヒS
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    • Thじ purposじり1"t hじ じ xh‘Iusr月ystemI S1 0t ran s-
    blockingthetai
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    i
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    nacceptahl

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    s ~upportcd on f
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    A concentration 0'1onty， ) p引 に じ nt0 1
    carbon tl1011oxide int l
    1じ airi s r~tt ‘ JI
    heingt
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    O
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    gincs vher etherci s礼くlじ仁IU :IlL'
    v e ntil
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    ii t h"s
    • The ぉy stel1I
    l S U札， a lly maclc from mild sr e cl‘ rcachedoperatingt cmp 白 日lur
    e
    and HHC1 1ユ ぐ り，， りお l
    . o n-re出討 t
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    stedぉ}メ tCIllS山 仁 川 a i l
    ahlcf orlongerl i"
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    .， ¥1
    山1} 、c hi仁￨じ saren o
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    COI1V'r
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    on.and J11L1s
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    REVISION印 刷SESANDQUEST
    lONS I
    1 ¥
    Xlh
    ali
    sthecauseofexhaustnoi日 以
    lPROJECT I2 rWuhnantinsgafaervychpircelcautians
    ヒt
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    l
    con日n
    e
    c
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    1'
    lspacesuch
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    lbing a 討 L
    Itt
    江h 、
    le ehiclιinspect t he cxhaL
    lst
    ac l o
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    c lgaragcフ
    3 Which material i 討1l10stortcn L lSCι1t ol l1ake
    system，1
    101
    111日 t
    h仁 川 rorm川 1
    り nasyougo
    exhaustsysrcms?
    1 L
    iぉtthed
    eta
    ilぉ 0"
    1thcvehi
    cle
    :itお makc.moclcl‘ 4¥ X
    1h ich mat'c r
    i atc礼 n be u討e cl to e xtじnd t hじ
    ~I n
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    l礼l
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    ure scr vicel i
    feorrheexh‘ lustsystem?
    2 11りれ i sthe'Ironl cxhall川 plpCぉeCLlrcdt orhe ラ :'
    ¥e1
    tlじ t
    1 het oxicg‘"じJlli t
    tcd¥ ¥
    'ith LlI1C<川、 .
    ...
    rtc
    d
    じn ginc! じx haustgas
    ヨ¥.Vh:tlI ypes()fIlo
    l unling山 eL 1sec
    ltoと;ecl1r
    cthe 6 日tateIhepurpose0' 11
    :catalyti
    cc on¥
    'crt<..'1
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    ll toIheL1nd印 刷c lcofthevehi clc
    ' 7 Which nohle metalsar el lsed "おじIl，dY日討 1 11<
    1
    4 Ilo¥¥
    ' many s じP山 川 C 討ectionsare there int he cata l
    y t
    i cCOl
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    systじ111) 8 ，X
    、lh礼 Ip recλLlt1
    口nお ShOll
    lζ1t hc llser( )
    f"vchicle
    ラ Chcckthecondil ionoftheclownpipe.c ataly
    tic rake' 10e nSl
    l r
    ct hat thec礼 ral
    ylicc口 nVcrterw i
    ll
    con ¥
    ' crter (ir 日tted). silencers， pipcs、 ancl conl inuc10 runctioncor rectl
    yコ
    lll
    olllli
    1 nghraにketぉ
    Pres urec
    hel In9

    Advantagesanddisadvantages
    Introduction
    Advant ages
    i
    Vlec ιl
    h nic
    ally driven Sl
    Ip ヒl仁l
    r日!日ビ rs dり not lr
    <.
    :a
    t
    Enginesr hatrel ysolelyon<lll11ospher
    icpres-
    suret o日日 thec yl
    indel 、
    δ 山 eknovnasnatu-
    rhc 日l
    cool c
    rcntCI川日 thcιy1
    ranc
    lくI c
    nscI
    inιlcr.以 h ich i
    st he
    lじ f
    or<
    :.

    rally aspiratedengine s.Orhcr shavesOl11e


    Supercharger srespond i !
    llJl
    le
    ιl 川t<.
    :
    lyt0 cl
    ran日es
    fo
    rrn 0'1fan (0'a
    1 ir' p
    lll11p
    ') to cr
    eate i
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    In ヒngine1 c
    山 II
    .anζ1 are ヒIT<
    :cti¥'
    <: 日tsl
    o¥¥
    ' cnginc
    airpressure.There< lr
    - er '
    w olypesofpr essure
    吋p<
    .:cc
    ls
    charger Inl Ise
    : supercharg ersε which are
    mechanicaly c ivcn，anc
    lr lt urbocharger s，
    Disadvanta ges
    wh icharcpowereclbyexhaustgas
    Thc principalcli
    出 Id
    V;l
    nl 礼日じ ι
    lJヲ
    日rI rroll
    l ιOSI.I討

    ¥ha¥themechanicallydrivcnsupじr cl
    r江!日じ rl
    I11
    pO行ピお
    ancxt r
    ;
    ;lloac
    lont hcじngmc
    Ihe pov
    ' ，'
    erofan cn日川 C1
    51ラroponi
    ona
    ltot
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    ai't
    l hroL呂 hp"r
    l (¥'
    oll
    l l
    lletr
    ice flici
    en cy
    ). Becau討ee ll
    l T'
    ypesofsupercharger
    throughpul .inl urn.i sp 'り portional1 0汎 i
    rclcnsit)
    thじ po¥¥" er01λncngineC I I1 beillcrc‘I
    ScdhyCOIll Rotorsupercharger
    prcs singt he:.
    li
    rhefor ei lelle
    1 rst hecyl inιI
    cr5.This The ( ¥¥
    "0 s)
    'l111
    1
    1etri
    じrl rotり r
    s opcr:tl' ¥
    L ¥'i
    thou
    t
    I
    Sζl onc1ηpressur echarging， whichi !lcrcascsrhc directl
    y contacting c<lch 01
    1】じ 1 り rr
    h<.
    :l rり l
    lJn日
    S
    J1101
    l ll
    1l of礼 i
    ri nt hc cyl 川 ζIC
    I討 a nι
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    日 carsdri、じ and~古 ynchron­
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    I lriccf 日CIじncy isethemotion0" 1thetwoI り10rs
    ^dvantagesc lはillledf or1ヲrc出 UJ'Cchargin日ar c
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    1. a gre;
    じn日11
    tl
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    zc 0
    1
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    l lllounted rotor drivじst h仁 Cじn -
    t川I
    I yl l
    lol
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    idin日、 : 1
    1
    1じs.^St lrじ r
    otorr c¥'
    o]、じ 1
    之 improvcdf uelCO! lsumptio!l
    the¥ 'ancsI10
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    i
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    . 1 メ("()Jll-

    prcsぉヒ d hy 11
    1C1 cduclns Lメ P:I
    (."
    L" lnd i
    . : .
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    inro rheollt
    let(Figl
    lrピ l う2)

    OrbitingspiralpresslIrech山 - ger
    Superchargers Ah el
    tc lr、
    i es 辻 仁 enll
    λ Il'CCl'ntric ‘11
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    sccond b< .
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    'hc mechaniじ Iilydr
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    en s llperch ~lrge r has not 引 にl
    cofllI C 11a111(111111hu (1 11
    HUlu l五 五日). Thc九じ
    bCCI1lISじd much on v ehicl
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    5h12h ccccl1rr
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    rare~It the日 11lC'対 pc
    l じd
    m:lnufactllring co
    日 hLlrirc loc ぉ ha. ，
    c dc日nl tc ¥
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    thi
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    114
    じs
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    .ufcに
    11;0山"只 115

    hCI¥Vccn 1 1
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    t 民p"ces hじi 、、CCI1 theJl1. 1 ¥1 rhe 出 1mじ time.[ 1
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    e spir:1i
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    nじじι le
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    Figure13.1 Rotorsuper
    charger

    Al
    rou
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    t

    (
    b) Be
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    Figure13.2 Eccentricvanesuper
    charger

    Casi
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    l ¥
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    13
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    {o
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    t 汀 nd じC仁ピ ntnι causes the Figure13.3 Orbitingspi
    ralpressurecharger
    メpll九 1¥¥‘ill
    s on Ihc disc 10 11
    1り、じ I p ユnd <
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    'n (
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    section
    116 !
    ¥l
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    iじ討

    Advantagesanddisadvantages
    Turbochargers
    Tl
    te advantagcs and d
    i出 l
    dvantages0"
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    l
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    char
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    、
    、計
    larform( )fchar 日ea irp re ssu ris
    . ation，a nclarcL ls cd
    on holh pじ1 rol孔 ndd iesc l cngines (Figure 13. 4)
    Ihe dischargcd exh
    ' ausl 呂asじお dri v ea f an acling Advantages
    a行 1l ur bin
    e .A f a nonl hじ口 l heren cloftheturhi ne 1. Consic
    lera
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    :f t孔 U 行 as a comp' 口付s or.f 口r cinga ir into t he 2. Improvcdexhausl!羽討ヒ mlS
    討10n行
    enginc'sintake う r mprovedruelconsumptiun
    The turbinc h Ollsing i 5i nv ariably cast i ron 4. Moderateprodl
    lclionCOS
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    whilethccompr essori softenmounledi nanal u-
    mini u1ll housi ng.Thcshaf lbea rings，L lsuallyf uly
    Disadvantages
    1
    foaling，arcfcd¥Vi lho ilf roJll lhcen呂i n
    el ubrica・
    1
    . Becal Isetheexhal IS[日a行esdrivetheturbine，i t
    tIO!1ぉ y川 目 " . Thchi gh1 じIllpe ral urescr catcc
    lbyt he
    must be macle f rorn m日t C["]ユ !
    st hat can、 、Ii
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    lgaseぉ an clspcedsofbelweヒn70000rpm
    stanに1hightemrerature
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    2
    .l tr cquires presおure 1ubri心 l t i
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    lur e討 lh att h i5u n itmayr eaιharconeI じa sonwhy
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    gns do nOI r c行 pond immediatel y10
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    change s
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    capabi li
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    cummon!y overcomc by ac Jcl


    it
    ion泊l 白t 11
    1
    1日N a
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    l e!
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    Wastegate
    Compr
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    s
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    Tocontrollheboos[ac1evicecalledawaste
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    F i
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    Figure1
    3.5 Wast
    egate

    Inter
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    36)

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    Introduction Thc purpose o(the engine 1


    11h
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    ha"o
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    ugh 'sur face¥VhenlOukeda 1unde! • di出 ipate h巴 I
    t by carryin呂 ] ( 山¥
    'ay from
    a po¥Ve rf
    ull l1icroscopc. Look a t the sketch theworkin呂 δlIrfa
    ce討
    In ドl 日ure 1 4
    .1 :the magni日e ι
    1 surfaces Icゥk . c
    1eantheenginc
    li kc ~I range of l 1u
    l untains. I fthey ll10ve
    ~lc roぉ s each othcr t hc t i
    ps of lhe rou呂h
    surface w ill lake，，1 t he pressure; lhey w i
    ll
    becomehOLand¥Vould500nwcaraway

    Engineo
    il

    Oili slhelifebloodoftheeng川 e .1ri sgenel


    allyre日nedf r
    omcr uc
    leo ilextra
    cle
    c lf romt he
    earrh.s crust
    . This i s kno¥Vn a行 a rnineral
    • oilb ll
    titi討ll1crea出 ng1 ybeing討upp lemenr c
    cl

    • oreven r
    fOrl
    1111
    lar
    eplacedbysynthetico
    e
    df r
    oll1 chc l
    11i
    cal川，bst
    it
    i
    l
    l
    l1 れ '
    t
    e ぉt
    hichi
    o呂Iv
    s
    e
    excellentIllbric
    at in呂 plり p
    erll
    es

    Figure1
    4.1F
    rict
    ion
    Propertiesofo
    il

    Fr icli li
    o! sIぉedi nl 1ul
    l 0r¥'ehic le行 1 0¥'erv日()(凡l T，)ぐ (
    )Iラじ、、 itl
    r the a lιlu( 川 討 札 mdil ions i ns
    ide the
    dfcιt :i nc lulchcs礼 ndbrak cs.fOIじxal l1pl
    e.l1u tti en日i n e. the q l.l ~ili t y ()
    fh :lメico ili si Jlp
    l 、
    ro cd η1
    Glna]sobl'汁 ζ i
    Isaくlvant日目c.:I
    ¥'c
    r)'じngll1じ仁 u nt;
    1 111
    S 以 ldingt oit uthcl 礼 1 bst~l n仁 ヒ お じ II
    ledadditives 10
    1U!
    I lllTOllS1 1
    1じ!日 1cOlllponじnlst he
    l1CO
    . I
    日 I
    礼I1t
    l)
    ' rub 111
    1ラ!日、ビ i lメお pC Cl日に l ラrOIラじn ics .Thl' l jual
    ilyり rtl
    Ic
    one: l
    llothcr.I fじXじビ出 i ¥'
    ef r
    icti
    o!l¥ ¥'
    asal1りは edt 口 (
    )iIi determined h ¥' the Amcriじ 川 ドじI r
    olc
    llJll
    。
    行
    d

    ιιurheat¥ ¥
    ' o
    uldbegenerateι1， じ I U出 ngthcp artお Insti
    t utじ CI日 同 if ic l t ion(AP ]).:rndh )'刈ヲじ"日じ l tl
    ons
    10 l'xpand.whcreupun 1 日pid ¥¥'1'<l1札口 uld rakc I
    S日 Ic d 1 刊 じζ [l ll ュ、lじ nt bodie討 り r t1 町、 ehicle
    pL1， 仁川i I
    hじVじn !ualメelχurc.Soi li scsscl 11ialth山l 1
    11けnIII礼CIllre
    r s
    fr
    ic"
    1joJl is111
    l 111
    11
    1isヒdlnennunnH{lu11 11en1u、11lg Somゼ ( )fthei ml ラり r tantユι Icliti¥'C討 λn
    clt hcirfunど
    partsユr cc onslλntl)'co¥'crcd¥ ¥
    'i
    thlulm心 1 11nHUl￨ (luns山 じ 、 lδfoll o ¥ ¥' s

    118
    Fn巳'"じ ]
    い
    u])
    fic
    lli
    on 119

    1
    . Film st rength agents 1 ヒcll1ι じ 1 hピ ¥ ¥' ear on 1
    )1 11、 、l1i
    c1lst l1
    il las adeιIUユle 、IS
    CりSl
    t)、、 hen ho!
    JIじ江討汚 1 1ι11as111ιιy1 i
    nιler¥¥' け1 a， nd心 1 1
    11S
    .by 、o
    For examplじ 礼 20γ 号 l11 ulrigr~ld ヒ o i! 1 las thじ
    st ren!lthcnini ! !Ilじ(Ji1日1rnt O円 r e¥'cntmcじI1- to ¥' I r tu
    esけ fa20日] (1ι
    ￨じ oil¥¥
    'l
    1cncold.] )
    U(I11d int
    ain討
    o
    い い ι

    II
    Iじl aIconl lc
    : l itshodぅ‘I11dac. tslikcaう g l川 1<
    .
    :川 11旦1r
    1 el1p
    1 er:
    1
    2
    . Corrosion inhibitor s pro i 、 cle protcction 1 ur c s.T'l
    lisCl
    ，U江li
    lVenahlcssl
    ， 1c1
    loils[01ラぜ U Slて1in
    fr oJll 1he 、1 cids 1hatぉeep i nro lhe cr ankcasc 、
    1ll ~ 1 n l予山 t
    soft hヒ¥Vorldt h1'Ou日
    l10utIhc)'l'川
    ユ丹江 r esl1t
    l 0' 1t hじ COJllhustIon pr ocL'メ s i n lhe
    c¥'l inder s
    0
    ¥
    . Oxidat ion inhibitors 1 ラrO fectthe r ne talS UI
    Oilrenewalandlevel
    l‘1Cじメ f rc)1Tl 汁r1 日ぐ id lacql1t'rt hユtr csu l ls from
    hi日￨ト r CJllIラじじ 1t
    ur c ぉludgcc r
    (:';
    ltじc llη the high
    en日lI1etじIllpじ 川 lure 1 也 nく1con刈礼 n tc hl lr ning 0 1 OIl llkenunyo11 1Gisub slances1dele1 101aICN
    t1
    leo il with time whcn exposecl t othea tl10sphe
    1 rc
    1. low- tem per atll re sllldge inhibitors r cc
    ll1ce and par r
    icularly when i tcomes i ntocont act
    日i 1de日enel 川i on r cslll
    tin g from incompletc with the hear，ι l
    irta ncl condcnsalion t hat
    comhus1ionandcrankじa民cconιlen出 I t tOI1 uccuri nsic
    ¥ct heengi nccrankcase. 1 1i
    sof r
    cn
    う An ti-foam agent s 、Ir
    e needじに lhe仁 川 l おe foam
    rccol1me
    1 ncl
    e clt h at engine o il shoulcl bc
    礼nc lf rot l1
    仁川 nno1hcpUJllpedη I 1 11co il pl 1lllp 仁hangedonal il1can
    1 dl11i!e乱 gcIX1S
    is，eveni l
    :In<-
    lt llLlSlhC ' p re¥'enlcd t ot 'n 札 口 e ~l clcqllatじ
    rhe l
    11ileagc run is vcry low. I fthe milca呂e

    。 Ill
    Oet
    hricl1i
    erge白 t
    仁 川 hon p
    on
    5anddispersantshol
    ani cle
    sp roζl
    dt heminu1C
    uccd durin日 仁 omhu討t 1
    りn
    r
    1
    un bythevchi
    0becl 1angecl1
    dei
    1
    10ref
    shi
    r
    gh， t
    equentl
    heo
    y
    i
    ll 1aynee
    1 c
    l

    insllspension i n1heo i.
    lThc)'a lじ t 1
    lenliltcrcd
    out hcfolじ t l
    1
    仁 yctnbloどkoilway討 r"手ど i 。 zet l
    1e
    IheI
    ' t'v
    clt o"，l
    1i仁 hthcoili
    討 1
    1
    1‘li
    ntaine
    cli
    salso
    piston r i ngs. Thcsc addilI ¥'ヒs :lr e eぉpecially
    Vじ rv1
    !l
    1日o rtanl
    .1'0 Dre、entoi
    lI<.
    :a
    l、行ば ndhι
    1¥'
    ICl
    In1ラり r l汁 ntf orc l i
    c行ヒ lenR11 1eメ い hi ch t c nclt 日
    〆 ，

    oilconSL 川l priont hじ I
    c、CIsl1
    けu lc
    ln<.
    :、ピl'hじ ユ h，バC
    prodllce 1l10rc c ;
    lrhoJl IXlrti clcメ t han pet 1'Ol
    じJlい¥
    !lI
    1l'S
    tl
    1
    じ 1 1
    1礼 X11l 11
    lL 1
    1I I
    I山 l、onthedil刊 lick(FiguIじl斗/)
    日ome1 11日 nulaC1 l1
    l じrs討uggcst111althei dealIcv c
    lis
    het¥ ¥
    ' ccn1 he1 T
    llr
    < lく
    お

    Convcrsely、i '
    lt l
    1eoi l1
    亡、'
    e1iメ too[ 0
    ¥¥'thehcal
    Viscosity
    ings J11aybeぉl ar vec
    l ofoi.1TI1ヒ engine1 1
    13)
    "also
    run 100hot hecausct hecoolin日 :1
    cl1
    りnoft l
    1どりiI
    Ther ncasureof< l oi
    lJ ]sa
    ， h
    ilityto no'
    ¥visi1S l行 1口111cec
    l
    viscosi ly 111' l
    ( 1igl
    1er Ihe v i
    scosilY， l
    he
    I
    hickc r
    'i s1l
    1e oi.l¥X
    fl
    1en an oilisI1cat
    ed il
    hec<川 nes'thinnじ! 日 lose
    sv is
    coδ11y MAX MtN

    lhcleki llvcclK111He111 1 、
    メCOSll ¥ 、
    ¥'it
    ht Clll-
    per;l¥ure I 行え礼I lccl t 1
    lc vi sω si ty index. TI 1('
    1
    I11trn
    ' l
    ‘ l
    i o
    nall) 川 ceptec lメt anc
    la1ζ
    1f orclcfiningt 1
    le Figure1 4
    .2 Theol
    ilevelshou
    lclneverbeabove
    、IS C
    O S
    ll¥'(汁汁Jl o! ii 討 11
    1a1issued h )'t1
    lcSocielγo! thel11a
    xil
    11ummarkont hedipsti
    ck
    Au1日 !1
    1〈〉1 1
    veE nH111じピ rs(S^E)
    Engine oi ls仁 川 1hじ c l a
    ssi白ed i nl0tv.
    !u g
    ， rour 刊

    日n glじ り rl l l
    ono日1‘tdヒ 日 nclmultiglλζ￨じ Monogr ade
    oils a1ヒ 1 n
    t111
    11y !じ川 ric1ec
    ¥1 口 spccial appl i
    仁川 l uns
    today Enginelubricationsystems
    Multigrade oi ls conl ii
    : n礼 na cl
    clit
    i eI 、
    halal r<
    .:rs
    、
    Ihc I S COSlly にh川‘ lιten日 I C
    S おり II1a1Il
    1e o! i clocぉ Splashsystem
    nOI t hi n 礼円ll1ucll1 、
    :討 辻 仁 ompal川 1C lllono日r aιl e
    ¥¥'hcn討uhjectcdt ohcユl i n
    g.Thisa l
    l口、お lhel 1SCof Tl
    1isi日 目iI11吋ed01
    1S りl
    llC討ing
    le-
    cylin(l
    el 行Uflon
    an o! it h:
    l1h~ls 日 1 (】れ C
    l 1 、
    討cosl1y1 0111、1kc cold ary eng11eS.hUI i
    I li只 no lon日cr l
    Ise
    ι￨ 円 n Jl10
    101
    SI
    ;-!rtlgt'，刊 i
    n crhyreducingthcturningr esist;lnce 仁
    、h i
    cl仁s(Figurc!→3 )
    120 入!
    OI
    ()
    1 、
    eh
    i lI
    cc
    ぐ心h
    nol
    ogyf
    orm c
    han
    ic じ ，
    -
    :

    en日inea nclr e 1u
    rnecl 1hrough pipcs . A pri ncipal
    ac
    lvantage ofthe syst cl
    llist ha 、
    t wh;lte eran日l e
    rhe el1gil1c ll1ay aduP1、 1 he o!
    i supply i s1 1
    01
    intcrruprcd
    Theal 1g leoftheel 1gil1eis110
    t0 1.suchcOl 1ccrl1
    WlI11la1
    34Clv e
    i llc
    lc行 (a1 1
    hり ughgradienlS 0"1c en
    rr
    ifugalf urce IllayIllomenlarily altertheo ill e
    ¥'cl
    川 t hccngincSl ll
    llp)， 山ldwet- sufllp systel
    l
    l討 山 C
    gener:.
    dlyl Is
    ecl

    Wet-
    sumplubricationsystem

    Theo ilisstoredinar cservoirknowna δ thc


    sump locat ecl atthe base of 1he el 1g
    il1e
    (Figure 14.
    4). A subll1e[呂ed pUll1p，usually
    clriv
    en from a skev:g
    .
    ， car 0
    11thc camshaft，
    pumps o il uncler pressure 31 日 und r he
    eng111e

    Thc i nlc
    tr Orhc pUll1p i s prolccted hya ll1e lユ1
    mesh s t rainerknown~l 汚 Ihc primary白Iter.This
    sr ups l a[ 日目 P辻 r t
    icles ( )f din f r0111 enterin日 Ihe
    Figure1
    4.3 Spl
    ashl
    ubr
    ica
    tionsyst
    er判 sy srell1. Thc ol ii ぉ dei lver ec
    .
    l，under pressure
    Ihroughaf [l1crsecondary白l teri ntot hl' m;linol i
    ga lleryof1 heel1g il1じ
    Theu ili sf e
    cl ul 1de rprc 出 uret otheC I礼 1
    1
    1、ぉh aCt
    Construction Jl
    l(linbcarings礼I1d1hcn礼 lon日 i ntl'rnald ri
    l l
    inおお 1 1
    1
    日lラlas h-l uh r
    ic<ll
    cd en岳i nes h<lvc conrod s
    .with an Ihec ral 1kshaft1 0I hc h i日- enclhearings. On汚omc
    cXl cnsion I halcli
    lお i
    ラ n10t he o!
    i< lSthecrankshar t engi nes，o! iIllaya l50hcp Ul l
    lpεdt oI hc1 i n
    le-cnd
    re vol vcs.The. cl
    ippcr' fced討 Ihcb i昌一enι1bcar i
    n町g bcaring throl1日 h ~I n i nte r
    n aId ri!
    ling i n Ihe con
    lnd sp
    : l
    ashes ui l on lO r hc uppcr p arts (
    )fr he necl In 呂r o
    cl.Alt hesamctimc，o ili 日 fcdupt orhc
    cnH 1 11 C ぉuch汁s1hccyl ider¥
    n V"lIs
    .Thesysl e
    lllis car nshaf t，wher ei tl uh
    r icat es the camぉha rt h巴[[
    adequ川 e f (
    )rlow- pu¥vc.rsl ov
    .1-
    ， revving engincs， [n呂sand call1s.The o il then dr ainshack 1 0 the
    hut l ii 討 ! lOI此 11ユblcf o r high-pcrfo]"mance uni
    ts cr"lnkcasca nclsump
    Thisi shcc山 i 山ご t
    hepressur ecreared duringCOJl1- ¥1h
    X ile the engine i 討 r unning，o i l alsosp lashes
    huslIon t c ncl
    s1 0 squeeヌ ヒ t he oil away frollr
    1 hc around vigorously i nsidet he crankc ase.Iti st h is
    hC~ l ring s ur f
    aceδ spl a5hingt h:
    llu 5ua llyl ubric:l1C5Ihccyl i
    nclcr，¥，， 15
    anc lp ist ons. Somc engines ' ¥
    vith hi gh c ylincler
    Pressurelubricationsystems lemper at ures， slIch as lUrho c l
    icぉe ls. may havc
    pres sure- Fedolij e
    lsIul ubrical eIhecyl i
    n ders

    1
    '0 coun1er
    aC11
    he l
    uss uful
    ifr
    oll
    l bear
    ins，
    g
    Oilpressure
    I
    llo
    cler
    n lubr
    ica1
    ion SySICI
    llS Fee
    clr he o!i
    unclerprcsぉll
    rebeν
    :
    t¥
    'eent hesurfacesIukeelコ
    them apar .
    r There are two main t ypes of
    I
    ri s essentia
    lt h att he oi
    li sforced round
    system:c
    1r ysumpa nclwersump
    unclerpre，日urea talllimeswhentheengi nc
    isrunning.Thisensurest hatthecomponent
    parts "re separa
    te c
    l by a ver yt hn 日1m o
    i f
    oi
    lt o prevenl 1llet
    al-to-melal conlaC[an
    cl
    Dry sump h礼討 hccn a popular system on
    Ib
    sl seqlentseizl
    Ire
    1110
    (or cyclcs f
    or1llany yeaI行 I
    templuys" sep
    arale lank 10 hol
    cl rhc uli，which i
    sfe
    cl [0 r
    hc
    E
    ngi
    nel
    uhr
    i(川 l
    on 121

    0
    ilf
    i
    ll
    erc
    ap

    。 D
    ips
    tlc
    k

    Mai
    noi
    lga
    lle
    ry

    C
    ran
    ksh
    alt

    O
    ilf
    i
    lt
    er

    αIpump

    Sump

    D
    ran同U
    i 9

    Fi e14.
    gur 4 Wetsumpl
    ubr
    icationsystem

    Inlhe仁aseufλmainhcaril 】呂 ) f
    oreXe
    ll
    llple，the The pr e日 urei screaled by a pump forcingoil
    crankshaft c¥ocs nottouch t
    he bearing whcn the intotheJ ubricarionsystemf ast
    crt hanitcanseep
    UJ1nl
    cng1l1e 1討 r O日 hUIis日oatingonthel hin日1m Olt. O!i pr essure vades vvit
    h rcmpヒr a
    tll
    re a
    ncl
    of口li( Figure 14う)111eonlyf l
    l仁t io
    nthatuccurs engine speed. A co! c
    1cngine will have a highel
    isth日tufthe movin日 muleculeぉ i nlhe o
    ilit日cl
    f、 oi
    lP I色、 surebecauscofrhelhickcrCun汚lSICncyui
    日ndi s心 "Iedfluidfriction lhe uil( l h
    ati s，it has a high viscosity)，and i
    s
    122 、
    [
    (
    j¥l、
    O e
    hick1
    じcln
    1 o
    lo、
    只 lor、
    川ιh:Ulic.
    .

    α
    l Gear-typeo ilpllmp
    T
    hinl
    l
    im The gear-type ] 1Ulllpi s cOll
    l1l1only I討cd. I 1 con-
    o
    fol
    i
    sist
    s ofI ¥Vu メJ)Lll日e:l片 r
    I ν
    OUfl11Q 1
    い
    11ι
    1 clo行ど白1([
    い
    1
    1己
    C
    ra門k ιhιimheI(FIRUic l 斗 6).()ne0' 111l'日じ l rsisd r
    i¥'じn
    s
    haf
    t bytheGI l
    ll行haf . andr
    l h
    i討 inl Ulild ri¥"
    c見 rhc()¥hel
    gca.r Oil i
    sくI ra¥¥
    'J1 in
    ro thc PUI lI
    l 1C引 くk ul
    ヲ 〈 川 りI

    Mai
    n the hOllsing and i お I rappcd llel¥¥T じ n l
    l 'c
    lL ls
    < ing
    be
    ari
    ng i
    lm1111CjHUll1001hく 山 山 口 W hen r hc日以 1 rI出 Ih
    s
    he
    ll
    Ile
    l 凡h l ogerh山、 o i
    li sf o
    ["ce
    ι11 hrough rhc (礼 1 1
    1e1
    M
    ain intorhc日y日 ern
    b
    ear
    ing
    c
    ap
    Rotor-typeo ilpump
    Thi討 plllnpconおi sts( )
    f‘Imuhト l ob( 'ζIn)(りr.¥ ¥'hi仁 h
    Figure14.
    5 Whenrunning，thecr
    ankshaftf
    loat
    s is eccentricallyIllount cc
    !i n行 i
    dじ ユ 11nH(llHUI C
    onat hi
    nfiγ
    r
    l)01o
    il
    14.il.Thcringhaメ r e仁 cssじso!~l 討 i 1
    1iユrs ll ~1Jラじ bUI
    1l
    one mor ci nn Ul
    ll her， and isr rl'どい) lurn i n thc
    huusing. Thc d ri¥
    'l'l1 rolor 1、 りl
    仁 、c日 l urn JI1日 1 he
    日1
    0同 ，1
    (
    )Iラ￨じじ ι
    1()
    Ur(
    )fIheI
    ubr
    i仁 川 !ons
    ysl
    ern ¥X
    lhcn
    Ihc cn日ine \\' ~ lr Ill S up t
    he ol
    ii 凡 thinner(i
    l 1，凶礼
    ring. Pumping actio! 1 i 討。hl'linL'l11ηIhιoi" 1s
    enrcnngι 1c h
    'lrlbじIL
    l 111 1
    hH I山 11じ川 、 り lum じ : 11
    1くl
    10、
    ど r¥'isc
    o s
    i¥) ') 孔n clthcpre討結 urcisIcss.A Iypical
    bei ng cjcι I throu日h Ihc OUl
    ICι kl a' I he '1 刊にじ
    oil pre剖 Ulじ れ i 1 h ユn en日1I1C at rllnnlng rem-
    rccluccs
    pera¥UI
    じ 1討 2ラk HlunZ(=24う￨ く Pao r3 うIbf
    !in')

    Lubricationsystem
    components
    。
    Oilpllmp 。
    O
    ilo
    Ul .
    .
    . 4
    ‘
    ・ O
    i
    lin

    T1le pump i
    pumpingoi
    s t1
    le hear
    laround thev
    t of the engi
    .a
    ri
    ne，
    ous仁 Ol11ponents
    。
    10keepIh仁 m ¥Vor
    kingi ngooclorder .Sholll
    d
    the ol
    ic e
    ; se to l
    l Fo¥V rhe en日ine v，Ioulc
    l
    quickl
    yscizeanclstoprunning
    Figure 1
    4.6 Gear-
    typeo
    ilp
    Ull
    lp

    Thcp Ull
    lPi su札 川 ￨lY1nounl cdO11fhcu ncle1
    出ζlヒ
    ollheC l日nk仁刊行じ 、1 nd i討c1rivcnd i
    rect 、
    l ' Irom rhe D
    riv
    ing
    c
    :
    r江 n
    l
    no ¥
    l
    、
    l
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    :
    lft or i
    rcomponen
    nιli
    t
    rccr
    ly f
    . The i
    r
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    n
    l 1ど じ lmsh礼 n0
    1 1
    1
    t‘Ike 10I1
    J

    le purnp 01
    1 O O s
    pin
    dle

    c¥ 'n t hc pUl1p itsclfi行 行 ubm crg


    ccli n the oi
    li n
    。
    l

    。
    'C
    ，
    Ihe urnp.A pa刊行λ旦C ζ り nneC!st hヒ pumjJouI let10 l l
    Ihe日I l
    Crけ ndrhenon1 0the1 1
    1ιlinoilg‘
    I
    ilcryr 日￨うど o
    ul I
    n
    ι1i
    行1rihutじく1tllro
    ug h
    OLJ tthccnginピ
    ‘
    ・
    Sever a
    lIypesofpumpar cuscd.1 孔IIlheyal
    O
    utl
    etp
    ort
    s I
    nl
    elp
    orl
    S
    wor k on ¥he same princi p le. Oil 日 dra
    ¥vn
    from 1
    In 日iz
    he 討L
    c
    .f o
    J!l1p i
    r
    ci
    ntoa chal11bert
    ng the pressur iメec
    ha
    l oi
    tr
    li
    e
    cluces
    nlO rhe
    O O
    lub
    r i
    catiunsy stel11
    4.
    Figure 1 7 Rotor-
    typeo
    ilpump
    E
    n山 1l..' 1
    I1
    1 川'仁川 !
    on 123

    The !"
    ()!
    orpllJllp i
    s:lbou!2 う per cenr Jllore O
    ilf
    ilt
    rat
    ion
    d日に iem !h:
    tn !he ge‘1
    1 Iype. a
    ncl ha討 " lon日(:1
    、
    se1ic Ik
    ei
    Forei ter
    gn mar . met al p山 t
    iclesancl 1he by-
    procluct
    s of comhus tion all gather in the
    Pressurer
    eli
    efvalve sump ofan engi ne uver a perio
    c l oftime
    ¥1hel
    X evcrpossiblelheysh o
    ulclhepreventecl
    Thc o ilp lllllpi sdヒ Il
    .
    ' gnじく 1to pro、i de aι
    lじq l lale from ent
    ering the bearingsofr he engine to
    1
    '1ヒssur e じVen ul lcnl llCC11 2111CI 討 idli
    ng.A 1h i日h avoic
    lacceJe
    rate
    c lweal
    englllヒ 討 l
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    cl.thcpUl 1p
    l
    dιl
    i¥.cl、 1 '1じ州1I1 じ Ill"y iJc、じX仁Cお おi vcly high. This
    cOllldι11Iおじ o i
    lleaks山 ollnd1 hじ 日 11C1s出 l
    tandal
    Ih
    " i
    si討 1
    ypica
    llyachievecl hyユ(¥VO 討uge 日1e1
    o!hers じ、rI日汁 nd1 ，0m!討 I 1II
    I日V， じ vencausee xcess-
    汚yst
    em
    H じ りli< .
    .'
    0
    1 ll
    刊 L llp
    li onh c
    ι 日Uぉe100 l l1uch oili sf ecl
    101hec ylin
    ζl 目、、 ，，1メ whclCthe1 刊 行lon rmgsa re
    n01 "hle 1 0此 I"PC1 hじ 。 i1c1 巴 11. Th
    " elefolじ お り me Primaryo ilfilter
    means0 1ぐ()1iI!"
    (
    )l ln日1
    i 1ピ1'1 仁川 surcI Sncce州 "IY The Flr s
    t討tagef ilr
    er，1 he p rill
    lary日Iteに 1討 uffair
    ly
    CO<.1
    1 討e W l
    lビ mesh.] ;nd prevcn ts rel孔tively ll日e
    a
    partJcle討 。 rcl
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    lllenteringr hep Ulllp
    Exce おSp
    resS
    llr
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    icved by a pressure I
    t nor ll
    lal
    ly neec l討 110a ttention bcr wじcn en日t nC
    reliefvalve i
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    ec ustaftelthc pUll1p over h:Ju
    (s.pro'、 icl
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    Shじen
    (rig
    lllc1
    4.8) obscrvecl i n ropping I I p the enginc o i.
    lI tI I
    I‘I
    y
    hecoJllc cloggcc li f1 he cn日I nヒ oi
    l chan呂es h ~tve
    not becn ca rried oul ( 1
    1" the reco llllllc
    nded
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    er vel
    i討
    Th仁 、
    ‘rI、仁 Issemhlyconsisfsofa metal b a
    ll 01
    plun日CI. h
    " ビ￨ζ1 hy ‘lメpr ing onlO a seat . which
    Secondar γoilf i lter
    ι
    ￨り討 es01 ‘I n (凡11じ11 01he prc ぉsl
    lrise
    clol igalle
    r y
    Thesearel l
    luchnnel 日l iers，an
    ζIa1 ピ日 tt
    eclunt hc
    ¥Vhent
    : hcol ipre s
    surcr lseδahovcthespringpres
    pressur
    csi deof1 hepl l
    lllp
    .Theengi neIll
    hri仁川lIlg
    surc.thじ 、 川 、 じ i
    sl i
    f1じCIfroJl1 i
    1Sseat 、 andoilGl.n
    ol
    i becomescOI 1lamin .
    ;
    uec l overa pcriod ofr ime
    esc‘Ipe into thc S l川 '1
    ラ ¥X1hen 1hc oi l pressl
    Ire
    withtheby-pru ζl uC[sofcumbust ion礼 ndpuS 討i
    hly
    redllCC
    人 1 he討 p l旧日 ("10ぉesIllev~llve
    also by small particles 0"1 ahrasi
    vc matcl川 11 ha1
    cnrerlhe cngine t hrol
    lgh the ui lfi
    llerand 1he
    cnginebreathersysl em.I n日に Ic
    liti
    on，thereJllayhc
    S
    pri
    ng一一一卜
    寸一一く斗」ー
    ムJ II A
    dju
    s1a
    b1e met a
    lparticlcs¥Yor nfroJll thccnginepart討
    c
    ap

    /
    '
    Vlodern eng
    ine oi
    lsare formul
    alec
    lto car
    ry
    l
    lluch oft hislllalerial50 thatitcan beco l
    lec1ec
    l anclrel
    llo veclp er
    ioclica
    lly in1he c
    lis
    po sable 日It
    ere lelllenr，the seconclary f
    ilt
    el
    Thi5 pr evenrs these par t
    icJes fr
    oll
    l causing
    R
    etu
    rn B
    ody
    exceSSlveweart oengl l
    leco mponenrs
    1
    0su
    mρ

    V
    alv
    e
    The f ilt
    eri sl Isll
    ally lll
    adef ro
    lll " メpccialy
    V
    alv
    ese
    at proce おおe d p‘1per
    . The 白I lersu r
    f acc i討 f
    o lc
    Jed 10
    e n ~lble a large 汎 Irfaccarea t o 白1 m出 ζIe"sl ll
    all
    From T
    obe
    ari
    ngs cumainc. r Oil can 1 f0¥V freely thrullgh the ma
    pump
    teri， 1
    .1 孔I
    tp arti
    cles asslll
    all as2μJl1 i n diamelcl
    ，，' i
    ll be 日I rcrec
    l out.l n comparison . thc thinnどお 1
    11lIIllanh airis30μI I
    Ii ndiamcter
    Secon c
    lar yfil
    tcrsare"vailahlei nhypa問 。 r" u
    Ill-
    Figure14.8 Oi
    lpr
    essur
    erei
    lefval
    ve f
    lowv el有 tons
    124 1
    ¥I
    O(
    ()1、
    <:
    hi
    cl
    elechnol
    ogyf
    orl
    1c
    l ch
    礼 nt<
    ."
    !
    )

    Thc partialfloworbypasso ilfilteri sf i


    tted Thc full-flow oilf i
    lterisf itted belween the
    ber weenl hcl 1a
    l ino¥iga lleryandlhe行ump，and i s pllll1p anc
    lt he1llaino i
    lgaler ytoc 1canalt heo i
    l
    c
    lesigncc lt or emove ver y 日ne p arti
    c les ( Figl l
    re 1
    f0wingi n
    tot heI llb
    ric川 ionsyst C1ll(Pigure14. 10)
    149) Abol lr 1う l冗 rc entofl heoli flowf r01 lt
    l he l
    ti sc lcsi
    呂ncdt oaccept【hcI "ul1
    l f0wofoi latp l町一
    plll 1p l
    l ravelsl hrollgh【he日I rcrandr e turnsr ot he 乱 lre. There are t w ot ypes:r epl aにcab lc e1e1llent
    S1l1llp. The o ther8う percen li ssenrt o lubri care anclr enewabl ecartri
    cJge
    thcengi ne.The 日l t
    eroper atesata l o wpres sur e fhereplaceableelementi sl heea rliertype .I t
    [n moclern engines i ri sr ecoll
    lll
    lenc lec
    lr hata consi srs ofa can ist er wIlh a r cpI‘l
    ccah le papel
    bypass f ilreri 汚 useclunly i n conjunct io
    n with a element i nsic
    1e (Figure 14.1 1) . The cani srer i s
    fl
    lll- f
    low 白I ter
    .I nt hisway， parti
    clest ha thavenut bol tec
    lt othe lil
    terboc ly，which i sir
    ぉel fll
    lounr ec
    l
    been r ell10vcdbyt hef l
    ll卜日 owf il
    terar er e1llovcd lorhecyl in
    clerb loく
    1
    c
    byt hcbypas sf i
    lter，rcclllcin呂 theconce ntrati on01 Thc moder n日l teri sacaぉC e lnd p ‘1perel emen t
    ver y白nep ol
    lut antssuchaspan i
    clesofsoor cOlllbineclinto 礼 singl ecartridge、 vi
    ，tha h uilt- i
    n

    Ma
    ino
    i
    lga
    ll
    ery

    人て¥
    To
    ( J
    s
    ump
    Se
    al

    一 H
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    om
    ga
    ll
    er
    y •
    Se
    als

    〆+‘ Ca
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    Oil
    ret
    ur
    n
    losump
    日n
    EI e
    nt

    O
    ilpr
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    urer
    el
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    val
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    nds
    pri
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    ~
    司
    .

    〆
    O
    lir
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    ur
    n
    1
    0sump

    Ol
    ipump

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    ノ ¥

    Figure1
    4.9 Bypassf
    ilt
    er
    En
    只in
    clu
    hri仁川 l
    0n 125

    B
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    alv
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    Body
    uu!
    le
    t10
    Fl
    lt
    er 竺
    f • be
    arin
    gs

    R
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    v
    h
    a
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    v
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    a
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    l
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    a
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    s
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    s
    国 ー ~
    In
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    lf
    pump
    r
    om

    一一・ .
    S
    eal
    Pump
    Su
    ctωn B
    ear
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    s Ho
    le
    i
    ft
    le
    r
    (
    pri
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    lem
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    C
    asi
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    Sump

    Figure1
    4.1
    0Fu
    llflowf
    il ，f
    ter i
    ttedbetweenthe
    pumpandthemaino
    ilg
    all
    ery
    . S
    eal
    S
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    お
    じ，， 1(ド1
    9U[じ 1'.1
    1 2".11)
    . 1 scr e¥Vs ei
    1heron 10 ‘
    l
    S
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    housingord ircc11y lO 1hecyl inderb lock. One 01
    t
    ¥¥
    '(
    )1Il[じ日 r
    :
    tl¥
    'リ、'
    ￨ C討 areユ￨品。 pro¥'ided
    Figure14.11 Replaceable-
    elemen
    toi
    lfi
    l
    ter
    Bypassval ve
    ^ bypas討、日 I vじ i sfitt
    eclro permit olit
    o continue
    10 l lo¥V "nd 川 ' oidser iuusenginc damage i nt he Residualpressureval ve
    、
    c( '1
    11 o! 日l tcr bl ockage (F igurcs 14.10 and Manyi Il1
    ersareno¥Vc(juipp cd ¥Vi
    1h汀!lolherv‘t
    lve
    1 '.1
    1 2礼).1'11hじ白 l tcrhc仁 o11e
    l sblocked1 hcpressure 1hm holdぉ oili n thc syst
    em when t hl' en自11
    1<
    ;
    nse ，
    ，， 川ndl
    ， i
    ft行 1hヒ¥':llv
    <
    .:froI1i
    1 l
    Ssca t，whcnoilGI I
    l s
    .t
    ops ralher than a
    町 l
    lo win呂 it 10 c111
    ‘11
    1 a¥
    ¥'<
    -l
    )
    '
    仁 011l1l
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    1日ltered‘bU11ha1凶 enlir
    ely.Itisimporlant1ha1l hecor ect白l
    r tcrcatト
    hビlIerth~ln nOo il川 日 1' ri
    clgci.
    suseclwhereancngi nei s$0 equippecl

    (
    a)C
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    s-s
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    b)E
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    norv
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    ，
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    一 一
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    に
    ，~.l
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    Figure14.12 Ca門ridge-
    typeol
    ifil
    ter
    126 、1
    0101、じ h
    ickt
    echno¥
    o只yf
    or1l1
    l'
    ch日t1l
    l 、

    Warningdevices ιり り i
    ll
    1g u f1 1
    1じ じ nginc. Thc λ ，
    ζl
    i a
    10¥' l
    ¥'pC
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    coolel 日i ¥
    'eup t heir heal 1
    011
    1ど 討 urroundin日 山 l
    rhe 1 110メ1ιol 1mon 1
    l 0、
    ¥
    ' uil prcssurc ¥¥汁 rn1l1g ，，'hile 1he hヒ<11ヒxchanger¥'crsions :11ιIncorpoト
    dc¥' j仁じ I S ‘11じく 10¥' 01 礼n日C ，¥¥'
    arnt
    ll日 lamp i n lhe 日lcdi l11
    u1hecnginecooling汚ystem
    dr
    i¥'l:r'sinstrumentpane. lA pressure， s¥¥"
    itιhin1hじ
    (
    )j1ι gI lIerl' isn orlllall yc l
    o secl CFigllrc 14.1.~)
    Oilseals
    Whcn1 hじ じ nginci ss rartcd ando il pressure rises
    thec onl: l
    clメ辺 r ebrokcn.cX1 in g
    llishing1 heiIgh.rA
    1ypl じiIopenings e
    ltingf orslIcha日 v ir
    chi sう kol 九l AII thc j uinl faces， such as sump r o
    (=0うk gfC ll2 oriI
    l bti
    'in') crankcase，a nc
    lt he 1
    110、
    ingsurf
    accsofpro
    日0 1 1
    1じ、じ h icles may h~lve a rressure gaugc i n truc
    ¥ing shafts musl he made o i
    l-l
    igh
    1 1O
    ラl
    1 acじ り Lori n‘I d
    dil ion to，lhco i
    l warning1 孔m p
    preventoilloss
    Early lypじメ〈〉 11 ι1 1且 e uぉe s
    I mall-bore copper01
    P1:
    1.¥
    .
    .1i仁1'1 pet o仁日 nncclthegauge1 0lhe 11'
    1
    、¥ino il
    H川￨じ r y. ThじJ1e ι ι
    11じ り fthc g< luge is mo¥'ecl i n
    Gaskers < lrcLI乱 川 l ly made f r
    OJll ¥¥'axed gaskel
    diIじに 11 仁川 p onse1 01heprc日 u rc.l¥
    llodern pre出1I1 と
    paper，cork. 1 '1付1
    日 1仁 り rolh仁rm日l 仁n日l ぉ lh
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    j
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    11
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    '(lI1S(叶日￨ラ 1mじt
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    ly OpCI
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    日1

    ca
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    ラy
    resl内 l
    ln
    < lt o he川、 o il and 以 alc. r1 、
    仁 Vけ li
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    afts
    are対e al
    eι1iJy対￨ラIiJl日一 1
    (日 ζ
    leιl句 日'n1helicr ui
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    in日 1 11
    " 日
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    、
    、i lho ildcAeclors. Examl ヲ￨ヒメ ()
    f1 hesecanheメeen
    O
    ilcoolers inChap1er3

    Oil ιり okrs aIじ 1


    11
    11
    1[汀 t
    ure rackllors 01 " he:H
    Crankcaseventilation
    じxchλngCJぉ through which t hど り i
    lis passccl f
    OI
    (0日 l
    ' ing
    : ins り doin、
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    n日‘ 10λnkcase
    1
    . Rising tcmpcrat ur c exp‘11
    1ζIs Ihc ユi r tr:Jpped
    insidcI he仁川I1kca行 ヒ t his.loget herwithg~l se只
    、
    thm ha c blown past 1 hピ plおton nn日討明日1I1 d
    p¥ace cxcc同 I VC prc同 l l
    rc on t hc sc‘ t¥s and
    gaskclS. Thi討、、 o lllc
    ¥r cメultino ilI eaking pa引
    引~a 1
    ぉ and l hroll日h gaskct行 I n cxtrCJlle Clぉes
    I
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    tru作l
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    U
    凶行 cOllldbじ " 1け れ 1ou1
    p
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    . SOllleof1 heじり 1 '
    1
    '0目、 egaぉes1 1
    1川 リ rethepr o(ト
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    uclsofcoml 孔lδti on.and ¥ ¥'hi
    ch nnd I heir¥¥川
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    o¥ ¥
    'c d t o 引け γ
    Crank仁川おじ vcnt i
    l孔t ionprevcn1S1hebuild-up0 1
    T
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    旧n lhesヒc o
    n1:1Jlll
    l1an t
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    Oldcr cng川 出 お i rnplyIndι111 l'xlractlol1 p!
    J")
    e
    <i1a
    l chcc¥101 hじ sidcoftheじn日1 1l 1
    l、
    ' heIllotionof
    lhe vehicl e1 hr(凡 Igh lhe ‘川 lcndど d 1 0c¥ra¥
    ¥'1 hc
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    In¥
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    " !i
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    1 thりd ，nりlIu1ec
    ¥1 hじ
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    ion 川Illo spherc 引 ) l l10dern en 日
    lIleぉ havea p osilive
    川 1
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    S)討l Cll
    l口r ¥'じn1i1ユ1101
    1:at yp'じtI斗 S IC
    lllisshowni n
    fi gl
    l rc1 4.1出1. Whcnlhct hrottl
    ci sp山 tiallyopcn
    airi sd， 礼、 ni
    可 ntot hecranl くa
    、 sef r
    olllthea il 白1e1
    0
    11 I、
    l e n til
    a te行 thec rankca討 じ 礼 n 11
    ζ f0¥¥'S 1hrollgh 礼
    p
    res
    sure 、':
    II¥
    '<
    : into the i n lc
    t manifold and on i nto 1he
    cvliζI
    n cr
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    rom
    ba
    tt
    ery Wilh an open l ltrol
    lle lhe crankcase 目、 e nll
    l川じく 11 hrollgh1 ltehosci n1り 1hじ‘ l
    Irinuke(Figure
    Figure14.13 O
    ilpressurewar
    ninglamp 111 ，1 1)
    ビn民，"じ l
    uhr
    icl
    1io
    n 127

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    129
    130 九l
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    W hen t he t emperatllre oflhc cool a川 町 l o¥V，
    englOca lacon吊t antoper atl
    ngtempcrature
    the bellows p llllst hc v al
    vcd iおC 1ightly 口nro ! ts
    Ther
    e are IwO l
    ypes:t
    hcbellowsthermostat se al( Fi日ure 1う6， ).This prcvents l
    ， he 日ow o f
    andthewaxelem目1tthermostat cool a
    nl fromtheengineblock1 0l her aclialO.rAs
    the temper at
    ure oft hc cooh .n
    l tr i
    討C ぉ l heal cohol
    sellowsthermostat mixwrc i n the hel lo¥Vsexpandぉ f h isf orceお l he
    Thi5 i行 お く〉 仁 a
    llcd hecallse i
    t consi
    5ls ofa sc
    alcc
    l va lvec l
    isc offI rssea l，wh ich 川 10¥Vs1 1
    1じ hcared
    bra日 bclow只 、 7 vhichcon t
    ain討 asoll
    lti
    onofmet h
    yl coolantt oesじapet ot hcr adiato.rwherei tcユnbe
    alcohol辻 n ζl、 'a
    、
    v ter，he
    lcli nap ar
    ti‘
    dvacuum co olecl( Fi
    gl l
    rc1 う6b).Theal coholmixturei nl he
    hellowメ r educes i n volurnc 礼行 the temrer at ure
    V
    alv
    edi
    sc 8e
    llows(co
    nta
    inin
    g fa
    l ls，anda tapr ecleterminedl i
    mitthev a lv
    edisci s
    methylal
    coh
    o/w
    lat
    er for c
    eclbackont oilssealonccmor <
    :
    mixt
    ure)
    J
    iggl
    eval
    ve To pr evenr t he po s
    s ib
    ilir 1a
    y 0" i
    r locks forming
    when r he cool ingsyslem 同 bci ngF lil
    ccl、ajiggle
    valve i sal50 t i
    tted to l he lhcrl l
    lostatl Inil
    .T hi5
    valvchasasmalf l
    oat<which，whenlhesy討t CJ11 1
    5
    empty，opensa5mallhole.Aぉ rhecoolings y日 em
    IS日 lIeζ
    1< 山 rcan escape through r he hol e
    . When
    thccool anll evelr eachest heI herl
    ll05 l
    a l，lhe日oat
    rises an c
    l rhe valve b locks thc hole t o prevent
    coolant ci rculation u nrilthc t hermostat OpC1日t es
    nonnaly

    可Vaxelementthermostat
    (
    a) (
    b)
    This r hermosrat employs a spe
    cial '
    ¥va
    xCul
    ll-
    Fi
    gure15
    .6 Belows-typethermost
    at:(
    a)col
    d- pound、whi chhasbecncompre芯 sedintoacoppel
    va
    lvecl
    osed;(b)hot-valveopen conta11le
    l

    T
    hrus
    tpin J
    igg
    lev
    alv
    e

    Waxca
    psul
    e

    C
    Oi
    lsρ
    rln
    g
    Waxi
    ncre
    as e
    s
    i
    nvol
    ume.for
    cin
    g
    th
    eval
    vedisc
    (
    a
    ) (
    b) downw
    ards

    F
    igure 1
    5.7 W ax-
    elemen
    tthermost
    at:(
    a)col
    d-val
    veclosed;(
    b)hot-valveopen
    r
    hじ￡りりl
    t
    11
    31、、川じ11
    .in
    tvr
    Iorh
    じ1:
    ¥
    I.r
    .、じ 11
    iI
    日li
    on:
    1
    T1d山 rιon【l
    i
    lI
    (lIli
    ng 133

    市p
    口 hra
    gm V
    acuu、
    町release P
    ress
    ure
    Ahhough i l operatcs i
    nasi m
    ilarwayt OLhe l
    田 k
    ingspn
    ng v
    alv
    es p
    rin
    g r
    ele
    ase
    v
    alv
    es p
    nng
    bello¥Vs Iype . a nowblc f eatll
    re of th
    is
    thcrl
    llOst atist ha
    li tisl l
    naffect
    edbycooling
    NYぉtCI1p
    l ressure
    . makingi lmorcsuitahl
    efor
    Uメei n~ t pressur
    iscdsyst em

    1
    おおじ a
    Tlr e 、、 1:\ 仁り nt~ 1 1l1 e r ledcxcept f oraメl 1a
    1 ll
    りp じn i
    ngthrou日Ir ¥¥'Irι iIr‘ 11日￨ラじ r
    eι1nceく1じ じ r
    llcd日
    thrustpin p"ssc討 A r l lhhじ rsじ‘ili
    ngcap isμIso B
    ayonトI
    e yp
    e
    a
    tta
    chme
    nts
    f!t
    l ed 1
    り 1
    11じ 日 H 1l a1ller1 0 pre、CJ1I the，¥
    ¥IX from Over
    f
    low
    esclp1l1g P白
    1.
    .¥ I
    .
    . hじ I 1
    lrl川 pi n.A hc:"' y
    -dllIY coil Vacuum P
    reS5
    ure
    刈ヲ nn日仁 n~urc，'" I
    h:1I1 1
    1じ、，， 1、ヒ ζliscsil
    stight
    lyO! 1its re
    leas
    e r
    ele
    ase
    va
    lve v
    alv
    e
    Sl
    ，l
    ' t
    ¥
    X'hCI1C りι￨.11 hじ れ 礼 X 1 11討idc the con lainer is Figure15.
    8 Radiat
    orpressurecap
    討01id川 ldじ xcnsnり p lじ 出 ure:a tthcsamclimet he
    、江 l
    、ed iば h hじl ι1l inn
    l、‘ 1 9‘l
    ill
    stilsscalbvthccol i
    NP11nH(lI HI
    lt cl 号「 礼 )T hiぉ p re¥'
    Cl11
    Sl hじ 仁 oolantin
    Ihcぐ 、l inderh lo cl、Iro!l1 l'おcaping10 theradialol t
    20
    A，
    . Ihe 1 じl llp仁 川 I
    UI 仁 0'1I hじ 仁 oolant insidc the
    じngin<
    .:1 1
    1りに k riおじ S.1 hじ お ol id. hc"t行e nSll1vewax 1
    15
    SI:
    lI
    1:
    -.¥0lurn 1 り 1ιI
    il lid "ndexpands . Thiscxpan-
    討JOIlcre:ll
    仁s1 1
    '仁丹乱 l iじ whic ha ctsuponthethru日
    (ULE2EωaEω↑

    1
    10
    pln 日nd1 he1 じ~IC l ion forcじsthevalvec liscdo 、、 n
    U川 ι I
    sag‘1111メtcol ispringpr e出 l
    Ire(Fi gUIヒ l う7b)
    γhc opcn t lcrlllost:lt11
    1じn . 11
    10¥¥ぉ hOIcool anl10 105

    1
    fo¥¥'inloI he1 汁d i<
    ll ortohccool ed
    1
    00
    Ai r，coolcdengincthcrmost a
    ts
    t
    ¥l thollg1
    lI hじ air-cooling fan isd r
    i¥ '
    enb )"rhe 9
    5
    en日111ιthca lllounl0'1coolairb l口
    、 nユrollndthc
    cnginemay;ll おり hcr egulaledbyasi mi l
    arlhermo-
    9
    0
    s
    t<ll. ¥¥'
    hi lcontrols1
    c1 faps in thc air p‘I
    ssagcs 1r D 5 10 t
    5
    日
    1I0，，'s1 hcじn日I n
    l'1 0 reach I
    lormal wurkingr CI
    l1 Pr
    ess
    ure(
    l
    bfi
    /n2)
    pcrat Ir
    I e bdore 111じ ζontrol1fapsarc opened tu
    admitl ul
    l‘lr1
    i lo
    ¥¥' Figure15.9 Vari
    ati
    on01boil
    ingpoint01wat
    er
    withpressure(1Ibl
    ji'= 6
    n .9kPaapprox.1

    Radiatororf
    ill
    erpressurecap

    ralSヒ rhc tempcrature < t w1


    t lich ¥Val!:
    .r hoils1 0
    '
    1
    '0 mainlainth巴 pre問 ureoflhecoolantara 1070C . while a t 103kl 'a (1 うIbf!in勺 Ihe b oilin日
    predetermincc
    l sel
    ting， a pres
    sur
    e 白I
    lercap lel1pC
    1 ralUre ¥¥
    'il hc 121o Evcrc
    . y 8kl'a increa只C
    mu日 bcl l
    sed 0'1pre同 urcwi l
    lr a
    i討eI heboilingpoil l 0'
    1 1watcrhy
    approxil11atcly1う。 c
    At a pre c
    lelcrmi ncc
    l おど l lingl hじ preおお ll
    re cap
    1'h じ pres~u r<.: Ctp consl
    おtsofa spr
    in日 l
    oaclcd rclcasev礼 1vel i
    fls()ffil !守a
    お お じI nclanyexcesspr cお一
    rclc‘
    tメe¥'a l¥'l， ¥
    ' ¥' hichi n cr
    ea s
    .eδIhco¥'er
    allprl'ssure 札 lreescapesthroughIhe0、 cr1
    fow.AsIhccoo1 ant
    1
    11出 dじ I hc cool ing s )叶ヒ 11
    1( I‘i
    gure Jう 8) γhi 討 tcmpcr alUre reduces‘ 引 ) 100 doeぉ thc pressurc
    a
    ll円、
    、! 見1 hc 1 じm perature of the coo! ant 10 r ise and a depre s
    .sion (vaclIlIl l
    l)仁ould be c r
    ealccli n
    ahove100oC :¥ ¥'ir holl
    li lぉb oi1ing Ihecool ingsyst el
    11. To p rC¥'enlI hisIhccap hasa
    F Ol じ x~lI 11pl e ， as仁川 1hc seen from t hc gl 札 ph smal release v alvc huill i nto i L whi ch 礼Ilo¥V行
    (Figulじ l 弓り)汁 p r
    cs.'L"'Cof26kl 'a(4IbtJi
    n' )will atllo汚p
    1 hericr Jrc山 ur ein tutheぉyぉt em
    134 、
    l
    υ1υr、
    ch.
    <
    i
    :1(
    Cd
    じl
    n()
    1υ、
    日 1r chanIt、
    り I
    ll l
    "

    Radiators I
    n1 1辻 ny'
    1 ¥
    vaysa r adiato[じ 11
    1het hou呂h1( )fas日
    li
    quid-l o-a
    irhcal C Xι h礼 ngc. 、
    r 11pro ide行ユ large
    U川 l ingareaf rthecooL
    o !nt は hichi sexpo 品edl O
    The purposc ofthc r adial
    or is lO pro
    vic
    lea an incuming t i
    tr eam ( )fa ira l the f r
    ont( )f the
    mcans ofrapi c
    llyreclucing the temperature vchicle
    oftheenginecool ant，札 n
    cl50hcll コtoprevent ThchJおi cconst ruction ofa rad川 t O
    J 仁onsistsot
    lhevchic
    1cfrornover heating 、
    、
    I υrank行 anupper01 "h eaderlank，anda ] O¥
    ¥"eI
    (orbOltonulank.I nュ cl
    cl
    itiOI1.t1
    lcrcisa ls
    oζ11 ‘ldi
    -
    <.
    11
    0r COre or r n社 t
    rix
    .¥ ¥
    "hi仁 h is川 l辻仁 hed 1り l he

    P
    res
    sur
    eca
    p

    H
    ead
    ert
    ank
    Over
    f
    lowpi
    pe
    。
    。
    Ma
    tri
    x
    o

    Or
    a
    int
    ap L
    owe
    rta
    nk

    Figur
    e15
    .10 Radi
    atorconst
    ruct
    ion

    (
    a) W
    ater T
    ube
    s upperand1 日 以 ヒ rl
    lnk
    < 討(Fi日Ulと jう 1
    0).Tlrel
    lla
    lri
    x
    flo
    w
    礼10¥¥'
    st hc hot cool江nt lo hc coolcd hy thc
    surrounclingailユsql l
    ickl
    y0 'possihk
    1

    Racl
    iators arec
    1isti
    nguis
    hcc l by lhc c
    1irecl
    ion
    ofcool antno w and by t he con5 lr
    uction of
    rheirl
    1latri
    xes. The two Illain t
    ypes :
    tr erhe
    (
    b) tubeand financ 1pack block

    Air Tubeandfinradiatormatrix
    T
    ube
    s f
    l
    o w
    Int histypc ()
    frad川 tmt hc t l
    lhcぉ throllgh¥ ¥'
    hich
    lhecoolanl flo 時
    、 山ピ
    I乱
    rrouncledI刊，白 n討(Fi :u
    t
    !
    c，
    re
    1う lla).Thi討 constr
    uにtionper lll
    it
    sr he a i o1
    rt f0 w
    o¥'
    erthetube沿 辻 nclflnslOd l 山
    、
    。rh巴Il inorclel
    [0 reducethet el
    l
    lpel川 ureoft heco()I~ll1 t

    A
    ir
    Pack blockradiatormatrix
    f
    low
    Thiお 1
    討 の fsir
    nil山 ι lesign[ 0lhetubeand hntpe 、
    Cor
    rug
    ated exccpll h引 く り r
    ru gateclpackings tr i
    p品川じ U Sl'd t
    o
    pac
    kin
    gs l
    i
    rps space out l hc gJ .ps hじtwcen t hじ tuheぉ (F12UIC
    l号1 1")
    .Theexlra日 I r
    1礼c e:
    t1巴 I()flhe仁 川 rugated
    Figure 15.11 Radi
    atortypes:(
    a)t
    ubeandf
    in; packin日 δll
    'lPδpro¥'idじ討礼 ζ j
    uick"I;t
    (じ 01ιooling.~!S
    (b)packbl ock ¥¥
    'il
    hlhcF l
    n日￨孔 I t1汚 chc:l
    Jラcr(0Jll礼 kじ
    r
    lh:co
    oli
    n戸、'
    ¥
    ''
    tCIll. lIlt
    Cr1υ
    r11
    <
    .:1口、、t:T1t
    :
    1 i
    l:1i
    l oT ti
    1~Inι1 :ιtり n
    ι1i
    1i
    υ1
    31
    11
    H 1
    35

    HO
    Iwale
    r
    fr
    ome
    ngine
    Ov
    erf
    low
    pl
    pe

    百oh
    eate
    r

    Ex
    pans
    Jon
    t
    ank

    C
    ooledwater
    F
    rom 1
    0eng川 e
    h
    eal
    er

    Figure15.12 Cross-
    flowr
    adiat
    or

    Vertica l- flo可N radiator s Semi-sealedandnon-sealedcoolingsystems


    Thc cool i n日 じ IlcCl 0' 1Ihc l
    l1alr
    ixr esu
    ¥ t
    si nthe
    coりl a
    n t. s hl'coming dcnお じr
    . when gr avit
    y ¥Vi
    l
    l ¥X
    lhcn I hecool a
    nlh c
    c o
    llle行 hotandじXp 山l ds，tl
    1
    仁
    Cll巧l' t
    l i1 0t low n川 l ‘t
    l
    J ll
    y1 0 thc ¥
    o¥Ver lank.AI
    ¥ flre
    ，泊lIr cinthcs yst em m之l，¥rIseaho、ピ i t
    sclcsi日nι
    e1
    Ihc，ユ ιIÎ~II()l メメ ho 、\'n 日) f
    a1はrcOflhisI ype scning. I ftl
    1ish a
    fllラCIlSinanord in ~H)'. non-sιtlcd
    斗 stC1l1..he pressur
    t er cl
    c計世 v alvei nt hc自le rcafl
    Cross-f lo wradiat ors li
    ftso f filSs ea
    la nc l" lo¥Vぉ Ihcexc
    l じ出 e X
    flandじd
    InIhisIypじ 日 1，汁 (1川 11、Ihccoolユn
    0 l日0¥ ¥討 h
    ori又on・ cool<tJ1lIり cscape1 0川1l1u討phcrclhroughlheover -
    日 1Y 1
    ! '
    ，
    り1111 hじ h"aclcr 1 汁n k1 0t hじ oUI¥el pipe l
    Iow pipe¥X lhcn Ihe I Clllpcr
    alurc 0'
    1Ihc coolanl
    ¥oc川 じ ι
    1"1I hじ ¥owerlank(Figure I うJ 2
    ).Becausc rc札l'n
    1 おt onOfm:1Ii t汚 volumereduces. and< 1s
    . m
    λ¥ ¥
    0'
    1ils lon日 horiχontalde汚i g.the1
    n fo¥
    ¥'ofcoolam 10出 ofcoo¥ant、 i l
    lh山 じ り 山 ur rcc
    l.Ovcraperi od()f
    Ihmugh thc 1 1
    1川 rix pruvides s u
    ff i
    cient time lu limcr hisl o
    ssof( '
    001日nt couldr esu
    lti nIhcCIl日lJ1('
    礼l
    Iowthe passinga i
    rt o reduce Itst emper ature ha¥'
    in呂O¥Trhealingpmblヒ1 1
    1討

    Thcf ronlhじ!日h tofthevehic 1ecanbcrec 1ucec


    ¥
    Although c， 日刊行 -
    r
    lo w radi川 ors have become a
    ぉtandalζ! 日1I11lg on l ll
    os 、
    t ehIc ¥es. they havc a
    ¥X
    li th a semi-scal ecl sysrel11. an expansion
    number0' 1ιi
    lsaclvantages
    tank i s 日le cl10t he ovcr1 fo¥V pipe. This
    J.I
    ti s eask:rfOlメed il11ent to form i n the tubes 1
    1111l11li
    l ses :lny cool a
    ntl o ss by pr ovi
    ding a
    泊nclr cs
    rricIr he l
    1o¥V ofcoo¥an仁 川 hich can spacef orI he hor.expandedcoo¥ 01
    anl1 f0 w
    resultinp cmお り r
    'り b1 Qver-heal ing int o as i ts volume increases (Figure 1 う 13)
    2
    .1Ii 沿 nece計 出'rytofitaI llorcpo¥Ve r
    fulp U
    ll l
    p1 0 Whcn rhc r e
    lllper
    ature f alls. Ihe cxcess
    creal(
    ' a posi live circula tio
    ll. IIo¥¥
    ' 、
    c e.
    rl hiメ cool an ris drawn back i nr ol hピ r
    aζli
    ato
    rt o
    hc¥ps10l i
    lll
    ildcposits0 1行じ ζ
    I
    Il11cntinther a
    di 1
    11<
    l1 l1
    l a11l aconぉranl¥ eve
    ¥
    汁lor11
    1汁11'
    1:
    ¥
    136 !
    ¥
    101
    01じ
    、hi
    c
    lビ l
    ech
    nol
    og、formechanic討

    P
    res
    sur
    e Overf
    lo
    w Radi
    ato
    r J
    . condit
    During 仁olcl-st~lrting i
    onぉ theen日me l S
    cap pl
    pe ca
    p
    coolccl 1l1lleCe出 a
    rily . Thi討 。 r lc
    nr csu l
    lsi n
    excヒS SI¥ヒLlSCofιold-s tartin日立 idぉ 此 Jc
    has【hc
    choke
    2
    . Thcrc ar eI 附 ing !
    1o ise 1 、 el
    ヒ 討 fr
    ()1l r
    l hじ fan
    H
    ead
    ert
    ank !
    ヲl汎 le討出 c ngincspccdi t1cre山 es
    . Thc en日I
    j ne con民t ln
    < tl
    ) losc討対()!llC po¥yer
    drivingrhef a
    n.even¥ ¥'heni l
    Scooling‘I ({101
    1IS
    notneeded
    '
    1 l
    1
    0 OVerCOllle tヒ sc l
    imi
    t‘I
    tlO口b 引)Ille
    vehicle
    C
    oola
    nt r
    n礼Ilufacturcrshave opted ! "
    0
    1 、山 i :¥
    hlc-
    dri
    vじ fans
    l
    evel sl
    lch as lorque-limitin日、 l
    SCOll吋 couplingfan討 (
    )I
    a1
    ["-
    tCI
    11perature一s
    ensitiveLl
    liS

    Ex
    pansi
    on R
    adi
    a
    tor Torqlle-limitingviscolls-collplingfan
    ta
    nk Thisappearst obeas ill1plcb clrー
    にlrivcnfan.hUl il
    ha討 aclcsignedmaXil 1111lぉ p
    l eed.Th仁 fλnc ons
    l st
    s
    Figure15.13 Sel
    l1i
    -se
    aledcool
    ingsystem
    ofa1fuiζ
    ￨仁ouplin日出 ¥ ζ1
    n ¥¥
    'icl
    1
    じζ 111じl¥veenan lin
    I el
    ユnlユnouterdrivedisc(FigurcJ
    c 号l 号)
    AtIi
    ，
    行 rrheζIri¥'cPlllleyandLlnincre:lsじ メ pじじくl
    atthesamer ale.Thenthcf anspecd i n仁 1
    じ礼只C討 a
    l
    Coolingfans a ぉ10
    ¥¥
    -
    "<
    .:
    :rt川じ h ec:'
    lllse of v i
    s仁O ll
    Sd t日目 or s li
    p

    The purpose ofacool ing fan i


    s1 0 force 0
    ¥
    clraw aclcli
    tio
    nal quan.
    ri
    r
    ies of G1irt hruugh
    the radiaror rna
    trix，[
    0 reduce t he coolan t
    lemperatllre

    Whenavchiclci sinmOliり n，111Gωolanti n胤 le


    thじ radiato
    r unit is cooled by the paδsl1g <
    I 11
    1
    l'nronunately
    .I h
    isc l
    ocs
    . nOlpruvide 札 lf
    ficienr /
    'r
    cuuling l
    coolingfa
    ln
    ζ
    ni
    ler all 01
    snormallyl
    0ヒr
    i
    a
    li
    t
    rc
    ng conditions
    d
    . so a 〆
    •
    I
    'hreeofthcll10st populartypcsofcoolingfan
    are
    vefan.
    lζlirect-dri s; ぐ〆
    2
    . viおc ous
    . cOllpling fans，ぉ llch e
    lS t
    . he tO
    Iιl
    ue 占i
    limit
    inganclair-lCmperature-sens
    . ingtypcs
    . c
    j lcctri
    ωIlyclrivcnfans

    Direct-drivecooL ingfan
    Int hc eXelmp
    . leshown ( F
    igllr
    e1 う 14)，thc fan is
    c
    .
    lriven hy t he c rank討h a ft pullcy through a vee-
    shapeclh ell known as a fanbelt.The alternatol
    anc
    l' ¥vat
    erpump，a nζ
    1somet imeぉ thepowcrs[ cc
    r-
    ing pump，arc a lとo o"
    ら ten c
    t l
    riven hy the same
    fanhel
    t
    The 討 il1p
    l le. hel t-dr ivcn cool i
    ng fan has rhc
    advant<lgど お り fcheapne 討s a
    ncl おimpli亡iy，h
    l l
    ltil Figure15.14 Di
    rec
    [be
    lt-
    dri
    vencoolingfan
    礼l
    討os uffers"troll anL
    1 l
    l11b elりfCIi恥iιI
    vant孔gcs arrangel
    l1ent
    [
    '
    ]
    1じに υ
    υ1i
    n只 ~y~le ll1. i
    nle
    rio
    r1じ 1el
    メ v
    enl
    il
    ;l
    fionand山 r<
    '
    .on
    di1
    iun旧日 137

    F
    anb
    lad
    e OU1e
    rdriv
    e 、
    ，virhin lhe uni.
    rThe fan reache行 I t5 m<lXI11UI
    l 1
    1
    d
    isC
    spc cc
    l when l he force 0'
    1lhe a i
    r 10¥¥. passing
    lhruught hef e
    lnblaclesequalst hcshea
    ringt orque
    0'1rhesil
    icone日ui d.Thi srorquelil
    ll
    itrrcventsthe
    fanf rol
    l1rotat
    inganyf a
    Slerwhenenginespccdi s
    I
    nne
    rdn
    ved
    isc increased.Thecouplingr equiresnoma in
    len山 lce

    D
    oubl
    erow Airtempera四 re-sensingviscous-
    couplingfan
    b
    al
    lbear
    ing
    s
    rhi sfani ssimi larlOthev i以~Olls-co u plin 日 1 ype111
    lh ~lt ithasan inneranc lanouterι Iri vec liscs じp a
    P
    ull
    ey ral ed hysi li
    con-bascd日u id.The i mpo rtanldi ffe
    r-
    ence i sr hati tdoes not opcr a
    t e untilt hc system
    V
    isc
    ousI
    lu
    id reくI 1r
    L! e行 仁 oolin呂 Thisisconlrolleclbyab ime lallic
    (
    si
    li
    co
    nbase
    d)
    tenlper ature-sensingdevice¥ 0心 1
    1eclallhef ronl0' 1
    lher anuni l
    Co
    uplin
    g The graph ( Figur
    eI う16)shows lhe p Ol enlial
    F
    anb
    lad
    e cham
    ber
    po¥ vcr savings t h
    ar can he achievec ¥by using
    F
    igu
    re15.15Torque-l
    imi
    t
    ing，viscous-coupl
    ing
    torque- li milingfanr a
    rherthanac lirc cthe !l - cl
    r i
    v"
    en
    f
    an fan

    El
    ectri
    cfan
    9

    8
    y co mmon e
    The no w ver lecl
    ricaly c
    l lri
    v en
    cooli
    ng fan replaces r lc
    he bel 1r
    iven l
    In l
    t
    6 (Fi
    gure1517)
    (﹀﹀ぷ)包主O且

    4 Powers
    avi
    ng
    Toconlr oll
    iSopeI羽 101
    t . at
    l emper atur cscnsorI S
    l
    iue cl1 0lhecool ingsyslem. ¥ X
    1henst arlin日 山ldi n
    cold -
    s t
    artingconc
    litions，rhesen討orc 1eleclslh"llhe
    2
    rac
    lial orcloesnotrequirefo r
    ceclaiJ仁 ooling.anc ¥lhc
    elccrricfan isinoper a
    tive
    .Thiδen礼 h le sthccngine
    。 6000
    t
    O r each i ts nurmal opcr ating temper a
    l ur
    ef a
    l
    qui ckert hananengincc q
    llilコpedwi lh"c ¥ireclbelt-
    c
    lrivcn cooli ng fan. Power 1 0出 isml lch r ecl
    llccd
    Figure15.16 Rel
    ati
    vepowerconsullp
    1 tionsofa ¥
    Xfhenr hecoo¥ antlcmp白 川 uJ'ccxcccc .
    lsapr ecle
    ter-
    torque
    -limi
    tingfananlac
    c 1i
    rectbel
    t-dr
    ivenfan mi nedsening，thescnsor< ll
    - ltomati
    caly日 vi tche n 封
    。
    lhcc lCClricLln10I花氏.I
    uceitstemper aL Ure

    E
    le
    Cl
    ri
    cm回 o
    r
    Kecp yourlinger
    sawayf r
    om lhefan
    R
    adi
    ato
    r Evcn wit ne SlOppec
    h lhe engi ¥
    .ilcan
    suddenlyslan1
    0spin

    Fanbelts

    The belrp r
    o vic
    lesasimplemeansofc 1rivi ng
    thealternatoranclwaterp1l1l1p，t
    o呂田 herwi lh
    some ot heranci l
    lary uni
    ts such asa pO，¥，o1/
    el
    sreer
    ingpUl 1lp，frol
    1lr
    hecr ankshaflpulley
    Fi
    gur
    e15.17 E
    lect
    ricalydrivenf
    an
    138 1
    ¥l
    ol、
    川 eh
    ( icl
    c1<
    .
    .
    .'
    c 1o
    ll
    l l
    u、
    只fo
    r11
    1じ ι
    h:ln
    itお

    Th('1 ¥¥
    '0mos t(OmmOntypesoff anhell日n ecl10 Temperaturegauges
    ve hicl cs"r et1
    ieveebelt(Figure 1う 1 8
    ，， )礼n c
    lt hc
    ribbedveebelt( ドI gU[と lう 18h) .Thcyar enorll1
    ，t
    lly1 ll:
    1c
    lc frolll a mixtur e 0'1canva s
    . ，rubbcl刈n c
    l Atem per
    aturcgau呂eisan eJccrric
    allyoper-
    corcl maler a.
    i l1 11
    1ビr estingly ぉuch h clrs- even i f a
    tec
    l measur
    in日 devi
    cet ogivevi sualinc
    lic
    a-
    they c lo notι Ir
    i¥'c rhe fan- < trc ofren sril
    lc allec
    l t
    ionofthecngineoperatinglem perature
    ranhdts
    Inorder1 0くIr
    ivethevar i ouぉ componenl sp
    ' rop-
    erly.t hじ r a
    llhelt muぉtalw ::ls
    y.he correct ly len The 日al Ige I討 opcrarcc
    l 1)'1 1
    1巴 川 行 。 fa hc川 一
    sioncc l.A' lanl1eltth ati st o口 loose， ¥'oulclsl ipon ぷen九ii ，
    vcscnderUnilloGlted i ntheu川 Iings }'stじII
    I
    l
    tSζ Ir
    i¥'c pullcy.I n con rrasf. af anbclrr hati stoo eithcron01 "n earthcengine .Thecl ζ
    et r
    icalr e汚1S t
    tightcouldcaus ecar lyf ail
    u reufhOl hthca lterna 社n 仁ev ellue(Ile
    l 川lIrcc
    linohm心 。rl hes cnclcrl Init
    101礼 n cl、引 rcr1ラU ll
    lpbe礼 nn日 討 progr e剖 i¥
    'clychangeメ ¥¥'
    ithv;
    'Hi日t
    lunsl nOpCI ユ1n日
    1
    "0 lcn日り nユfanbelt
    " .t hea llernatori snormally rcm per alure
    .so that.furexar nplc.highr esistancc.
    :
    plvo tじd川 ' Ysl
    1 唱h rl yf ro
    lllrhcc昭 l 町 bl ocku nt
    jl =l o¥
    ¥'l cmper all
    llピ l口、 rCSlsl
    礼n ce= hi g
    llt じm p er -
    rhじ r ecom mended t CJ1δion ( appl日ximale 1y寺 i nch allr
    L e.Thc two !l1()川日)1l1mりn t )
    ')
    ラじ行 ()ftじ mpc I礼

    (121 11m)()fmovcmen t)iぉa chieveclonthelongcs r IUICRi iUH e hul lO Vじ hicles 山 C thc bimetaWc
    run01t hcl1elt( 1可~ure 1 うl り) 呂augc( Fi日UIじ lう20a)‘lnc
    lt he1110vingITongauge
    (日g l
    lrc1 う2 0
    11)

    (
    a) Vol
    tage Tempe
    rat
    ur
    e
    R
    ubb
    er s
    tabih
    ser gauge

    R
    ubb
    er
    (
    b)

    c ，
    (
    a) +12Vー ィ /l
    I
    gn
    it旧n
    sw
    itch Sende
    r
    un
    lt
    Figur
    e15
    .18 Fanbelrs
    :(a
    )veeb
    elt
    ;(b
    )ribbedvee
    bel
    t
    i
    (
    hυ

    2mm
    1

    Figure15.20Temperat
    uregauges:(
    a)b
    ill
    let
    all
    ic;
    (b
    )Illovi
    ngiron

    Coreplugs

    可/
    ¥ hen an cnginじ block hO
    ls 1じcnι1 St
    . thc S
    :lnく1
    thユ1for
    med itsl10
    l uld1l1Uおtbヒ i '
    仁 川 O¥L'
    c
    If rol
    llthc
    、
    、atcrjackerthrough 110
    Ic討 ι川川 i nt hc sicl
    c.'/
    '
    1悶
    holesarcthen cappccl l
    Isin日
    ‘ Isetofcor cpllg討
    、
    、 hi
    ch prcvcnr rhc escl pe ()f cool ‘I
    nI (ド12UIC
    Figure15.19 Tensioningalanbe
    lt lラ2])
    t1l' c
    r (
    )(
    )1i
    n只 叫 宍t
    em.i
    nte
    rio
    rh t..' au..:r~ 、山1111l11011111d t
    I
    lU〉n
    tlI
    lio
    nII
    1H 139

    theareas t
    hat nccd r
    out
    ine attenlion i
    ncl
    lld
    ethe
    ~öll()\\' ing

    1
    . On air~c()り !ecl cngi nes ¥¥'i
    lho
    ll1 cowlings， the
    coo!i n呂町 ns ぉh Olllc
    l he r e
    gllla
    rly cleanecl 10
    rello
    1 ¥'e any h l
    lilcl
    -llp 0'
    1cleposilS on Ihe fns，
    i
    l
    n，
    cls ll
    rfacecorr osion
    2
    . On1 l1
    l 1lt
    i-cyl inderair-coo
    le c
    lcngines1 ha1h‘Ive
    ab el1 ¥riven cuoling fan，lhe tension or[he
    -c
    ranbell ShOl l
    lcl he chヒιkじに l川、 d 辻c l
    jlls
    lec
    li f
    nヒcessary

    Water- cooledsystem s
    We
    lch Cup S
    cre
    wed Thi行 type 0'1cooling sy自tem re qlll
    lヒ行 thi ghcl ，
    dcHIeヒ ofmain1enancc. In pani仁 II
    I山 ， Ihe r
    ollow
    Figure15.21 Types01cor
    epl
    ug ing(:'C
    ¥I (
    ¥Sneec
    ltoher egu l
    arlyin討!万 cctcd
    1. Chcck I h allhccoola nlI cvじ1i n1 hヒ 1 礼ζ li<
    l10r0 1
    expansion tank i sb ct ¥
    ¥ 'cen1 1じ!l1l nlr 汁
    l
    I
    llU nd
    maXill111ml cvcls
    Coolingsysteminhibitors 2. Tcstlhcslrength ofIhecool 日n1i nhi b ilor
    .and
    10[ 1upi fnccessar)
    3
    . Ch とく~k thc condilion al 1ιl 行c Cllr i
    l y 0' 1 lhc
    A COI1日 sion inhih it
    orisa chcmi c
    al solut
    ion fl cx ihle hos es:f or ex日Il1p lc. lighlnes s 0'1lhe
    (normall y おり c
    liull1 based)，which prevents hosec lip沿 乱 nclぉ1 旦nsofcrackingOrrubhingon
    thc forma1ion ofcorrosive a cic
    ls in
    siclethe rheho討es
    cootingsysL em 4
    . Checkt h川 Iheradi ιt
    lor1ll::1
    1ri
    xi snotpllncturcd
    orh lockcι. tu'lshowin日付 ignsofI cakage
    う Check l he口pcn1ngpre 町 ll
    rcorlhc f iller cap，
    日n clprcssure-tes1thccmi recoolin日 行y川 ell1 r OI
    l
    ilodじ r n cn日l nじ メ ユ lじ cO J
    l1J
    l1on ly 11
    1江ι t
    e from 1< leakお uSl I1gap re日 l lr
    et cs1el
    uHnhinatiり n0" 1dilr crent mel刈 I s
    :f orexamplc ‘ il
    ll
    - 6
    . Check and i r nccc出 山 y a cljust 1he tens ion of
    l1i
    l nil
    lJl1 forL hcc ¥'li ndcrhead< lnclG l
    sti ronf orthe Iher anbclt
    え)"Iin
    clじrb lりに k
    .T ileぉec li山 imil armelalscan r e
    aCI 7.Chccktheoper alionoflhcth じ rlllりs t~l t. lcmpe l
    ¥¥
    'ill
    lcacho t1
    lcri nthcpre討ence0" 1¥¥'
    ate.
    rcausing at llresenderl l
    n itandcool in呂 ￨礼 nhyw<Hming
    じり rn)引 on. I 1ist ll<
    .'
    .re"
    fore dcsirahlc t oa cld some up1heengincl Oi 1
    ぉ n onnalop ビ!日 tl
    11gt empcra -
    lりrt日 り 1corrosiυni n hi
    bitor1 01 hじ coolant.Indced Illrc. Ohs引 ver hatl he ovcr heat ing lightιloes
    thじI'e aI じ 山 川l L
    ' ¥'じ hicleぉ in which ~ln approvcc .
    l not come 口n 0， 1 i
    ' f a tempel川 ure g all日e 1 行

    u川 l al11‘ l
    ddili、ピ 11
    1U付tbeuscdasi r<llsor ai
    s esthe 日l lecl.t ha tirreg i沿tersi nt I
    leh :
    :1
    Ifwayposition
    boilingpoint0" 1I hccυ01 江川 A nti-free乙ヒ solution討 日 Overa period of t ill1c. thc l uhes i n side t he
    cont‘111
    1 corroメi on i nhihitor
    s. and f ort his reason radi atorG1n bccollle blocked up wit hs edi-
    C:lnhea討 nece出 ar )
    'i nhOIc lil11aleぉ asi ncold lll en1. To r C I
    l
    (
    )
    、 elhisitisnじ仁じおお aryt o carry
    out a procedllre c日Ic cl back flushing.To
    ha ck -fl11S ha r acliator，li nヒじ仁 Is1 0 be r Cllloved
    Coolingsystemmaintenance fr oJll thc vehicle and l hen 1urnじd 引 ) l ha
    t the
    liller or i nleli sa l thc holtり 1 1
    1. Pre出 Ir isccl
    lu じnsure1h日11 i
    lビ 仁 oolingsyぉt em r C1ll3
    111
    SIna ¥¥
    1(1t cri st hcn f 口r ced through I hじ r adi川 口 rs
    N山、 l (ι
    1hle condit
    i on. (どrI、 l
    in pcriodic mainren- out lerpipc1 0d isloc¥geI l
    lesedimcntinsidcthe
    ~I ncc t
    ‘Is
    kメ shり ul
    ζ1 hじ 仁 ι l
    rrJe
    ι1 Ollt :lt regu
    lal ruhe ぉ
    1
    I じf、川 l
    1t 討 9 Theにorrosion i n
    h ihitori nt hじ 日 川 1 n旦 sy引と I
    i I
    I
    日r aclll<
    1llyh CCO
    l llヒ討 u汎 J く1ulヲ ドort hisI 巴Ison1 1
    Air-cooled syst
    ems I
    SI JllI
    ラり rl江 n
    rt ur enc¥¥' 1he cool‘I nt日 1 1ι
    11 hc
    ¥l
    J thollghIhじ 叫 ，st
    じII
    I on :
    ln al1べ 001じd enginc inhi hitor: 1
    1 rcgular in1en' tb - t
    ‘ 1Sl 川I l 、
    ye ery
    re
    tjl
    llrcs C 、、
    l 1 i
    11
    1ピ in thc :1 、、
    3 け rmaintenance oncort; ¥;、
    0year s
    140 l
    刈υt
    orv
    ehi
    cle{じ rhnol
    ogyf
    ormech:mic
    s

    l
    emper at
    ureandthc礼1l101 lntofa irsuppliedtot he
    Heatingandventilation venti
    l川 10nvent日 (
    Figll
    re1 う 22).OnsomeI lo
    l dels，
    lhe3 irinta
    kef o
    rrhei nt
    er i
    o rventil
    at
    ionsysr cJl1 i
    s
    tit
    ted wilha日ne白l tcrtor el10veanyp
    l a
    rtic
    1csof
    To ensuretha tt he tem perat
    urei nsicl
    er he dlstorpo llen
    vehic
    lciscOl 1f
    l orta
    bl eforal the occupan ts，
    al
    lvehic1es are equi ppe
    cl with a cOl
    l1binec
    ¥
    heali
    nganclventlialionsystem
    Airconditioning

    The interio
    r heater consi.
    s
    t
    .sofa sma1 l heatc
    l
    radialOr(出milart oanormalenginer ac
    .
    lialor)anct
    An ef白cient，modernairconditioningsysrem
    anc ¥ccl
    ricallyc
    ¥rivenfan.Ther ac
    ¥ialori sslIpplied can mamtam a cons t
    anta lft emper ature
    、
    Ni th hOl cuul anlfrom lhe engi ne si c
    ¥e 0'1the i
    nin
    c
    1e a vehic
    nsi
    g)i
    1e (when the engi
    n hot or col
    ne i
    ¥weather conc
    c 1i
    t
    sr l
    ln
    ions.lt
    coolin日行 y日 e11，and t
    l he fan blowsa irt hrough il
    lO hじallhじ pas討engerCOlllpartment.A s etofcom incorporateshothaheatinganc¥refriger
    ation
    unlt
    ラi
    1 nedheal crandvemilalioncontrolsonl hec¥ash-
    100<
    1rd enable吋 r hc dr i
    ver to var y both t he

    I
    nco
    n円mga
    l
    r B
    len
    deda
    i
    r o
    utg
    omga
    げ

    戸
    ニヨ

    Figur
    e15
    .22 Heatingandventilationsystel
    l1
    1 )i
    11¥':に山 1n呂町メ1
    じm.1Jll
    cnり rheHcr ，
    .，¥'じ n
    li川1
    1 り n山 1
    U:i
    Ir，(:
    OT1ll
    i
    l
    i(川 1
    1
    1g 1
    41

    O
    uts
    idea
    i
    r I
    nsi
    dea
    ir Thccor rCcllennf or" unillh"ldoesl h
    isaulO-
    11
    1.H
    icallyisacl I
    lnate()renvirollJuentalcontrol
    、
    、、 systenl.Basi caly，such e
    l 1s yst
    cm i ncorporatesan
    、
    air condirionin呂 じ vapOrll
    <
    : Or， ¥Vhich cools the
    vehicle.sairin出 delhe healcrlIni
    l(F i
    gllrcI う23)
    Automaticcont J口1isachicvedf r011
    1討じ nsorsinthc
    passengcrcompartmcnt

    E
    vaρ
    ora
    tor
    争

    Adju
    stable
    R
    efr
    ige
    ran
    t
    .
    . ，.
    cen
    sid
    t
    r
    ev
    a
    la
    e
    nt
    nd
    s Basicrefrigerationcircuit

    Winゴs
    cre
    en RefrigerantOowsaroundaci rcu
    it，whichhas
    P an
    ddemist acondenserr ocooltheIiquidandan evap-
    C
    ool
    ant orarorro absorbrhehealfrol
    lllhepasseng
    el
    • cOlllparrment( e 1う24)
    Figur

    Studythed i:
    ;lgram，and nOlc in particularhow
    H
    eat
    er lhecOl ll
    prc，悩 edgaぷ chang ヒお st
    ater ro
    lll a vapolll
    m
    alnx
    lO ali
    qllidinr hecondenscrandf ro
    lllal iq
    llidroa
    F
    oot
    wel
    l
    vapouri nI heevapor al
    or.Figure1 う2う汚ho¥Vst ¥
    ¥'0
    Figure15.23 Climatecontr
    olsystem possiblelayoul sforlhcsyぉlem

    H喝h - p
    res
    sureva凹u r仁コ
    High-pres
    sureliq
    uid
    L - pre
    ssureva凹ur仁 コ
    コ
    凹¥f
    E
    vap
    ora
    to
    r
    Comp
    res
    sor Low- pr
    ess山 ei
    Iqu
    ld C

    R
    ecei
    ver
    l
    d
    rie
    r

    TXv
    alv
    e Condens
    er

    Figur
    e 15.24 Basi
    cre
    fri
    ger
    ati
    onci
    rcu
    it
    142 1
    ¥
    101
    υr、
    ι
    '1
    1i
    ι1'
    (lt
    'ιh
    n(山》
    日}l
    υrl
    ll
    cc
    ll 、
    :mi<

    Basicoperation luhes 0' 1111ビ condenおじ r1 1ISC Oυlヒι i λnd con


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    d
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    li
    r conclitioning system operates on a wl Jere ili st 'm
    t por:.Hil y 討lore
    c la nclf illcre
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    V31ラou rcompr e出 iunand r efrige
    ralion cycle 1
    1101 訓 UIじ 1ぷ 日 hS ur
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    l ors il
    iじ 1gel
    ThepurpuseofI hesyslemi storcmovehe a
    t crysl ll
    < s
    f
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    l he passengercompatlmenlan clt rans- rhcr efrigeranlcOl li
    1 nue メ10theexpan討 [ 01、
    1 ah'e
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    let he vehic
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    - ll
    la
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    i
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    igerantwheni tpasses rcstncr 日刊行f1() 、 i
    、 nro thc e、' ¥I
    ( ヲ01江tm. T1 lc 只mall
    Ihrough Ihc evaporal or a nc
    l i s releasecl 0日日c e.i ncombinationれ i lhl 1
    1edepI で 行 討iOllcrealed
    by thc r efri
    gerant as it passes through the 、
    b 1 1
    1じ ζu1 l1pre州 り L results inar cιlu仁 I1り n ()fthe
    conden判 l pr cssur c i n lhc じ、 apo! 汀tor
    . As r c fri g
    eranr i お
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    0 ラre出 ure"i t bり liお り rvarO[
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    l‘l

    [
    'hc COJ 1
    lprc討対 o
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    1ヒ
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    theC uldevapor :Horandi scooled
    ヒn日1 1ピ%に1':
    1111
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    " T'ypesofrefrigerant
    1
    :
    ->ヒι
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    i日じ川 nl.1Ii sf ccl1 口t hcconclcnSCL ' ¥
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    山 1silk仁 川 1川￨川!日r. alI 1
    le frontoft 1
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    liclc
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    1a行 been
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    <川、 high-prc:出lIr 、
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    Figure 15.25 Airconditioningsystems


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    OllSifr efigc:
    r rlnlesc 汎 pc メi nthc、 、orkshop'
    The driven membeI行 of 1he clu1ch arc rhc
    Introduction flywheel 礼n ι1r hc pressureplat e. The p l白 川 re
    pl川 e 1 汚 c onraincd within a cover， which i s
    auached 1 0 1he !fywhecl by bolr討， and revolves
    Thepurposeofthec
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    λ 汚 aunit .Thepressurep latei sdrivena ta l
    l
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    1 rofp r
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    al
    ly1l10veawayf rol
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    ; flywhecl and rhe p reSSll rep lare i s the driven
    • as
    sisrgearchanging; plate
    • provideat emporaryneutral ThereareIWOme '
    lhoιl討 。 fapplyi n呂 pressur e10
    clal11p thcclrivcn p late
    : byaser ie行(民 i xormore)
    ofcoi lspring s. 01' hyas ingleclialラh ragl
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    l1alcombus tionengi ne， unlikear ecip- sot harelocal ed bel'vveenlhecoverandl hcprcs-
    rocalings t eam engine，i s not ahle t o¥ ;
    vork fr
    om Sllre plar e，a ncl pres st he p late lowarc ls rhe
    res
    t;illTIustbcrunning ( lepower
    0 provic .ItmL lst f
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    iclion-lined
    al50 bc turning overa t a good f a
    sri cl
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    .
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    before li dcvelops enough l orque t o m ovc a surep late
    vchiclc.Theclurchpc rll
    litsagradua la n c
    lSl 100
    1 t
    h Theinp"1日h aftlOrhegcar boxis忌plinedso1 har
    engagcmcntufturquefromtherunningengine1 0 thec lr
    ivenp l ate( als u known asthec Jutchdisc
    rhe討ta 110na rytranSll1!SSlona n
    ιIdrivingwheels centre plate 0' 1f riction plate)can s li d
    e hack-
    When engaged，lhe clutch Illustt r
    anslll
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    gh lly，ancl
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    : i
    ne torque withOLl( s lipping. To candrivethegearboxinputshaf .Theinpuls
    t hafl
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    sS l
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    be no l Ir
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    There are l 1any r
    l ypes ofclulCh availablc f OI
    Coilspringclutch
    usc un vehi c
    le s. A l
    l vchiclc clutche多， of the
    gradualengagcl l1enllypel ha
    lt ransl
    11i
    tthepowel
    Fi詰llre 16.1 shows a si l
    11l
    フ1i日c c
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    l lhe cngi ne 1 0 rhe clriving wheels do 50 hy
    clurch. Whcn i ti s engaged (ドi日ure 16. 1a)，1he
    rri
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    leclfrictionclutches
    spnn呂 日 l o
    ca1ec
    l beい.veen the pressure p la
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    ιhcoverf orcel he pre 場u
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    1ei sc lal1pe c
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    . rfaces. Provi
    1
    ded there i s
    sll
    f日c ien
    tspring prcssur c，r otation oft he engine
    willal solurn1hedr iven p la1eandt heinpl ltsh a
    fr
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    ype of fricti
    on
    rorhe呂earbox
    clut
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    lly i
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    rivcr cliscngages rhc c l
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    pre日s ingthe ClU1Ch peclal clownwarcls. 1he p ecl
    al
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    nkage 1 1
    1 0
    VCS a rcleasc bearing ( Figl
    lre1 6
    .110)

    144
    Thed
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    :!l 145

    F
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    T
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    r

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    Figure1
    6.1 Col
    isp
    ringcl
    utch:(
    a)driveengaged;(
    b)drivedisengaged

    Thi spushcぉ on l hc l
    evers(口 l日t1gers)，¥Vhichare Asar es
    ult，enginet orqllei
    snottransmittcd 10li
    刊
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    .
    : clurch coveL and r hey p l
    llllhe 呂町t rbox
    prc 出lIrc pJalヒ away from l he 1fywhee. l As rhe Not c that a cer1ain amount 0'
    1slip ¥¥
    'il
    l OCClIt
    dri¥'Cn pla
    lc is no longer c 1amped.i li s free lO beforel hecl1I1
    Ch i日 eilhcrful
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    sli
    desl ighll
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    lyimporl<
    l11¥Vhenp
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    fy¥Vheel ancl ptヒSSlIreplate away，asi tallov.
    ，1ssmoothtake- upoft hedrive
    146 ¥
    101川 、 e
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    Coverassetnblies engagcd. Thcspringscxtcnd r urthcr


    .andr his
    rhe cover a ssclllbly incorporal
    es the prcssure has lhee ffec
    1 ofr edllcing1 1
    1仁 CI江 l
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    pしはじ はn ζ11 he 日 )mp1C1C l l
    niris()fr
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    pr essure plate assembly 0 1 おimply rhe pres- . A1 1
    2 ligl
    1engineぉpccιl人 Cじn tri!
    ug ュ1forccrcncls
    sureplate.A lth，凡 Ighcoi 、
    lspring<
    .
    .'
    0 eras見emhlics roh cn
    clrhccenrreof. Ihes pr
    in日討〈山!問山 ι Is.This
    ¥VCIじ 仁 ul1l1llonly u secl011l i、
    g
    hr ehicles in1 he ヒ汀'cc
    ta lso¥V山 lkenstheclampin日 p reSS
    lln
    .:
    '
    pasl.I heyar e1 只 cdo
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    c l
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    ecl ¥Vi h olher C
    1 Iじsigns t h
    is lypc 0 1
    (ドi gure 16 .2) . Notc 1hm rhc actual movemenr只 prcssurcp lateish ι IVy 礼 ndhasll1山 1γ111口、 I
    n日
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    li
    nde
    r

    Rel
    e a
    sebear
    ing
    atachedt
    o
    dl
    aρhragm

    R
    eleas
    ebean
    ng
    s
    lid
    esons
    lee
    ve

    R
    ele
    asef
    or
    k

    C
    l
    d
    i
    ut
    a
    c
    p
    h
    h
    rag
    m o0 S
    lee
    v
    0日e
    1
    ean
    ar
    bo
    a
    x
    ch
    ed

    Figure16.
    9 Hydraui
    lccl
    utc
    h-ope
    rat
    ing Fi
    gure16.10 Mechan
    ica
    lcabl
    eclu
    tch-
    oper
    ati
    ng
    、 echa
    円 n
    isl
    l1 mechan
    ism
    Thec
    !ul
    ch 151

    川 11
    0日目 hじrl he c !ll Ch ¥¥'oll
    ld be prevcl 11ed f r oll1 !
    lmayhecallsedh~
    enH‘l 日ingf l
    lll)
    '， : 11(1thec !lllC
    hc Ollld sWrt 1 0s li p
    Ih
    ' i 袋
    、
    、
    。 llldC: ll Se hι11: lnclrapic 、、
    l l earand. as江
    1， crackedorc
    2， looseorb ad
    l
    l
    i
    slOr
    )'¥¥
    '
    t
    ec lprc出 l
    01'11 l
    inin日行
    l
    r eplalc
    resll
    l.rlhec !l llChc Oll
    ld nO llransmita lll heヒngll1じ
    :)
    . misalignmcnl of lhe gcarhox守 じ 山 間 に 1b) ':
    1
    !
    1oweroutput
    ooseordis10rtedc 111
    To prc <、.
    :nlI l
    lish日l ラpeninglher cshuulda l¥Va }討
    l
    . Cn 日lne 0 1 日 I
    じ‘rhox I
    ChhO
    lou
    llsing
    nting ぉ broken 0 1
    、
    ム1 l
    hc a 仁L'rt:lin: lt ll o
    unl 0'1'11
    じc pl ay i n thc c !ll Ch
    opcr:l t
    ingt l
    H .
    :chan ism， usuallyb el 、
    ¥ een1 0t l
    ll1a
    l ncl
    宅 p
    ぉl
    a
    opp
    rtl
    yぉe lヌヒ ι
    1orslillopじI 礼11
    11日 mech‘I
    nlSI1l
    う ! o
    lt
    l l
    lt l
    lじ I Sl
    l r
    ccla l lhe pじく￨は1. i¥ll hollg h ll1:1ny
    6.o il01
    'g rcascQn( hcl i
    nin日
    付
    l1
    lけc lcr
    n¥ 'chiιl sl
    e Iavc孔ut omatlc礼ι Ijll s
    tme nl，討 omc
    I
    IIピc h‘ln
    isll
    l.
    ，
    ..h a¥じ 日 ￨ 汁c i
    1i、
    t f ori n
    itia
    l‘I cljuSlt
    llじ l1l
    Cll l
    lCh r ep:lir or 1 じp
    l acelll
    ent shuulc l a l¥ ¥ 'ays Clutchr
    att
    le
    川
    。、 h'じs cttingl l]lt lt
    eIllcchanist
    llcor rcct
    ly

    Thisusuall
    yr esu
    ltsf
    rom somelhingloose01
    Clutchs
    lip brokeninsi
    cleorarolln
    dlhecl
    ll
    lじh

    C
    llllCh sl
    ip OCCl
    lrs when rhe clUICh cannOl 1
    tll Is
    laybecal edby
    !
    rln訓 1
    < 1i
    lt heenginctorque10lhcgcarbox
    1 pcdalr
    ， elul'l1 sprin
    gll1iおi
    お ngorhr oken
    2
    . exccssivel¥¥
    ， ¥'or
    nr eleasemechani sll1
    3 白nger spring (anti-r .
    <
    lnle ぉpr ing) ¥¥'c :a
    . k 01
    I
    tm~ly hcC
    :IUS
    仁 dhy‘I
    nyofl
    hef
    olowing
    brokcn
    1， i
    nsulfl
    ciじn1flじCp l川 4
    .c lriv
    enp lar eぉpr ingsl ooseorr ive1Sぉl ‘c
    II
    、!
    Z U1l〈〉!日 1
    じ ISじ り nlhじ f
    ric
    tiol
    llinings
    : う rclcasehearingl oosei ni s
    l.hold引
    3
    .¥ ¥'
    ornl ining討
    . ¥
    1
    ι ¥'lkc
    c: !u lchpr c同 l
    lrcplarespri
    ng01 'springメ
    Veryrapidwear

    Apan f roll1 ll1ecllanic


    al dcfcCl 河 川 に or
    r eclc
    lrivin呂
    Clutchdrag
    methods Jll江)' C: 1use C I
    UICh lmuhl c The usual
    ，

    causes are ho l 、
    ing lhc ehicle (
    d fro
    lll rUllning
    ClulchclragO CCl
    lrswhenr heclUICh willnot hack¥Y山 d日 c lo ¥¥'nas lopc)¥ ¥'i
    lhl hヒ clUICh， ancl
    fu
    llycl
    iscngagct hecl
    riv
    e， 1
    1calsescli
    ff
    lcllty re日 inglhe' 1001 on lhc c l
    lllCh pcda. l Thcsc ¥¥
    'il
    l
    1cng‘I
    1
    1 gll1臼 gearoringearchangin自 Gll
    l討c healh l l
    ilcl-up and cxces刷 、 e ¥¥'eardlle{ O
    lhじ 行 l
    ipping oflhc c l
    riven p l日lCl inin日:tnd l hじ
    ζonst antpre S SllJじ り nlhcl h
    rllSlhじanng
    1!ll:l)' hじ ι。l
    lls
    edI
    ηF
    1
    . cxにじおお I
    Vじ 1Iヒじ pl日} 川 lheped礼l
    ‘ CHECKYOURUNDERSTANDING
    之 くlじ￨じ ι 、
    11cl hrusl1ヲeann日
    う d r
    i l'
    cn1 ラ￨川じ hじχ
    1じdonlhe日earboxinp"lshal
    t • ThcclUlch i sacoupli ng(no日1 1al
    ly0' 1lhe fric-
    ~plincs t
    ion l )'p
    e) rhrough ¥ ¥'hichl he d r 、
    ic r rOIl1 1hヒ
    -
    1. gC:
    lr boxi n
    pll
    ls haflspigOlbe山 lngNC1ヌure ヒn日i n
    et olhegcarhoxi 討 lranSl11lt
    tヒd
    号 ι I
    ri
    l'enpl川じに 1 辻仁 k
    eclorbllCklcd ・ Itallow矢 印 aduallakc-upoflhec l
    river rol
    lll hc
    6， oi
    l')1巳 1・I
    じ Sじ onlhed ril'
    enpl川 C cn日ine! otheslmi onar yn礼n討1 1
    11討sion :lnclc l
    ri、
    11l呂
    、vheels
    . I 、
    tpro idesamean rr 。
    討 Cll lpol江ri
    lydisconnccr-
    Clutchjudder ingtheclri¥
    'efromt hcenginヒ 1 0l hcgc‘I rhox
    . It出8同 r s川 gc山 changing
    • Thcrc 山 e 1 ¥¥'0 1l1 ~lin types: coi l叶ラ nng ‘1 n
    c l
    This i
    sv ih
    ral
    ion orj
    llc
    lcl
    er，proc
    ll
    lccc
    laslhe
    diaphragmspring
    cll
    llC
    hi sengaged
    . ¥，(
    !hen l110ving away f rull1 r(
    'stt he 叶ヲlI1nl 1g
    I
    plじ 同urc plale a ncl 1) '
    ¥¥
    'h( 'cl g radll:tll
    )' COI 1C
    l
    152 ¥
    lo(Orv
    ， chi
    ck:
    wchn
    りlo
    gyr
    orIl1c
    cha
    nic
    s

    logcth e r~cl
    amping l he st a
    tionary dr iven plale 2 Whyi sspeci alfr
    ict ionIllal
    el 川 1requiredonl he
    belween l hcll
    l
    . Slip
    pi ng¥Vil
    lt akc place bClwcen clutchp lat eフ
    the c.
    lriven p e，and (
    lat he pressurc pl a
    tea ncl 3 Whati ぉm eantbyt heterm c !u!cbsl 〆LiS
    /
    : llhe
    Oywhccl ，unrilfu
    llclalllpingpres乱 I
    rei sachieved， pos sib
    lecauses
    礼lwh ich poi nrthe cJurch peclalhasbeen f ully 4 Some l 1le ansofad justmen t，ci thermanual01
    released.I li sthcδli p
    p ing act
    ion lhatgi ves rhe automat ic，mus t be provi clecli nr he c
    1utch
    graclualr a
    kc-upofthed rive oper atingIllcchanisl l
    l.W hy '
    ラ Lisl the fO Llr princip al cOl ll po
    nen lS of a
    clutch
    ￨ REV ， O NEXERCISESANDQ附 T
    凶 lONS I 6L istI h
    reepos si
    blecausesofc lu
    tchj uclc
    lcl

    1 Whyll1uSlacl
    rive
    rbea blelOcasl
    iyc
    l
    isconnect
    t
    heengi nefr
    ollllhegearbox?
    円 uidflywheel andto ueconverters

    I
    mpe
    lle
    r
    Introduction c
    asln
    g
    T
    urb
    inev
    ane
    s
    rorquccOI l¥'er
    lers<tr
    - cane出 enlialp ar
    tufl l l
    ocl
    crn
    aU!Olla
    1 t!ct ranぉ11
    1
    1おs ionsystems.110、
    - vcvcr，10h ell
    ラ
    you undclおl anclhowl heywork i tish est to f
    irS
    l
    lear
    na h
    O l
    l ll hじ f
    ll
    lil日ywhee.
    c lThisiswhyacom- T
    urbi
    ne
    ponent [h~1I you mayncverseei sclcalt¥
    Ivith日r st c
    aStn
    g
    inIi内 Ch，
    h ，， l
    ，. じ1

    I
    npu
    tfr
    om
    e
    ngme

    Thefluidflywheel

    I
    mpe
    l
    ter
    The pllrposc of l he f1
    l1id1fywheel ，al so v
    ane
    know1 lasaf 1uidcoupling，i st oa ctasan
    icc
    alltomat 1111ChbelWeenlheengineandr he
    gcarhox. Iti slIsec
    l insread ofa dr yp lale
    c
    11ll 、
    Ch .v
    ith aUl omalic 01 " semi-automa(Ic
    gearhoxes.¥'Ihent
    i heengi neisa tidlespeecl，
    there isi n
    suf f
    icient torque transmittec
    lt u
    enalラI
    cthevehic etomove，
    i bl
    llasthespeed
    oflheengi nei sincreased， lhef1
    l1id日ywheel T
    ogear
    box
    i
    npu
    tsh
    at
    f
    gracl
    lla
    llylransmir ssuf日c1entengl l
    le torque
    10movcr hevehi c
    ie
    Q
    i
    l
    s
    eal
    S
    ecu
    ri
    ng
    b
    ot
    ls
    Thじ い vomai1 lcOl1lponentsofa nuiclf ly肝 heel
    arclheimpel ler.whi chisdrivcnhylheengi ne， Figure17
    .1 Thef
    lui
    dfl
    ywheel
    ancl1 hじ t
    urbine.which transmits the eng ine's
    lorquc 10l he gearbox ( F
    igllrc1 7.1.1
    ) 301h lhe
    impellerandtheturbinchaveaI lumbero fvancs
    or partl
    tlり n討 huilli nlO lhem.¥ 'Ihen t
    i he f1
    l1id v
    ic
    lec.The1
    l f1
    1i
    cl1
    fywheeli spanialy白lIed，10lhe
    1
    fywhccll Inilisaおおど mblec
    ll ogelhe.
    rthcvaneson 日
    lIerplll
    glevel，wilhengi neoil，anc
    lirisrhi
    sr h
    al
    horhl heil llp
    elle
    rancll herurhinearef ac
    ingeach l
    ransmits the lorque f r
    om I he engine-d
    riven
    olhe.
    r To ensure lhal the vanes c 10 nor 101lCh i
    lll
    peller 1
    0r he rll
    rhine on rhe gearbox sh a
    fl
    、、henrotaling，asrnal I'unningclearance ispro- (
    Fi日ll
    res1 7
    .2ancl17.3)

    153
    154 ]
    ¥
    Iot
    ol、e
    hic
    lじ l
    じし h
    nolo呂、t
    or!1lC
    仁hankぶ

    T
    urbl
    ne P
    alh
    wayo
    ftr
    ans
    mis
    sio
    nfl
    ui
    d thegcarbox input討haf t
    .At i dlin
    gメpecd.thecen-
    triu伴
    f tI'01
    1 仁ec xcnedonIhcI luidiおinsul白Clentto
    drive lhe turbineand i
    t討 arrachビd gearbり xshafl
    and I love t
    l he vc
    hic
    le. The hanclhrake s hou
    lcl
    a 、
    l¥Vayshekepton. hovじVl't'. whcl1r hcvchiclei討

    srat
    Junary

    Operation:pullingawayanddriving

    ¥
    Xlhen t
    he accclciλlor p
    ccl‘
    1
    Iis depresseι.
    1 thじ
    ‘ I
    l
    i
    1c
    reaslI1g
    ncrc
    e l
    s
    cn日ine anc
    ethecent rif
    u g
    a
    1 illlpeller speeζ1 "
    lforce~I 仁Cll[川
    n日 upontheo
    Iso
    il
    日
    [
    "
    I
    ， e o川
    i 日
    1fl0¥V凶 to1he り ut
    引el仁ζ
    CI旦仁 ofIhe 川 i
    lI
    llpe
    llcl
    ancl passes across onto the l UJ 'b1川nc b
    1 叶色a
    ￨ cι
    dcs、、i
    以 t
    h
    。
    ヲ
    I
    mpe
    lle
    r
    s
    乱uf日C
    口ient force to move the lurh 羽1
    ラ 川ne. I 【汁tc the
    Figure172 Oper
    . ati
    ngpri
    nci
    p[eoft
    hef
    [ui
    d inputs ha
    f t，andpropellhじ Vじh i c le.The口l ii scon
    f[ywhee
    [ 討ranl
    l yrccirculat
    ecl bctween thei l ll
    pcllel 礼ndI hじ
    turbine. Evcntually I
    守 hespced c 1ifference or slip
    ber¥veen lhe two u nitsiお日I most zer o. hUl the
    LUrhine ah:vays revolveメ alilll es lo¥¥'
    er th"n t hじ
    T
    urb
    ine F
    i1
    le
    r Imlヲe
    llcl
    ρ
    lug

    Advantagesand di
    sadvantagesofthefluid
    flywheel
    8
    all
    b
    eari
    ng
    SomcoftheIllainadvantag
    es(
    )faf
    lui
    dflywheel
    Gl
    and
    Ro
    ll
    er s
    eal ar
    easfollows
    bea
    rin
    g
    O
    utpu
    t ]
    . The engine's lorquc i st ransmitte
    cl progress
    s
    ha
    ft
    ive
    ly t o the gcarbox. This r e
    :川l t
    si na !lluch
    slllootherandI lo
    l recomf orlahler ide
    .¥ ¥'
    hichis
    parti c
    u lar
    ly imporrant ror paおお cngcト carrylng
    E
    ngine vehi cles
    f
    lyw
    hee
    l
    (
    Iy
    pi
    cal
    ) 2
    . The u n t hasa relativdy lon日 sen正 ei
    i Ifc江nιl
    rcqu lreぉ li
    ttl
    ei n thc ¥¥
    'ay り rrOllt
    inc mainten-
    ance. lti sneccssaryonlyt okccpIhco ilIevd
    toppeclup，and1 0checkf orl tk
    e: s
    3
    . The sllloothness ufupcr: tl ion Icnds 10 damp
    out any torsional v i
    bl礼tlon行 C I己Ilcd hy 1 he
    en日ll1e
    I
    mpe
    ile
    r
    .1
    4 ¥0c 1utchpeclal凶 nヒedeζl

    Fi
    gure17
    .3 Cross-sect
    ionoft
    hef
    lui
    df[ywheel rhc I
    llain disadvantag
    es (
    )
    f日 I
    lui
    clf
    lyd1eel are，
    出 f
    ollo¥¥'
    s
    . The 1
    1 crivc cannOl he diぅconnec1ed ¥¥"hcn rhc
    Operati
    on:i
    dlingspeed cngll1e 1
    討 r
    Ulll11ngt u社 lloWHealc11礼 nges1 0he
    made.which l 1eans1
    l h川 the日C ι1rbox 111
    Uお1hc
    ¥
    ;
    ¥!hcn rheengine i iI
    sι ling、theilllpeller，which is autom川 i cor0' 1rhcpre-seleclortypc
    pal1 o"
    fthe ca式ing and i s holted "10 tlle cngine 2.The turbinc s lip and oilに [1孔 日 以 hen 1
    cri、IIlg
    1
    fywheel、 rC¥'ulves. This じau只es thヒ o ili n the resul
    ti nasmalllussofthcp o¥¥"crt h
    atishein呂
    、
    impcllcl anest obe1 fungolll"'arc
    1shycent rif
    u- transmitted 10Ihe rO;l(h 'heel討 Th isC I
    LI以 JS 礼n
    ga!forcじ i
    n101 he lur
    lヲI1C 以 h
    I ichi sconn ecleclro uVCI礼 1incrcaとei
    も nf ue
    lconsumption
    Fl
    ui 、
    、
    、hecJs:
    dn lndl
    orUt'(
    q 、川:
    .
    ir
    ler
    s 1
    55

    Alrhought heconsl ructi


    oni ss i
    lll
    ilart ol ha tofa
    Torqueconverters 1
    fu icl1fywheel ，a t orquc Cunvertcrhas a I h
    ircl
    bl adeclu nitcale clastator vh、 i仁にc
    オ
    lhismou 、
    山In
    lt eζ
    C
    Ion
    l
    .a げ
    For veh ic
    les fille、
    cl rvi
    thaf ull
    y auromatic
    a仕
    luし
    f
    l
    c
    r配
    ‘a
    l
    剖l
    e
    e
    伺 whe

    e
    明

    clb
    仁
    白e

    ラc、
    tW可
    引ve凹nt
    ど
    ty閃p
    ラe ofone-w川
    冗
    hc川i
    l1
    npetler山
    川
    】 a1
    川
    aYc
    n仁
    c
    dt
    l
    hel
    U
    ω
    I
    山I
    c
    u
    山
    ωc
    h.T
    )
    rIヲ1
    川ne
    一hi
    芯 l
    凶

    .The
    詠
    凶

    l f1ui
    守

    transmlSS10n syst em、 a mocli白ec c


    l
    1
    川
    川rnpe t
    ler ，turbinca nclsWl orb l‘Ic l e‘
    cs~I r 1I
    I curved
    1
    fyv./hecl known as a torque converter i s tornakethcd irecl inuf1
    o fuil日QWl110reef
    c 日C 1Cn
    t
    usecl( Figure 17. 4).The purposeofat orque anc lt oatlowtheturbinct oabsorbI he powerof
    conv erteri sto multiplytheamountoftorque the ci rcul礼 tin
    gf l
    ll
    icl，which GI USCS thc t o
    r qllet o
    procluceclbyt heengineasthevehicleaccel- mcrcase
    eratcsf J
    'OI
    llr es
    tt otheδpeeclrequirec
    lanclto
    transmit lheιIrive t o the gearbox. Uncl
    el
    cenain con c
    litions a torque converter can Principalfeaturesofoperation
    cloublc the a lllount ufengine torque being
    I
    ranslllil
    tccltothegearbox
    As the u nitrot
    a tes，centrifugalforce causes
    the1fui仁Itocirculatefroll
    lthei rnpelert othe
    turbine. The purpose ofthe s ta
    tori st or e
    c
    1irect:he1
    t f0woft ran
    slllissi
    on日ui c
    lfrol
    llthe
    P
    ath
    wayo
    ftr
    ans
    mis
    sio
    nft
    ui
    d turbine so thati t str
    ikes the vanes ofI he
    il
    llpel
    ler a t a Illore effective angle. This
    increasestheforceofIhe日u iclasi tre-ent
    ers
    ther urbin
    e.1tist hisactionrhali ncreasesthe
    amountoftorque

    The movemenrofrheS[a( ori


    scont rol
    lecl bya
    sp ecia vayc
    lone-、
    : 1urchmechani日 n，whichl ocksi
    l
    to t he gearbux casing at low engine sp eec
    ls
    (Fi gure 17う). During acceleration，when t he
    turhinc speed risesto thm ufthe impette. rthe
    st~Hor isnolongernecc!ec.
    !anclf
    luidbeginsr oh i
    t
    lhe back uflhe s t
    atOrhlades. Thc slato，which
    r
    S
    tat
    or I
    mpe
    lle
    r
    ミ、引 sb einghc
    lι!日rmlyagainstthcgearhoxcasing
    .
    Figure 174 Operati
    ngpr
    inci
    ple01t
    hetorque bytheonc-wayc lUICh
    .i ぉ110
    ¥¥'fre
    e1 0 move，and
    converter lUlilSat thesamespeccla討 theturbinc. SinceIhe

    F
    lywh
    eeland
    s
    tar
    te
    rrin
    g
    D
    ire
    ct旧 n0
    1 I
    mpe
    lle
    r
    o
    i
    lflow

    T
    urb
    ine
    T
    urb
    ine I
    mpe
    lle
    r
    v
    anes v
    anes
    Pow
    er10q
    earbo
    x
    C
    ran
    ksh
    aft 日e
    ( arb
    oxin
    pu
    tshaft
    )

    F
    ree
    whe
    el

    S
    lat
    or
    O
    ire
    cli
    on
    o
    frot
    al
    ion

    Figure1
    7.5Torqueconver
    ter
    :cross-
    section
    156 .
    ¥
    '
    10[01'v
    ehi
    dc:t
    . c
    chn
    olo
    gyf
    ort
    llc
    cha
    nic
    :
    :
    -
    .

    st
    aluris10¥'1'f
    reewhcel
    ing¥rhel orqlleconvenel lhari slInclercenr r
    ifll
    galf or
    c e101f0whct weenthe
    、、
    .
    ¥
    i
    soperari n
    gexacllyli
    keaf1l1i
    l1
    c fywheel impellera nclr l
    lr
    lヲine，irpr ovic
    lcsr hevehicle v i
    ll
    ThelorqlleconvenerlIsesspeciallyfor
    mlll
    are
    cl af 1
    l
    1i c
    ld rives yslem
    automatictransmission fluid(ATF)，pllmpec l • A vehic Je I hari sF rtt
    ec 、
    l .vith an < lulomatic
    (0i
    lfrol1r
    l heautomal
    ictransmissi
    ol】 gear boxu t
    ilisesamocli日ec lf 1
    l
    1icl1
    fywheelcal l
    eda
    torqueCunvert eJ
    • The mai nf eature ofa lorque CQnverrer i s
    Advantagesanddisadvantagesofthetorque
    the lse ofa st alOr
    . whi ch i sl ocated belween
    converter
    rhei lll
    pelerandt her urb
    ine .Theplrposeofr he
    slalori s1 0r eclire
    ctr he 1
    fuid enabli ng irrO rake
    The t Orque conver ter'
    s main advantage i sthat
    a more ef 日cienrparhway. The operalion ofI he
    i
    la ts bOIh aぉ a smooth-act
    c in日 c l
    lllCh a ncla s
    staro ris con rrolecl bya s peci a
    l one-wayc llllC
    h
    a gear hox. The ι gearbox'gives a l imi
    r e
    clb l
    lt
    calledaf reewhcel
    In日nilclyva riablcgea rr atio froma bol l
    r 2.5:] lO
    • The c fli
    c iency of both l Inirsr elies on I he
    ]:1 ，whenbOl hther urbinea nclr heO l
    llplllshaf l
    cor rectl Yre uf t ransmissi on oi lor fllli
    ι1 being
    arer Olari
    nga lvir
    rllallyenginespe ecl.E ffecli
    vel y，
    usecl
    this mean行 t hatthe <lutomatic gear box can l lse
    fewergcal 汚 thanamanualgearboxf orr hes ame
    Iypeofvehicle

    1
    The disadvantage i
    fywhcel，somer urb
    sI
    inesl i
    l
    har，as wi
    コsr
    il lOCCl
    r
    Ir
    hr
    s，
    he f
    anclt
    1l
    1ic
    l
    here I REVISIONEXERC 庇 SANDQUES T l
    ONS I
    isasl ig
    hlpowerl oss
    1 Whari sIhemainpurposeofaf 1l
    1il1
    c f)'¥v
    heel'
    2 Name t he Iw o main componen ls of a f lu
    id
    CHECKYOURUNDERSTANDING flywhe el
    3 Whartypeofol iisus ec
    li n日lIicl1
    fywheel sancl
    • Forvchiclcs日t le
    cl' ¥v
    ith se mi -~Iutomari c ge山 ー tO rqlleCunverters フ
    boxcぉ， af1l
    1i l1
    c fywhccli sl Ise
    cl.The日lIi c 1ywheel 4 ¥
    lf X!hali sthemaximurnamounroft orquem l
    lltト
    aCISasan < lu
    : tomalic c1urch betwecn l he engi ne p licati
    ont hatal orqucconver tercanpruducc フ
    anclgearbox ラ r na ( orqueconve rt
    er，whari srhepl lr
    poseo f
    、
    • The mailcomponen rsofa f 1
    l1i d1fywhcclare thes tat
    olフ
    Ihe impelerand Ihe r llrbine
    . syallowi ng f1
    l1ic
    l
    T egearb
    、

    Introduction Thefunc
    tiun0'
    1thegearboxi
    sto

    InIhcc ariydayお り f11o


    l toring.enginesof tenranal • cnahlerhetorqueheingt ran
    sl1i
    l t
    te
    clfroll
    1
    al ixe
    d rpl l
    1. 1
    no rclcr1 0 vary I
    he road spced of rhe engine r
    orhe cl
    riving wheel st o be
    Ihc vヒhiclc. and 1 0 cnable il10 仁lill1b h
    ils，r
    l he vari
    ed ro SUilloac
    l and speec lr equi
    re-
    whcc1ぉ¥vcrcd rivcnt hroughsevcr al討el sot呂ears ment s
    ;
    !'hi
    si s ¥Vhy.r or example、 we r efert ufour-Or • provic
    leameansofr eversi
    ng;
    日v c
    -ぉpeeclgじ泊rboxes • provideapermanen lneut r
    alpo出 tlon

    Gear
    box En
    gin
    e (
    a)
    i
    ncor
    por
    at
    l門9
    th
    efj
    na
    ldri
    ve

    Or
    iv
    esh
    aft
    s Pr
    ope
    1
    lers
    ha
    ft
    F
    inal
    dri
    ve

    Gea
    rbox

    (
    b)

    Figure18.1 Gearboxloc
    atio
    n:(a)tra
    nsverselayout(
    fro
    ntengine，front-wheeld
    riv
    e);(
    b)convent
    iona
    l
    layout(
    frontengine，r
    ear-wheeldr
    ive)

    157
    158 .
    ¥!
    OL
    OI、
    c1
    11
    cl
    ctc
    c11
    110
    loM
    Yfo
    II3
    1じじ h
    :l
    niどお

    Ihじ日ιIrb
    ' ox i
    snorm礼 IY 日I
    redI
    dja
    cen
    tto lhe
    与 The I lasic principles can perhaps bc bcst
    cn日I nじ、 ¥¥
    "ih the r
    t ly¥y
    heela ncl clutch bct ，，'ccn explainedh )'lookinga rrhegealぉy川 em白t tedtoa
    thell.Thisp
    l ro¥'iclcsal ogical1
    f0，'fortheen日lnes
    ， pedal c ycle.¥Xlhen 問 、 er a
    l gears 礼 r e 日tte
    clt oa
    rorque t o be t ran引 n i
    ttecl lO the nnalc lri
    ¥'
    ca ncl bicyck t hey el ヲk you r
    1a1 hc ric
    lc r(thc 'cnginc')
    、
    町

    then 0 11tot heιlriving， ¥-heel


    s.''¥
    1 ¥'ooflhe mos[ lOl 1akeI
    1 he1 1
    10S1effi c
    icntuseoft hctorquea al i-
    ιOJlllllo
    nlayolll日汁 r cS h
    O'¥¥l
    li nFigure]8 .1 able (your p eι
    lalling effon). Thi 行 1行 ιlone Il¥
    SOIlC v
    l ehicle 討 L lse combine cl g ヒ~l rboxcs ancl sclccr ing a 乱 litable gcar ，川 i ot h川 malches t he
    r
    ll1alζIr
    ivc片 1 11
    じ Ilrit阿 hM iniisaneXJmplcof( hi5 prcva i
    li ngroaιIcondirions( ド1 9urc 1 8
    .7)
    typc01ιombincd.tr~ lI1 smission' unil ¥
    Xfhen c 1imbing ・ lH1川 l i e
    nt.y Ol l selc
    cl;t 10¥¥
    gea rr ati
    o. AIlhough lhc ぉpeecl or [ hc bicycle
    redl lces，)'O
    llf indtiea出 町 t opedalhecause( )fthe
    lorque1 111
    11tipl
    icali
    onhylheぉeleCl edgea.r1 ncon-
    t
    l川 t. when clcsccncling grac
    li cnt thc cycic' s
    speec .
    li ncreases. By 討e lec"
    ting ι1high geユrr at1
    口、
    Principlesofgearing you arc ablc t o pec
    .
    la lV，i
    ' thout 1lluch cffor
    r山 1 cl
    日 1ml hep e
    cl孔Isa tacOl l1fortablヒ!日 [e

    Pulsil
    11pl
    y.lheprinciple0'1gιll
    ing I
    Satype
    Typesofgearteeth
    ofleverage，wh巴reasl 1a
    1 l
    linpulforceisab
    le
    (0l
    llQveal l
    luchlargerforce
    To "lo¥V each 0'
    1lhe 呂earwheel討 totr~lnsrnit Ihe
    availahleto
    rql
    le，lheyar el1a
    1 chinecl"i[ht eeth0 1

    C
    yc!
    istA

    、
    d喝
    、

    I
    .。
    .
    .$
    {" ¥くミ"
    ) Jl\ ~/
    レ
    レ.O
    rki
    _
    .
    ..
    90レ
    り
    ぬ n
    ~ I
    ，
    t
    Iη)8

    S
    ing
    les
    pee
    d

    C
    ycl
    istB

    ugoeeo、
    .
    0
    t¥明 。e

    引 ;
    2
    与
    、戸
    が .
    O(C
    X

    Change1
    0sU
    lta
    bleg
    ear

    Figure1
    8.2 Basi
    cpr
    inci
    ples01gear
    ing
    r
    hじ只ピ l
    rhm
    : 159

    (
    a) (b
    ) (
    c)
    S
    i
    g
    e
    r
    a
    a
    t
    「g
    1
    rt
    h
    i
    e
    -
    C
    e
    t
    U
    h
    I
    •
    G
    m
    a
    e
    a
    t
    a
    c
    a
    rt
    h
    n
    i
    n
    e
    e
    e
    t
    d
    h
    (
    .
    .F
    D
    o
    h
    e
    g
    e
    u
    l
    a
    b
    i
    c
    r
    l
    a
    l
    w
    e
    .
    h
    c
    e
    e
    u
    l
    t
    s
    in
    ci
    Jned
    angl
    e

    Figure18，3 Types01geart
    eet
    h:(
    a)spur;(
    b)he
    lic
    al;(
    c)doubleh
    eli
    cal

    as 1川じ n日h
    l"， Pヒ 1
    1 lじs them 1
    0 luesh '
    ¥¥
    'i
    th one Gearr
    a o= o
    ri lll
    tll
    l Jψ/11
    /i
    anolhcrandr 01<
    11e
    whcre 011Ij
    JlII i
    s 1he numbcl りf 1ee1h on I
    lle
    Il
    ' reじ o'
    l f1he mos1 common shapes forge~1I
    dr
    I¥'cn 呂earwlleel，and ill
    l川 1is1
    1
    1ヒ numher01
    1e
    e11 l川じ
    1ccr
    hun1 11cdriving且C山 wllccl
    1
    . SpllJ Tl
    1isis民 同 ic
    rrorerncmbcr: I
    S
    2 1
    ，Iclic11
    3ιIOllhlchc
    lic
    al Gc
    ca
    ar
    rr
    ra
    l
    a
    li
    lo=d
    O= riueJ1
    driuel
    '

    Spur
    Forexamplc， inFigurc 1 8.
    4"1¥
    ¥'0g
    e;l
    r¥¥
    ' heε
    lメ 江 r
    c
    Thcsc 1
    ec11
    l，¥['(:川 l
    ‘1gl
    i11じu1acr
    oss the gcar
    ，an
    cl
    rneぉhcdi n conraCI¥Vilheaに1o lC.
    1I rGι1 I
    "¥
    ¥'h
    ('ご11
    ( ¥
    aren01勾 11
    1opel川 ion(Figure 1.3
    8 :
    a)
    (t1
    lc drivcr) 1
    laぉ lう 1ce11
    l and gcalwheヒ1B ( 1l1e
    drivヒng C;l
    r)haぉ 301C ヒ1h
    HeHcal
    ~ d
    rir
    ell 50 2
    '
    fll
    e1 じ仁 l h ar<.
    ' m‘lchined a
    t an indined anglc ，
    ear1
    礼10= = 一一 = 一
    一= フ
    i旦lIr
    (F cI Hうh)， TItじ ￨りngcr teeth are quic
    terin /r
    c i，'(!/ l
    う l
    ope r~lt l0n，日 ndじn a
    l ヲl
    e日 higherlorquc l o
    aclin
    gtu
    hetrI ，
    IlSlll
    illed
    D
    ire
    ctトo
    nof
    r
    Ol
    ati
    on
    Doublehelical 3
    0te
    eth
    This 岳山 Ir1ぉ m achincd ¥ ¥
    'i1h a dOllble I'OW uf 1
    5le
    elh
    hclicalCl
    l1 ge礼[' 1
    じe 1h， and is1hcrcforccxpensive
    10 m礼 nul江口lIr c (Figllre lR3c) 1
    ， ， 15 mai naζI van-
    URG 芯a re1h81r heopposcd1001hsh' i
    1ヲ e11
    1111
    l 1
    111SeS
    side¥
    101ζI
    ‘1
    V
    "e
    )
    'ぉ thruSI 日nd 1h~1l i t can lJ礼 nsmll l110re
    O
    Gcarrat
    ios
    G
    earwhe
    elA
    (
    dr
    iv
    er)
    A gearrar
    iui sa mcasureoftherelariunship
    belweentwoorl 10r
    l egear
    wheelsthatar ei n Gearwheel8
    (d
    rive
    n)
    meshec 11
    icontact¥Vilcachothcl
    .
    Figure 184 Gearratio= 2:1(seetext
    )
    160 ルJ
    01 、
    0I e
    hic
    lel
    echnol
    ogyf
    ormcchanic討

    This meansthatforeveryl¥
    ，¥
    .iO complete rcvolu G
    ear
    whe
    el 1
    0te
    eth G
    ear
    whe
    elD
    ions0'
    l 1thedivergearwheel(A)，
    r thec
    1rivengear-
    wheel( 日)wi
    llro eonlyunce，
    tat bUIthetorquei s
    c
    luublcc
    l

    To provi c
    l c
    e a vehi1e も，vitha suitable setof
    l
    npu
    tsh
    aft 2
    5te
    eth
    gearr a
    tios，manufacturer susegearboxest h
    at
    conlainseveralsetsofgea rs， Thesearecall
    ed
    compoundgears，anc 1 furm the operal ing
    basisofalmoclerngearboxes

    3
    018
    81h
    Tocalcul
    ateacom poun
    clgearr
    ari
    o、weuset
    he
    rormul
    a G
    ear
    whe
    elB 1
    5te
    eth G
    ear
    whe
    elC

    ol
    ll/
    JIII I 01
    11/
    )11
    1) Figur
    e1 8，5 Compoundgeart
    rai
    n
    GCiHr
    ati
    o=一一
    一ι 一一ム X ~ "' f~ "' .!.

    1
    11ρ11/1 int/ll ， Gearr a
    tio~ 3，75:1

    wher e OI
    l/tl
    l
    /1isrhcfirstclri
    vengear，Iて
    l日
    り/ ，
    11 i
    sthe
    白r r 0111ρ
    stdriving gea. .1
    . )i
    (1 s the second driven
    Manualgearboxes
    gear，日nclintll
    l.
    !ist
    heseconddrivinggeal
    Therc<lr
    : ctwo r na i
    ntypeメ ufgc山 hox，manualand
    automatic，t helarrerof tcnbcin呂 Gtllcdautomatic
    PutI
    llor
    esimply transluission.Manual υt !earboxes deocncl r
    Ola1
    lv
    ， ，
    dri
    ven driuen on Ihe c l
    riverr口 局e l巴ct and change 日ca. r Auro-
    Gearr
    ati
    o~一一一一一 matJc 呂ea rboxes can change 日earaccordin自 1 0
    driuer d円 四r
    ビngincl oad， roadS[ コccd、d ri Icmanc
    vじ rsζ .
    land.i n
    rhelateslcomplll eト con lro
    lled lIni
    lS，accorc
    1ing[0
    thestyleofclr iv
    in g
    Thercar el hreeI ypesofm礼n lla
    lgearhox
    Forexal1p
    l l
    e. thecom pound geart
    rain sh
    o'¥
    vn
    i
    nF igure18う hast¥¥
    'osct
    sofgearwheelsmeshe c
    l 1.si
    ldingmesh;
    i
    ncon lac
    twirheach口t hel 2
    . consrantmcsh
    3 synchromesh
    ，

    Ge川 r
    at こa
    Ju =
    :
    ノρJ
    Ji.
    L l 1
    "
    一 一，，t
    S
    driu
    eJτD 30× 25
    driuel 、 driuen
    c 10 1う Sliding-meshgearbox
    ~ 37 う l

    Calculare Ihe compouncl r aios l


    t isl
    ecl in
    Thi
    sisr コ
    he simlle
    sl uf l
    he t
    hree I
    ypes uf
    manua
    lgearbox
    l三1
    I
    )le1 8 1，a
    ， nc t your aJl$wers i
    l pu nrhc spaces
    prov
    icled

    Table 18，1 Calcul


    ati
    ono fcompoundgearrati
    os
    Number0 1 Number01 Numberof Numberof Theove
    ral
    l
    te
    ethont he te
    ethonthe te
    ethonthe te
    ethonthe gea
    rrat
    loIS
    :
    in
    putdriv
    er in
    putdr
    ive
    n ou
    tputdr
    ive
    r ou
    tputdr
    iven
    15 45 20 40
    24 36 15 45
    20 30 10 40
    5 40 15 30
    16 38 18 36
    rh l'只1:~lrbox 161

    Thcn山 nederive ぉf romthesl icl


    ingaClionofthe The mai り nC
    n com p I
    llS of lhc sl
    idi
    ng-
    lle
    1 sh
    mainsh; l
    f
    tg ear
    ¥¥'he
    el s句 れl
    hichare movcd i nLo 01 gearb
    oxareshoWI1inFigure18.6
    oul 口fl le
    1 sh wilhlhe appr OprialC layshaf
    l gcal
    whc elぉ I:kcauscofl hisslidi
    ngaClion， spurgear5 Operation
    areused.Thisr ype ofgearboxi s，，1 、
    5050net ll1e
    l S Engine rorque i 5lransl1li
    t te
    d lhmu自h rhc clUlch
    referrcd1 0 asacrashgearbox，becauser hegcal cenlre plme，which i 55p linccl[()rhc primary 01
    tcethIllayc r
    a5hi nl
    Ocachothcri ftheirspecds' l
    I'e inputshaf .Theconst
    t an t-mesh gearst ransf
    erthc
    not evcnly matche cl when a gear chan月e I S torque1 0lhelaY5haf
    l.'
    1'0l ransl1i
    lllheIOrquef roll
    1
    aLLcmlラr c
    d . Also，because oft hc U5e ofspUr- CU l lhe laysh a
    ft 10 one oflhc l lai
    1 nshafl日cars，t he
    gearwhce s，
    l thegcarboxi srathernoisy inoper a drivcr!llU行1U5ethegearl ever1 05clecrrheappm-
    tion. It i 汚 li
    lle u5ed today，but i
    l 5 easy r o priategear.ThedrivepathforcachgC<:l1" i sshoWI l
    under stand in Fi
    gure J 8.7
    .'10 obrai
    ' n rcverse日car，a reverse

    G
    earl
    ev
    er

    S
    elect
    o
    rfo
    rk，
    t
    hi
    rdandf
    our
    thg
    ear
    s

    Oogt
    eet
    h
    S
    ele
    cto
    rlo
    rk，
    P
    nma
    rys
    ha
    lt f
    i
    rs
    tandsecondg
    ear
    s

    C
    lut
    chsli
    des
    Q
    nIhes
    esplin
    es

    Gear
    sIn
    co
    nsta
    nt‘ミ
    mesh M
    ain
    sha
    fl

    L
    ays
    haf
    l
    R
    eve
    rsei
    dl
    er

    Figure18.6 Simpl
    efour-
    speedsl
    idi
    ng-meshgearbox
    162 "I
    Ot
    nl、
    '
    eh
    i<
    .
    :
    1ピ I
    :c
    t hno
    [og
    yro
    rmc
    cha
    nic
    s

    idlergeari
    s used lOre、ど r
    sじ lher
    owl
    ion ofl
    hじ
    I
    npu
    t O
    utp
    Ul mainsha
    ftgιI
    r(Figure 1
    8.8)

    Constant-meshgearboxes

    F
    ir
    st
    Int sdesign，
    hi thegearwheel sareincons tant
    l1e
    l sh 、，
    vith e正ch ol her (Figure 18.9).The
    mainsh aft gears are ll
    lountecl On bearings
    that allow thell1tor otat
    e independen【l yof
    the mainshaf . Al t
    r he gear s have helical
    teeth to he1lコ give bOlh sl
    l100lh anc1 quiet
    operatio
    ll， ¥
    ¥Ii
    tht heexcepfIonofr ('v
    erse

    S
    eco
    nd
    To 1り どlく ~Iny g巴 Lr 1り lhe l 11"inslu" ll
    . " dog
    clutch i s uscd. Thi s conぉ1 Stお り 1<l行 1
    11，，1 ぉlidin
    g
    colalヘ 、i rht ecrh on e"ch enc 1日i 11i
    1 1l
    ‘rt Celh 日r
    e
    a1so rna仁 hinecl onloe"ch oflhe III日i nsha rr 日ear-
    whcc ¥s ¥ や hcnr hctc c
    rhonl hじ doHcluIU11C11HiHC
    〈

    wi rhrhose口nthegear ¥¥' ，l I
    hee 1
    latgeari 汚 mechan
    icallvlockcc ¥tot hclllai
    nsh川 l

    T
    hir
    d Operationinneutral
    ¥lhen lhe gearl
    X everi お 11 n
    1 eutl‘1 pos1110n， the
    rwoc ¥ogclurcheβ(2) and (う)山 C 1 101111 conlacr
    れ it
    hanyoft hege" l、、 heelろ a ndClnnOI I t礼n smlt
    lorque10theIII礼 i
    nshafl(FigtlJ仁 IHり)

    Operationinf i
    r s
    tgear
    Thedo 日clurch (う)ismoved: I
    longt he mainsh‘1f
    t
    T
    op
    l
    〉Y11
    1eselectorforhu 11
    111
    11じng: lg cs v、
    ilhlhc白r s
    .t
    gear (6)，locking illO lhe m川 "'討 ha"l
    l
    . Thヒ dr i¥'
    e
    Figur
    e18.7 S
    lid
    ing-
    meshgearbox・powerpaths palh along ¥ ¥
    "hich lhe LOrq
    l lじ li I
    .
    ' 1汀n ぉ
    I1lI
    l1ed i
    s
    引rni
    lal"[0thatsho 恥 n11
    1ドigllre 18.7(白1 内I ge
    :tr)

    Operationinsecond， thirdandfourthgear s
    M
    ain
    sha
    ltg
    ear
    whe
    el Thedogc ¥lll
    ch(う)i 、
    smo edU1 l1i
    li teng ・
    1且es¥¥"i
    th
    rhe seにond g ear (4
    ). To cng: lge thirc
    l gcaL r hc
    日earlever r elurnsl he f
    il メl
    /δecondι ogc
    l ¥llCh lo
    rhc ncutra l posit
    ion bcforc ! lo
    l ¥'ing clogc lu(ch
    O (2)i
    ¥vay
    n
    t o mesh ¥¥
    "ilhllre llli
    lι
    !日仁川 < .)i
    ) n汀 similal

    1
    1f ourrhOrropgC:Ht hcc 10gcl u(ch( 2)en‘
    日i HCメ
    日 il
    h lhe dog l eelh ofrhc primary gear (1)，川 くl
    locks lhe primar y and Jll礼 insh
    a f
    ts(og じlhじ.
    rThe
    O drivc parh is110Wst ra
    ig h
    t through. g 、
    i 1nH‘ 1I:1
    L
    ays
    haf
    tge
    arw
    hee
    l O R
    eve
    rsei
    dl
    er rall
    o

    Operationinreversegear
    Tuoblainrever segearas 日 りf spurge<1I
    、、 hじelsis
    Figure18.8 Secti
    onedvi
    ew showi
    ngoper
    ation01 oftcn ls
    ccl、 :
    ¥'
    hich i
    nclu
    clc an :Id
    cli
    tional rcvcrsc
    areverseid
    ler i
    cl
    lergear1 0 revel
    ぉet herotationofl hemainshaft
    1
    '
    11
    (:gじ礼 r
    hox 163

    R
    ever
    seg
    ear
    Top T
    hir
    d Se
    condIIF
    ir
    st
    P
    rim
    arys
    haf
    t g
    ear ge
    ar ge
    ar1gear

    Dog Dog
    c
    lut
    ch c
    lut
    ch

    L
    ays
    hal
    i

    Figure1
    8.9 Constant-meshgearbox

    (Figl
    lre1 8り) .W hじnI hヒ r everscidlergcar(]3 )is During t he 日181pa110fHeal c nHζi日ヒ IlCn
    l l，the
    111、
    0 edi nto mじぉ hedcりn tac(wi r
    hrhereversegear s selector fork ll10veぉ Ihe cOl1lplじtc synchr oll
    leぉh
    IOC<lle
    d on bOlh I hc III日付lsha
    fl (11)and iayshaft hLIb tQV. lr
    le
    ， c
    l芯 r he select
    e c 、
    l gealνhe el (F igl
    lrc
    (J2).r hl' d
    irect
    ion 0"1r ot
    ation i
    sr e
    versc
    cl CFigure 18.10). The Ar stconl acrisI la
    l cl cb)' Ihc i n
    rernal
    18.H) cone 0' 1rhe hub and t he eXlcrnal conc of I he
    呂car whee. l The f r
    icl
    ion bCI ¥'
    X een I hem marches
    (01
    's ynch ronis
    e: ;
    )r he specd ofrhc huh a nclI he
    Synchromeshgearboxes
    free-m uving gcar i na f e¥¥
    'I lloment 行 Furrhcl
    movel11cnr ( )f the gヒ山 Icver overcomcs I he
    Theclemand f orql
    lIcrancleasygearchang-
    ln呂 haδbr oughtahoutthewi desprea
    cluseof B
    al
    lan
    d O
    ute
    r In
    te
    rn
    al Oogt
    eet
    h
    lhe full
    ysynchromesh gearbox. I rIs similal s
    lee
    ve
    lnll
    le1nyr cspeclδ10theearlierconstant-
    Illesh
    gearbox，burthec logc1urchiδreplaccclbya
    Ma
    ins
    hat
    f
    clev
    ice called a synchromesh hub.The
    synchroll
    lt:shhubi scl
    e s
    ignec
    lr osynchron ise
    (equalisc 01' maket he same)the speec lsof
    Ihe selecred mainsh afr geanvheelaηd the
    mainshaf'
    l

    Constant-Ioadsynchromesh1mb
    Thi討 ist he 111
    0川 basi cf orll ofs
    1 ynchrol1lesh.I r
    ιon山 川 お り ra h ll
    l ラ日n ιI an out er slceve (Fi旦ure
    IH.IO) Thじ hubi 討 対pli
    n cclontothegearboxI la
    l in- I
    nte
    rn
    al
    c
    one
    shar
    r 日ndt he outじrsl eeve issp linヒCIrorhehub Gear
    whee
    l，
    '
    10 en乱 lrcI halI hど は ど ど ve remainsi nt he nClIt
    ral 百o
    oth
    ed Gro
    ovefor Ex
    ter
    nalc
    on e no
    rma
    llyfr
    ee
    r
    in
    g se
    lec
    tor matc
    hesi
    nter
    nal 1
    0rot
    ateon
    pOSIT
    10n 礼 討じ l り￨ おpring- loaded b alls ca ll
    ecl f
    ork con
    e ma
    ins
    hafl
    detents a rt: r
    llll'cI 10 Ihe h l
    lb:I hey l ocare i n
    indt
    :nl日tioJ)sint hesl ヒl'¥
    'C Figure1
    8.1
    0 Constant-
    Ioadsynchromeshhub
    164 九l
    otn
    rve
    hi仁￨ビ t
    echnol
    ogyf
    orr
    ncc
    han
    ics

    c
    lcrcn ts and sl
    icles lhc sleeve on i
    rs spli
    nes Mai
    n日e
    ar
    lov
    .，a
    ; rc
    ¥srhegearwhee.l' rheぉpli
    nesonl hesl
    ecvc I
    nne
    rbaul
    k
    sli
    c
    le over the c lug t eelh on t ，
    he 呂c3nvheel
    lockingitr ol
    heぉhaf :t
    t hcgearisengage d

    Sy
    門chr
    oni
    serhu
    b
    saulkringsyn chr omesh 4ダ
    An il
    llp
    roved version oft he constan
    tl oa
    cl syn
    chrome討h hub， wh ich incorporates a pai
    r uf S
    ync
    hro
    niserc
    one
    phosphor br
    onze cul la
    rs calec
    l baulkrings、 15
    shuwninFigure18 .1 1 Ou
    te
    rbaul
    kri
    ng
    Theadvantagesufbaul kringsync wl
    l
    leshare
    1
    . 1
    l1or
    e preci
    se mar
    ching ofgear"Nhce ls，
    l speec
    wh ich reduces wear and t ea r 01 1 gearbox
    compone川 町 I
    ns
    erts
    pri
    ng
    2.pr evcntion ufengagemen rofgearwhee l吊 ul1t
    i
    l s
    leev
    e
    lhei rspec
    :clsar
    ef u
    llyぉynchron isec l;
    3 討1l1oothergearchan日ingthroughoL ltthegear hox Fi
    gure 18
    .11 Doubl
    ebaul
    kri
    ngsynch
    romeshhub
    1礼 n 、
    ge ovi
    thuUllheneec
    ltocl ü u b l e~cleclutc h
    unl
    t

    呂ear，an overdrive r
    atio，in which l
    he mainshaf
    t
    rot
    atcs
    .atahigherspe ec
    lt hanrhefJr yshaf
    imar t
    .
    Five~speed gearboxes

    The fourth ort op gearon a fO llr~s p eed gear box Typicaly，allthe r


    atiosofa lì ve ~s p eecl gear~
    provides a 1:1 rario bctween l he p rilllar y shaf t box areobtaineclhyl ocking agearwheelt o
    anclt he mai nsha
    fl by l ocking t he two shaf ts themai nshaf
    t(Figlre18.12).Thi sa lsoal lows
    lO日elhe.
    r Fueleconomy anc lr hes . er vice l if e of thefourrhgearr at
    ioto ber ec
    l uce c
    lsl ightl
    yto
    componen tsc¥uring prul
    ungeclhi g h ~s p ccc\ Ill ü ro r~ improvevehi c
    leper formance
    ing can both be i mprovccl by pr ov icling a l if th

    To
    ge
    a
    p
    rI
    Th
    ird
    Igear
    Se
    c
    g
    on
    e
    d
    ar
    F
    ir
    g
    ea
    s
    t
    r ￨
    lg
    me
    ar

    ー
    Pr
    imar
    ysh
    af
    t ‘
    ..
    .
    . I
    I
    '
    ‘ ト』 、l 戸司 h ト、ご￨ II Ma
    ins
    hat
    f

    しay
    sha
    tt Rev
    ers
    eId同r

    Figur
    e18.
    12 Diagrammat
    icview01ali ve ~ s p eed gearbox
    1
    11じ只じ ι，
    r
    !)OX 165

    A 討ummarycomp礼 rison 0'1typic


    al gca
    rr al
    ios Table 78.2 Typica
    lgearrati
    osfo
    rfour-and
    bel¥VCじn~I f -日nd.
    our i
    fve-speeclgearboxisshown f
    ive-speedgearboxes
    inTable 18.2 Gear F
    our-spee
    dge
    arboxFlv
    e-s
    ρeedge
    arb
    ox
    Fir
    st 3.58 3.78
    Second 2.04 206
    Front-wheel-drivegearboxes Thir
    d 135 135
    Fourth 0.97
    Fif
    th 0.77
    For¥ 'chi
    cl c
    s wlth a froIllcn呂inea n
    cl front-whcc l
    Reverse 3.60 3.60
    drive a l10
    l di日ed 巳earhox i sr equired .I lSl1lost
    obviol行 k:atun :
    .iメ r hat irhas ll1uch ll10re bulk
    thanaconvじn tion
    a lgcarbox.Thisi shecausct he Gearselectorsandinterlockingmechanisms
    gearbox i ncorporale汚 thc日n aldrivcandc liffe
    ren-
    ti
    alu ni
    t (FigUl じ 18.1，)) 日uch a l ayouti s shov.，;
    n ro allow lhe dr
    iverro selectthe l110
    st su
    itable
    diagral
    l1malicalyi nFigur e 18
    .14 gc山 口山 口
    ， ma nualgearboxesaref-
    it
    tc ζl
    ¥vi
    thagC(l1

    F
    in
    aldri
    ve
    (
    in
    c町 p
    ora
    tin
    gdi
    ff
    er
    en
    ti
    alu
    ni
    t)

    Figure78.73 F
    ron
    t-wheel
    -dr
    ivegearbox

    円i
    mar
    ysh
    aftd
    : ri
    vef
    rome
    ngi
    ne R
    eve
    rsei
    dl
    er L
    ays
    haf
    t

    M
    ain
    sll
    aft
    C
    row
    nwheel
    a
    ndpin
    ion

    F
    ir
    st S
    eco
    nd T
    hir
    d F
    our
    th

    Figure7
    8.74 D
    iagral
    l1mat
    icvi
    ewofaf
    ron
    t-wheel
    -drivegearbox
    166 へ1
    0101
    " ¥'仁 h
    iclじ (
    cch
    no!
    o乞}ior1
    11
    UK1
    11
    71
    1じ、

    level山1([ selccrorm cch anisl


    ll. The main compo
    ncnrsotぉucha月e leclormechanismaresho¥ .
    vn in ToenSllrerhatonlyonegearcanbeselecled
    Fi日ure 18.J5.¥X1hen rhec lr
    iverlIs esthegearlevel at a time， an interlocking mechanistn i s
    tosclecla par iculargea.
    l rthel110vcmcnti strans- incorpormed i nto the gearbox selecl ors.A
    mirred along the appropriale sel ectorr~-li l to rhe selecrion oF interlocking l11echani討ms are
    gearwhee .lSelcιlor-Iockingorgear-I仁 catingdevices showni nFigl
    lre18，16b
    holcl a gcar cngaged ¥vhen i t has been selected
    (Figure1 8.16，
    ，)

    Gearl
    eve
    r

    Gearse
    lect
    or
    I
    OC8
    1in9devi
    ce
    Spr
    i
    ng
    Sele
    cto
    rrai
    l， Sel
    ect
    orgat
    e
    rev
    ersegea
    r

    S
    elect
    orra
    li
    t
    hi
    rdanゴ f
    our
    th

    S
    eleCl0
    rra
    i
    l
    f
    i
    rs
    ta ndsecond

    Select
    or
    forks

    Figure18，15 Gearsel
    ect
    orl11echan
    isl11

    (
    a)
    Ba
    lla
    nゴ p
    lunger
    P
    iv剖

    Gear
    engaged Gear
    engaged
    Gear
    engaged
    (
    b) S
    wingl
    ngcai
    lper
    -ty
    pe Si
    m凶ebal
    -ty
    pei
    n
    ter
    lock B
    all
    sandplL
    旧日er-
    typ
    e
    i
    nt
    erl
    ock
    ingdevi
    ce 川 t
    erl
    ock

    Figure 18，16 (
    a)Gear
    /sel
    ect
    orl
    oca
    tingdevi
    ce;(
    b)geari
    nter
    locks
    111 仁会~e:l r
    Iヲ
    OX 167

    Gearboxlubr
    icationandbearings ailhough Ile
    l l
    l
    lyprim日r}
    '品haf
    lsu討eano ilζ
    sr ol
    l
    andsl ing
    crr ing01
    "'¥
    ¥'
    el
    sh
    el
    4
    . Some f orm ofbrealher01"¥'
    cntis cssen
    tialto
    E
    f
    白 ciem gearbox operal
    ion c
    lepen
    clδupon prc e1 、
    l p
    1 reSSlr
    c builc
    l-up in lhc gじa rhox
    aclcqualc汎 1ppor
    ta n
    cl lubri
    cal
    ion f
    ora
    llt
    he wheni tbccomeshor
    In
    lern社 1compone11ls

    Four-wheel-drivetransmissionlayouts
    日
    ()I
    1lC 01
    ' Ihじ fealures I
    孔li
    l
    t i
    nto gearhoxcs
    Spcci a
    lly m ocli
    fiecl l ransmi州 lun syst el
    lls ar c
    (ドl
    且urcIH.17)山じ江ぉ1'0110¥
    ¥'5
    lヒqui r
    cdf orvehi cles dcsi gned f"OI りIl~roa cl lour-
    1
    . Thcre i
    :
    -
    .日 1
    11じ 川 討。l' chccking oi
    lIc
    ¥'c
    l，a
    ncl wheel -c
    lriveoper alion(F i
    gurelH . J8l.A iInalc 1rive
    SOIllClI
    Il
    lじ何 d
    r a
    in、
    i
    lga nclrepl:
    icemenl andc 1i
    fferent
    ialunili slincd1 0 bOlhf ronla n clr e31
    2 日plaぉh f'ccd i5lhe melhocl oflubricalion f
    rc- axlcs
    ζI
    llcnlly used 汀hhough some gearboxcs do The gearbox i sf t
    ttcc
    l wil h an a uxiliary u nit
    eml ラl '" pump
    り) callec
    l the transfer box.1 1
    S main funcl ion i s1 0
    う l
    'ol)1仁、じ 111lhcpO日 ib
    lcl oss()
    flubricanl
    .shaflS enable thc dr i¥'
    er to SCIcCIe ithert ¥¥
    'o-orfour-
    lh"
    l prolrudじ fromlhegc 山 boxareiIlle
    cl¥¥'
    ilh whcd dr i
    ¥'
    e. To clo Ihis a sccond gcar l e ¥'cri s
    an oI I叫 ユ1. Ollcn l h
    is is an O-ring se礼l 可 i
    Ille
    cl.れ hichen日blcsas plinedsl ee¥
    'el oconne ct
    L00
    刊か出
    同吋
    U引

    Ro
    l
    lerbea
    nng
    s
    mai
    nsh
    af
    t

    01
    1
    scr
    ol
    l
    SI
    lna
    was川e
    r

    Gearboxendρl
    ate
    inco
    rpo
    ratl
    ng
    ventpl
    pe

    Figure1
    8.17 Somegearboxl
    ubr
    icat
    ionf
    eat
    ures
    168 1
    ¥lolmv
    ehic
    lcl
    <.
    :d
    ll
    lυ
    I(明 yf
    orf1ll'd
    l，lIli
    (会

    Gea
    rlev
    er
    四日 e
    f a
    巾 OX
    F
    in
    aldr
    iveu
    nl
    t
    1
    0fr
    on
    twheel
    s

    Sel
    ect
    sIwo-whe
    el
    orf
    our-w
    heeld
    riv
    8

    Sh
    dln
    g C
    lu
    tc
    h
    l
    o.
    nt h
    ou
    s，n
    g
    Sl
    mpl
    e
    ran
    sf
    cr
    1
    bo， G
    ea
    r同誌 T
    ran
    sfe
    rbo
    x
    印 刷d G
    ear
    box F
    in
    aldri
    ve
    s
    le
    ev
    e m
    ams
    haf
    l Th
    ird u
    nl
    t10re
    ar
    di
    fere
    nti
    al w
    heel
    s
    O
    ut
    oul
    g
    ea
    l uni
    t
    υ門 " 凶 g
    ca
    r
    j
    on
    l
    ，

    Figure18.18 Four-
    wheeldri
    ve

    'd he drivc t
    isconnecr I oIhe frontaxle(
    Figl
    lre
    口l
    1818)
    Automatictransmission
    ¥X
    lhere pcrmanen t 0"
    ( scmi- permanent fuUI
    Automatic transmissiuns 01 'a utomatic gear boxe行
    whec ldr i
    veisellp
    1 loycd，lhe l
    1laingearboxtyp卜
    nol only lake l1luch ofl he ef f
    or t口utofc l ri
    ving1
    仁川Iyca r
    ricsoulIhe1 '
    1
    Incti
    onoflhet ransferhoxi
    n
    butalsoI 1cant
    l hallhec lr
    iverdoes1 1
    0lneecltobe
    providin且 lhe c
    lrive 仁onnections to horh 日nal
    skille
    di ngearchanging.Anotherbenen tof; l
    ll
    lu-
    driveunits
    marictransmissions i srhcr 、
    educed vearand t C<11
    on rhe enlire clri v
    cl in
    cf r
    oll1t he en呂i ne 10I he
    roaclwhcels γhi si sl argely because a propcr ly
    designecl sysrcl1 us
    l ed sen日 h ly 、札 i
    l
    lr ake up Ihe
    P
    lane
    tar
    yge
    ar5
    e! T
    orq
    uec
    onv
    ert
    er drivesllo
    1 olhly.andwi l
    l usual lybe i nthecor re
    ct
    gcarf orthe con clit i
    o ns.A simpl i
    fiec
    ll ayoutofan
    R
    earc
    lut
    ch F
    ron
    lcl
    utc
    h autOlla
    1 rlCrt三 nSll1
    1 SS10n u nlt 凶 行 hown i n Figure
    1819

    The mainessentials0"
    1110S
    l LaUlomatict
    rans
    -
    1
    l11
    SSl
    0nsare
    • at orque convener ，which r eplaces rhc
    clutch ancl gi ves a l i l， bUI 1
    mitec 01'0-
    gressively variable. range of r
    at ios (see
    Chaprer17) ;
    • a setofepicy clicgears (these havethe
    R
    earb
    and Fr
    ontb
    and gleaf aにlvantage uf being per manently
    in mesh anc l，by meansofspeci a
    l br ake
    One-waycl
    u
    tch banc l
    s 01' c lutche，
    ぉ can be engagecl
    smoot hlyan clquierly
    );
    Figure18.19 Simpi
    lli
    edl
    ayou
    t01anautol
    1la
    tic • variouscontrolsen日 r s
    t
    ransml
    SSl
    onU1
    1It
    r
    hcg
    ('a
    rbυ
    x 169

    Thecon tro lsensor sLakeaccounlo" lsl


    Icht hi
    ngs gearsス，芯i l
    la l50 r otare. Thc r ol'l
    ling planel geal 日

    asen日i neload，roadspecda nζ
    IdriverdeJllandl o willr unaroun cl lhc i nsicl
    eoftheannulus. l :
    <
    .lking
    cletcnnine ¥Vhich gear is suit
    alラle and whcn l O theplanetcar riel¥ vi
    t hthem.Ho v./cver
    ，t heplanet
    changc up 01 'c lown. The most modern u nirsare carrier¥villrot a
    teatasl owerspeeclthanlhcsun
    compUler-c口n r
    ro ll
    ed. and by us ing fuzzy logic 日ca.rb llt¥ vit
    h a gr earerrorque. I t provides r he
    can make preci sc decisi
    ons. Actuation ofgcal S3meef feclasaconven tionalr ecl
    llcl
    iongcal
    hrake bands01 'clulches i
    sgene r a
    lly by u
    ilp r
    es- Alrer n
    arively，i frhesun gcari shel d slalionary
    suregencr a
    l edbyapUJllpwilhinrhcr ran尽mlsSl
    on ancll he planerc a rrieri sdriven，r he plancr swil l
    revol vearuunc 1t hesungear ，Illovingrheannulus
    .
    Hh ighspced:i nother' v
    vorcls，anover drive
    Epicy
    cli
    corplanetarygears
    The 討a lll
    e ep icycli ct r
    ain can also p rovicle
    reverse. The planctcar rieris hel dsrationaryanc J
    Epicyclicge，，討canbea
    ， rrangccl i nseveralι l
    iff
    er-
    theSlIng carisr OC 3t
    ecl.Theplanel snowr ol a
    leon
    cnt¥ ¥'
    3)
    'S;averysimplclayouti sshowni nF igurc
    thcir pivots int hest ationary planetca rrier，cauル
    18 .2
    0. Accorcling ro how the var io
    us gcars are
    ingt he annulus( 0rot atei nt he revcrscd i
    r ection
    held s la
    lionary oralowed r o Jllove，a variel y of
    lOrhesungear， buta tar eclu
    ce clspcccl
    outpurs can hc obrained. Thcse ourpurs ar e
    Inpractice， automaticrransmissi onu nitsconsiおI
    11 -always throu呂h the ccntre sha"
    01 l
    tas ¥ I
    ./it
    ha
    ufscveralepi cyc1i cgeart rai
    ns.' fheirinternalcon
    convenlionalgc 山 rraln
    srruc
    ti on isquirecomp lic
    ated，and thcy 1 1
    111
    st be
    Forcx‘"nplc，i rlhcannulus i shcld Sla
    l ionary
    servlιedonlybyl i三l
    inedper sonn c
    l
    ancl the Sl
    In gear i s being rotmecl，r he pl anet

    Maintenancet
    ip

    P
    lan
    etg
    ear A門nu
    lus
    町 p，
    ( n旧 n
    ) (o
    rint
    ern
    alg
    ear
    )
    P
    lan
    etc
    ar
    ri
    er ¥fhencheckingr
    X heo illevel01
    'c hangi
    ngrhe
    oi
    l of an au toma tict ansmission，abs
    r olute
    S
    unw
    heel cleanlinessisessenta.
    i l)lIs
    ronel i
    nyspeckof
    (
    o
    rge
    ar) c
    llIsr ur f1
    l1f
    f enrering rhe l
    Inircan c a
    llse
    seriolspr oblems

    Overdri
    ves

    An overdr ive i
    s a gearr a
    tioi n which the
    speed ofrhe ol l
    rpl
    l[is grear
    ert han rhar uf
    rhe i
    nplt. Thisprinciplei splIrto gooc
    l use
    01 Ilo
    l tor vehic lestor edlce engi ne weal
    anc
    lflle
    lconsl Imprion

    -
    -
    ¥
    .
    .
    -ー
    、
    、
    All110stallea rlycar shadf ull
    l 討peed呂町lrboxes
    with a ぉr raighl-lhrollgh ur j:j drive i nfull r
    lh
    呂car
    .Nearlya l
    ll1loclerncarshavc町 、"e-speedge孔1'-
    boxes，UF I
    ll1 日frh gear bcin呂 an over dr ive ralio
    Similarly，most moclern 3utomal ictransmis 引 on

    unilShavet heirepicyclicgearing50a rrangedt h


    ar
    the
    irt opgear ，lIsuall
    yfour h，
    t isanuv e
    r clrivc
    There山 e，however，some vehi cleお お l
    il
    lin 1I問
    Figur
    e 18
    .20 A si
    Jlp
    l l
    eplanetaryore
    pic
    ycl
    icgear lhar白ra fOllr-specd l11anllal gearbox‘ bUl v 、
    irha
    tr
    aIn scpar ale overdrive u nitf t
    lle
    cl bchind or 1
    可 1
    1 an
    170 λ1
    0(01'v
    ehi
    clet
    cchno
    lo目、 f
    ormじに h
    :U
    li，:
    (.

    Spr
    ing Conec
    l
    υtc
    h H
    ydr
    auli
    c
    p
    res
    sure
    A
    nnul
    us
    P
    lan
    etw
    hee
    l
    S
    unw
    hee
    l

    D
    riv
    ef
    T
    o
    g
    ear
    box p
    rop
    el恰r
    sh
    aft

    F
    ree
    -wh
    eeld
    evi
    ce
    円a
    nelc
    arn
    er

    (
    a) (
    b)

    Figure1
    8.2
    1 Laycockoverdriveu
    nit
    :(a
    )di
    rec
    tdri
    ve;(
    b)overdriveengaged.

    extcnsl0n 10 the gearbox. Such separate 1l


    句 1it
    s 1. Thc呂町 Irhoxおじi<.:Clorl in
    k‘I g cs 江nc
    lpa rti cl
    llarly
    normally use an cpicycl
    ic呂cart r
    ail1(0p rovi
    cle the r Cl1lotclype，s hollld hcci lヒckeclf orsi gno
    the uvcrd
    rive [川 i
    o.A sil1p
    l l
    i日ec
    l dra¥Ving ofthe of ¥Ve"r and f or security . and shol llc
    l be
    popul a
    rLaycockt ypecanbeseeni nFigure18 .21 11Ibricated
    2. The gcarbox l1lay ne cclt o hヒ draincdofo il
    an clr e日I lcdv./
    ithnew，usingther e仁口IllIl1じ nded
    Operation:directdrive
    type and g t札clca t sui
    t礼hle i ntじr¥"
    als
    .I nt his
    仁 un ncctionnevermixsynl hヒlicoils¥ vi thcon
    Spri ng pre出 ure forces thc conec1utch 1l10untcd
    vcn ti onaltypes
    on t hc ぉUI1w heel 日rmlyagainstt he annulus.[ n
    3
    .' T"he gear box Gtおings ho
    l ll d he i nspcClcd f OI
    such a position t he inpur s ha
    rt and the ourput
    51呂ns of c 1amage or o il leakage r ro lll the
    sh
    18
    a
    f
    .
    tぉ bot
    2I a)
    hr o
    tate 礼 tthe same sp εe c
    l (F i日lIr
    c
    variouso i
    lsei，ls
    4.The gearbox mounrings and securing h olts
    sh o
    lllcl bc checkecl f or sccurity a nc
    l si gns0 1
    Operation:overdrive de teriorati ol
    1
    う Autom日t 1
    Ct n川 出 1
    1IS
    日刊 n v chiclcs s ilo uld1 0 じ
    ¥
    X
    lhen the uvel
    ιIr
    iv s selected，hydraulic presー
    ci checkecl f OI 亡り r
    rectoper~ lI ion ofI hじ i n hihi
    l0 1
    sur e force討 Ihc cone c
    !utch against the casin，
    呂 sw irch.Thispr evcn rsIhecn呂i nchein白 川 山 t c d
    v
    .lhich prcvenlsthesun v.lh
    ， eel"
    10
    "
    1111roratin
    g.The v.:i
    th' drive"urageal汚cl ccrcd
    planet c a
    rrierand planct呂earsr ot
    atearouncl rhc
    slationary sun whee.lwhich drives thc annulus
    日nd Ou lpUI 汚 h
    artal a highcr rOlationa
    l speed
    (F
    i日ure1 1
    >.211
    0) CHECKYOURUNDERSTANOING

    • Onc pllrposc ofa 日e山 box i s10 providc th仁


    vehicle with a ll
    leans ofIll<ltching the じng1l1ビぉ
    Transmissionmaintenance torquet othcoperati<川 alneedsoft he c hi、
    cl
    c
    • Thc rhree lypes ofl1la nllal 白山1"110
    :¥that can
    A討 、v i
    lha l
    l vehicle systel 1
    l昆 Ihe l
    ral
    1S1
    11
    isお101 hc lined t OIlo
    l tor vehiclc月 山 じ the討 li
    c
    lin日 川Cぉil
    reql
    rc
    li
    Jr
    l

    孔hi
    e
    l
    S SOI
    it
    shouldhec ar
    l
    l<
    y.SOl
    r
    ' r
    :
    1
    outmc l11amtel
    le ofr
    1ance 10 cn討ur
    hc COl1l1l10n checks r
    iじく 1oulincludcthefollowing
    ha
    e
    l ・
    にOl1stanlIIじs
    I hand討ynchlomc行h
    A gcar¥vheel w
    geart eetl
    1
    il
    :spur.hじl
    l have one 0'
    i
    calordOllhleh
    1t
    e
    l
    h
    i
    ree t
    c
    al
    ype行 口 f
    r
    hじ gl
    '
    al
    r>
    ox 1
    71

    • A gear r
    l じlalion討hip h
    al io i
    C I¥
    ss
    ¥'
    ill
    ccn 1
    l
    pl
    ¥
    ¥
    y an exprcssion ofthe
    '0 gcar¥¥'heclsl haLlere
    ￨REVβ， IONEXERα'SESANDQUESTlONS I
    me ，
    -:hに 1l
    じ ogclhcr . Wherc1 ¥¥
    '0SCI Sof呂carwhecls
    <lr c ('onnect ヒd ¥ ¥'
    ilh each olher l hisi s calecl1I 1 日ratel he Ibree funClional r cquiremヒnts0' 1a

    ・
    ('ompoundgearnui
    ToenSllI仁 I
    礼 Ia I Il
    lじ、 t
    o
    h川 onlyoncgcarc
    hegear se!
    an besclecled
    ec!ors are .i
    fuecl ¥Vil
    h an
    gearb ox
    2 Whal ar
    gcarwhe
    c the l11a
    e
    ll eelhフ
    in ιal vantagcs of h el
    ical

    ヨ¥
    ・
    i

    b
    l

    i
    1

    l
    lc

    i
    rlockingmech川 11sm
    Forvchidcsl
    ly リ 1
    h"l havcf
    1 ~lιl cli li onal g
    O
    carboxc
    ll
    a
    r-
    ll
    whcc
    cdal
    lc
    r
    l
    r
    a
    i
    n
    v
    s
    ccapa-
    fe
    rbox
    X/
    h
    COI
    a l i
    1poun
    1
    4 Name I
    s l
    c
    he formula f
    l呂earr
    wotypcs0'
    at
    lQコ
    or ¥Vor king out a

    1manual gC~lrbox th~lt can


    isof lcn f l
    llc d. Onじ り r i
    lspur poscsi s1 0connecl bcl ineclt Oa1 l10t口 rvchiclc，hUIexdllc lingt he
    Ihc f ronl 汀n ι 11 ‘l
    じ rpropellcrs h
    a f
    ts to Ihe Illai
    n synchromeshgearbox
    gearhox 5 Nal11e 11&'0 typesofsynchrol11cぉhhublhalcan
    • ¥ 'chidcsI t，
    l "n;tド川 C111CHea1130XtOElliveadEli- bel ill
    eclt oasynchr omcshgear box
    l ion"le qllipl llじn l山 cl 、
    il
    lec
    l¥ 'i
    thapo ¥¥'e
    rlakc-ol T 6¥ X
    fhichc lesi
    gnf ealLircofagears cJCClorIllecha・
    1n
    L H nism i sp rov ic
    lecl1 0 prevenl engagemenr of
    ・ F<"川 ltom~ltic l ransmission lhc convenrional moret hanonegeara tatimeコ
    fr iclion-
    d ri¥' c ndUIChi sreplacc
    clby"t orqllecon- 7 Give o l1eo flhe f l
    lncions 0'
    l 1a Iransfer box
    ¥'ener l Op r o ¥ ' id e a conぉrantly var iablc ser0 1 when. i
    fttedtoafour-wheeldrivet ransmission
    gC< lrI 川 IOS.A u lO lll;uic gearboxes lSC epi cycli
    c system
    Hじ山討 8 Name lhe I Jr
    l eemain componenl sofan e pi-
    • An over driveuni
    l:111
    0¥
    ¥'5a vehicJe to cruise cyclicgearl rain
    c('
    ol10
    111
    icaly by p
    rovi
    cling a higher gear ralio 9L it.
    s follr rout ine maintenance operalions
    Ih"nIhal川 叶 i
    lah
    lchyas l
    raighトthrou呂hclri
    v e requll巴ζ1byal ，
    lljnl l
    a1gearbox
    Propellersha unlv r
    saljointsand
    rivesha

    CI
    Ul
    ch P
    rop
    ell
    ers
    hat
    f
    Introduction
    The cOl l
    lpOnenlSofa veh icl
    e's urive l rain- thc
    RιIrhox，凸n ald rive and driving wheels - are
    足OJlc
    l t
    illle
    s'widely spacccl. They 1 11LlSt be con
    nCClec
    l togethert otransmir rhe en日 11e torque
    I
    The ‘Ixl
    esa ncl wheel s- particularly t hose with
    inc
    ¥epenclentsuspension - ' ¥
    v
    ilJ be Illoving av.
    ta
    ， y
    Fro
    lllIheirstar
    ic posit
    ionsu nclerr he i nfluenceof
    roadi rr
    egu!a
    ritiesandot heref eCls
    f

    The c1rive t rai


    n cOl l1pon en
    rs are linke
    cl
    rogether wilh 1 criveshafts， which have E
    ngi
    ne G
    ear
    box F
    inal
    dri
    ve
    couplings，gener a
    lly al each enl，to allow
    c
    rheIl0v
    1 ernenttotakep laceanclyettr
    ansmit Figure19，1Conventi
    onal'
    in-
    i
    lne
    'vehicl
    elayout
    rhecl
    rivin呂 tor
    queconlinuousl y Thedottedlin
    erepresentsthetorque'spat
    hfrom
    theenginet
    other eardrivingwheels

    1
    . A rubularprope
    llersh
    afr weighs l
    ess than a
    Propellershafts 日o
    lic
    l shaf
    t; t his h e
    llぉ
    コ 1 0 Iml ヲrove f u
    c l
    econullly
    2， A tubularsh a
    f rislessl i
    ke lyt han as ol
    iclsh a
    f t
    The purpose of a propell er shaft i
    st o 山 岳 ooutofhalancewhens ubjecl1 0c enl
    ri f
    u -
    tran日Illi
    ltherorque f
    rol
    l1t
    he gearboxrothe galf o
    rces，becausei thasasl11alcrJlla ss
    日nalc lr
    iveunI
    (
    ' 3.A tubularshaFr i sconsiclerahly stron日e rt han
    rhc equivale川
    n
    1
    刊Iおo li
    c
    l prope日 le
    引 r~討
    d言ihaft of日s1
    川1
    1i1
    ζa
    1
    山I
    melSS，andi sll1uch l
    e同 l ikclyt oben clorwh ip
    whenspinninga tspeed
    I ngeneral，propcllershaf lSaref it
    tec
    lt o vehicles
    Ihalh日veaconv entionalin-line l ayoLlrC FigLlr
    c
    19.1) .rnI h
    isl ayoLlllheengi ncan clgearboxarei n Universaljoints
    linewi thrhel ongiruclinalaxisofr hevehicle，a nι
    !
    日
    じ ner allyatthef ront，wi lhthcf inaldrivel o c
    a tec
    l
    A universaljointi sacOlllponen
    r日l le
    clr oa
    arr he r ear
    . The propclelδha F
    ti sc Ol
    lllllonly of
    propellershaftlh
    ala l
    lowsi tt ot
    ransll
    litthe
    tubularst eel conslr ucr
    i口n .Solid shaft
    sare sOll1e・
    availabl
    erorql
    l ethrol
    lgh varyi
    ngb l
    ltIill1i
    te
    cl
    1l1e
    l ぉL1scc
    l.1孔 l
    tthisi 日rare
    anglesofdrive
    Iuh
    ' lllal ぉhaf
    r s havc a n l
    ll1h
    l er ofadvantages
    ovcrt hesol i
    dver sions

    1
    72
    Pr
    olヲ仁 I
    l
    ers
    haf
    t人 u
    niv
    crs
    :1j
    o
    il¥sa
    1 ndd
    ri、じ s
    haf
    L，
    > 173

    F
    ixeds
    hac
    kle C
    has
    sis S
    wing
    s
    hac
    kle

    S
    li
    di
    n日
    j
    印 n
    . D
    riv
    ing
    t
    hr
    ust
    Un
    iver
    sa
    ljoi
    n
    ts
    A
    xle

    d
    G
    ear
    box P
    rop
    ell
    ers
    haf
    t a
    bou
    lfro
    nt
    s
    hac
    kle

    P
    r
    ρ
    u
    o
    l
    p
    e
    l
    e
    ll
    e
    dt
    rs
    h
    i
    ha
    ft
    sway •
    S
    usp
    ens
    ionl
    eal
    spr
    ing l
    eng
    lh0
    1pr
    op
    ell
    er
    un
    derl
    oad s
    haf
    t

    Figure1
    9.2 Universaljoi
    ntsl
    it
    tedt
    oeachend01t
    hepropele
    rsh
    aft.Th
    ist
    ransmissi
    onlayouti
    sknown
    astheHotchkissdrive

    roiInk ¥wo independent l l


    nits) slch as the Layrubandmetala sticcouplings
    gcarhoxand l in
    alc 1riv
    e.~l univers aljoin
    tl ll11
    stbe The layrub coupling じonsi Sl
    Sufa mel al disc.
    日.Icd 10 each en cl ofIhe propelershah ( Figure which hasa nutllber01"e qualyspac ecl tlloulded
    19.2). The univcrs aljoinl s enable Ihe propelle. rubb巴rhlocksboncled i nr口 i.!
    l 'a
    chofl he ruhhe.
    shafI 10 rol:"ヒ stllOOlhly and 1 0 IranおIlli
    rt he blocks has srcel insens Ihrou日h which a h oll
    en且1I1C ぉ !り r
    qllじ even Ihough r he axis of lhc passes
    . Thcsesecure lhc rwo hal ves 01"r he pro-
    eng1l1c 礼 nd g earbox. propel ler sh afla ncl nnal pell
    ersh a
    ft( Figure 1
    9.3).A llhough l hcぉe rllbbel
    drivc d口Cお no¥ form a 討l rai ghll ine. The sl icl
    ing blocks are under consranl compr essive sr r
    ain)
    join
    l" llows1 り rIli
    l norva ri~ltion s i
    nlcnglh rheycloalowf orshaftmisalignmen r0" 1upr o1 う。

    8
    01s
    1 ec
    uri
    ngIwo P
    rop
    ell
    er
    h
    alv
    eso
    fcasi
    ng s
    haf
    tyoke

    B
    ol
    tpass
    in白
    t
    hro
    ughbush R
    ubb
    erb
    ush

    Figure1
    9.3 Layrubcoupl
    ing
    174 九1
    010
    1、じ h
    iιlじ{じ c
    hnυ
    10μ
    ¥'1
    υrr
    nec
    han
    ics

    An a liern川 i¥
    't' deおign i
    s thc metalastic cou A disadvantage of1
    >01hc(凡 lpl
    ing討 l
    お l
    hallhe)
    pling. Thiぉ i s sOlllcri
    mes r eferred 10 a汚 lhe ll
    lus
    lhekeptf r
    ecfromo i.
    l¥¥
    'hichcouldc all
    selhe
    doughnutcoupling hecausc of i lS appじ山 l
    :ncc coup]ing10fa
    ilduringopcrat
    ion
    (Fi
    gurc 1 り→). 11 shares many ofl he fealUreS of
    lhじ ￨‘I)
    'ruh lype. incJuding i
    lSI 1c
    l lal and rubbcl Hooke' suniversaljoint
    COI1SIrUClO!1 Apanf r
    0111the ¥dleel itsdLt hi
    ，:i
    - soneofthee al
    i
    Iest invention只 to bc l Iscd 0 11I lo
    l tor ¥'
    ehic
    !cs
    h山 ingbeen palenled 1 0
    )' Hobcrr II 00KC in 1664
    R
    ubb
    err
    l
    ng O
    riv
    esh
    at
    f Thislype ofUni¥TI出 d j oi
    nti scO l
    lllllonly日tredt o
    Ilo
    l tor vchiclcs. parlicul山 lY1 hoおじ wI t
    ha[ ron
    l
    engineandr e
    al日na ld ri
    ¥'じ layou't
    P
    rope
    ll
    ers
    haf
    t

    A Hooke'sj
    ointconsi
    stsofI
    wOforkede ncls，
    commonlyc a
    lle
    clyokes.Thcyokcsarelit
    tecl
    ont lcdaspider.wh
    o acomponenlcaJ ich is
    shapecli
    ntheformofacrosぉ(Figur
    e19う)

    W hen assem blcd onl0 lh仁 川 ラ ider


    .t 、
    he OkeS
    •
    Figure19.4 Met
    ala
    sti
    ccoupling are a
    l n日hl angJcs 10じ辻仁 h olhe.r' !
    'o reducc thc

    S
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    er

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    @ F
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    Figure19.5 Hooke
    'suniver
    salj
    oin
    t

    T'
    abl
    e19.1 Universalj
    oint
    s
    Typeo
    fun
    ive
    rsa
    ljo
    int Advantages Disadvantages
    L
    ayr
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    ansmittorq
    uethrough • Rubberdet
    eri
    oratesandbre
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    ・ a

    v
    n

    i
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    ycompactd esi
    gn • Moreexpensivetha
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    ・ anglesofup1 020
    ・ Requiresacc
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    0
    •

    Accurateposit
    iono fs h
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    75

    in lcr na lI 'r
    - icliol10 11 l'. H:
    .h oft he uni ver salj oint
    町 s h礼、 C 1'1 Oro1
    Ocllel討ha" lti n1 ¥
    ¥'0 sec1ion行 (Fi日Llr e
    the y ok c:-; are 白u e cl wilh a sel0' 1n eecllと rolc l 196).TheぉeareusedhccalseaI り ngs inglcs haft
    hearings hou討cd i n har clenヒι1s lヒc l cup只 Thesc WOL llc
    lt cnd 10' ¥
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    "
    cupsar c nor l11a ly hヒkli np l礼cehys reel circl
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    ic
    1c eXlr a SUppOr lf orrhe lon日 ι Irive linc- < 1
    To 1 0rc、ピ n l ζlin: ln clIllo i時turcf r o
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    he centrebearingi sl incd.whicl】 SUp P()rt芯 lheshafl
    bearings，eachl egofthcspideri sprep~tc k ecl with anclCI礼 mpensours .l i
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    gr c
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    1呂 vhi ch i s Jllol
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    11 c
    " an t ra n日ll1ill hじ avai lablet or quc t hrough a cll
    a ss
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    a llyI Iぉe s
    .s clf-
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    s1Olacel 11enr.u1 0ro 20‘。 a1i
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    ， '
    hi cha llo，，" fOl ぉl ighll 11is
    lhan olhcr c le引日 nメ 1 11Hcnc12lI 1113U11Hulal 〈18 - alignl11enlof I hc s haft caused hy lhe gcarhox
    placemヒn 1i skじp t. ISおll1allaぉ lラリ討行 i bletoIllinimisc movingon i lSJ11oun1 ings .1n1 l10st orherr e討pCCl 討

    lhc 1 0り 出 i h lc 点peed v‘lr i ~\ l ions acting upon the rhe にli v


    iclcd propじl l
    crshaf ls.hare討Jll:lny orthc
    pro1 Oe l lcl討h aft const ructionalf C:
    llu r
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    10a1 Or op el l
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    cacholher.1 0日void1 1日nsmlS日iunv ihration.Th isi討
    Propellershaftbalancing
    heCll IS C:1n a n日l く 1[
    じ [00 1、
    eS ) O ln1'ぉ peeclぉ upλnd
    slo¥Vst !O ¥¥'!l1 ¥¥'iじじ i l1c vcr y3600 υ fsha frr olalion
    A 1Oro1Oel
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    1
    '0日 ) 1npcns~t t じ 1 0封 印 1 1ど にlegl ec、r hc討econclj oinl
    onthesh: lrt musl hじ i nsrall
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    l¥'
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    free operati
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    ll lpば r:1 !日じ S Ll
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    tjoinLA
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    any cxceSSJVc rol日tionaI i h、
    r
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    on ぉystcm
    isshり ¥ ¥"ni n" 1日h l"[ 9[
    To h alユncea pr o1
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    [
    1
    Slidingjoints specificpoinlsonlhel uhularp山 1ofl hじ行 h afl
    j
    ¥[、e
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    llヒn lofl hじ Iピリ raxlcofa¥ 'eh
    icl
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    nen1S川 rached1 0i.rincludingrhepro
    pellel討ha" ll
    . As the slIspension 日cxcs. rhe axle Hotchkissdrive
    pハ01 行 山 口 undlhc日xedsh; [
    ck le， andr hceffeCl
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    lenglh oflhc pro1 Ocl1elぉhaft ' aric、
    s(Figure 19.2) 'h
    f
    l
    ζl
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    Ol
    s a comhined suspension anc
    ltin which 1he r
    .
    l1 ransIlli
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    i
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    sI
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    of1hes haft The f orwal ι
    1 cnd ofeach l eafs10ri
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    1 ach
    Icafspring is1 110unt l on 辻 swingingshackJe
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    Oividedpropellershafts (Figllrc1り2) . Such a desi gn l ayり urcnabl es lhe
    1じ川正 lxlct ot¥vi
    S1v、
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    じ ζunditi
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    Lり111-w11CG￨￨MNCVじh i cl
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    ionsa ncl
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    ぉ considcr
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    ren [0l叫 山 ιsc
    I ¥uin日hr
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    ve

    e 19.
    Figur 6 Two-
    sect
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    haf
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    176 j
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    Torquetubedrive
    Driveshafts
    ¥Vi
    lh lhislypeofc 1r
    ivcおり t em.a torquc lubc 01
    eXlension hOllsing i
    s1 0仁左I
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    orwarcl enc
    l
    A veh i
    cle equippec
    l Wilh rear-wheel drive
    oflhe 日nalc1rivcCFigurc 1 9.7
    ). Thelorqu巴 rube
    ancl incle
    pencle
    nr suspension has drive-
    1i
    mit討 l
    江nc
    lr el
    hcf
    icv
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    esrhel
    cla
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    f
    f
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    prin日足。 fsomeofl
    e
    he
    araxl
    ιIrivi
    e，
    ng
    sha 仇S toenablec1r、
    i'ingtorque tobe[ rans
    mirre
    cl rhrough var ying angles r o each
    andhr akin日 lhruSlbymeansofasupponsecure cl
    drivingwheel(Figure1 9
    .8)
    l
    ()lh仁 chassi
    shyarubl ラerl孔l只h

    T
    orqu
    et u
    be
    (
    inc
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    O C
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    s-m
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    R
    ubb
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    Figure19.
    7Torquetubedrive

    M
    ela
    las
    tic(do
    ugh
    nut
    )
    D
    riv
    esh
    aft
    s u
    niv
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    aljo
    in
    ts

    Figure19.
    8 Rear-
    whe
    eldrivewi
    thindependen
    tsuspension
    P
    rop
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    cl只h
    afbu
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    CrS
    :
    ，lj
    oinl
    sandd
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    csh
    ‘1f
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    ，: 177

    '
    Ihcscshaf l
    5ar e normallysol i
    cli ncon s
    lrl
    lct
    ion Incon t r
    ast ，aCVj oi ntcanl rans
    . miltheavailable
    .
    <
    lnd cO
    llll
    llonly1 討 e Hooke
    I '
    sun i¥'
    crsalj oi s or，
    nt torqllethrollghvar y 、 、
    山
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    aher 、
    n川 1'
    cly.r l
    lbb<:rIrllnnion cOllplings (
    ドIgllr
    c ablec 1ifference i nt he spe ccl待。l't hじ 1 れ os ha fts
    19.
    9) Thisr e
    slIllsi nt he veh icJeぉ havi nganacceptahle
    stecr inglock， bl
    lt、 vi
    .
    . thol
    l lthevi hra ti
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    Constantvelocityjoints ¥Vilho therc Jc出 gnsofc Ollpling
    TheB irfi
    elcljoi nlisoncofI hcmoぉ1poplllarCV
    joinr sfittecJt of r onr-whe el-drivc vehi cle討 I rc (川 -
    Front- wheel c1rive vehicJes ofei t
    hertrans- sisls ofa spcci a llyc Jesigncc Jh all anc J so仁 ker1 0
    verseorin- line l
    ayoltl Isesimi larshaftsbut whi chh口t hIhedri vcsh af tand I hcOl ll
    plllshaf lar e
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    ti s m< lchin< .:
    d ¥Vith s ix 仁 urved
    Ilookヒ S1 0ll1t
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    0， Thc h
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    1rivebccallsctheyar eIimit ec
    l[0 anangl e0'120 all ofthe j ointi ss plined onto I he enc J 01
    glvmga pりorSl Cenn旦 l ock，a nc
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    11
    0!1S以 !
    日u ldgivcr iメヒ tos Ollles te
    eri n
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    duringcor n<.
    :ring bals1l10ve. These si xb allsar cl ocal cd bet¥Vecn
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    U-cl
    ampsb ol
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    yokessecur
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    pcn討i on，a ncll Ot ransmitpowert ot hcs . l
    ecred
    Nu
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    Ihmeve l
    clam
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    ，

    yok
    es thea nglllardef lcct
    ionI hough ¥Vh iじhIhcj oinlhas
    tot r ansrnitc l
    rive rhe vcloci tieぉ ofI he dri veshaft
    andourputshaf tarct hes ame :hencet hename
    To ensure I rouble-free scr vice I he j oinl i s
    prepacked v it、、
    l aspeci algr easec 1csigned， '口rCV
    1
    。
    @ j
    oi nts，a nc la p rot e
    c[ ivcg ait eri s白lIC cl1 0 prevenl
    dir
    t01 ' wa t
    erfromg e ttin白 川
    Rubbe
    rs leev
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    onarms01s p
    ider TheTripolCVj ointi savar iationonI hisc1esign
    Insteadofasphericalb allitl Isesas plin ec
    Jsp i
    clel
    hllb onto which I hree hC1l1i spher i仁川 r o l
    l ersar c
    Figure19. 9 Rubbertrunnionuniversalcoupling 1
    l101lnt e
    c l vi a a set 0' 1n eec llc r oler bear in gs

    S
    phe
    flc
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    ock
    el

    St
    eelb
    all
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    lfsh
    aftsp
    line
    d O
    utp
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    al
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    eelba
    ll 1
    0hub

    Figure1
    9.1
    0 Constantvelocityj
    oin
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    irf
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    dtypel
    178 M
    oto
    rve
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    Par
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    gro
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    varyinganglesufd
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    e

    S
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    CHECKY OUR UNDERSTANDING

    • Vehicle凡 with f ront engineお 礼 nclr ear-wheel


    driveuseatubu¥arpropellershaf ttoconnectthe
    T
    ri
    pol
    e
    s
    pid
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    rive
    • P ropel ler sha f
    ts are c arefullyh a
    l礼 nced t o
    S
    haf
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    onotvi hratewhen r o t
    aringat
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    ha
    ft • On a vehicle having lhe Hotchki出 dri vc la
    y
    out，t he propelersh afti sl itt
    e、
    cl virh< l pa
    ir of
    Figure1
    9.1
    1Tr
    ipo
    tcons
    tan
    tvel
    oci
    tyj
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    t L1lliver
    sa lJOl
    llr Sancl a sl i
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    gj oin
    t1 0a lluw ful
    r e
    lativell10vemen tbetweent hcgcar boxa nc
    lt he
    白n alc lr
    i v
    e
    (Figure 19
    .11).The ro
    llersalignwitha Illatじhing
    • Long c lrivel i
    nes usual l
    y have t ¥Vo prり pell
    el
    setofp a
    rall
    elroll
    ergrooves Illa
    chincc
    l0 11tOt hc
    s
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    ocl、
    c
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    t of t
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    swirhin th
    eirguic
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    . Movelllenl of the
    lesallows t
    he clriv
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    l
    ・
    shaf tswithacentrcbcaring
    Short，s olic
    engine torque t
    ¥ clriveshafls ar
    ot he cl
    r
    e u吋 d ¥
    iving wheels (
    0l
    )
    fv
    ransmil
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    thc gearbox lu be Ir
    ansll
    lil
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    angles ofboth suspension a
    l
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    cls teerin
    g ll10ve ・
    '
    v
    f
    vi

    e
    l
    r

    u
    hi
    r
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    n
    c

    t
    lepenc

    yj u
    int
    ¥entsuspen待lon
    ol1[-wheel c
    sf u
    ¥rive vehicles neeclζon日 ant
    rsmootht or
    quet ran討m町 出 口 n

    An impo r
    t antrouti ne requirement for any
    vehicle equippecl with CVj oi
    ntsist hatthe
    protecti
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    be careful
    a
    itersurroundingeachj
    ly checke clfort ea
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    1g
    t ￨REVISIONEXERCISESANDQUESTlONS I
    ThisIllustbeclonefrequentlyi fthevehic 1e 1 State lhe three main reasons why a t uhulat
    cl
    rives over rough t er
    rain or through l ow，
    rathert hanasol i
    clpropellershι1ti
    '
    l 自白 llecltoa
    tough unclergrowth. I fa g aiterb ecollles
    vehicle
    cl
    all
    lagecl，lubri cal1twill be lost，cl
    irta ncl
    2 Hu¥V doesash aftmanufact urercountcl lCtout
    。
    ‘
    waterw illen te
    r ，anclthejointwill faiJ very
    fbalanccf orccsフ
    quickly 3 Whyl11u S
    I Hooke討 j oi
    ll
    lshe proper l yユilglcIc
    witheacho th
    e r'
    4 Slale Iw or easons why [ looke討 j 0ll11S川 C
    Tochecklheoperation0'1aCVj ointthev eh
    icle unsuitablcforfront-wheclc l
    rivc日ha
    ft吋
    l
    11us
    t be clr
    ivenfair
    ly slowly v、i
    th the s t
    eering ラ Howi saconstantveloci lyj日intchecked?
    wheel heing t
    urnc
    clf r
    o11
    1f ul
    lr ight-tof ul
    ll eft 6 ¥
    Xlhati stheimportantr u l
    ltin
    echeckt ha tmust
    han
    cllockallern
    ale
    ly.A clef
    ectiv
    ej oin
    twi Jlst
    artto bec arriedoutonv c
    hi c
    le日 ¥vi
    thCVj o
    i nt
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    F
    ialdriv

    heaviervchiじleslher e
    clucli
    on mayhcashighaお
    Introduction 20:j. Theactual gearr e
    clucti
    oni吊 calcul
    arec
    lby
    cliv
    idingthenumbcrofr eethunthccrown' ¥
    vheel
    01
    "largerc
    ¥rivcn(foll
    ower)gearbyt he nurnbcr01
    The 日n alc1r
    ive is that part of the trans
    te
    e!h0 11rhepinio
    llursmallc lr
    ivegea.
    rThati s
    mission system r
    hatp ro
    vicles a 日nalreduc
    tin gear anc
    o .
    l an evcn cli
    stri
    bution of the Numberoftcct
    h01
    1crown¥vheel
    engine'
    slorque1 0lheroaclwheels れJri
    venorfol
    lo¥
    ¥'c
    r)
    Gearr
    ati
    o=
    Numberofl
    eel
    honpini
    on(
    ιIr
    iver
    )

    I
    vl
    orcsimply
    Thc posillon an cl lypc uf finalιlrive varies
    .
    according 10t he vchiclc'slayout.¥Xli
    th a trans ~ followel
    cJ
    carr
    atl
    o
    VClおじ cn日incthcf i
    n礼1clr
    ivci sclr
    ivendirectl
    yf rO
    lll ζ
    lri
    vel
    rhegearboxり l lt
    puts h
    aft，andi sknuwnasreduc ~
    tion gearing (Figurc 2 0
    .la ) ¥
    ，X
    1hen an i n-line C
    row
    nwheel
    enginc lay
    Ollli scmploy ccl acrownwheeland
    町

    pinion i s lsec .
    l
    . SOIl1C heavy vehicles are
    equipped、 、 ilh wormand wheeldrive (Figurc P
    i門旧円
    20 11
    1) O
    Thepurposc0' 1lhcl i
    nλ1driveis{O
    . pro¥'
    1
    I
    ncr
    ide p e r l1l ~l n e n( redUClion geanng r
    e<lおと t
    hc(orquea v
    ail
    alヲ
    Ie
    o 。 J
    2， whcrc an i n-l i n c engine i sclllployed，t
    otur
    n O
    thcdrin>l hruugh900 (Figure20 .2)
    Forllo
    1 s
    tl i
    g
    '
    -
    'ht veh
    icl
    es， a Anal cl
    ri、
    C， earr
    巴， 3t
    lo
    of ap
    proxil
    llJ y 4.1 i
    tヒI 巧 CO J
    llI
    110n， while fO
    I Figure20.2 Crownwheelandpinion

    G
    ear
    boxincorp
    ora
    lin
    g En
    日me H
    eli
    cal日e
    ars Half
    sh
    aft F
    inal
    dri
    ve
    t
    hef
    in
    aldr
    ive，r
    eゴuc
    tio
    n (
    enc
    los
    ed)
    g
    eanng

    (
    a) (
    b)

    Figure20.1 Fi
    na iveandc
    ldr 1iff
    erentia
    ll oc
    a ti
    on:(a)front-wheel-dr
    ivelayou
    t(transverseengi
    ne)
    ;
    (b
    )r ea mountedi
    r- lveaxle(conventional)incorporatingcrownwheelandpinion

    179
    180 九1
    01mv
    ehi
    clt' l
    :<
    < :
    hnu
    log
    yfo
    rmピζ
    han
    i仁丹

    'he us
    I e of sp
    ira
    l bevcl gc日r
    5 has technical
    Typesoff
    ina
    ldrive advant
    ages
    1
    . Morer
    han onep
    air0'
    1gearreet
    h aremeshing
    Straightbevelfinaldrive
    、
    N
    itheachothera
    tanyonel
    ime
    .Th
    isenablcs
    olakeahighじrloading
    thegearst
    lnthis design，s
    tra
    ight-
    cut bevel teeth are 2
    . Thedriveisquieteri
    noperat
    ion
    machinedont obothrhecone-shapedpini on Inmostotherrespe C
    ls.lhcrc isl
    it
    tlcexternal d
    if-
    andrhecrownwheel(Figure2 0.3) ferencebetween rhespi
    ral bevelancJ rhcs
    t!λight
    bevellin
    alc
    Jrive
    s

    The日earl ee
    lharespc cialyhardenec lanc
    l【ell
    l-
    per
    eclr 口、ν ithδl
    ancl the r orsionalstres
    ses ancl
    討huckluaclingsth川 maybei mlヲosec
    l¥lhenr
    ，
    ， r
    ans Hypoidf
    ina
    ldrive
    mitti
    ngtheen呂t ne討 lorque.Thereareseverald is-
    、
    advantages N iththislypeofdrive
    Thisisthetypeofbevelc Iri
    veIllostl ik
    elyt o
    . The axcs ufrhe p
    1 inion and the crown wheel be fOllnd on curr ent vehicles. One of i rs
    must coincide，which requires a high f l
    OOl main f eatures ist h
    att he centreline axis of
    levelurdeeppropellershafllunnel the pinion i s offsetr e
    larivetot he centre“
    2
    .¥ 1i
    X r
    h山 a i
    ght-cu
    lgearsrhedrivei snoisy line a
    xi s ofthe crown wheel ( Figlre 2
    l 0う)
    3
    . OnlyQne rairofgearteeth are i n contaclal An offsetofone白f t
    h of the crown whe el
    any one t ime，which iImits the amount of diamet eriscomr non
    torquelhatthe日nalcl
    rivecant ransmit
    l
    3ecauseuflheseI
    川11t
    atJunお おt
    rai
    ght
    -cu
    tte
    ethare
    nolongcrusedonf
    ina
    lcl
    riv
    es secauseo[r hisofTs
    C l，asthecrQwl 1w heela nc
    l
    pinion r otate，rhe gear leerh <
    lre sub jectecJt oa
    high-presSllre s
    l Jing anc
    ic Jr olli
    n g action. To cJca
    l
    Spiralbevelf
    ina
    ldri
    ve with t hi
    s operating conc Jiri
    on a special lype of
    Cxtreme pre同 l lr
    e (EP) I l
    lbr
    icarin日 o ill ll
    11
    st be
    llsed.A clcl
    itiv
    es s l
    lch as chlorine anc J sulphul
    Spir
    al bevelcl
    riv
    eshavel he teeth machinecl
    prevenl lhe gear tccr hf r
    olll'scl
    lfling'，as well
    atanin c
    line
    c igure2
    langle(F 0.4) as pr ovic
    ling aclequare lubrication alal l ikely
    temperat ures

    C
    row
    nwheel

    whe
    el

    Pi
    n
    ion

    O O
    Pi
    nio
    n
    ce
    nl
    reli
    ne 寸
    ¥
    0 I ¥
    0

    C
    rownwheel
    c
    ent
    rel
    ine

    Figure20.3 St
    rai
    ghtf
    inlc
    a 1r
    ive
    . Figure20.
    4 Spi
    ralbevelf
    inaldri
    ve
    ト

    一
    、
    V
    181

    じ
    C
    row
    nwheel

    C
    rownwheel
    c
    enl
    reli
    ne

    」
    令--P .
    L一一 一 ー
    P
    ini
    on

    Q
    fls
    et
    山
    7

    Figur
    e20
    .6 Wor
    m andwhe
    elf
    inaldr
    ive
    Figure20.
    5 Hypoidf
    ina
    ldr
    ive

    fhepiniuni メone-lh
    irc
    llarge
    ra n
    ι1s
    lron呂町 r han P
    in旧門

    thcspiJ刈 1hevピ1t
    ypc .and‘
    :fl
    ilur
    eduet o breakage
    F
    ir
    st
    ISr(
    ]rc r
    edu
    Cli
    on

    Wormandwheelf
    ina
    ldrive I
    ¥、率組脳変1L
    -
    --
    --~附
    Thisc
    1r
    iveconsi
    srsofaspir
    al-
    shapec
    lworm
    anc
    laloorhec
    lwheel(Fi
    gute20
    .6)
    S
    econd
    r
    edu
    cti
    on
    Thcwheeli お madef romph口付 phuJわronze， a
    ncl
    the wor l1i
    1 s normaly made f romcase-har c
    lened
    日rce.lThc wu] '" can be placed ei lherabove UJ
    helow lhe whccl 1 0日i vc，teSpeClively.a higheJ
    grollnι
    Icl caran仁じ 01
    ' al owel 日oorl i
    ne. Alrhuugh
    lhi
    s白n ald rivcprovidesal argcgearr eclu
    cti o
    ni n
    礼 rcl川 ivelysmalL con日n elspace，t
    c he mat eri
    als
    llsed in i tぉ con slr
    u c
    t1 0
    11 <11
    : と expen日 ve.Thi s
    restnctぉ 11SI I叩 10 hcavy goodぉ veh icles ancl
    buscs H
    alf
    sha
    fts

    Doublereductionf
    ina
    ldrive Figur
    e20.
    7 Doubl
    ereduct
    ionf
    inald
    rive

    Specialis
    l vehiclcs such as earthmovi ng equip-
    I
    1lcm a n
    clveryhe川' 'cOl
    ) 11ll
    ler
    cia
    lvehi cles，which Helicalgearf
    ina
    ldrive
    reql1r
    l e<1ne x
    tlじmelyl uwgeat.cmplo)'adoubl e
    reduc tion fina l drive (F
    igur e20.7). Thc lir" The pupulariry ofl 、
    rans crs
    e.f ro
    nt-¥Vhccl drive
    stage0'1gearr educt ionisachievecl by meansof vehiJc
    c smeanst h乱tap a
    i rofhcli
    calgcarsi snO¥V
    thecru¥Vnv .
    .
    rhcclandpi n
    ion.Theseconds t
    ageis oneofrhcmosrCOJ11J11onlypesuf日n aldrivc.a お
    by hc lica
    lr edllcliun gcars， which re c
    l uc
    c rhe おhowni nFigllr
    e20 .1a
    .1 1cmplo)'
    s1 "
    -'0hcli
    cal-Cl
    ll
    speed日ndi ncIじはお crhetorqucaga i
    n gearsmoun tedinぉl l
    hst
    anlia
    lbearing只
    182 入1
    o!
    o! 、
    eh
    i 仁￨ピ l
    e仁h
    nol
    oμyf
    orIliじ c
    1l:
    l
    niにメ

    Thedifferenti
    al

    Thec l
    ilT
    cren
    ria
    li sadevicet h
    arenablestwo
    /'
    clr
    ive
    shafl
    s1 0 beclr
    iven a
    rclif
    fer
    enrspee
    cls， ，〆〆〆

    burwithequ a
    .ltorque /'d
    ，
    p/
    -
    ，////，r d

    / 〆 / 〆

    / '• / 〆 • ••
    下
    ノ'
    ， 〆 - 1
    ;
    ，τ
    し
    ル4
    ~

    〆/
    4ρ〆 ト
    C01l11llonlyilislocar"d in rhefin
    al drive i
    rsel
    f 4
    .
    一一一一一一一一ー一一一ー一一-<，
    川1
    戸 τ
    ;
    >'
    -"
    A cenlrcd ill
    eren
    lia
    lmaya lsoheusedr oequalise
    the drive and prevenl 'wi n
    cl-up' ofthe transmis
    sion0"1f Ollr
    -whe じIdrivevehic
    !es

    Figure20.9 Whenroundingabend，theouter
    Construction
    wheelstrave
    lagreaterdist
    ancethantheinner
    wheels
    fhe 白n日lι lrivc difTcrcn
    tiali s mountcc ¥i nsic
    ¥c a
    hOLメl
    l ngSCCL 11じd 10 Ihe crown whee. llnsicle rhe
    hOLぉi
    l ng are IwO p airs of 11leshed，hevel gear- hOLJ
    sin呂 (Fi日llr
    c 20日). J fbOlh r o汁ιI
    ¥'h
    ¥ eelぉ have
    wheel s. The planetgears arc 1 0仁 川 c
    cli n
    siclcrhc equal roll
    i n
    gr esi s
    tan
    ce. neither sun ¥¥'he
    el心 In
    diff
    crcnlialhouメl nHhyaC10 日- pin.I nconlra日 .l he turn11o
    l rec asi
    lyI ha
    .ntheorhc.r'fhisp rc¥'
    cnrsrhe
    sungears < lrcalso inside the housin丸 burr heν planCl¥vhcdsfrom r ota
    tin旦 Ihe¥ ¥'
    lrol
    ea ss
    elll
    bl)
    are splineι11 0 Ihe halfshafts or output driv e IU
    I川 eslogeth的 、 札 ndIhed if
    ferc
    nliali沿 1
    110
    ¥)
    ('
    ]川 1'C ，
    flanges.I la
    l r
    sha fl
    s are usecl1 0c lrive Ihe roacl
    wheel si n one -piece axle c as ings，a n
    cl Ol ltput
    d11ve nanHヒ 芯 1 0
    C<lle lhe dri、，eshafrs Llsecl with Cornering
    in
    clepenc lcn
    tsuspcnsion
    When aveh ic
    1e negOliaresa benc
    lorcornel
    Operationoff
    ina
    ldrivedifferential rhec l
    ist
    ancesrr
    avell
    eclbyt heinnerancloutel
    driving roac
    1wheels (thatis，rhe ci
    rcumfer-
    Straightahead cncesofthclurningc ircles)¥Vi
    l1冗 ζ1i
    fferem
    Whcn I rsare engaged，the engine r
    hc gca O
    lal
    eぉ (Figure20.9)
    Ihe C10wn w11ce
    lE logerhel れ i
    lh Ihe d
    iff
    ere
    nli
    al

    Asar esult.ther ullingre s


    .iδtan仁 eandrhespccd
    Cr
    osspi
    n P
    lane
    tg e
    ars D
    if
    fer
    en
    ti
    al ofcach whccla .rccliffcrcnt:thc innerrO< ldwheel
    s
    tati
    on
    ary c
    age hashighr e出 品 tance，a ncltheOuler" 0ιIdwheelIllu
    1 st
    討p eヒζ1Up. Consequenll y、I heιl ifferenri礼 1hOllsing
    clrivcnbyrhccnginc.bcginst o¥ ¥'
    incli ts
    elf‘1り und
    H
    alf
    sh
    af
    t
    lhe inner sun wheel (Figure 20.10) The plancr
    wheelsa l巳 madef Or ot川じ礼n d.i nsoc !oing， they
    ，， 1
    ぉor urnthcout crsunwheヒ1. 1汀 L
    1 ISlers.peed.I n
    Ihis way Ihe en日lne t orque 1 討 e qually c liv
    iclec
    l
    berVlcen the ro礼 ζ 、、 heels ‘t
    ￨ l
    l Ihe rime l he)' are
    自r ippingIher oad
    I
    rf olloれ sr h arifQncro ユcI¥¥'hcelloscsa ll"cl h
    e-
    si on. t hat wheel can spi n ‘lnd ‘t ll dr ive1 0 lhe
    olher¥Vi lbe1 0sI
    .I n出 川l eurCL 111
    1討t an
    c es.such‘LS
    wilho ff
    -] '
    oadvehicleお り ri ns lipperyc lriv
    ing con-
    C
    row
    nwh
    eeJ S
    ung
    ear
    s di rions."d i
    f fcrc n
    tial仁川 nbeundesirable.To0、 引
    にome討u ch problernsvel r
    ic leδ11141ybc抗日 cd¥ ¥'ir
    h
    Figure20.8 D
    iff
    ere
    nti
    aloper
    ation:s
    tra
    igh
    tahead differentiallocks
    F
    in:
    tldr
    ic、
    . 183

    F
    ast
    -tu
    rni
    ng machined 01 11
    0 the differenlia
    l cage (Figurc
    p
    lnl
    ongear
    20.11).Thisprevenl slhe planel gears' l
    rom d riv-
    ingthesungearsa tc l
    iff
    crent討peccls.I ti討 ImpOrl
    S
    l川 ge
    ar ant 10remじIl1berlha
    t ac l
    ifT
    crcnti
    al1 0 cl
    <
    .1l111
    stnut
    heメelect edfornormalr oac
    lusc，出 l hi汚 cancauぉヒ
    沿cnou お dama呂el othc白n alclr
    ivea nc
    ld i
    ff e
    renri汁￨

    Thirddifferentials

    Four ，
    -'vheelclriverransl1i
    l 出 10nsyst ems日i vel 11
    l 1ch
    S
    low-
    tur
    nin
    g Fa
    st-
    tu
    rni
    nq 11
    111
    万r 、 、
    oe clclr
    ie a
    bili
    ty.hec a
    llsca l
    lf Oll
    l 山 heel 討 are
    i
    nne
    rsha
    fl o
    uters
    haf
    t usecltodrivelhev c hic
    lc.Us ing'lour-wheelc lr
    ivc
    for normal r oacllIse can r esullin transJuission
    Fa
    st-
    tur
    nin
    g
    pi
    nio
    ngear(pl
    ane
    lwh
    eel
    ) wind- up，' ¥vhichisC el
    ll吋 d when t he f ronta ncl
    rea1 日n alc lr
    ivcs have s l
    igh r speed variations
    Figure2
    0.10 D
    iff
    ere
    nti
    aloper
    ation
    :cornering het wccnthem.Overapcrioduf1imcthcr eslllt
    ing
    V<
    :lnal10n日 can c al
    l se sorne t ran日 1
    1 1
    SS1011 COI l
    1-
    ponen ts to f
    ail.par r
    icu l
    arly hal'
    lsha'lt
    s. To ov el
    cumc l his problem a l hi
    rcld ifrelヒntial，which
    Differentiallock
    works0 11rhesamep rincipleasthcf rOIt al
    1 1d real
    unirs，i sinsta
    lleclbet¥¥"ccn thcι l
    x! est oallov lf OI
    Ac li
    rrer
    enti
    al lock i
    s a mechanical device c
    lilTerenccs int heil忘p eecl.I liscunl ll
    lon ly f
    itted
    that，when 白llec
    l to a c
    li
    fr'
    erenti
    al，prevents insi d
    cl hel ra
    ns f
    erhox
    lhe c
    lr
    ivingwheel sf
    rom r oratingatcli
    ffe
    rent
    speec
    ls
    L
    imited-slipdifferentials

    High-per formanceveh iclessuchasr ll


    < l
    yC 31討 have
    Onヒ り rl
    hc 1 110slじOl11mun t ypc民 0'
    1cl
    iffe
    rentia
    l cngincst h
    ath avea high l urql
    lc output couplecl
    l
    ock ιonSl日 s01 '江川 ic
    l i
    ngclug c l
    ulch which i
    可 s with1 0、
    :.
    vvehi cle weighl，anιIlhiscan callse lhe
    muved hy an c lccrri
    caly oper a1ec
    l sol
    cnoicJu n
    il clr
    iving whe e
    ls r o spin uncon tro
    llab
    ly ¥ ¥
    'hi
    lc
    01
    ' bycompr e州 民 1air
    .¥Xfhenengaged， t hcsl i
    cli
    ng atrempting t ot ra
    nsrniltorque.To pl ビv entt hi
    s
    dogcll
    ltch Illesheメ れ i
    lh‘ i兄i
    milarse tufclogleerh 、
    such " ehicles are oflen i
    Ill
    Ccl with l
    ill
    litec
    l-sl
    ip

    wheel P
    lan
    et Dogon S
    lidi
    ng C
    rownwh
    eel S
    il
    di門q
    g
    ear di
    fl
    ere
    nt
    ial dogcl
    utc
    h d
    ogclutc
    h
    case

    Hal
    fsh
    at
    f

    S
    un日e
    ar P
    ivo
    t P
    ivo
    t
    (
    )
    hu

    (
    a)

    Figure20.
    11D
    iff
    ere
    nti
    all
    ock
    :(a
    )disengaged;(
    b)engaged
    184 ，
    ¥'
    10
    101"、 :
    .
    <h
    icl
    etじじ hnり l
    ogyf
    orm
    cci
    lani
    にS

    ζi
    II
    Tcrenl
    ials，which ar
    c ava
    il.
    .
    lblc i
    n a number( )
    f When u日 d ( ()l im
    itr hc slpり r
    i a co n v enti o n ~d
    desig .One0'
    ns 1rhemisrhclimited -
    slipviscous cl
    iff
    eren t
    i alt he ViSCOl
    lScouplin呂 l 討 incorpor al ccI
    cOllpling inror he f inalclr
    ivc u nirCFigurc2 0.1 21
    0) .I nr hi s
    verS 、
    l01 thcinpur i sfromone0' 1l hc sun whec ¥ぉ
    ViscouscOllplinglimited-
    sli
    pdifferential anclrheoUl purisr o one roadwhee. lNonnalcor -
    neri n
    gsf }cedvar iat ions'¥
    :vi
    thi
    nthじ differ en riala re
    accep r
    able ;r herei 持 lim
    itec
    l si
    llコ A討 おoon asOl 1e
    The viscollscOllpling i
    sa Aui
    cl shear u
    nit
    wheelst arrsr ospin，thecouplingl ocksup
    us
    eclasa centr ec1i
    ffer
    entia.
    loraspartofa
    fi
    naldriveunit

    Lubricationandmaintenance
    Thc mulriple p lar esi nside l he u nila re altern-
    arely arrachcd r or hc ou lercasing f orrhe inpur 1
    ' 0 enδur er hart he frnald r
    ivc a ncl diff
    erenti
    al
    and 1 0t he cen tre hub f or t he output ( Figurc remain i n ser vi c
    ea b
    le con clition，the Ievelofl he
    20.12a).Thc spacc bcれ.veen r he c¥osel yA rre
    c l gear ui li nc lrive uni s should bヒ chヒckec
    t l ancl
    plares isf i
    llecl wirh silicon A ui
    cl. W hen l hcrci s toppec 1I I
    p wirh t he corrcCl' gra1ce of ol ia r
    limil
    ecl v孔riationbet ¥:
    veen t he内peec l ofl he inpul per iocl
    ici n
    rer val討，asd ireclecland討peC l白 cc
    linrhe
    ancl ourpur sh afrs. rhe si l
    icon A uic
    l rcmains vehic l
    e manllfaclUl 町、 ss ervice inform川 ion.iV
    Io川
    viscous.I fr hc speec l of r he r wo componen ls Jloc
    1 lcrnr ear-axlcAnald rivcsa r
    cf rlec 、
    l virho¥ifOJ
    beginsl o change { ()o much，r he Auicle ffecli
    vel y l
    if e，a nclι10 nolnecc ldrai ning
    sol
    icl
    ifies，an clt he p larcs a re l ocked t ogcr heJ 1'0 preven tr hc bll
    ilc
    l-llp 0'1exce出 lVCpre ssl
    Ire
    W hen t het oJζ1ICc
    1 l
    ifferencer erurnぉ 10an <lccep t- int hea xlecasing，mo std riveu n i
    rshaveavel 1l10
    ablc leve l，r hc sil
    icon becol l1csf lu
    icl again and armosl コhere.¥ Xfher ethis is自ted，check t hatt hc
    therei行 limireclslip airway i sc lear，r o prevenrpr cs:礼Jl
    isa
    tlon 札ndol i

    (
    a) l
    nne
    rpl
    ale O
    utr凶a
    e re

    (
    b)

    C
    row
    nwh
    eel

    H
    alf
    sha
    ft

    V
    isc
    ous
    c
    oup
    lin
    g

    Hub(
    our
    pur
    ) C
    oup
    lin
    gho
    usi
    ng(
    in
    ρu
    r)

    e20.12 (
    Figur a)ViscouscouplingI
    imi
    ted-
    sli
    pdi
    ffe
    ren
    tia.
    I(b
    )Shaft-
    to-cagevi
    scouscoupling
    F
    in日I
    dri
    ves 1
    85

    leaks
    .Non- movingcomponent sofac 1rivcunit01 l
    ip-
    typ
    eoi
    lse
    al B
    rak
    eba
    ckp
    la
    te
    a
    ndret
    ain
    erp
    lat
    e
    rearaxlear e日ned1 0呂ヒ l
    hcrwi hgaskers，andl
    l i
    p-
    typeoilseal sf orIhe rOlaring p山 IS，slch as1 he
    pl
    lllOI
    、 1 )ヒrc
    ctive 口Ii seals 1l11st be repl aced
    beforeseriousd al
    lla呂er eSl
    Il SfrOIl1 l
    os sof1Ib
    1 r
    i- R
    ela
    ini
    ngc
    ol
    la
    r
    Gl
    Ilt

    H
    alf
    sha
    fl

    Halfshaftsandhubs

    Half
    shaf
    ts A
    xlec
    ase

    Figure20.13 Semi
    -f
    loa
    tinghub
    The pllrpose ofa ha
    lfshaf
    ri sro "llow r
    he
    t
    orqll
    ef rol
    l1the日nalclri
    vet obetransmitt
    ecl
    10eachofIhed r
    ivi
    ngr oadwheels Three-quar
    terf
    loat
    ingaxl
    e

    Thisi
    sas r
    rongerdesi gn，whi chiscOl
    1ll
    llo
    nly
    Onccnd0' 1lheh alfshaft凶Illachinedv v
    ithas cl Arr
    ed rolig
    ht and l11edi
    ul11-wei
    ghtcarsancl
    ofspli nc巧 10eng‘Igewil hrhes llnwhee. 1andt he gOudsvehic
    1es
    olherprovi desa l ocal
    iun f orrhcbraked rl
    lll1 ul
    diぉC礼 ndwheel
    Theh al、
    Lh ar
    t1 1
    1
    11討1heabl eburh1 0 SlIppO r[r he
    Inl he Ihrcc-quarter nu aling axle onl y pan
    wel呂hlufI hevehicleand1 0 wilhstanc lrhef orces
    uf Ihc ¥Vei且hli s carri
    ecl hy l he halfshaf l:con-
    associatec
    lWil hd r
    ivi ngandbrakin 呂 ! "oresisrrhc
    scquenlly rhe si nglc-r
    u¥V hal lbむ I llngI S pos卜
    rorsi
    onals l
    rcsscお IllpOぉe
    1 dl Ipon l hc shafti ri s
    l
    ionedb el¥Veenrheaxlecasingandlhehuh. I iis
    madef r
    omcarbonぉt ec.ltuwhichchrumi ull and
    1
    hcldi n pl acc by I 1c
    1 ans 0'1a l ocknut，which
    nickelareadded 1 0gi vca ddilional r es
    istancer o
    presscs I
    ragalnぉl: lδhOlllder l11achined i nro Ihe
    str
    essf a
    ti日lIe.Thじ r h r
    ec ll1os1 COll11l1un rypcsuf
    casing(Figllre20.14)
    hubar rangcl l
    lcntare
    To preven r the locknulf rol11 loosening. ili s
    1
    . semi-
    Aoaling; Aned v、 irha l ocking washer . As i nt he s e
    lll
    i-
    2
    .r h
    rec-quanernoating floari
    ng axl e，lhe bear ing is prel ヲζ
    Ick e
    cl 、，
    、il、
    I
    3
    .f l
    l
    llynoζll
    I ng grease，and i s also lubricared by oi l Illi
    st spray

    Semi
    -floatingaxle
    S
    hou
    lde
    r
    Thisisrhesi l1pl
    l estoft herhreehllbarrange
    l
    l1enr
    s.I nl h
    isc 1esign the half
    shafris sup- A
    xlec
    ase
    porlec
    li nr he axle casingby asi ngle serof L
    ockn
    u!
    hallbearings， rhebear i
    ngbei nghelc
    linp lace
    byar e
    tainerp lare( F
    igure20.13)
    Ha
    fs
    1ha
    ft
    ー一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一←一
    The be山 ingi sprepacked ¥Vi lhgrease，and i s
    L
    ock
    ing
    also1 Ib
    1 ricalcd by a spray ll1il f
    S r
    oll1 t
    he 白n a
    l w
    ashe
    r
    driv
    c.Topr eventl he l
    ubricantf ro
    lllcon ra
    l l
    linar l
    ip.t
    ypeo
    i
    lsea
    l
    ingrhchr akelinings，ano ilsealisF l
    ltec
    lb et'¥ve
    en B
    a1lbe
    ari
    ng
    theb ヒl
    ‘ r
    tn日‘ Indthcretainerplare.seca1l5eofr he
    I
    argc 叫 rC55cs il1p
    1 osed lIpunl he ha l
    fshafr，iti s
    suira
    hlef oriIghlvehiclc5only Figure2
    0.1
    4 Three-
    quartersf
    loati
    nghub
    186 .
    ¥
    101
    01、じ h
    icl
    cte
    chn
    o1ol
    、 f
    1 orI11c
    ~ ，
    ch礼 l
    ll
    CS

    fromt henna lclr


    ivヒ Tominimiおcthcp ossi
    bililyof Non-driving1mb
    contaminat ionoflhebrakcshoel in
    i ngsal ip-t
    ype At ypical hubanc¥b1'akecl
    isca5 SじI
    llb
    ly，Ilo
    l untec
    ¥
    uils e
    ali sAttc
    cl.Ast heaxlei sofl10
    1 rerobus lcon
    . at the lower enc l of a l
    ¥
    !lacphct日on strutぉ(ee
    s
    t1'uction，a nc
    l lhc weigh1 oft he vehicle is sup Chap1e1'22)，isshown i nFi日llre2016 Thehubi s
    、
    ， ，

    porledbyl hcaxlecasing，t hehalfha flis1


    'equirc
    cl mounr ecl on adjuslable laper r oll
    er bearings
    10、¥lithst
    礼nclma inl
    ythelO1'sionalf
    o1'cesassociated Lulヲrica
    tion is by h igh Illclt
    ing
    -poinr grcase
    withc lriv
    ing elnc
    ¥braking. Mosrothers tress
    e s~re (HMI '
    ，) which is1'etain
    ccl by a li
    p-.
    1)'
    pe" i
    l sea
    l
    al刊 orbeclby1 heaxlecasing anclac1ustcap
    Therearet ¥"O importantpoin1S10notc
    Fullyf
    10atingaxle
    1
    .R ollerbearingsi nt hi
    5e nvi!日nmentmusthave
    rllnningclearance[ 0avoi
    clseizur e
    Thisi st hestrongestoft he l
    h1eeaxles， l
    ' tis 2
    . The bear ins mllsl be pユc
    g kccl Wi1h I -
    IMI'
    always usec l on heavy gooc ls vehicles ancl 日reasebef orca ssclll
    bly， Wi1h pe1'haps a l
    il
    lle
    buses， I nl h
    is axle cl e
    signa llthe d1'i v
    ing， smcarcd in5icle.he huh Ncir
    1 ， hc1
    't hedu川 じ' 1
    '
    br aking， anlcorneringforces，
    c aswellasthe norr hespacebetweent hヒ hca1'ingsshoulclbe
    actua lveh icle¥veigt，
    h areplaceclontheaxl e All
    ecl w1th lubricant，as l h
    isw il
    l escape a ncl
    casi ng， The h alfshafti s requi1'ed only 1 0 contaminatetheroaclwhecla n
    clhrake
    t1
    'ansll1itthe torque f'o
    1 11 the 日nal c
    1 l1
    'ive to
    Follow I he vehicle manuf :
    :lclu
    relぉ a clj
    ustl1C
    1 n l
    thed r
    i vingwheel
    sequence i fi tis kno¥Vll
    .I n gcncr a.
    lt aper roll el
    bearing a clj
    usfment f roll
    lI hc di sll
    l礼ntlcd s 1a
    . .1e

    star
    ts by making sure rhm t hc hearing 討日 ref ll
    ll)'
    Therearetwosel Sof【ape1
    '1'ol
    lerbea1
    'ingsposi
    - sealecLThisi sclonebyc l
    al1p
    l ingI Ipt hcadjL
    l討1111日
    tionccl between the axle casing anc
    lt he hub nl
    lt while turnin呂 the whcc L Con1inue wi1h lhe
    CFigure 201う). The bearings are r
    ， elaine
    cl by s
    .equencef orroutinea djus
    llllcnthysl ackcnin日1.he
    l1e
    l ansofal ockec
    lbutaclj
    ust
    .ablenut，wi1hwhich acljus
    tingnu1 u n
    tilt he1
    'e isa lil
    lle freeplay Takc
    ，

    lhe bea1'ings are prel


    oaded or tensi onccl.
    10 IIprhen ll
    rcar eful
    lyl ln
    lil.
    1hcpoin1ofnof reep la)
    removeanyf r
    eeplay canj us1bcc
    . letectec
    l by rocki ng1 he whec LThen

    T
    a仁e
    rro
    ll
    erb
    ear
    ing
    s

    S
    lub

    H
    alf
    sh
    aft

    L
    ockn
    ut

    G
    rea
    ses
    eal
    S
    hou
    lde
    r G
    rea
    se
    Adj
    us
    tin
    g s
    eal
    Figure20，15 F
    ull
    yfloat
    inghub nu
    1

    Frontwheelhubdes
    jgns

    Jhe c口n日 ruclion of lhe slub a


    ' xle
    . ¥vhich l
    l11
    1s
    t
    、
    5vivc
    J[0al lo¥V thcvehi c
    letu be汚tcc1cc
    l，depend円
    。
    '
    nwhetheri tis~I c
    1riving01
    'non-drivinghub Figure20，16 Fronthub:taperr
    oll
    ertype
    ドI
    n日Id
    ri、じお 1
    87

    0 、、'herc ncce同 山 Y
    ιIrivet hr ough an angl c of90
    There e 1re various r 、
    ypes vhi ch include hel ical
    ge ars.st rai glbevel‘討 p
    h ll礼1hevcl，andhypoicl
    • Hypoi clf i
    naldriveδhavct hepiniono ffsetfrom
    lhecen t re-lineaxi s0'1lhec ru¥¥'n¥ ¥'hec.
    lA 討pecia1
    extreme pre出 ure(EP)呂caro¥ imust be 1I則三d 10
    prevenlpr cmalure¥vc礼 r0' 1thegearl eピlh
    • Thc purposcofl hcd iffercl
    1liali st o川 lo¥V the
    c
    lr iving wheels (0 be c lriven a 1 dliTer cnl ぉpccc l
    s
    but with equ all orquc whcn cor ncri n日 I '
    hec lif
    -
    fe renti a
    l 亡onsists ( )f a s el 0"1s un and p l江n et
    gears，which < lr
    : e muuntccl i ns
    iclct he cl
    iJlere n
    ti λ
    1
    huusi ng
    • Special ised vehi cleぉ sometimcsn eecl10l Isea
    dif f
    e rcnt ial lock when heing dr ivcn on s oft
    gr oun cl
    O
    nve
    shat
    f • Vehi cle s、 、 ith perll1anent four-wheel c 1rivc
    need a t hirclc lifferemi 、
    albel¥ 'ccn the f roJlt and
    rear c lri ve u nits. The l hirdc l
    ifferenlial prevents
    transmission¥ v inc
    l-llpf rol1c
    l Jcveloping .A VbCOlS
    coupling1 l1aya lsobeusec lforl hi spurpose
    • L i1l1i
    le cl-sl
    iコdiffer
    l ent ials arel Is ed on sOl l1e
    high- per formancevehiclest oli11i
    l llhcsl ipofany
    Fi
    gur
    e20
    .17 F
    ron
    thub:f
    ront
    -wheeldrive onec 1rivenwhecl
    • The t h
    r ect ypesofr e araxle h llb 山 r angemenl
    are scmi -no ating . lhrce-quaner1 f0alingancl f ully
    I
    XICk o
    l Tthe nul one 日
    日1，check l
    hal Ihere I
    Sa 1
    f0ating
    l
    r"ce0'1fr ラ
    l
    eじ l:iy，:
    "1(
    lluc<
    llhcnulinplace

    DrivingI
    Thesl
    lUb
    ubaxle0 11adrivinghub1ll1l日 r otateil
    lSi
    c lc lREVIS N EXERCISESANDQUESTlONS
    /O I
    thes(ubaxl eh O l
    l s
    in日 (Figure20.17)
    .Onec ncl( )f
    thcsluhaxlef urmslhcuul erendufl hcconstant 1 Give 1
    1ω r
    easons f
    ()
    rlIsing a 白na
    lcl
    riv
    eina
    velocityCCV)joint.¥ ¥'h
    iletheulhersllpponsl he vehiclclra nsmissionsyst
    ell1
    ¥¥'
    heelh lb山 ldbr"ked附
    l c.Thchuh民ho、 vnuぉCS 2 Brienyslat ethemainf eat
    llrel ha
    ld i川 inguishes
    sep:lrale1
    '01<.
    '1
    " raceぉ whi ch arer ightenccl 10a as pi
    ralbevelfromahypoicl白n a
    ldrive
    吋l
    刊 日 日 じd 10
    1に1IC ユ
    1 nd lip-type o
    ils e a
    ls. Olhel ヨ¥ ，
    Vhal is lhe 1l1a川 reason f OI日lll1g aζ l
    iff
    clー
    de出品 nscmployone- pieccbearings emial?
    4 Whati slhepurposeofad iffercnri
    a llock'
    ラ Whati sl hepurposeofal hircldifferenlia
    l，礼ncl
    CHEC KYOURU NDERSTANDING wher ccani lbef o
    unclonl h巴 vehiclcフ
    6 Statctu'olIsesforavi sco
    llscuup ling
    • Thep l ，-osじ 0'
    lq 1the fi
    na l drive同 (0providea 7 Which lypヒ ofrearax¥ヒ huharran日l 'menr IS
    pcrm日ncnl gear rcductiOIl. as well as turn thc usedf orheavygouclsvchi c
    l es
    '
    Fronta l
    eand eerlng

    Fixed-beamsteering
    Introduction
    ln 日xec
    1-beam steering lhe fron
    ra xle i
    s
    The pllr
    pose of a st
    eering sys
    tem ist o lln
    able to lUr
    n. lnst l， t
    eac he wheels山 e
    cont
    rolthe c
    lireCl
    ion in which a veh
    icJe mountec
    lonpivotings tubaxles，mountec
    lon
    tr
    avels eachenc
    loft heaxlebeam( Fi
    gll
    re2].2)

    Al
    1umbcrofr equir
    emen
    tsmus
    rbemeti
    fiti
    s
    t
    odり th
    iss
    alis
    faclOr
    ily ‘
    . The e
    1 ffon ne
    ccl
    ed to opcr
    atet
    he s
    leer
    ing •
    ShOlll
    dbeas討mala spossible ~訟 〆・噌

    2
    . Thcs tccri
    ngShOll
    ldber esponsiveataJlti
    ll
    les
    ./- .
    3
    . ThereSh Ol
    llc
    l be f
    eeclback witholl
    tlOO lll
    11ch Commonc
    ent
    re 〆~
    oft
    ur
    n J 〆/
    sensl
    t
    lvt y 〆/〆
    〆〆〆
    4.Thc st ecri
    ng systel
    ll ShOlll
    d prol l
    lole lrl
    le 〆 /

    -
    〆 〆F

    roll
    ingmotion
    ，〆〆'

    Figur
    e21
    .1Swinging-
    beam s
    teer
    ingsystem.

    5teeringlayouts
    Swingingbeamsteering •、
    、
    ‘ 、

    Int hisl ayoul，t hef roll


    tax leismountedon [ol he
    vch iclc by meansofa cen tralt u rn
    table.whi ch 〆 /
    /'
    aJ
    lo¥Vst hc whol ca xlc to pivot(F igll
    re 21
    .1). Aぉ Comm once
    ntr
    e /'
    d〆〆

    -
    〆/

    each ( )fl he 川 eereιIwheeb i sa tr i日h1angles tu oft


    ur
    n /'
    thc ccn trc oft he tll
    rn，t he vehicle can foJ
    low a / 二一 /
    /'
    〆 〆〆〆 '
    curvedpathway .Thi討 givestruerollingmotion， J〆〆〆 ，〆/

    in which r he whcdshave !l1t nl


    lll込1r oJ
    ling r
    esisト ィイJ/'

    礼ncc .A lthol日hthe日 vi ngi ngbeamc le


    signhast hc
    ac
    lva nragcofsi mplici
    ty.liSLぉ eonmOl
    l o
    rvehi des
    is mainly l i
    mited l Oc l
    rawbar t railersand ot hel
    speci a
    listap p
    lic at
    ions Figure21.2 Fixed-
    beams teeri
    ngsystem

    188
    Fr
    on!a
    xleands
    rcc
    ring 189

    Altholgh dcsi 日ned 川 a t il


    lle whcn al horsc- W hen the st
    cer ing wheeli ，thc innel
    s turn民 1
    C
    !，山νn c山nageぉ had ax1 c bC31llS，the Illethocl st eering ar1
    l1 wi l
    l I 1Qve l
    1 he inner roadwhcc 1
    is stilt he h"si s 01 al 日 eer ing.Veh icles wi th th
    rollghagr eat
    erangl cthant heout erThed ilT
    er-
    inc じ
    コ nden
    leJ tS l日 pension have t hei
    rs tub ax! es ence bctween t hem i s caI
    led toe outon nlrn，
    Iluun
    l fe
    cli nl hesamcr el
    :Jt
    iveposi tiun芯 which can be r el
    llcll
    lbered by t hc acronyl
    ll
    To en討 IIじ tι
    h!1l yre wcariskep tt o a1 1
    11
    11II
    IIL
    I111， T OOT，anclisnor l
    llalybet ween 20anι 1:)0C
    Figurc
    th仁 川 eenng geol lle
    try muメtrr ovic
    1e trller olli
    ng 21
    .4)
    rnot i
    on.' '1
    1 1出 回 ob tai
    necl hy Illaking t he wheel s
    sharc a COl ll
    rnon cent e of turn，l
    r Ising a l ayoul
    known as the Acker mann principle，a ftcr its
    Wheelalignment
    invcntor1 1
    1
    1dollAcker mann( Fi日ur e21.2 )

    Ackermannsteeringprinciple To ensure t
    hattr
    ue roJ
    ling mor
    ion occursin
    the str
    aight ahead posi t
    ion， t
    he steerec
    l
    wheels mustbe s e
    tt o run p'
    "ζt
    l
    lelas thcy
    To ensure t hat the f ront steerec
    l wheel s rot
    arc
    rot
    a te arollnc1 3 C01l11l10n centre，fhe inner
    and O lller roac
    lwhec ls mllstbe l lovec
    l 1 by
    dif
    fcr cnt a l
    lloll
    nts (F igure 21 .2). This i s Front-wheeldrivevchic
    lesnOl'mallyrcqui
    retoe
    achieved by se【t ing t he steering ar1
    l1S atan out，bccau討et hewhe cl
    sp ullinw山 dstoapJr J
    lle
    I
    angl e， おo t
    meelon ornea
    hat t
    rt
    heir proj
    hc cen t
    ect
    ed cen
    re oft he r
    trel
    eara
    ines
    xle
    posit
    ion underpower(Fi gur e21う礼).Co nve沿cl ，
    y，
    rear
    -wheelclrivevehic
    lcscoml11only usea toein
    (F
    i呂ur c21 .3) sett
    ing，becaus ethe wheclsp ul
    l back when the
    vchic
    le1 1Qv
    l esforwarc
    ls(Figll
    re21う
    : b)
    F
    ronl

    T
    rackr
    oc Wheel
    / S
    tuba
    xle
    K
    ing
    pin
    ¥ / (
    a)

    ¥Ac
    附 man
    n/
    ¥
    J旦に/ F
    ron
    t
    ¥ /
    ¥/
    ，V
    (
    )
    hu

    Figure21.3 Ackerlllanns
    tee
    ringpri
    nci
    ple Figure21.5 W he
    ela
    lig
    nll
    lent
    :(a
    )toeo
    ut;(
    b)t
    oei
    n

    Whee
    lsρ凶ced0門
    t
    urnt
    abl
    e10mea
    su r
    e
    va
    ria
    tωninT
    OOT
    2
    0"

    ー
    ーーー→
    ーー一
    一一一一 一
    一-一一一
    一÷ー
    2
    2"

    Figure21.
    4 Toeoutonturn(
    TOOT)
    190 九1
    0101、(，'
    h
    i<
    .:
    h:(
    .1.
    ，'d
    ll
    lOI
    υgvf
    4
    υrme
    cha
    nic
    討

    21.7
    ).Onarno1orvehiclc、posi t
    lvecas
    telιIngleis
    Steeringangles oh1ained by1i
    l1ing Ihe kingpin. orrhccenrreline
    of1heぉwi ve
    lj oi
    n r
    s. back froll
    l 1hevenical plane
    inrela
    tionfothe!lormaldirectionoftr~l vd
    The steering geometry ofa vehic
    le i spl
    ll
    posdydesignec lwi1hcenainsreeri δ，
    n呂 angl
    e
    .n
    ，
    l d thcsc havean imponanl effecton ho¥V Camberangle
    thc vehicle ste
    ers an
    cl handles.The rhree
    anglesare
    The roaclwheel i sl10l
    l l
    ntec
    l on 1o rhe srub

    ・
    •

    ・
    ca討tran日￨
    e e，
    camherangle
    a
    ¥
    xle 50t
    vardsf
    h
    alirsaxi
    orposi ti
    v
    si slaleraly inclinedout
    ecamberbyanyt hing upto
    kingpini
    nclinat
    ion(K'
    II
    ) 20 (Figure 21.8)
    . For negal ive cal1b
    l er rhe
    wheeli sincli
    neclinwarclsfroll1
    1 hever tica
    l

    Casterangle
    Thc purpose ofcamber angle i s1 0 enable rhe
    OncofIhech， ，
    ，
    以: t
    enst
    lc只 ofaぉrcenngsy s.
    tem lS
    sl
    eer
    ed ¥、
    :'
    heels10s¥Vi
    vヒ11l10n 、
    :e :t ~ il y. g
    i1 n日 1
    ighr
    an
    cleasystccring
    Ih"lI hじ メIccrcd wheel行 討 h
    O ll
    ld hビ ahlc to sclf
    -
    ccntrl
    '. To L'
    I1SU
    Iじ rhmr hiお occur s
    .t hc vchiclcぉ
    川じ仁 nn 日日じo l
    llelr
    yincorpor arcscasterangl e Kingpininclination

    C:lst
    cranglei
    scr ea
    teclwhenr heaxisofr he KPI isthe angle a
    t whi ch rhe cemreline of
    ro日c
    1wheel 1r
    ails behin
    cl 1 he axi
    s or r he rhe kingpin or 1 he axis or r he sreering
    怖.vi
    vclhllb，p
    ro d
    llcing castertral(
    i ドIgure swi vel
    s leans inwarcls from l he venical
    21.6
    ) (Figure218)

    Kingpin i ncli
    nation (1'1
    く1 )hclps Ihe ste
    ering 1
    0
    '
    rh(
    ' principl
    e 0"
    1ca
    ste
    rangle i
    s used in111a
    n)' self
    -cen rre
    . an ι
    I reducesメtr
    t'おおじ son I
    hc st
    ccr
    ing
    ・
    Ipplica
    1ionぉ Oneexample i
    sthじ bicyclc(ドI
    HUle cornp<>I1enlぉ

    F
    ronto
    f Pl
    vot
    or
    v
    ehic
    le ca
    ste
    r
    ce
    nlr
    el
    in
    e
    Ki
    ngp
    ln
    C
    entre
    li
    ne
    (
    weigh
    tli
    ne
    )
    0
    1wheel
    D
    ireci
    to
    n01
    !
    rav
    el

    一 一 一 一 一一 一 一 -<一 一 一 一

    T
    yre
    Road

    ト→￨ 、
    Cast
    er POi
    nt01 Po
    jn
    tof， J~ ~~:~ter
    t
    ra
    i
    l t
    yrecont
    ac
    t c
    onta
    ct - - r
    taj
    I

    Figure21.6 Casterangle Figure21.


    7Casterangl
    eintheb
    icycl
    e
    F
    ron
    tιl
    x
    lじ。 l
    nd¥
    '
    .1
    ビピI"Ing 1
    91

    Negativeoffsetsteering
    1 1
    Swi
    ve
    lax
    is i ト/附eel
    vn
    12 Int
    swi
    hisl
    vcla
    ayou
    xisi
    l，rhca
    ntelぉec
    xi討 0'
    rsl i
    g
    1r
    hll
    hc roaclwhヒヒ1a n
    c
    y abovl: grouncl l
    ll hc
    evel
    、
    、、
    11
    l
    -l (Figure 2]. 910
    ). 1 1 has been f ouncl thal r his
    arran耳目l 1en
    l1 l
    l1prOVeSぉl ah
    111
    1y211 1〈lIeduces1 11c
    、
    、
    e

    Cambe
    r pullonthesreer in呂 whcd i fthcrei s:-
    1I )
    'rehlow-
    ang
    le
    ¥
    10

    Ki
    nooi
    n out 0'1the frol
    1thr akcsbecomc unl )
    ;:l
    l I
    ‘llcec
    l
    .Jti s
    in
    cl
    in
    atl
    on no¥¥'widdyl Iscdoncar s
    I
    ri sお口 mClll1eお clle
    < cl negativescrub 01r oll
    11
    radius
    I
    11
    Upper
    sus
    pen
    Slo
    n 1
    1 Positiveoffsetsteering
    l
    in
    k
    1
    1' thi l ，
    ayoul lhe axiδ 01
    "lhc roaclwheela
    ntll hc
    L
    ower 1
    1 δt
    eer ing axis meelbelow grouncl I cvel(Figurc
    s
    uspe
    nsl
    on 2].9cl.I
    Igivesp l
    en ly01"'fe
    el'tothe討teennιbUl
    l
    i
    nk ¥
    1
    / い1
    11makei theiH'V

    ¥
    1
    Figure21.8 Cambe
    rangle Steeringgear

    The i
    nclinal
    ion 0"1lhe 前 vi
    ve Olnrs on i
    lJ ncle
    - Thepurposeofδleeri
    nggearis1
    0enablelhe
    c
    lr
    ivert
    oa l
    lerthevehicle'
    ssl
    eere
    clc
    li
    recl
    ion
    pendent suspcn出口 ns I
    st
    eering-
    S morc cor
    axisinclination(SAI)
    ' cale
    recl) c
    l
    、
    Nithaminimu1l1ofef
    for
    t

    Centre-pointsteering
    Thr
    ccoflhe1
    11
    0δ1commonl
    }
    'pes1
    1
    1U討eare
    '
    1
    '0 rcducl' s tee
    ri ngclTon especi a
    lly011largeCOI11-
    1 lフ

    、 lpe旦
    句

    WQrmanc
    mer cial ヒh iclお l
    じ he ぉt eenn告 gcomel ry can bc
    -

    r
    ecl
    I日 J
    lal
    ingb，，1
    コ
    ヲ

    an孔 ngec l[ 0g ivじ centre -pointst eering


    .l nthi s
    r
    ack礼 ndpini
    on
    11)
    < '01
    l1l he 江 xe討 。 1r hc road¥¥
    'heel礼 nζ
    1 of r hc
    s
    ¥¥'ivel axi沿 (0"
    1k ing pin) inte
    rscct¥vhere thelyr c Howeve.
    rr egarc
    llcss01
    "lhelypc，，，1slecringgc ユ1
    t(
    )IIに
    !1cs1 hero ‘Id(Fi日lIrc21.9a) sh
    oll
    ld posseおお thc folowing charaClじnsttc日 11

    (
    a
    ) (
    b) (
    c)

    Ki
    ngpi
    n
    ，
    nc内al
    io
    n Ca
    mbe
    r

    Po
    sli
    l
    ve

    j
    i¥
    Figure21.9 St
    eeri
    nggeometr
    ies
    :la
    )cen
    tre
    -poi
    ntst
    eer
    ing;I
    b)negat
    iveof
    fset
    ;Ic
    )po
    sit
    iveof
    fse
    t
    192 MOTorv
    chi
    cler
    ech
    nol
    ogyf
    orme
    cha
    nic
    s

    shouldnorll1a ll
    yhavcsOll1edegree0' 1rev ersibi
    l- bearings.Whent hes1e
    " eringwhccl i
    st urncd，r
    he
    ity，the t erm use
    clt り describethe feedback of rotatig worll1 1l10VCS rhe nul up り r1
    n c0wn the
    roadconditionst ot hedriverandf el
    ta tthes t
    eel βh3t，anc
    f 1lhesectorshaftpivot弓 Th i只 movcmenr
    ingwhe el，hutshoulda lsoprevente x
    ces s
    iver o
    acl i
    st ransln
    itt
    cclt othe roadwheels by a drop arm
    shocks beingtransmit tc
    clt o the s
    teering whe e
    l anc
    1linkage
    I
    t should ensure t hatthe all10unt ofbacklash
    (thef ree playatthes te
    e rin
    gwheel )i skeptt oa
    Rackandpinionsteering
    111
    1 1
    1IIllU
    ll
    l
    Eack ancl plnlon 日teennggear [ s白Uι e1t o III礼 ny
    Wormandpegsteering moclern vchicles ( Figure 21. 1
    2).'1'he 川 eenn 日
    wheelt urnslhepinionont hcc nc
    loft 11ヒ s
    teenng
    With t h
    is type ofs teerin日 mechanisJll t
    he lowcl ぉhaft
    .whichs li
    cle
    st h etoothec
    1r ac
    lく toanc1f roi n
    par toft hes teeringcolumns h
    aftismaιhinedwith the housin日1'ier ocls，seale
    cl hygatier s，li
    nkt he
    aworm- typescrewt hrcad，ミvhichmcshcswi tha rack10t hewheelassemhl ies
    peg p rotruding from t he arm ofthe cross- shaft
    (Fi gure 21 .10). When the s teering wheel i s
    Steeringbaljoints
    rot meζ1，t heworl1l movest hepegalong，andt he
    arl11 a
    ncl( 1り 出 shaf
    tl urn.Thismovcmcnti strans
    Tot r
    ansmitt he1l10VClnentofl hesteerin品目 earbox
    ferrcc.
    lt u a st eering drop arm an c
    ll in
    k日gcs to
    to each s tub axle，a 1 111mher()
    fI九1 1
    1j oi
    ntsa rc
    1
    l10 VCt hcr oachvhccls
    requi ec
    r1
    1 1c purpose0'
    'l 1a hallj o
    intiお{り l inktogetl
    1cl
    Recirculatingb
    allsteering twocomponenlsb l
    llatt heselmct i
    llca
    1 llowhoth
    anglllaranc¥rotational movement hetween thcll1
    Ont hclowerp ar
    t0'1t hcst ccr
    ingcolu口111 shaf
    tis I
    tconsi行t s()fas pheric
    alsocketi n whicht heb a
    ll
    a wor m，ancl surrounding i ( isa s l
    icling nut end ofa p ini s hcld u n
    cl e
    r spring compres sion
    CFigure 21.
    ]].l
    ) nstead ofthreads，t he nutanc l (F
    igur c2113) Mo日 ba1j 日int
    sa renola djustablc，
    wor!TI山 elinkedtogetherbyacont 川 uousrowo f 'which mean自 t hatthey musl be r eplacec
    1 once
    ballbearings to gi
    ve a reclucec
    l-f
    rict
    ion clr
    ive.A freeplayr eachesunacccpt ab
    lcI c
    vcls
    transrertuhe links the e
    nc ls of the ιt
    hreacl
    't o Note t hat many suspcnsi on hallj (
    )[n
    l見 山 eof
    provide the r
    ecirculati
    ng 111口vcmcnt01thc bal l simliarconstruction

    T
    op A
    dju
    sti
    ng F
    il
    l
    erp
    lug
    ρ
    la
    te E
    ndpl
    a
    te T
    ran
    sf
    ert
    ube O
    lif
    i
    lt
    erp
    lug
    R
    ocke
    r
    s
    ha
    ftarm
    S
    tee
    rin
    gcol
    umn
    (
    in
    ne
    r)
    B
    ody
    b
    ear
    in
    g

    S
    li
    din
    g
    n
    ut S
    teeri
    nC
    ]
    c
    olumn
    O
    ute
    rstee
    rin
    g わa
    s f
    c
    olumn

    W
    orm 8
    ear
    in日

    C
    ros
    ssh
    af
    t D
    ropa
    rm
    O
    F
    i e21.
    gur 10 Wormandpegs
    tee
    ringbox Figure2
    1.1
    1 Reci
    rcu
    lat
    ingb
    alls
    teer
    ingbox
    F
    ron
    ta:
    dじ 山1
    Jsl
    eer
    in月 193

    Pi
    ni
    on

    T
    rac
    kro
    den
    d

    F
    lex
    ibl
    eco
    upl
    ing
    T
    rac
    kro
    d

    S
    leer
    in
    gco
    lum
    n B
    al
    ljo
    in
    l
    R
    ubber
    (
    Sle
    eri
    ng)
    g
    ai
    ter

    Fi e21.
    gur 12 Rackandp
    inions
    teer
    ingmechanism

    A
    ngula
    rm ov
    emen
    t Th
    reeofrhemoslcommonIype行 計 r
    c
    ρ
    ossi
    bleeach
    s
    ideo
    fc e
    ntr
    e
    1
    .inl
    egr
    al;
    2."
    exrcr
    na¥ram(inーl
    inccyl
    inder
    );
    Mou
    lded 3.scmi-in
    teg
    ra¥
    E
    la
    sti
    c
    u
    shi
    n日 Regardleお o
    お fwhich I
    ype i
    sAlr
    c d.a
    llsyslel1s
    l
    mllst comply wirh rhe folowin且 funcrIona¥
    D
    USI requl
    relll
    ents
    1
    . The syst cl
    lls hol
    ll drcdllce lhe amoln l of
    dri
    vere ffun nccdedl urll
    rnI hcs t
    eer i
    ngwhc el
    2
    . The sysrcll
    l shollld be f
    ailsafe.Thiぉ enahl es
    lheclri
    ver(u s l
    eerr heveh iclesafcly ifafι
    11
    I1i
    S
    pri
    ng c
    levelopsi nl hcpuwera ssisl
    ance
    3 Thesy 剖 el1s
    l hulllc
    lpreferablyhespeec lsensi
    r
    ivcjilmus lgivc maximUl ll as
    sistanceal¥OV.I
    e21.
    Figur 13 Non-
    adj
    ust
    ableb
    allj
    oin
    t
    spccdb l
    llr edllcei rasl
    hevchi c
    lcs peeclr
    ises

    Power-assistedsteering I
    ntegralPASsystem

    rhisl ypC ofst eer i


    ng mcchaniメm cunsi s
    ls of< l
    convent i
    on a
    lr ackanc.
    lpinionsleeringmechanIslll
    1
    '0Illakes
    leering a
    seasyaspos sible many
    Iha
    [ hasbeen 1 1 日cc
    10仁1i .
    l1 0 provic
    lc poweras si
    sト
    veh
    ic l
    esare nQVl日tted 、
    yi
    ， t
    hp口、
    iVer-ass
    isr
    ed
    ance( Fig
    llre21. ).Thef
    14 1
    l1ic
    lreservoirhol c
    lsIhe
    s
    teer
    ing(
    PAS
    )
    hy
    clra
    lllico il，which bOlh 11Ibr
    icates Ihc sysle
    ll
    l
    andenablesi ttof unct
    ion.ltisconncct ec
    ¥toI hc
    194 1
    ¥
    lot
    o 、
    l chidet
    cch
    nol
    o只yf
    orm仁 c
    han
    icお

    S
    tee
    rin
    g
    c
    olumn

    円山 d
    r
    ese
    rvO
    lr

    Power
    st
    een円g
    pump
    R
    otor
    y
    c
    ont
    ro
    v
    alv
    e

    口r
    l
    ve
    b
    el
    t

    S
    tee
    rin
    g
    r
    ack
    Met
    al
    pl
    pes

    F
    lex
    ibl
    e
    h
    oses

    Figur
    e21
    .14 Layou
    tofani
    ntegralpowerst
    eer
    ingsyst
    em

    enginc-clrivcn powcrst eer ing pump by Aexi ble foralarge孔l1lountofp o'¥vcras sis
    tanc c.Themain
    hoscs.Theo ili spressur
    isec
    la nclfec
    l.10lhes .
    teet featureofl h
    issyslet 1i
    1 srhe use 0" 1 an eXlcrnally
    ing rack lhrough t he rotary conrrolv al
    ve. Thi s t10
    1 untecl i n-lin
    e. clouhle- ac
    ting po ¥¥ '
    erc ylinc
    ie l
    valve，oftencalleclthespoolval ve，じり nsis
    .sofa
    t localedbelweenlhechassisa n
    c lthcsr ccringc lrop
    numberofi nle
    t porrsofvarying si ze to conr rol art1 (
    1 Figur c 21.1う. Movement 0
    ) (' the s tee
    ring
    the;JJllO
    llnt()fpress
    urise
    ct1fu i
    clenteringther ack wheel allov r
    .spre日 urisecl hyc
    lt ι
    luli
    ct lui
    clt oen tじ1
    山lc
    1irsc lc
    sri
    n a
    rion the i n-l i
    nep o
    '¥:v
    erc yl
    indcr t hrou且h a con lrol
    、alvc I 10
    1 untccl intcrn';
    l1
    ly. Thc prcssurised 日uid
    Operat ion pr o
    v i
    cl es both: ;
    ln expancling a nc
    l a cont ractin日
    ¥X
    !hen. he日 eeringv
    t .lh
    ， ee
    li sturned.t heinnersha ft rnuvement .depencli ngupunt heu per;ttiunofrhe
    rot;Hesthe r orary controlv alvc.This movcmcnt' controlv alvc
    GIUSCSoncsi c
    le ofthe i nle.
    tp orts1 0c
    . 10se while
    lheremainingi nletponsareopenecl. Pres suri
    secl
    hyc!
    t孔u licO u
    icli s then f o
    r c
    ec li n
    .o lhe sl
    t eering
    Semi-integralPAS
    rack lhrough lhc open i nlerpons，' .
    ln
    cl pushcs
    agalll川 a piston on the steering r ack
    .A r eturn
    Thcsct 1i
    1 -
    inrcgra
    l ドASsyst Ct
    11sharc メ1l1.1
    ny0'1the
    pipc b uil
    ti nt
    u lhe r utary じり ntrul va¥ve allows
    const ructiona
    lf eaturesofhorh lhe i nl
    egral ancl
    rhch yclrau
    lictluic
    l1 0r
    . erurn1 .0rheA uiclreservo
    i t
    ヒXleln a
    l lam PAS SY51e111δ(Figure 2 1.16). Thc
    controlvalvei smountedinsidethestccr inggcar-
    box as i n lhe integ
    r31 PAS syslem，hUI h y
    clt
    ιLU1 i
    c
    Externalram aSsLstance1δexertedbyancxtcrnal i n-
    linepO¥¥. e
    I
    cylinc
    l er，as i nt he external r<
    J1l P
    l AS systヒt11
    Theexrernal r
    3mr
    ypeofPASt e
    nclsl
    obe白r re
    clto This system i s
    .an alternativc 白tt
    ing on hea"y
    la
    rge
    rcommercial vehiclesbecauぉeofrhei
    rn ee
    cl commer cialvehic¥es
    F
    ron
    tax!
    c1nd5
    1 ，
    じじ nng 195

    S
    tee
    rin
    日bo
    x R
    e1u
    rn O
    ilf
    rom
    o
    il pum
    ρ
    ， •

    D
    roparm

    BaUj
    o
    in! C
    has
    sisI
    ram
    e

    I
    n.
    li
    nep
    owe
    rcy
    lin
    der D
    ragl
    i
    nk A
    nch
    ore
    d10c
    has
    sis

    F
    igur
    e21.1
    5 Exter
    nalram(
    in-
    lin
    epowercylinderlpower-
    assistedsteering

    R
    ese
    rvo
    ir Pump

    S
    teer
    ing日earb
    ox
    (
    inc
    orpo
    rat
    lng1he
    c
    ont
    rolva
    lve
    )

    C
    has
    sis

    R
    ela
    yle
    ver

    A
    nch
    or

    S
    eco
    nda
    xled
    ragl
    in
    k F
    ir
    sta
    xled
    ragl
    in
    k

    Fi
    gur
    e21.16 Semi-
    int
    egr
    alpower-
    assi
    stedst
    eer
    ing

    う Check the b allj oin


    ts an
    cl swivcl 1 01
    nrsf01
    Steeringgearmaintenance exccssivefreeplayordamagec ¥c
    ¥llSlcover
    s
    6
    . Check rhe 川 cering drop arm for crack日 01
    rhe lllainrcnancc rhar should be carri
    ecl our r
    r ， clamage
    leRu!
    日rII1t
    口、 alsincll1dcsrlr
    cfoll
    o"， i
    n呂
    7.Clreck rhe opcrarion ofrhe srecring且earf01
    1
    . Chcckr 1
    larrhevchic lc討 ¥¥'
    hcelalignmentCOI l1 smoothnc δS
    plics 以 '
    i
    rh r h仁 川 anufacturcr '
    srccommenc la-
    tl
    ons '
    fo cnsuret h礼ra PASsy芯t cm remal
    nぉ in a safc
    2. Chcck rhea lllOl1nr offrcc pl
    ayi n rhestccring anc
    ¥ serviceablc con
    . cl
    iriun， SQme extr
    :;
    1 rOL
    ltine
    co!ull1n maintenancc aClivi
    ties should be cl rr
    iecl out
    3. Chcckr hc吋心 cllri
    ly0" 1thestee
    ring hoxorsl ecr - Thesei n
    cluc
    ler hefollowing
    l1g‘
    I [Ickll10untIn日 pOl 1t
    l s
    斗 Chcιk r l
    re srcじ ring box or r ack ancl pinion 1
    . Chcck rhc sy
    日 cm for signs 01 Jui
    ' (
    - - c
    lle
    akage
    gaIl'r
    t s"f
    ursi gnsofo i!leakageordal l1age anc
    lsccurir
    yofr hecxternalpipework
    196 -I
    i
    ¥ O
    IOfv
    ehi
    deT
    echno
    log
    yfo
    rmec
    hani
    cs

    2
    . Chcckt heext ernalr amanchorpoi nlsf o
    rsecur- 、
    .vi
    . hthreeangle.
    t s
    :cast erangle， camberan呂l e，and
    ityan cll ighrnessC semi-inlegral and eXlernal kingpini nclinat
    i o
    norKPI
    rlm l
    < ypcSonly) • Thepur poseofast eer ing日earboxi stoenahle
    3
    . Check r hc 日l licl l evel i n the r eservoi，
    r lhec lrivert oalterthe veh icl
    e'ss teer cc
    lc li
    rccr
    ion
    anc.
    l chan日e l he poweI おl eering 1luiιlar rhc 、virht he minimum ofef for
    l.The moS l populal
    recol11mcndcc ¥s
    . erviceintervals types of steering gearbox a re: worm and peg，
    4
    . Check f or fraying，wear and t ensi
    on of lhe recirc
    lllatin呂ball，a nclr acka nclpinion
    pump' 討 にIr
    ivel ヲell • An increasing l l11ml冗 ro f veh icl es are now
    う Check1 hePASぉy Slem f oreaseofoper a
    tionby titt
    edwi thpower -assisteclsteering(PI ¥S)
    .Threeof
    turnm日 r he ぉleering from l ock [0 lock whilc themostcommontypesa re:i nregral，exter n
    alram
    lheveh iclei sstationarya n
    cl， atthes ametime， ori n
    -lInecyl i
    nder， andsemi-integral
    li
    stcningf oranyabnor rnalnoi ses • Atregul arintervalst hev ari
    ul lScOl llponentsof
    thesleer ingsyslemsh o ulclberDU linclyexami ncc
    l
    forsignsofc lcfccs，oradjusredasr
    r equiredbyrhe
    Ila
    l nll
    f actl
    lrer'
    sser vicer ecol
    lllllendations

    CHECKYOURUNDERSTANDING

    • Oneofl hefuncl ionsofasl eer ing m巴chani sm ￨REVIS/ON EXERCISESANDQUESTlONS I


    isl O enablc lhe clrivcrr o change l he vehicle' s
    slccrcd direcrion. An importan tf ealure of any 1 Statethe 11
    )，σ
    ( efun仁 tionalr equir el
    l1entstharal
    l
    stee!川 gsystem ist ha
    ri tshouldpromoleanef fecl steeringsyslemsl 1u
    l Slbecapable0' 1meeling
    caled true r o
    l l
    in日 mOl ion，espe ci al
    ly when r hc コ
    2 lescribe how true r olling 1l10tion can be
    vehicle lurns cor ner s. To obtain t rue r olling 。btainedwhencor ner in日
    motion a ll the wheels mus tr o tate arouncl a 3 De日netheAckermanns tee
    r in日 prin c
    iple
    commoncen trcof[urn 4¥ X
    fhi c
    h lypes 0'1vehicle geneIλIly have l hc
    iI
    • Thelerm' loeou ront urn'，or'1'00 ， i
    '
    1 su把 c lt o ¥vheela l
    ignl l
    len
    ts et( 0toeout?
    c
    .
    lescribethecharacr e
    ris ti
    cofthes teeringilnkage ラ ¥
    Xfhati sthepurposeofcast erangle，a ncl how
    in which rhe innerwheel On a LUrn i s macle r o isi
    robraineclフ
    adOIラ1agrearcranglct hant heouterwheel 6 Brie1
    fyclescr i
    bewhati smeanlby l Iega
    liuero/
    /
    • On f ro
    nl-wheel -c
    lr ive veh icles l he steered rad
    μIS
    roadwhee lsarcgcnerall yser1 0toeOUl， whilef O
    I 7 srie1
    fy Sra he /
    le l hreecharaclcrisli
    csl hatal
    l
    rear-whecldri veveh iclest heset r
    i ngi stoei n ste
    er inggearboxesshouldp r
    olllote
    • To enS llret harrhc srccr ing i
    s both l ight and 8 Nall1e /hr
    e eIypes ofpo¥Ver-assist
    ecl st
    eeri
    n且
    casy1 0operate，t hesteer inggeomerryi sdesigned 日earbox
    SU5P 510n 5 m5

    Slメ!冗 nおi
    ons may he c
    l
    ivi
    ded i
    ntり 1
    wo l
    ypCS
    Introduction independentandnon-independent

    Thehasi cpurposeofasuspensionsyst em i
    s
    to isol
    atc the vehicle
    's bocly f
    rol11 l
    lneven
    r l 円lr
    oac faces.This enSllreS tharbOl hr he
    pa日 engersan cl gooc
    lsbeingcar riec
    l bcneft
    r
    frol
    11 l
    he sllloorhesl possib
    le ricle(Figll
    re Axlesuspensionsystems
    22.1) (non-independent)

    TbemainfUI1
    C1i
    ona
    lrequiremen
    ts0"
    1asuspen- This i
    sa sil
    llp
    le an
    clr elat
    ive
    lyinexpelSl、
    ve
    討l
    onsys
    tel
    11are Iype 0'
    1slspension clesi
    gn.1 1i
    sf i
    necl to
    vehic
    1esthathavebeamaxles，and f orIi呂ht
    1
    .t o cnsur e thar the r oaclwheelsr emain in
    vehic
    lesislsua
    llycOll
    lbinec
    lwithlear
    springs
    conlaCI以 ithIheroadsu rface;
    (F
    igure22.2)
    2.roensur cthatthe rron
    tanc lrear~l xl es ar
    ecor -
    recll
    ylocalecl
    ;
    3
    .r o Sll
    ppOrlI he ぉprun呂 wcighl 0'1I he vehic
    l巴
    rhali
    ( へevcrylhing sllpporlec
    l by r he slspcn
    One of ilS I
    llain advantages i si
    lS sill
    lpl
    icily
    S10
    11ぉpringsl
    and rela
    tivclyl o
    ¥¥'Illlll
    uractur
    ing c05tぉ A d is
    Suspension syぉremお withδpI
    in呂sarc normaly advantage ist hat when one oft he roadwhe cls
    【r
    白 cd ¥Vi
    lhdampers(or rcn wrongl
    yot l
    lec
    lshock nse討 orr"1ぉ bec al
    lseufan l l
    neven sl
    lrfacc，t he
    ahsorhers
    )1 0 d礼mpOu l討pl川目 osci
    ll
    al
    ion(thalis， l
    l10vemen tistransm i
    t tcc
    .
    l acr
    oss thc whol e axle
    toreclu
    cじlIn¥VanlcdbOllnceorIhespr
    ingsl anclcausesIhcvehi cle10lil
    t(Figure22.3)

    tlOu
    Wi t 川thsu
    spe
    nsion W
    iths
    usp
    ens
    ion
    s
    usp
    ens旧n b
    utnodampe
    rs an
    ddamp
    ers

    Figure2
    2.1Ther
    ole01thesuspens
    ionsystem

    1
    97
    198 ¥
    lo¥
    o 、
    re
    hiにl
    etじι
    hno
    !og
    yfo
    r11
    1ピc
    lw↑1
    1<
    ，
    :，
    ，>

    Ret
    aini
    ng
    cl
    iρs

    Bumper
    S刷 n日'
    n9
    s
    hac
    kle

    F
    ront

    Fi
    xed
    s
    hackl
    e
    F
    ron
    t
    s
    prl
    ng a
    xle

    Figure22.2 Axlesuspensionsyst
    em

    ax
    le Leafspringsuspension

    This consi sls of a pair uf semi- ell


    ipticl eaf-
    springs，which ィI rcf irr
    c d het¥veen rhe vehi cle'
    s
    chassisanclilsa xl
    e.Thetcnn e llf
    iJl
    icreferslOIhe
    s
    lightcurva 'u
    I reofr heδl Ispension spring (Figurc
    22.4).Thespring i sbo ltc
    c ltotheaxl ehyap airo!
    U bolts.1'h巴 inc 。
    討
    1ividual leave fr he spring are
    heldtoget herhyr etainingc lipぉt opr eventexces
    sive1fexing. Each end of the sprinι1行 shapecl
    '
    i:
    vit
    hal ocation eyc t o h口Icl ‘Ibuδh and shackle
    pinf orconnectio!lt ot hechι村 山 内
    11i内 1
    10r
    111日1practicef o rthe f rontsprin日じ yC10
    Figure22.3 R
    igi
    daxl
    esuspension havヒ asinglc白xedshackl e.while川 rher e山 Ihe

    F
    ixe
    dsh
    ack
    le
    d
    u
    Amou川 o
    e10var
    ia
    f
    t
    ax
    l emovement
    旧円 sinve
    hic
    lelo
    ad
    。
    ， / S Wi
    n
    Q gs
    in h
    ack
    le

    、
    何
    ょ
    、
    • ¥
    〆

    『
    ー、ー
    一ーーーー ーー一ー

    Figure22.4 Leaf
    springsuspension
    S
    usp
    cnぉ1
    0
    11S
    YSI
    l
    :11
    lぉ 199

    T
    ape
    redcompo
    sit
    e eye i
    slinked lOr hc chas
    sis Wilh a swinging
    l
    eaf
    spr
    ing
    shackle (Fi
    gure 22. 4)
    . Thc swinging shack le
    al
    lowslheleafspringtoincreaseit
    soveral
    l lengrh
    aslhcspr
    ingf l
    cxes

    Composi tel eafsprings


    1
    '0r eclucc any lI nn eく~essary ¥VCl呂ht，cOlllposi
    te
    leafspringsarei ncreasi n日Iybe ingusccl.Thi stype
    ofspr ingi smadef ron 1i l日htwcightmater ialssuch
    ascarbon日hre， glassIfbrcanclkevla. rThespring
    lSaone -p lece仁onsr r uct io
    n.thickestini tscenlre
    seclionandtaper ec
    lare ithercncl(Figure22う) I t
    istoughand longl ast ing. anc
    .
    lnecdsvi rtualyno
    I
    l tl
    l:
    : llt
    cn礼 nce

    Springsforrearaxles
    Figure22.5 Compo
    sit
    ele
    afspr
    ing
    Onadri ving reara xleIfrtc
    cl¥ v
    il hal eafspringsus -
    pcnsi on，thea Clion0'1I he白n aldr ivcuni tatlempls
    tot w is 、
    t the axle hack: var
    clsdu ring accelerar in，
    o
    and f orwarclson l he ovcr -run 01' on braki ng
    . Tu
    CO l l n terl hisfore- a
    ncl- a
    ft movement ，s
    .Olll
    emanu-
    fa c t u rers日lradiusar ms( Figurc22.6)
    Ana lternativcme rhod ofsuppor r
    ingal ivcr eal
    axle i s by using c oil sp ri
    ng s. The s pr
    ings a llow
    IIp- a ncl-clown movcmel 1lb Ul 仁 川1nolprevenlthc
    axlef r ol
    lltwist ingwhenaccclcrating: :
    tndbraking，
    or from Illovin呂 sicleway ぉ¥ vhencornering. Suじh
    R
    adi
    usr
    ods
    an axle i s
    .locat cd us ing radiusarms t o prevcnt
    Figure22.
    6 Lea
    fspringsuspensi
    onwi
    thradi
    us れ~! i st ing andapanh ardrod1 0prevヒn tsid e¥V3ys
    arms 110vc
    l l
    11ent( F
    igur e2 2.7)

    P
    anhar
    dr o
    dbolt
    ed1
    0ch
    ass
    is
    a
    tle
    f
    th an
    ds i
    de

    C
    Oi
    lsp
    rin
    g

    "

    円a
    diu
    s(t
    ra
    il
    in
    g)a
    rms

    Figure22.
    7 Coi
    lspr
    ingsuspensi
    on
    20
    0 ¥
    1l
    oro
    rvchi
    cl
    ctじc
    hnol
    υ日y，fυrIlwch山 口えも

    Althoughther
    e ar
    e manylypヒSofinclepenc
    lcl
    1l
    Independentsuspension suspensiol，t
    wo oflhe11
    10汎 popu
    lal 礼r
    edoubl e
    systen
    百S transverselinkandthcMacpherson strut

    In
    clependentsuspen5i onal
    lowswheelmove-
    mentt hathaslitt
    le01' noeffectont heothel Doubletransverselink
    wheel s 01
    'the bocly.Thi5 el15ures t
    hatthe
    vehic
    ler emainsatam or eevenandconstant lnt hissuspcnsion c .lesign，LWu vee一向 hapec ll inkぉ
    rideheight(Fi
    gure228 ) are II日 cI.The l inksare of ten calec l wi shbones
    because oft heir appear ance. They a re l ocat cc
    l
    onl other r
    ontsl Ispensi oncr oss-Illembe rbypi vut
    pins.whi cha llo wbOl hl heupperanc ll owerl i
    nks
    tu l11uve ¥VilhroaclwheclmovcJllcnl . A col ispring
    明 h
    eel
    sh a
    v emovedow
    ing
    anclt e
    lescopi cc lam pcra re al九日 f i ue d
    . The 討l ub
    1
    0roug
    ht er
    ra
    inbu
    tthe
    vehi
    cle'
    sbody axleca rri
    e rismoul 1lc
    clbeい， vccnt heれvoI ink討 by
    remai
    nslev
    el
    a pai rofs' ¥v
    ivelj OI n
    ls.The行c j oi ntscnahlc r he
    roadwhe e
    l行 tolurnwhencor n:
    cring(F igLlrc22.9 )
    '1
    ' 0 ensurel hall he l owerl i nkr eJl1辻 i
    nscorr ect l
    y
    l0cal ec
    lu ncler3 1oper atingconuit i
    < 川 人 at ierod
    S日l
    l ted.Notelhali n1 10S
    l 1layou lsl hcl inks孔 r e0 1
    unequall ength，l he uppcrnor rnallybci ngshor tc l
    thant he1口、 ve.
    rThi sminimisespoおお i hlel yrewc al
    uue t o changes i nr he vehi cle track，wh ich i s
    the c li
    stance between wheel 討 on t he samc axl e
    Figure22.
    8 Typicali
    ndependent5uspension (Figur e22. 10)
    system

    Up p
    er U
    ppe
    r門Ik(
    i wis
    hbo
    ne)
    plVo
    tpl
    n Upp町
    sw
    ive
    l
    j
    oi
    nt
    S
    usp
    ens旧n
    c
    ros
    s-me
    mber
    Stubaxl
    e
    C3r
    r1e
    r

    Bumps
    top
    Tel
    esco
    pic
    damper
    e
    凶制問
    tvuvt
    e

    Lowe
    rli
    nk
    (w
    ish
    bone
    )
    Ti
    ero
    d
    Bumps
    top

    Figure22
    .9 Doubl
    etransver
    sei
    lnksuspens
    ion
    日 U ~1
    )
    ('n.
    -
    :1<)Jl斗 '
    st
    εJllS 20
    1

    lhc st ，
    、
    rut vhich incor1or
    j a(
    es bOl h a tdescopi
    c
    uampcr ~lnd a coil spring. is ユtt
    .
    <lchcd to a
    str
    engtheneu sect
    ion of[he vehic
    le'si nnerwing
    panel
    一-Rel
    at
    ive
    行lOv
    ement
    α j) i
    ntr
    ack

    " R
    ubb
    erm
    oun
    lln
    g

    C
    oils
    pri
    n日

    Changei
    n!r
    ack一
    一一
    一 .
    1・
    .
    '
    . S
    !r
    utInc
    orp
    orat
    lng
    t
    eJe
    sco
    picdamper
    Figure2
    2.10 Prob
    lemscausedbyhavingthetwo
    t
    ransver
    se(wishbone
    lli
    nksthesamel
    ength
    T
    rave
    rse
    l
    in
    k

    Macphersonstrut

    L
    ower
    Thi 沿 札"r じnsi
    ol deぉ!日nconsl st
    討 。 fa si
    l日l
    1 etrans
    - P
    lvo
    ts
    、'eJメじ lin
    k.wh ich i
    討 conneclecltot he chassi
    只 by
    10C<1 ，
    n白 r nぉ A single swi
    ¥i vel j o
    inri s used to
    S
    w
    J
    o
    i
    i
    n
    v
    t
    制

    locl ¥etheb"sヒυ rthetclcscopicS lrl


    lttot hctrans
    ・

    、eJ'sじ link (I
    'i
    日ure 22. 1
    1). The urrcr rar t of Figure2
    2.11 Macpher
    sonst
    rut

    Adj
    usti
    ng R
    eac
    tゅn
    tev
    er
    Damper mechanism

    e
    百 n
    sio
    nba
    r

    Lo
    wer
    s
    uspe
    ns旧n
    J
    in
    k

    T
    ieb
    ar

    Fi
    gur
    e22.
    12 Tor
    sionbarsuspens
    ionlayout
    20
    2 ¥
    Il
    oro
    rvch
    ic
    lと L
    cch
    nul
    υgyf
    urmcch ;t nic~

    Torsionbarsuspension Independentsuspensionattherear

    Asanal ter nati


    ve1 0co¥isprings.torsionbarscan
    bc u δecl (Figurc 22. ]2).A r orsion bar is macle Forahigherlevelofri
    cleqll
    ali
    ty，in
    clepenc
    l
    fro
    lllahi 日h- g
    radesl eellhalhaslhcr cquirede Jas enrslspensi
    on isof
    ren nr
    rec
    1a rthe rea
    ras
    IC
    l Hy. Thisalluw s
    .i l1 0 be lwisted and yetr eturn welasa tthefro
    nl
    10i l
    Sor iginalshape
    One e nζ1ofl hc l orsiol bar isspl in
    eclillo r
    1 he
    sl
    Is pension l ink. whlle t he other is located unl o Front- ¥
    vheelc l
    ri ve vehi cles commonl yL lsea
    lhe vch ic
    1c.s chassis member .The amount of sil
    llp
    lc trailingl inkd eδi gn ( F
    igur e2 2.
    14). 1 con
    star
    ic twi stimposec l upon the b(lrcan he var iecl sis
    rs ofa pai rofl rai l in
    gl ink
    s，' ¥
    vhich can move
    bymeansofanadj usl ，orbya
    er l
    reringthespl ined independently of each o lher. The lrai l
    in gl i
    nks
    lOG ti
    :
    l on also providea meansof1 0心 I
    lingthe roaclwhe el芯
    W hcnl heroadwheeli sclef
    1ecteclbyanunevcn ontor hevehi ιl
    e
    road surface， t he suspensiun l in
    k l wisrs the A variationofr h islayouthast hca rmsanached
    T口r sion ba.r''he f
    T ixecl opposit e end creat es an lOa p lvotlllg 1‘l nsvじ r sc 日じ xible bar，c al
    lecla
    oppo 討ingf orce，which l im
    irstheamauntoft wist torsion beam.Alrho l
    lgh lhc r rail
    in日 l inksare
    andhcncじ討 l ISpenSl0nI llovement lhen nol f ll
    llyi nc
    1epen1 cenli nl he lrll
    e メヒ nぉeof
    Note t har torsion bars are macle t o be ci rhcr rhc word，lhe t or sion h eall providesan ユn
    l l
    i-ro
    ll
    righl-hand orl ef
    t-han cl，and t hereforeshoul d nOl reslr
    aill l
    1 hara clcls ro l he effecriveness of r he
    冗 i
    1 nrer changccl suspen出 on
    Furr ear -wheel -clr 、
    iven vehide: wilh i nc1epenc 1
    -
    cntr carsuspensi un， a I lo
    l clifiedlayour Illustbe
    lls
    ecl(Figllre 22.15) . Someofl hemoreimporrant
    Rubbersprings
    changesa reasfü ll o\~./s
    Some 、 ehi
    clesare 日nec l、，
    vit
    h rubbe rslspensiun 1
    . The finalc1rive，incorporal i
    ng lhe c
    lif
    fere
    lllial
    spri
    ngsasan al l
    erna
    li ve to st
    ccl( Figure 2?13) ismount e c
    ll Olheveh icle.
    snoorpanbymeal 1s
    Beca
    llseoft hei
    rflexI
    blenat l
    lrean c
    llo¥V maInten ofasuppor tmembel
    ancc reql
    lir
    ement s，1"1Ibber suspension systems ? Ap airofc lri
    vesharlSaref i
    necl
    hecamepopul a
    r01印 r sslchasl hesr it
    ishMini 3.Each clrivcshafr has a universal coupling a t
    each enc. Thesea1
    l l0w theengi ne.slorqllel O
    be transmitled rhrough rhe cons lanll
    y va ry
    ing angles acloplcc
    Iby lhc c lrive
    shaflS‘ISl he
    R
    ubb
    ers
    pri
    ng wheel sIloveupa
    l ncld u
    '¥vn

    T
    ra
    il
    in
    g
    i
    Inks

    ，
    JIf
    h
    tfJ'

    Figure2
    2.13 Independentf
    ron
    tsuspen
    sionusing
    arubberspring Figure22.14 T
    rai
    lin
    gli
    nksuspension
    吋
    、lems
    Su日pl'n別 υns 203

    C印 I
    spr
    in
    g

    A
    nl
    i-
    ro
    ll

    L
    ower
    s
    usp
    ensl
    on
    a
    rm

    Figure2
    2.1
    5Independentr
    earsuspens
    ion

    Semi-trailinglinks chassis1孔Irare i
    ncl i
    neclollrwarcl
    s(Fi gll
    re22.16 )
    [
    'h
    is cnables them ( 0 wil hst
    and t hc sic
    ¥cways
    n1i
    si対日nothcr ¥'山川 l
    ion on 1
    hじ 1札 i
    lin
    gl ink rorccsthatare prcscn t when corncringa lalmost
    日目 n
    dc .Thcメemi-I
    rai
    lin日 I
    inks山 eat孔chcd1 0r
    hc anyspeed .Ina c
    lcl
    i[I()
    n.the1 l0vc
    l I
    llenlofIher r
    ail
    ingl i
    nkδast hch oclyr o
    llscauぉeぉ r heinncrwheel
    10s te
    el日 I
    ighlly imo Ihc corner a ncl so il
    llp
    rovc
    theveh i
    cle付 行1
    CC1 1ngch山 actenstlcs
    P
    lanv
    iew

    Dampers(shockabsorbers)

    The plr pose ofa c l


    all
    lper ist o controlt he
    D
    riv
    esh
    afl
    s rate a'
    l¥'
    :
    vhich a suspension spring o sci
    llates
    (bollnces) af t
    er the r oaclwheels trikes an
    irr
    eglllar
    ityin ther oaclSlIr
    face
    .Thec lal
    llpel
    offersa f1l
    1ic
    lr esi
    stancet otheI love
    l ll
    lenrof
    thesllspensionspringandabsor bst he日 or ec
    l
    energy. Th is ensures r har rhe r oaclwhe el
    cloesnorbouncebutremainsi ncont aclv"i
    ， th
    theroadSlr raCe
    Figure2
    2.16 S
    ell
    li-
    tra
    ilingl
    inksuspensi
    on
    20
    4 J
    vl
    Olorv
    ehi
    cl
    ere
    chnol
    ogyf
    lr1llc
    の chan
    ics

    Da1
    l11
    ラersa
    reI
    I汎 l
    all
    yoft
    het
    elescopict
    ype ancc t hat cach t elescopic damper provi c
    lcs is
    gover necJ by t
    hesi χeofrhec Jr
    i l
    lingsinlheC01 l1
    pressionandr eboun clv a
    lvcs.anclt heviscosityof
    Telescopicdampers
    rhehyc Jraul
    icOui Jusec
    c Ji nlhecJal11p引
    Although 1 elescopicι l
    amper sa rc cOl
    l1pacta n
    cl
    Thel elescopi cc1a1l1perconsi stsofast e
    elcyl i
    nclel
    reqlIrenO mai ntenance， theyll11stber eplacec
    li r
    thatcOl 1lainsa p isr on anached ( 0 a connect ing
    fOl
    lncl( 0 beleaking01"clerect
    ivc
    rod. The pi s10n c1i vic
    les the cylincler in10 two
    chamher s， l he upper and l ower jt he spacc
    he1wcen lhccyl inderanc 1l heoutercasi ngi sthe
    hycl
    rau licOui c
    lr eservo ir(Figure22.]7)
    Thecyl inderi sal lached lol he '
    unspr ung'sus- A
    nti
    -ro
    llbars
    pensionpar rs( t
    her oaclwhee landsL lspensionarm
    oraxl c)，whilcr hep istonancJconnec ting roc
    Jare
    securecJ10t hevehi cJechas s
    isorhody Asaveh icleturnsacorner， si
    cleforcescalse
    i
    t1 0rol.
    l) funcheck el，t
    c h
    iswould I lak
    l eit
    Oper ation C
    Iif
    自CUllf orthe c
    1river10r et
    ain contro.
    lTo
    Thepi slon，fastened t oi tsconnect ingr ocJ，i shel c
    J helpcon tro
    lt h
    is reacti
    on an ant
    i-rollbaris
    by 1 he ch山 首 isorbody ¥ X
    lhen t he roac Jwheel i s 白tt
    ecJ(
    Figure22. 18)
    ιI
    c日cC1 cd upWJr cJs，t he cyl incJeralso moves anc J
    sl
    icJe矢 口vert he pist on. At the s a1
    l1e li1 1e，t
    l he
    hyd rau
    l icOuid l oca1ecJi nt he bot tol11 chal11beri s
    forcヒd 1 hr
    ough t he compr essionvalv ei n1 0t he Iti snor l
    l1allyat tachedt ot hechas sis，subfr all
    lc
    uppcrchamher(Fi gur e22. 17a).Ther esistanceof orboc ly by r ubberbushes.Each e ncloft he ami
    1he日u icl10l hisnO¥V l i
    m its01 " dampen sther at eal rol barf orl11s a l ever.v'lhich is attached t ot he
    wh icht hesp ringcancompr ess lo'
    ¥versuspensi on1 i
    n ks.Ast hevehi cleat lemptst o
    Onr ebounc J，whent hespri ngpushest heroac J ro日，t he bari ssul ラjectt otv¥/
    istingf or ces
    . wh ich
    v
    .lheeldown、 .
    vards1 0 mai ntai n con tactv ./i t
    ht hc act01t heolhersl Ispensi onuni .Thi
    t smai Jla
    1 insa
    roacJ，1he cyl inc
    Jcri spu lled c Jownwarc Jsovert he degr eeofst abl iil
    yanc Jlil
    ll
    i1Slher o
    ll
    piston.The Oui Ji
    c nt he upperchal11her i s now so thf r 1tandr
    Ol earslspensi oncani ncor porate
    re1urned i n10 1 he l ower chal 1ber t
    l hrough l he ant
    i- r0
    11 bar s，a 1thol呂h att he r ear thisf un c
    tiun
    reboundvalve.The a1 l10unt ofc Jal11ping as siSl- l
    11aybei ncorpor atecli ll
    toat orsionbeal11

    S
    ecu
    redt
    o七8
    dyc
    has
    sis

    P
    ist
    onr
    cゴ
    C
    omp
    res
    sio
    門 v
    alv
    e
    P
    is
    t印1

    R
    ebo
    undv
    alv
    e

    R
    ese
    rvo
    ir
    B
    asev
    alv
    e

    S
    ecur
    ed1
    0ax
    le
    (
    a) (
    b)

    Fi
    gure22
    .17 Tel
    escopi
    cdamper
    .(a
    )Compressi
    on:pi
    stonr
    odmovingdown.(
    b)Reboun
    d:pistonr
    od
    movl
    Ilgup
    S
    uspじn川 0
    11s
    y じm
    ぉ{ s 205

    ThI'
    eeofthe most common linkcd suspension
    syst
    emsare
    1
    .h yc
    lrolast
    icsuspcnsion;
    2
    . hyclr
    o呂ass uspenSl
    01;
    3.hydropneul11at
    icsuspcnsi
    on

    Hydrolasticsuspensi
    on

    Thissyst em hasa hyclr


    olasti
    cslspensiol1u niLat
    each roaclwheel，an
    clthc fronranclrc山 unl tsare
    Rubbermoun
    ti
    ngs linkcd rogetheron cach si
    de (Fi
    gure2 2
    .20). The
    O門 b
    odyorch
    ass
    is
    system i s inOat
    ed wirh a special
    ly Formulatecl
    Auic
    l
    A
    nt
    i-
    ro
    llb
    ar

    Figure2
    2.1
    8 Ant
    i-r
    olbarl
    ink

    Sprungandunsprungweight
    An im] ior tanlζIc引日 n consi c
    leration forany sus-
    pcnSlon sy 川じl lll汚 Ihe sprun呂 and unspr ung
    ¥Veigh1s.Thc l <.
    :rl
    11s prung w ei ghtr efers1 0r he
    overal¥ ¥'ei
    ghlI h
    all heslspensionsystemmustbe
    cap ユhleofsupponi n日 1 1includesal lIhoseCOI11-
    ponent ぉIh:ll<
    lr
    . cll10unted'above't hesuspension
    コr
    叶 ln日行 l he chas sis，body，power u nit，t rans-
    IlI
    l SSlonユnくIaおおり CI ‘
    Itcdco m punen (s
    I
    n co nll川 Ihe1 erl11 unsprun g w eightr efcrs Fi
    gure22.
    19 Pr
    inci
    ple01li
    nkedsuspensi
    on.The
    10t hal 日roup0" 1c Ol 1poncn
    1 l
    sca rricd direcr
    ly by bodyrema
    insataconstant円deheight
    thc road¥vheじIl hala re not討upporredbyrhesus-
    pen見1 01spnngぉ ¥
    1 X
    lhcneverp口出 i ble.vehiclel11anu-
    faclurel討 try1 0keeptheunsprung¥ vei ghtasl o¥V
    as possihlc， as ~I veh i
    clc with a low unsprung ー
    ¥vci g
    httendsl uhavcheuerr idi
    ngq lla
    lities

    R
    e ar F
    ron
    l
    h
    ydro
    las
    tic h
    ydr
    ola
    st氾
    u
    nit υ
    nit
    L
    inkedsuspensionsystems
    R
    ubb
    ers
    pri
    ng Up
    per
    c
    hamber
    The f ront and r
    togelheronsOl
    ear suspension ar
    1e vehicles[0 avoic
    el
    lt
    i
    nkecl
    het en
    T
    w 、
    aγay Se
    p
    凶a
    a
    1
    e
    ra
    t町
    1 d
    amper
    clency t op itch backwarclsanc lforwarc
    lson v
    alv
    e
    D
    iap
    hra
    日m
    uneven su rfaces The veh
    ， icl
    et ravels ina
    1
    110rel evelattil
    ucle，althougha ttheexpense
    ofS Ol11eup山 xl -c
    lown1 11
    0ti
    onont hesil1p
    1 lel P
    ist
    on
    var i
    an lS，andhasimproveclhandlingcharac- L
    owe
    rch
    amb
    er
    ter
    isrics(F igure2 2.19)
    Figur
    e22
    .20 Oper
    ati
    on01hydr
    olast
    icuni
    t
    206 ，
    ¥
    tlo
    lo[、仁 h
    ich
    :tじ仁 h
    nol
    ogyf
    orI11cchani
    cs

    Operat ion Hydrogassuspension


    Whenthevehiclet r a
    v e
    l，守口、 eranunevensurface
    lhe operati ng pi ston a ttachecl to the lIpp erSlI討- Thc hyclrogas units ha C 孔n l、 IPP じr，sealec
    l
    pensionl inkcausesl hec 1iaphragml ocated i nsi dc ιl
    iap
    h r
    ag l
    llspheref ill
    edwith h i呂h-rressurenilrO
    cλchu nittoIllove gcngelse1nclalowerchamb目 白 l ledwilhhydrolas
    On comprcssion. t hc f1l1ic
    l i n the lowel ri
    cf luid.The l Ise of compr essed n i
    tr ogcn gas
    chamher i s Corcecl i n to the upper chamber whicha ctsasthesprin呂 cnsl Ir cs(ha(【hevehicle
    thlり LH !.
    h lhe two-wa•v c lamner v a
    lv e. Thi s va¥ve has cxce1lent r
    icle CharaClC
    ris
    1i c
    s. comparable 10
    ac1
    u

    S as l he syδl enu damper or shock absorbcl the1 。


    問 fvaria
    h lc-
    ratcsrr ing
    s
    Anyexces snui di strans rerrec
    lalongthei n tercon
    necl i n gpipeL Olheolherhyc l
    rola討licunit.T tisrhi s Operation
    Ilovc
    l mcnt off lui c
    lb et¥¥'eent he t ¥Vo i nlerCOn- Up¥¥
    "arcl m OvCl ηent of1 he r o
    adv. :heel movcsthe
    necled hyc lrolastic un itst hat cnsur es tha r rhc tapere
    clp iおtoni n lhcsal 1C c
    1 l
    irect ion
    . rIycl
    rola
    stic
    、chi ct ct ra¥Tlsa ta l llorc constant r i
    dc heiQht
    U
    f
    ll1i
    c
    Ji sf orceclf rol
    11t hchO ll
    OI11 chal11berrhrollgh
    Whenlhero r
    :c
    lwheeloflhe白r stL
    lI1tr
    I elUrnS1 0I tS 1hc c
    l礼mpcrv< llv c<lnd into the l Ipperchambel
    normal pOSi lIOI.t
    l henu icltI礼ns fe
    rrecll Olheolhel ¥xhich increases the pr essurc of r hc ni trogen
    おU 討pensio! l u nit r eLUr ns. and the suspensi on 宮川 Exc e出 日11 ι
    Ii s transrcrrcc
    l 汁long t he i
    nlel
    adoPl 討 tlぉ normalaUi lUde connect ingpipct ot hcothcruni t(Figure22.21)

    N
    itr
    oge
    nga
    s

    Rしb
    bers
    epa
    rat
    or
    I
    nte
    rco
    nne
    cti
    ngp
    ipe
    Bumpdampe
    rva
    lve

    Rebounddamperv
    alv
    e

    F
    lu
    id

    D
    iap
    hra
    日m

    T
    aρe
    red凹s
    ton

    ，
    .ー
    一一
    ¥ ¥
    .
    一
    ，ー
    γL
    LJ
    I

    - ← ー ト←
    J十
    I
    →
    4
    ‘ーーl
    ，
    --
    '

    ，t詳、 ，
    l--41

    ?な二日.
    L4J7
    ‘
    .
    ，
    '.
    '

    Figur
    e22.21 Hydrogassl
    1spensi
    on
    日uぉp
    en.
    .
    .101l .
    .
    .y
    sI
    Cr
    ll討 207

    Hy
    drau
    Ji
    c H
    ydraul
    i
    c Fl
    ui
    d
    a
    ccumuJ
    alor pump r
    ese
    rVO
    Ir

    Ni
    t
    roge
    ngas
    S
    pher
    トc
    alc
    yli
    nde
    r
    Re
    servo
    rl F
    lu同
    r
    etu
    rn

    S
    l
    idin
    gval
    ve

    T
    ra
    il
    inga
    rm

    Figure22.22 Hydr
    opneumat
    icsuspensi
    on

    Hydropneumat
    icsuspension • I nclcpendcn t汎 Ispen出 onsuch asλlacph白 川n
    str
    ula nclr hc tran日 elぉe i
    1nk typcs
    .give a hencl
    In Ihe hyc lropneumatic syst cm a spherical con- qualiryofr i
    cle
    lai ncrisf i
    llc
    cl10 each slIspension uni .
    ranc.
    lcon- • A C I比 mlコヒr (or shock 川 )sorber)is usecl1 0
    rai nsacombinarionoff ll
    lid乱 nc
    ln irrogen gason controllhenaruralosci l
    la
    tionoflhcぉpr i
    ngcllIr
    in日
    ei rhe c
    ¥cofac
    lお i ¥iaphragrn(Figur e 22.22).AI
    Ir he suspcnslonmovemenlS
    討p hcric:l
    tcyl川 del お 山 Cl
    inked ro anヒnginc- driven • A nri-ro
    ll barsconrr olthe r
    ol l
    ingmovemenrof
    hydr a
    llli
    c pump. which i n日<1teぉ lhc 日ySl
    em. The thevehiclcbodyd llrin
    gcorneri n
    g
    pump i s conlr
    ol led by a sl iclig valve，l
    n inkcc
    ¥
    Ilc
    l chanically10l hesuぉpcnsl on

    O peration lREVIS N EXERα'SESANDQUEST NS


    /O /O
    Upw! <r
    c
    l1 1ov
    l emcnt 0' 1l hじ suspensionmovesrhe
    Irii
    a 1ng ~lrm C Iりsert 口 l he body. Thc pislon is 1 i
    "amet
    ¥ he threehasi
    creq
    lli
    rcmen阿 ufanySL
    lS-
    torcじく11I10"汀 rds，and lhc link opcns lhe sliding penSlonsyst em
    口ltl'C
    .Th iお じ nab lesprc 剖 un 問 C
    If l
    uid10now i nlO z ¥Xlhal isrhepllrpoぉeofas¥: vi ngingshack l ca汚
    rhc lowel仁hamher0" 1e ach sphere. which rai
    scs 日led1 0aI ca f日p ringsuspensionsys tel
    l1?
    thesuspcnsi on1 01 iSnormalr ic
    lcheight
    .A f e
    aturc 3¥ Xlhy are lhc l Ippcr an c
    l1 0¥Ver l inks on a
    ofl h
    isζIcsign i sl h
    all hc vehicle.
    sgrouncl clear
    - cloublet r
    ansvcr sclin
    l、活L1spensi onOrlcn0" 1c
    lif
    -
    ln
    e cc rem ~l 川 行 C り l刊I 乳 nl regardless 01
    " rhe load fe rentlen g
    lhジ
    bcingca rriec.
    l 4 Ona1 orsion harsuspcnsiun syst ell
    l
    . howcan
    Ihest aticI ，
    vli
    stont hcf or
    sionbarbca d
    j l
    lsrcζ"
    ラ ¥Vhali srhepurpos ヒo fadal 1p
    l cr?
    CHECKYOURUNDERSTANDI
    NG 6¥ X
    Ihal i s meant by l hc ten山 中nfllg and
    l fll
    s t
    nfJlg l
    l'ei
    p ，h'フ
    • Thc mai n l ypcs 01 ぉuぉp:cn出 口 n fined lO a 7 !¥amc Ibr ce r ypesofl in l slsp:
    kcc cnsiりn . and
    vch
    iclecanhec las 日ec
    si .
    lasbeamaxl esanc¥inc
    le- sl:uel hcir~ldvan1ageぉ
    pendcnt，礼iSpcnSlon 8 Frol11 ¥¥'ha
    tl 1a
    l 1cria
    l mighl a COl11pO出 l eI caf
    -
    ・3le.l
    lll axleぉ U出 ng l
    cafsprings tenclr ogive a 'pri ngbcI la
    l cl cフ
    poorridビ bl
    ll山 er ohusr
    tem

    Introduction Thedrumbrake
    VehiclesLlぉ et he
    irenginesasameansofconver t- Cam-operatedinternalexpandingbrake
    ingenergy i nro rhc work ofmovi ng the vehic1e
    When< 1no hjecrメuchasaveh i
    cleITIOVeS，i
    ti 討 S
    31ιl Thisisoneoft hes implcsllypesofhrakc(Figure
    to possess kineticenergy，rheener gyofmove 23.1.I
    ) twas us eclon ear lyca目、<1ndmays til
    lbe
    menl .Tos topaveh ic
    1ethisenergyI 1US
    1 tbegi vcn found on some commer ci
    al vehic
    lcs and Jllotur-
    uporchang e
    c l
    .I f，forexample，a cari s moving cyc
    1es.Whent hebrakeped alisc
    1epre出 ed，tip ull行
    ancl crashes i n
    ro a soli
    cl objecr，ir srops ver y theoperatingt eve
    randtheC< Im i
    : sr ，
    o{ltec
    lぉli g
    htly
    rapidly.Ithas used up < 11 i
    ts k
    inelic ener gy i n Thisforcesthe two hr akeshoesapar tu n
    tilt hey
    ζl
    1ma
    < gingitselfancltheobjectilhasruni nro pressagainstt he in日 deofthcdrum. I flhedrum
    isrevolving，f r
    ictionbctwcen( hef ri
    ctionmGiterial
    anc
    lthei nsiueofthec lrurnresis
    tsmovemenlanu
    convcrts itt o heal，sl owing the vehicle clown
    W henthebrakepc c l
    alisr e
    leasedthec alllret urns
    The funct ion of the br< 1king system i s to
    Ca
    m-type
    bringamovingveh ic
    1esafelytorest .I tc
    loes exp
    ander
    thisbyconver tin
    gl hekineticenergytohea t， F
    r
    ict
    i
    onma
    te
    rial 3 P
    eda
    l
    whi
    ，l
    l
    ch i
    ras l
    st hen given up t
    t日owspastthe br
    o the surrouncling
    1ke
    < s.The conver - ハ d
    epre
    sse
    d

    sionofenergyi sach ievec


    lbyf r
    icion，whi
    t ch Wheel
    ro旧t
    lo
    n B
    rak
    e
    isthe resistancet omovementofoneobject s
    hoe
    s
    s
    li c
    ling overanot he.rThis ise asily clemon-
    おua

    t
    t
    edbysl
    he harcle
    i
    cli
    ngoneh a
    nclacr
    r you press，the mor
    osst heoth
    e ener
    e
    r
    gy you
    '
    use，which r esults in greater fr
    iction ancl
    highertemper ature
    ¥↑
    ¥

    P
    ul
    l-
    of
    fsp
    nn日S

    Vehicleshavebecumeprogre日 i ve
    lyfast
    er，and
    asa r c
    sultJllorc h巴<11i
    sgenerated bythchrakeぉ
    whenhringin呂 aveh iclerapic
    llytorest
    .Thisheat L
    ead
    in日 T
    ra
    il
    in
    g
    muslbel os
    ttothcai rquicklyifthebrakesarcl口 s
    hoe s
    hoe
    rcmaine ff
    ect iv
    e
    B
    rak
    edr
    um B
    rak
    esh
    oepi
    vo
    t
    There 山 e l w o main t ypes of brake: drum
    brakesanddiscbrales ‘ Figure2
    3.7Thedrumbrake

    208
    r
    hcb川 k
    ing時引ピ m 2
    09

    S
    hoe
    s
    t
    oitsor
    igi n
    al po
    siion，anι
    t 1lheshoesarep u
    llc
    cl
    W
    hee
    lcy
    lin
    der
    awayf
    rol1t
    l hec
    1ru
    lllbytherell
    lrn活 pnngs

    F
    ric
    tio
    nmaterial W
    hee
    l(0はa
    li
    on

    ThcIlla
    lcri‘
    i
    Iuscd forhrakingIllusthavcl
    hef
    ol 酔
    l
    owingιl u以l
    i
    lic討
    1.gooclfri
    clion
    alpropcnics
    、
    2 vea rre
    sl川汁 nce
    ヨ heatre出メlancc
    L
    inin日付¥Vcr
    eoncel
    argel
    yIlad
    l eofasbestos，hUI
    lhe hcalth r iぉ k 討 ~I ssociatecl with rh
    is substancc
    h山 CbroughlaboU Ii tsr eplacel、
    l
    len
    l.vit
    hs ymhelic
    mate
    r ial
    ぉ

    Leadingandt
    rai
    lin
    gbrakeshoes

    Whcn l he cam l urn呂、 o nebrakeshoe i spushecl


    Ollli n theぉa ll
    lcd irecrion as r he drum r oration
    (Figure2 3.1 )
    .Thisisknownast heleadingshoe Orum W
    hee
    lcy
    tin
    de
    Wllenl hehrakei sa ppliecl，clr
    ull
    l!'Ota
    tionhclpsr o Figure23.2Twinleadingshoeh
    ydr
    aul
    icbrake
    pulll hisshoe i nroh arclercon raclwirh rhec l
    r UIl
    l
    anclincreasesl heclr
    iver' sef frt
    o .Thisi skno 、vna
    ; s
    self-se円 。 ‘I ct
    lon 23.2
    ). To a仁hicve this，t
    ¥VO e xpandcruni t
    sarc
    Thじ り l h
    c rshoei spushcclagai nsrthec l
    irecr
    i口n Uδec
    l. Each shoe restson ~l separate r
    ivu
    t，the
    ofr hc I じv ol
    vingdrul l
    1，<In
    : cliscalled thetrailing orhピrcndbei n呂 movedbyi rお り wnexpandel
    shoe.When l he l rail
    ing shoe i s pushe cli n ro
    contact wi l
    ht he drul l1 the revcrse isr r
    ue:r hc Advantag es
    ζ
    Irull1r ot m
    ion t ri
    esr opush t he shoe: tway .This sOl hshoesnO¥Y haveIhel e
    aciin
    gshoesel f
    -servo
    rcおUIISi n1ヒ 日 hrakingef fon lh"nlhmp ro
    viclcclhy elTc
    cl. whichgi vesagreal crslopping forcefora
    lhel ead in日行 hoe glven $1乙c of brake cl
    rul
    ll.Comparecl wi lh 【he
    leading and traili
    ng shoe arrangemcnt a n10re
    Advllntagesanddisadvllntages powerfulbr akinge ff
    orlisach icved f
    orlhes all
    le
    Theadvantages口flhel eacl
    inganc
    llr
    ail
    ingぉhoe pccialprcssl
    lre
    arrangel
    1lc
    ntar
    crhal
    1
    .itisrcla
    tiヒI
    v ysimpl
    c; Disadvantages
    2
    . thes
    e
    lmcbrakingpoweri savail
    ablei
    nrevCr
    se Theoper atingmechanis l
    11requirestwoexpande r
    s
    asw仁 1aswhengoingforwards ¥Ihen r
    X he veh ic
    le isr e ve
    rsing，I he IWO shoes
    become t raili
    ng 討hoes，wh ich results i
    n pOOI
    Good hraking p o
    ¥¥ 'erinr everse i
    san advantage braking performance. Veh ic
    lcswi lh Iwinleac
    ling
    forrho ぉevehi cle
    sr ha
    lca rryorpul lheavyl o
    acls brakeshoeson lhcf ronlOr len havcl eacl
    ingand
    One d凶 a dvll
    ntllg e ¥Vhere a vehicle is usual
    ly r
    raili
    ng shoes a rthe rearr o provide some s e
    lf-
    drivin gforwardsi sthmrheshoeswearunevenl y 日 rvoeffecrwhent hevch icleisrevcl日 d
    bcc 山 ISC1hピ leadin畠 shoesc lomorework. Some
    l
    l1anu factur
    CIメ have t rie
    clt O ovcrcol1lC t
    his by
    l
    1lak in日 Ihc fr
    iclionl ining on rhe l
    eacling ぉhoc
    l
    h ickcrI hanIh"lont hetrailin
    gshoc Discbrakes
    T'winleadingbrakeshoes Simplediscbrake

    I
    nlhislayoul!
    Jolhhrakeshoesareforce
    clOll
    lin Oisc brakes have bcen use
    clfor many year
    son
    I
    he cl
    irecl
    ion 0'
    1 nor
    lll
    alc
    lr
    ll
    ll
    lr o
    rati
    on CFigur
    e lig
    hr vehicl
    cs，ζlnc
    ¥a
    . re now日 )l
    l
    lellmeSseen on
    210 .
    ¥
    Io!
    o!
    "e、
    h
    iιiじ I
    cdl
    llO
    [Og
    yfo
    r!11
    1'
    t"ltn
    : i
    c
    :-
    .

    hcavyvchi cl
    cs100.Many c hi
    c、
    lcshave lhem川 3.Disc brakcs ha¥'
    e progressi ve action:1 hc
    rhc fr
    onr only.bUl t
    hcy ar
    e being i
    ncr
    c日出ingly 日realerthc cff
    orr applied 1 0l hc pccl‘
    !
    I lhe
    lil
    ledonal
    lfourwheel討 l
    TIorcefT
    CClI
    vヒl hebrake¥¥'illhc
    4.Discbrakesarcs e
    lf-adj
    uslin日
    う Disc hrake pads can hじ 巴 l sl
    iy cheιked f()J
    The d iscbrakeempl oys the same princip
    l e
    、
    .veaI
    asacali perbicyclebrake.Twopads( eq
    lliv-
    6
    .l¥cwhr akcpads山 ピ o!tじ n¥'じ r
    ycasy1 0fit
    alenr[Q thebrakeblocks )aref orcec
    lon[Q a
    disc( thewheel)byp is[Qnsh O
    llSeclincyli
    n-
    dersi ntheca l
    lip .Thecyclebrakec
    er 1amps
    thebrakeb lockson[Q rhewheel;t hevehic
    l e
    version c 1amps br ake p als onto a c
    c 1i
    sc
    (Figl
    lre2 3.3) Thehydraulicsystem
    Themainhydraulicbrakecomponents

    At ypica
    l brake sysl em i nclu
    cles a servo
    opcr ar
    eclc 1ual-li
    ne mas t
    er cylinc
    lel、 which
    hyclrau
    licallyoper atesfront1ci
    scbr akesancl
    rearc l
    rullI
    1 コrakes( Figure 23.4
    ). A pressure
    limitingvalve i s日ttec
    li nther earbrakel ine
    The hanclbrakeoper atesrh r
    ollghaI le
    l chan-
    icallinkage
    8
    rak
    epa
    ds

    Hydraulicoper at
    ion
    A veh icle braking syぉt em ll11st<11¥¥
    引Y お りperal e
    ql
    licklyandr eli
    ably、 andt cslt
    he r 1in日 dfcιtmL lsl
    e23.3 D
    Figur iscbr
    ake bei npropor rion1 0lheef f
    ort札 p
    pliccl.Ilyc
    lra
    ll
    lically
    opcrarccl hrake討 出tts
    i.fythcsc requIremel 刊行 C1
    ‘si1)
    anιIlll
    os rcl
    fe ive
    cl 1y
    Comparisonofdrum anddiscbrakes
    Oneofl he Ila
    l joraclvantagesofl Isin
    gf l
    ll
    ic
    l
    Thedi s
    cbrakeha品 1
    ¥
    "'0di
    sadvantagesoverdrul11 inac 10scclsystem ofpipesi sthatl hepres
    hrake汚 sure exeIte
    ι1r hroll
    g h
    ollrt he syslem i sthe
    1.Disc1
    Jr a
    kesarenola seffe
    ctiveatslowsfl
    eec
    l sall
    le arany point . The e f
    fortt o opcur e
    2 111cd1ぉchrake needs more pressure1
    0¥'
    vork componen rs isc
    1ererlllined by the area to
    eff
    ect
    ivcly whicht hepres sureisapp liec
    l

    I
    l ，lhcd
    owever iscbrakcha
    smanyadvantag
    es
    1.Thc di sc brakc l oscs hc atm m ee lTec
    l、
    ie lv
    oft
    Inrhcl
    he fr
    ypi
    o
    n
    c
    als
    l di日
    yぉlem (Fi日l l
    re23斗). 1
    hrakcs IllLlぉ1apply 1
    1
    hじ p
    10
    ls
    1じ ヒf
    t
    ons
    f
    ort
    トIc川 l os
    δ i sdepenclent on theamount( )fail
    I
    10¥Vi ng arouncl lhe br ake assembly and l he lhanl ho討eofl hじ re山 ¥vhヒヒ lcyl 11K
    ielN lo礼 ch
    ic¥'c
    山 eaofheat ed討u rfaceexposcclt ot h
    atl i日
    el 。w Ihi 月 rhcfroll br
    1 akepistons¥ ¥
    'ilbじ ll
    luchl a
    rgeri n
    a rc~t thanthose<.11there山
    f'hじく Ir
    ull1hrakei お 目 的lcr
    all yencloぉcι
    Ia nclcan
    losehcalon lyl hlりL IH1
    111
    1cbrakedlU 1
    111111
    LIch
    ofabrakcdi sci scxpo se
    c l，andilC<II1giveup
    i
    lshe alveryqui cklyo f
    fr hesmfacc.l ¥csistance Fll
    Iidisno lcOlllpre
    ssl
    iラl
    e;anyef f
    ortapplie
    cl
    10 brake fad e( Ioss ofbrakingef f
    ectdue [Q arQ I
    1Cp l
    acew illbetransmit
    ted wilhoutlos5
    ovcr hc川 ing)isver yhigh ofpr essure 01
    'Illovementanyτvhere in rhe
    2
    . Thed i行clヲrakehasthes alTIcstoppingpり¥Vel system
    inr Ol
    "ward01 'revclδじ
    l
    'he1
    )
    1‘l
    kin
    gSy
    SIl'1ll 211

    Foot
    bra
    ke

    Figure23
    .4 Typicallayoutofhydrau
    licbrakesystem

    hd

    h 山巾山口 n
    l
    c山 引 1
    ほ h C Ou l

    オ h mwM

    H d u l He
    吋 刊 刊 e mh

    c - - v ck
    u I4

    N es
    H

    r h 日eg
    y eJ

    0 0 c c-
    n o- - M

    s 叫 凡 M ms
    e c c e 対d
    ek -

    l H a uh a

    eMJvcyp
    Hl
    ad c k刊 町 k
    s U
    -
    I ℃日 目 白口 叶

    也
    刈 ︿ 1

    f CM 0
    Z
    白 山 口寸 oc-

    即 日町内

    う1

    、
    円パ

    vw thHnH'hH fL
    A basicdrumbrakesystem
    T a peα H

    a1 : l
    I

    p
    l
    5 1U
    1up

    ae I

    ーも
    r Id
    f
    1 -J

    H
    !

    J行 l
    11
    as

    JUA nAU
    R
    ・A

    The di agra m sho¥V討 ι1 simple hy c


    lraul
    ic braking -
    h

    o -
    i
    ? 九 FC
    U

    けい 引
    L

    fblJa
    月ystcl11 employingt ¥vinI cading shoeclrumbrakes 1
    A

    ee
    l
    cl
    a
    1

    1
    c
    ae
    nじ
    6
    Nー

    ド児

    at thc Cront礼ndsi nglel eacl


    ingshue dr um brakes M
    1
    ec
    :

    n
    31H
    ne

    !
    a

    r
    ば

    3tther earCFigureよ3う )

    川
    白川

    ーヲ

    rheηstcm can he s~l iζI [0 cons is


    t()f[¥
    ¥'0 el
    c

    Mast
    erc
    yli
    nde
    r

    T
    wo-
    Iea
    ding L
    ead
    ing
    -tr
    aili
    ng
    s
    hoebra
    ke 8
    rak
    epe
    dal Wheelc
    yli
    nde
    r s
    hoebrake

    D
    lre
    ct悶 n0
    1
    r
    ola
    tlo
    n

    D
    ire
    ct旧 n0
    1
    r
    ota
    tio
    n

    Wheel
    cyl
    ind
    er A門cho
    r
    (sh
    oep i
    vol
    )

    Figure2
    3.5 Basi
    cdrumbrakesyst
    em
    212 Motorv
    ehi
    cler
    echnol
    u只yf
    orm じに h~!n ics

    Pl
    ung
    er W
    hee
    lcy
    lin
    der
    Oper ation
    、
    I!hena
    '
    ( tr cstthebrakeshoesareh e
    lcljll
    Stclear01
    B
    rakedrum
    the hrake c 1rul1l hy the adjusters， allowing the r
    ot
    ai
    tnC
    J
    drul l tor
    1 Olatef reely(Figure23.6a)
    、
    I
    '!hent
    ( hehrakep eclalisc1cpressed，thefluid in M
    aster
    c
    yli
    nde
    r
    thesystcmi sp ressuri
    secl.A sm3l1amounti sforced
    out f r
    ol11 the master c yl
    inc.
    ler into the system，
    F
    ootb
    rak
    e
    wherei tincreasesthcvolul 1leoff l
    lli
    di nthewheel p
    edal
    cylinclcrs，and Illoves lhe pistons outwards. The
    brakeshoel i
    ningsarcf orc
    ecli ntocontactwirhthe
    brakcdrul l andr
    1 esis
    ti t
    sr otation(Figure23.6b) B
    rak
    eli
    ni
    ng
    I
    kleasing the brakc pedal allows the brake
    shoc r eturn討pringst o pullthebrakeshoescleal Br
    akes
    hoe
    ofthc drul 1
    l， pu shing the pistons back into the (
    a)

    whcel c ylincler. The excess f l


    uic
    li sf or
    cecl back F
    orc
    e
    inlOlhesystema nc
    lthcmastercylindel

    Themastercylinder P
    eda
    l
    F
    orc
    e p
    ress
    ed F
    orc
    e
    Althou日htherearec 1etailc1ifferencesbetweenthe
    llany l
    1 1laster cylinders in use，they a ll work on
    F
    orc
    e
    thesal leh
    1 asicprinciples(Figure23 .7
    )
    At ypic
    almastercylinderconsistsofacastiron Brak
    eilni
    門g5
    or aluminiuJll alloy cylinder with an accurately tou
    chin
    g
    drum
    lla
    1 chinecla nc
    lp olisheclbore.A holecal lec
    1aport
    F
    orC
    E F
    orc
    e
    conncctsthecylinderlua reservoir ，¥vhichstorcs (
    b)
    brake日u i
    cl.Anotherporti 1nksthema坑 ercylincler
    tot he brakesysl em a ncl allows1fuicl pressure to Figure23.6 Operationofdrul
    1lbrakesystel
    1l:
    actthroughoutthepipingandwheelcyl in
    cler
    s (a
    )a tre
    st;(b
    )brakepedalpressed

    円e
    ser
    vQl
    r

    O
    utl
    et10
    b
    rakei
    lnes
    Cl
    ear
    anc
    e

    C
    ir
    cl
    ip

    P
    ush
    -ro
    d

    Body
    D
    ustc
    ove
    r

    Checkva
    lve S
    lem Sp
    ring R
    etai
    nin
    g
    asse
    mbly r
    ela
    ine
    r wash
    er

    Figure23.
    7 Mastercyl
    inder
    r
    hじ b
    rak
    in且s
    v后tcm 213

    The c )'liml
    <
    :r conl ainお 礼 mct l pisron 、
    a .vit
    l、 Construct ion
    ruhhcr sca ls， a chcck val ve ro prevenr I111i
    d The wheel cyl indcr cons iSIS of a c yl
    inclrical
    pl
    l討hing back i nlol hc resヒrvり 1 and a rcrurn
    町 cast ing macle frollc
    1 aSfi ron 01"aluminiul la
    1 1
    l0y
    spring， AII hc open end of Ihc cyl inder i
    ぉ a 1
    Ii sr igidly allached t oI he backpl ale， hUI i s
    puぉhrocl
    .whi ch transmitsbrake peda! movcmcnt some limes f ree1 0 sl
    ide 51 i昌hlly10 cen lr
    alise ilお

    10Ihcp islon 00おI


    1 llon
    Ther e are {wo bas ic lypcぉ s ingle acting 山 1ιl
    Operat ion:br akesappl i ed dOl lble acting， [ n
    ler nal
    ly bOl h havcユmachi necl
    ¥lhじn 1
    ，X he hl日k c pcd孔 1isdcpr e出 ed，lhc p
    isl
    on ¥)ore，buri nas ingle- acling cyl inderQ JlC end i s
    !l(
    l )VC討 lowardぉ Iheendoflhec ylindc.
    rThecheck bl
    indandcont ai
    : nsonly( )ncp iSlon( Figure2 3，Ra)
    valvl' closeぉ 1hc 1
    じturn1 0t he r
    eservoi
    r，and 1
    fu
    icl Ac1ouble-aCli ngcyl in
    clcri sopcn礼 1bOlhendsa nιl
    is'Iorccd i nlO Ihc sysleJll r
    o apply Ihじ br
    akes cOllam
    1 s l"¥VO p lstonぉ scparal cd by a spring
    FUr!herpr cssurconl hcbr"kepedalincrcascslhe (Figure 2 3Rb) The piSlons are fr
    ， ， cc 10 move
    forcc on Ihc hr akヒ shocs a nclg i¥
    'esg r
    cat
    cl ins
    iclet hecyl i nd
    el
    h，礼 kingc llor
    ! Rubbercups01 'scal sarcf lllc
    clt oeachpi ston1 0
    prcvcnt 日u icl from Icaking oul of lhc ぉy日 CI l
    l
    Operation:brakesrel eased CorrecIl it
    tingi sesscJ1lia
    lt oavoidhrakef ailur
    e
    1
    <<:1<
    ::凶 ingIhc 1 ラ!日 ke peda lalo¥Vs3 1
    1t he relurn
    spr i ngs1 0f UJlCli ol1:l he brakc shoe 討山cp ulled
    Al
    Itomaticbrakeadjustment
    ofL r e tur
    ningthcwheelc ylinderpi ons，an
    st clt he
    tla
    1 st じ
    l'c y
    lindc rp iぷtonr eturnsr OJ tsr eslpo 出t lon
    To compens atef or brake li
    ning wcar .the brake
    ['he1 fuid 10'とv iously pushed i nlo l he SySI CJll i
    s
    自h ocs musI bc a ζ
    Jju 5
    ted ne‘1"t
    1 ot he drut1f
    1 rom
    retIIrnじζ110lheJll日 s le
    rcyl indel
    Ime (
    l 0 time. Some veh icles stillu汚じ manual
    J)uring t hisp er iりι1l hc check va lve upcn凶，
    aj
    ζ Iustmenr by spanncr 0'1SCI むwdrivcr，but 1
    110St
    孔I l
    o¥Vi ng Iluid 10 1 f0¥V bel、ヘ'een lhe SySI CJll， I he
    Jlo
    l clern veh
    iclcswi lhbr ake汚hocsnO¥V useauto
    ma討I crcyl i
    ndcl礼ndI he rcservui.
    rThisallows' 101
    mat lc以 j
    Iuslcr
    s， Onc討uchi ssho¥VJ1inFigurc2 3.9
    rc plcnishing1 fuid 1 0出 urexpansl on 口fIhc1 fuid
    duc 1 0 heal ドa i lureoft hc check valve 1 0 opcn
    U山 I d appl y Ihe brakes i fI he hr ake 1 fu iζ
    ￨
    じxp 山l dじC
    I， ForI hiお rcasunl hercmuおtalwaysbea A
    lill
    lcclearancconI hebrakcp e
    cl‘dpushruζl
    ，
    ，

    Wheelcylinders
    ，

    Thcsc山一csomじI l
    In<
    :ぉc a
    l l
    edexpanders01 ' actua- i
    f
    21
    : L
    ongr
    atc
    het
    tors， [1i sl hじ purposc ofIhe ¥Vheel cyl i
    nclc
    l
    plstunメ [
    0forcet hebrakeshoe メ I
    OlOcon tact vit
    h 、 ，
    S
    p
    s
    h
    r
    o
    i
    r
    n
    g
    tr
    -
    a
    I
    o
    t
    c
    a
    h
    d
    e
    t
    e
    d
    Ihehr akcdrul l
    1， The re arcc
    1c
    tailc1i
    ffercnιes，hllt
    alo'
    l llhcll1 ¥Vorl、 〈川 I
    hcsameprinciple Figure239 Automaticadjuster
    ，

    P
    ist
    on O
    ustC
    Qve
    r 円s
    ton D
    ustc
    ap

    S
    hoee
    nds

    (
    a) F
    lu
    ids
    eal (
    b) Cups

    e2
    Figur 3，8 Whee[cylinders:(
    a)si
    ngl
    eact
    ing;(
    b)doubl
    eact
    ing
    214 "1
    υ10 、
    1 c
    hic
    lピ{じ c
    hno
    !o只Y
    101
    111
    cc1
    1山 11じ

    W hじn lhc f001bl孔 ke i


    s 叩 plied，rhc shoes are overthed isc，and i sr igi
    dlybolted t othe axle01
    pushed oul ( atA )
    .I frhe rr
    avelis excessive，rhe sruhaxlcassemhly( Fig l
    lrc23，10) ， Thccallip
    crmay
    srru
    rp ulls rhe long ra
    lcl
    Iel(al B) ovcr rhe r
    eerh containone，1 ¥
    ¥/0oreven fourp iおlons.Theca l
    lip
    el
    on lhe shorr ralchel50 lhar rhe Srru
    r holds rhe isconnectedtothe hydraulicぉySlemhya Aexihle
    shoe忌 furrherapaI l(arC) 、
    ，vhenlhe fOOlbrake is h口s e
    .' ¥
    vhichallowsf orsuspensionIllovemen t
    released Thc f r
    iction matcrial of the hrakc pac ¥i s
    bonded 10 a s le
    el backplale C Figure 23.11). The
    pac¥sarc 1口c atcd in the calliperwith r he f
    ricti
    on
    Discbrakeandcalliper ma1erialalmoslr uhhingt hec ¥isc.Theyarekepri n
    placebyretainingp la te止 pinsorl ockb ol
    rs
    The d isc i
    ぉ macle from cast irun with a sIl1oo1h Theinnerfaceoflhe1 >1孔 kcd is 仁 1
    日 l
    λrgelypro
    m3chined hrakings urface.a n
    cli smounted tothe tectec
    ¥ from roacl din anc ¥ ¥valer hy a splash
    revolvin旦 whcclhllb， A 仁ぉ hapeclcalliperis白t tec
    ¥ shielc
    ¥;theollterfacci sprotectcc¥hythewhcel

    Hydr
    aui
    lcpi
    pe Bl
    eedv
    alv
    e
    H
    ydr
    aul
    icpi
    st
    ons
    P
    ist
    on
    P
    ad

    F
    以edc
    al
    ipe
    r
    s
    eal

    Figure23，10 Discbrakeandc
    all
    ipe
    r

    Dis
    ci ssandwich
    ed
    bytheactio
    n0 1t
    he
    pis
    tona ndth
    e
    r
    e a
    cit印1oft
    he
    cyi
    lnder ~
    •
    F
    r
    ict
    io
    r Backi
    ng
    m
    ate
    rial p旧1e

    Figure23，1
    1 DiscbrakeI
    ric
    tionpad Figure23，12 Discbrakeoperation

    Pi
    st
    on Cy
    li
    nde
    rbo
    re Cai
    lper
    ho
    using
    ー争惨
    叫向
    円h
    山岡

    円以 ons
    eal
    e

    ，
    ud

    br
    akepr
    ess
    ure
    or
    国
    '
    ー
    .
    .
    .'
    ・

    DU
    Slb
    oot D
    ustヒ0
    01

    Figure23，13 Operation01pistonseal
    :(a
    )brakeappi
    led(
    on)
    ;(b
    )brake0
    11
    r
    hじ b
    rak
    inμ
    srs
    tem 215

    Operat ion toa I OS5of1fu i


    cla ncl comp lele brake r ai)u
    re. To
    Prcssing the brake pecla!ιlisplaces n uicli nto lhe ovcr come r his disadvanrage dU，，1 1-
    circui
    1 brakc
    brake行y stC1
    l1 and IlO
    l VCSthccal liperpistonsand systel
    llswerec 1evelopecl
    the p a
    clst c)
    ¥¥a
    ， rcls lhe cl
    isc. Greater p r
    e S
    Sll r
    e on These sysfems cunsisl of a ' dollbl
    e' ma s
    .1el
    thcbrakepeda lincrcasesthehrakingforce cylincle
    r，c311cd atandemm ast ercy Hnd er 川 l c
    1
    ¥X!hen asinglc pi st
    on c all
    ipcr isu se
    cl. thcc al- 1wo s efs uf piping uperar ing lhe whe elu n irs
    lipcrorc ylinclr housin日 i
    e sc1esignecl tos lic
    lei n (Fi日ll
    re23.14).Thes y
    stell
    lsl llaybcs plilrrontand
    theslulラ axlecar re.
    irWhenthebrakeA uicli只p res re ar- so thateach pan of rhc I la
    l sferc ylin
    c l
    e l
    札 lr
    isedlhe1 ラistonmuvesonewayand lhec y
    lin- operates one axlc - orc 1ivicled diagonally. 1131'
    1
    cle
    rmo¥'e討 i nthcotherdirecl Ion( Figurc23. 12) rhes ys1en1c孔 nstilloperatei flherci sar ail
    llr
    e( )
    f
    ¥Ihcn the hlλkes ar
    ，
    '
    ( e rcleased，the piston i s onc討etofpipingurabrakcu nil.S Oll
    lemanufac
    retllrnedt tメ origi
    oi nalpositionbythepi slons cal l
    llrersb cli
    evel hatironesystemf ails，bcttcrstahil-
    (Figure 23:.13). Applyi n呂 lhe br akcs C e
    lllses the 1Iywi l bea c111eved1lonchり n t wheel i s linked
    sealt od istorr.Ikleasing the hrakcs allows t he c
    1iλgunallyr Orheopposi tcr earwheel
    sealt o return t oi tso riginal 只hape a ncl，i n so
    1
    coing.retractst hepiston
    Thetandemmastercylinder
    A討 thep alぉ wcar
    ζ .thepistoni smovedthrough
    thc s ealt o1 札k c up a ne¥v posirion、 t he s e
    μl
    rhet a
    ndclllll
    l<ls
    : l
    ercyi!nderisbasi仁aly1WOs
    l .ingle
    rel
    rac l
    s thc pi ston hy only t he sllla
    lla lll
    ount of
    1l"
    l ls
    fercylinclersIllountcd e
    ncl1 0 end anc
    l opel
    running clearancc. Th isI leans t
    l har disc brakes
    ζl
    leclbythesamepushr oc
    l(Figure23 .1う)
    auto
    lllaticallyadjuslt h
    clllselves
    The cylinder conrains 1wo piston討 cli
    viding it
    into twoch三 11
    11ヲer
    s.The白r s
    tpistoni soperatedhy
    Dual-circuithydraulicbrakingsystem thebrakep ccl
    a lanclapushro ι1
    ;theseconclpiston
    isnormallyoperaredbylhef lu
    iζ1pressurecreatecl
    Oncp r o
    hlel
    llwithhycl!
    礼ulicbrakesi
    st h
    atafrac・ bythe白r s
    t
    tured pipeorIcak anywhere i
    n lhesysl
    ell
    lIc
    acls
    Operation
    Two r eservoi
    rs. 0'1 one c1ividecl，supply nui cl
    throughpo rt
    st ocach hal f0'
    1thel11a slercylindel
    asinasi n
    glcunit.Separafereservcsofhrakef luic
    .
    l
    kcep one system operating i f the orher 1
    crains
    away
    ¥X
    1l
    1en【hcbrakep ecla
    lisdepresscd.lhenuidi n
    (
    a) chambcr1he colll
    espr essuri
    sccl，anc lI
    llovesfluicl
    intolhefir
    5rs ys
    l出 1
    1.Att hesametime，t hispre 討

    surealsuIlo
    l vespisron2a nclpressuriscsthef luiζ￨
    in chal
    llhe
    r 2 and lhe り 1hers ystel
    llf uf hesume

    Chamber1 Chamber2

    (
    b)
    C
    hec
    k

    Pi
    st
    on1
    C
    hec
    kva
    lve
    (
    c) T
    ofr
    on
    t
    b
    rak
    es
    Figure2
    3.1 4Oivi
    ded-li
    nebrakecir
    cui
    ts:(
    a)f
    ron
    t
    r
    earsp
    lit;()X sp
    b l
    it;(
    c)Lspli
    t Figure2
    3.1
    5 Tandel
    l
    lIla
    l st
    ercyi
    lnder
    216 ~I 仁 tor 、 ehiclc t
    ech
    no¥
    uμyl
    υrm
    eCh
    :ln
    ic.
    .
    .
    .
    ;

    tre抽 11re
    .じponrcleaseofthehrakepeζla1 ，rerurn +ω
    tle
    t
    spring sand同 a lsr elur nthewheelbrakeuni日 to S
    eal
    ing
    rheirr eslposit ions. and 日Lli c
    l can return to the
    mast引くy lincl
    era nclr ese rv
    oirs.I ns
    iclethe mastel O
    cylinclcr，relurn ぉpri ngsf or borh piSLOnS ensurc
    tha
    t they r e
    t urn ¥0 rheircor rect positionsaga inst
    I
    nl
    et
    rhcSLOpS
    11f
    ' ailure occur si n system 1)no pre日lIr ew ill
    be huil lup whcn lhe p eclalisc lepre
    s sed
    . Ther e
    w¥i1bc cxlra pe clalr ravel unt¥i lhe bosses on
    pislon1孔. nclp iston2l ouch.Furthcrmovel 1lenlof
    rhc hrake pedal w i ll prcssurise systell 2i
    1 nt hc O
    utl
    et
    normalway
    Figure2
    3.16 Pressure-
    regulatingvalve
    'a
    I il ure ofs ystel
    1l 2a lso res
    ulrsi n exrra pedal
    rrav
    cl" nli
    lp iおton2rcachesthel imirofi t
    st ravel
    FrollI
    1 hcnonchal lhe
    1 r1i spressurisedbypislon
    -
    Iintheuろu alway rion of rheirt oral weight resting O!l the f ro
    nt
    wheelsthan w出 previouslyrhecase.¥ XIil
    h Ihese
    vehiclcs，rhcrccan heverywic ¥evari~l tions i
    nthc
    Brakepressureregulatingvalves
    loadingonl her earwhecls
    Toachieveb ellerdislr
    ibulionofbrakin再 e llorr，
    many v ehicle討ヒI11ployprc 出lIrc-rcgu
    l礼t ingvalves
    srake pressure r
    nLls
    t be r
    egulat
    ed for two
    ro varylheb l 百kinge ff口r
    tb et
    '¥v e
    en the f ront and
    reaSon$
    : weight r ra
    n erence，and uneven
    sf
    rearwheels( Figures23.16and2 3.]7)
    weightc
    lis
    lr i
    buti
    onoft hevehic
    leits
    elf

    Pressure- sensitivel in1Iter


    ¥
    X
    Ihcnlhebr
    akesofaveh
    icl
    eareappli
    ec
    lhard The pres s
    llre-sensilIvcl Imitcr i
    n F i
    gllre 7 .
    ).16
    as Jlluch ‘IS 70 per cenl of irs ¥Vcighr llay be
    1 Ii
    l11i
    lS the prcssurc 0'
    1t he brake1fuid in the real
    br
    icnyl ransfcrreclro the fr
    onl whee ls by incrt
    ia， v
    .lheelbrakel ines.Fll
    lic
    ¥lIndcrpressllreじ Inf 1
    。
    、、
    inmuchlhc出 I llewaya
    1 、
    s vhcnbrakin日 h a
    rcl011 a rhrough the valve u n
    lill he f l
    uidplじ州lIr cOVCI'-
    bicyc l
    e.[ rcumstances，the rear wheels
    n 行lIch ci comes lhc spr in
    g lcn日i on. At t h
    i日 poin t the
    can r cadi
    lyski c
    l
    . whilc rhe fron
    t wheels w ill no【 plungermoves10 compre同 r hc日pring，ands ea
    l討
    heu行inga lltheavailableC rict
    ioneffectively offrheout le
    ls10 lher e
    a r1"礼 ke
    s.Anyf u
    r rhc
    rr isc
    The、 .
    vide討prcadadopt ion off r
    onrーや r
    heel drive in pressur cw ill be ava¥iahle only al Ihe f ronl
    mean討 t hatl 1anyve
    1 hicleshaveagreaterpropo l brakcs

    (
    a) (
    b)

    Figure2
    3.1
    7Iner
    tiav
    alv
    e:(
    a)gent
    lebr
    aki
    ng;(
    b)hardbraki
    ng
    Thebr
    aki
    ngs
    ys【巳Jll 217

    Inertia-sensitivelimiter ¥Xa
    lterboilsat1 00o C，whilegoocl-qualityb rake
    Thei ncrtiava lver el
    iesont herateofdecelera
    ti口n 日uiclb o
    ilsatover4000( . The hea rgener atec
    lby
    ofl he veh ic lel u 川口p t hc Auw ufbrake Auid lO ラr
    ￨ aking，par ti
    cularlyhardbrakinginhotc limat e札
    ther earh r~l k cs (Figu
    Iと 23. 17).DlIr
    ingra
    pic
    lclecel- rnayr aisethcwheelbrakecyl inc
    lerr el
    11pel川 urcs
    erat
    ion ( har d braki ng) the i nenia cre
    atec
    l i s 10over200oC
    suf日ci entlO ca llsel he bal
    lt urul uplhcsluping Under thcse ci rCull
    lst
    ances thc ¥vat er i
    nr he
    cylinder(F igu rc 23. 17b) .W hen lhisoccu問、 the l
    ラrakeA u
    iclwill turn loseam. ¥
    t X
    Ihcn t hisuccur s
    spring -Ioac
    lec lva lves hll
    tso ffthe f
    low ofAuicll O the steam，bei ng a vapou.rcompresses，and t he
    ther ea rbr akc s brakep ecla
    lw illpllshtotheAourwilhl itt
    leornu
    effecr from 1 he brakes.TI 】i
    si sclcscr ibecla s
    Load-sensitiveregulators vapourlock
    J
    'l
    vany vehi c
    lcs now empluy r e日ul alorslinked lO 50i tisessen日all ha
    [
    thc rearsLlspcnsion.The pres sur ca t which the
    AlIi
    dpr essureisculu ffisclelerl
    11inedbyl heposi 1 akeAuic
    . br 1iδst
    orec
    linseal
    ec
    lcon
    tai
    ner
    sunt
    il
    tiuning ()
    fa valve r el
    ative tut he hei ght ufthe lse
    ;
    body overt hc realろLlsrensi on:t he gr eaterthe 2
    .f l
    uidi
    n[hebrake
    δys
    tem i
    schangedr
    egl
    ll
    ar
    iy
    loac
    lt
    句 hcl uwerwi ll1ラcthcbudy，anc lthe呂r ea
    lel
    1hcpr eおsurethatcan heus ec
    lbyt her earbrakcs srakeAuic
    1isal
    soclamaging t
    o manyr
    ype
    s
    bef，r
    り et hc¥Vhec1メ討 k
    ic
    l ofpai
    nt

    Brakepipesandhoses
    Vehicl
    esr
    cceivi
    ngat
    tentiun[0t hci
    rbral
    世 systemお
    Thcrear et wo( ypcs:rigi
    d metalpipes，inwhich I
    11USlbesui
    tabl
    y pr
    orcctζ
    e1，anclcarell
    lL
    lsttaken
    lherei s no l 1uve
    1 l1en
    1 l;anc
    lr ein
    forcecl Aex
    ible whenhandlingrhebrakeflu
    icl
    hosest oconne c
    tI he r
    i呂i
    clpipcs t
    ocomponents
    that1
    l10ve ‘お uchast hewheelbrakeu ni
    ts
    Brake AlIi
    cl is pui s
    olous I n ql
    l、
    l
    te
    Bothf onnsofpipingI 1lustbeablet owit h- srnal
    lquant
    ilies. Neverb lecc
    lorpOU I
    st
    anc
    lt hever yh igh pressl
    lresthatcanOCCUI bl乱 ke 1
    fu
    id in
    to clis
    cardeclclr
    ink cartons01
    cl
    uringel1e
    1 rgencybraking.Upt othreet
    il11es contalners
    bocl
    ywei ghtl 1a
    1 ybr l，giving
    ieAy be appliec
    fk
    dtm

    '

    -
    d
    ddc
    k ol
    l
    n

    sI

    l
    Ne
    n
    -
    o
    -f

    ll-
    um 山

    u vde
    什 OK

    s
    od

    c n
    ca

    jF n
    m Tl

    r
    ise tos yst
    em pre ssures wel lin excess of
    2-

    1-
    11

    1
    11 !
    H v aI

    sh E

    日 os
    ﹀

    け
    川
    I Q

    八
    陀 I 口

    f
    pu
    -o
    o

    11
    l
    lhe

    1
    10000kPa
    -l
    12

    1﹀
    -t

    出 印
    日仁
    れ
    U I

    31

    り
    -

    1
    t

    1
    t
    e

    a
    1
    k

    H
    C

    LK
    ﹂

    山
    NM
    刊

    Brakef
    lui
    d

    Brake Auiι 1iお lhe l白ifebloud'uf lhe braking


    system、ancli tmuslhavesevcr alspecialq l
    lal
    ities Mechanicalactuating
    Vehi c
    lesareusec linwi d
    e lyvaryingr emper at
    llres， components
    50 itmus thavea ver ylowf r
    eezi ng pointand a
    、eryhi ghboi li
    ngpoi n.
    rThroughuu tlhisrangeuf Parkingbrakes
    tcmperallr es thc viscosity ort hicknes soft he
    Oll
    ic
    ll 11
    l 1
    str em I
    も I
    ncons t
    ant.ltmlls tnota ttackthe
    rubberseal surcur rucle the I
    11ctalcOl 1p
    1 onents Parking brakes generally act on the real
    Huwever ，brakcf l
    uic
    lclueshaveぉomcc .
    lrawbacks， wheelc lru
    rn brake orr e
    a rdisc assembly
    asdct ail
    edbelow Operati
    on i snormally entire
    ly mechani l，
    ca
    an
    cli s usually appliec
    l by a h ancll evel
    Brakefluidandsafety workingthrollghcablesorr oc
    ls

    srakef
    lui
    clishygroscopic;i
    tabsor
    bsmois
    -
    tu
    refromr hea
    tmosphere Ilisin
    clepenc
    len
    t ufI
    he hy
    clraul
    ic parr uflhe
    hrakingsyst
    em、1hOl日hi
    tgenera1
    lyLI討亡討 t
    heS;1me
    218 M
    O!I、
    O e
    hic
    leleぐ
    I1n
    ol、
    阜 formeιhank!'>
    o

    brakesh日e行 orpadsC Figll


    re23.1R).Thelinkageis Shogun.Thc advantageoflhet r :
    ll行 mi
    1 ssionbrake
    c
    lesignccl to 11l1ll
    tipl
    yt he fO
    Jじe applied at thc Iおtha
    tt he fi
    n:t
    iclri
    vel1lll
    lti
    plicst he b J礼 king'
    1
    01じG
    lever Thi只 enahlesthec lri
    vcrlO applythe hand- anc
    l preventst he c
    lri
    ve s
    haflsf roJl1 turnin旦 onal
    brake、、'ithslInicient forcet口 holdthevehicleon fourwheel 只 wheni nfuur-'¥v
    heeldrive
    社nincl inc

    Transmissionhandbrake
    Servoassistance
    Thistype i
    slIsIa
    l ly日t
    l tedtothetransmi
    ssi
    on One problem t hat vehicle manuf acturers havc i
    s
    systel
    1lattherearofthegearbox tlatc
    1 1riversare ofclil
    leringstren日th;itis impuss
    ibletomakeane ffective brakin日討ySlcmr hatGl n
    beoper a!cc
    Iwithease by everyhoc ly.Asac lri
    vcJ
    Iti
    日 lypical
    lyfO
    llll
    cl 01 sOl
    1le four-'wheel c
    lrivc can exert only a l
    il
    ll
    ited 3mounlofforceon the
    vchides，日lIchas Land Roversa n
    clthcMitsl Ibishi brake pec.
    la!，a meal刊 or f )o¥
    ¥'cr a
    s s
    i討l孔n cc I
    お

    O
    ute
    rca
    ble
    C
    ompen
    s a
    tor
    a
    Uow
    sc a凶e10s
    lid
    e，
    equal
    isi
    ngt
    heforc
    e

    Handbr
    akel
    ever
    臼n
    olecabl
    e
    l
    i
    nki
    ngb
    ot 凶e
    hs s

    Figure2
    3.18 Parki
    ng brake

    V
    acu
    umchamber
    Rubberd陥 p
    hra
    gm
    T
    oman
    fio
    ld c
    yt
    i門d
    er
    Vacuump
    ass
    age

    C
    ont
    rolv
    atv
    eas
    sem
    bly

    A
    irf
    i
    l
    ter

    P
    ushr
    od

    P
    ushr
    od F
    tui
    dou
    !le
    !s
    Ar
    ipa
    ssa
    ge

    R
    eac
    !io
    ndi
    sc

    Di
    aphr
    agms
    upp
    ort
    /va
    lveb
    ody

    e2
    Figur 3
    .19 Di
    rec
    t-actingservo
    r
    heI
    川 a
    kin
    g叫'
    ste
    m 219

    Whee
    lsp
    eed
    se
    nSl
    ngu
    nl
    t

    E
    lec
    tro
    nic
    c
    on
    lro
    l -
    e•-
    .E
    .・
    .
    u
    nt
    l •• • 司.
    、
    ，.
    ，

    之-
    ，

    •• ••

    ••

    ー
    --Hydraulicbrakecircuit
    .
    ..S
    enso
    randwarn
    ingl
    ig
    htc
    ir
    cu
    lt
    s M
    ast
    ercyl
    ind
    er
    "
    ""守 C
    " onl
    rolc
    ir
    cu
    it a
    ndpres
    sur
    epump
    Figure23.20 ABSbrakingsystem

    r
    cq1Ii
    re
    cl1 h汁 1wi
    ll enh:
    tnc ヒ lhate
    ffor
    l
    . This i
    s o prevent over
    f
    ' -braking. thc brakc pe
    cla
    l
    l
    lS
    l川 1
    1
    )行 1
    '
    1ラlラ1i
    ed1ヲylheおヒ rvo pushrodopcrate
    savalvet ha
    tcontro
    lsthea1l10Un1
    of<l1mo只pher
    ic pressure perm
    irtcc
    .
    l10 cnt
    er1 he
    hOl
    lsing
    Thevacuumservo

    rhe、汁 ιlIll
    l
    llservoi s!1loun1cdhetweenthebrakc
    pじdユ1:tncllhel ‘i
    l
    1 川<:
    rc yli
    ncle.
    rA la
    rg<:
    ζl川p hragll
    1/
    plSlo
    n: tsメcl1hl
    l yi日 rnountec
    .
    linac ircula
    rhousi n日
    以 i
    lh 1hじ り pelユ1m日 plIsluoclpa日 1
    11呂 lhro
    llghlhc Anti-Iockbrakingsystems
    cenlr
    e(FigUl じ 2519) (ABS)

    The clepression i n rhe i nl


    er ll1anifol
    d of
    pelrol engi nes，or l har proclucecl by a Frictio n between I he lyr
    ea ncl lhe road is
    vacuur n purnpon o therengines.i s usedt o essent ialf oral aspecr sofveh ic
    le cont rol
    evacual eairfrornones .i
    deoft hediaphragm The br akes l l1aylock upan clcon rr
    oloft he
    asscl1h
    l ly int he ci r
    clIl
    arhousi ng.I f，when vehiclel 1a
    l ybel osthyevent heIlos
    l rcar ef
    ul
    a只sistanceisnecc l
    ecl，airatatrnosphe ricpres- driver u nc leremer gency braking，or when
    sureisa¥lo¥Veclt o pre向 。 ntheol hersicl
    eof the roac ls llrfaceissl i
    lコ
    pcry.A n
    li-Iockhrake
    rhe cliaphragll1 asseml y，a con
    ヲI s
    .i
    clerable systell1s(ABS )are日t tec
    l10 manyvehic l
    est o
    forcei saV:l
    ila
    b leroactonthepushr oc
    l overcome[ h
    isc l
    anger( Fig
    lle2
    r 3.20)
    220 入1
    011、
    0 c
    hic
    lじ 1
    ピじ hno
    log
    yfo1
    ' m l'C hanic~

    日lch dじv
    ice
    smain.
    tai
    ndi
    rec
    riu
    n辻 1cont
    ro.
    land Tractioncontrolsystems(TCS)
    cl
    ecre a討" rhc 川口 fl
    flll1呂 distance i
    n slippery con-
    dition討 Designs va ry.b l
    ltar Yf
    lic
    al sysrell
    li s I
    t mayseem sl rangct oにlea
    l ¥Vi
    lht ractioncont ro l
    describ"d1 ヲヒ 1
    0¥V (the¥Vaythcwheel 只日 ripthcr O
    ;
    ;1ι
    1sur facec luring
    acceleration) unc.
    ler lhe hcading ofhrakeぉ 1 ti，
    hccallseABSi s乱 l
    suus ecltoconr roltheexcessive
    Componentsandoperation
    speeclufi n
    cliv
    icl
    llιI
    twhcelsrharare礼￨ヲ O llttul ose
    rheir grip hy spinnin呂 I n addilion，I he po¥Ver
    Thehemr0' 1thcsy ぉtemi sanel ectroniccontrol
    hcingdevelopedbythcen日i ncis
    .alsoconrrullec .
    l
    unit (ECUl，which i s proviclecl with input s of
    The system i s of parti
    cllla
    r benel i
    ld llring h日r d
    inf
    o r
    llle
    1ti
    ol1，anζ1givesoutput s()finstrllc
    ti on
    st o
    acccleration orwhencorner i
    ngv igorously
    rhe じonrrol討 The i n pll
    lSc on
    s i51 ofp"lse-呂ener-
    句

    Thet ractiuncontrolsysrcm( γC日11 I只eslheAsS


    alec
    .
    lsigna lsfro!1日 n
    1 sorsa le3chroadwhee .
    lThey
    wheelscn5ors，t he ECUand the hyd rallli
    cp lll1p
    1
    川c
    .¥icate whcthereach wheel i s rcvolvin日，and
    or1 1
    10dlll
    arO!'(Fi
    gllre23.21).I n孔ζIcl
    i r
    ionIher ei sa
    ho¥V 1日目 1 ¥凶 l urt
    ll11呂 The ECU uses the sen50t
    thro
    ttlc control i ntcrvcnti
    on l 1o
    l tor t or cc
    lllce
    inpuIs to conl rol rhe braking s yslernt hrough
    en呂ll
    leoutput
    outflullOahyd口t l
    llicfll川 '
    10asselllbly
    Ba月cd on the i n pllt signal5 f ror
    n the wheel
    O peration
    sen5m5，lhe AI 3SぉYS1CI11' SECU kno¥Vsthespeec l
    1each ¥Vhee.
    0' lWhenthebrakesareapplicd，. Ihe
    ¥
    .X
    fhena ¥Vhecl increases it
    ssp cec
    lr el礼liv
    et othc
    othcrs，rheECU appli esrhehrakct oslowi ld、口n
    wheel芯 之lndt he vehic le start1 0 slo¥
    vc lowl . The
    1
    anc.
    l，if ncccssary，r ecl
    llccs the engine po川 ' cr
    ECU 1 1
    10ilOr
    n s the r edl
    l cing pulseぉ fro11 caιh o
    l f
    olltpu
    r hy p ar
    tiall
    y closin日 lhヒ lhr
    orrle
    . As ¥¥'
    ith
    thcr oaclwheelsenSQrs. I fawheelseemsabou tt
    . o
    AsS thesensing i s亡un t
    inllo
    lls，and the FCl'w ill
    lock I I
    p. the 1了CU r eclllc
    es lhe p rcssllre 3.
    1.Ihat
    cun日 antly str
    ive 10 oblain the hi日heSlI evel 01
    ¥Vhcel111li
    1lt het yre呂npsa gal
    l l
    drivef r
    ol1e
    l 、，
    ach wheel vhencvcri tisclemanclccl
    bylhedrive ，
    This seqllcnce ofsensi ng ancla c
    ljl
    lst
    ing is
    continuOllS，an cli s very fast
    . The process
    provicles a rapicl on-of f operati
    on of t he
    brake very sil11il
    art o the caclence braking Commercialvehiclebrakes
    rOl
    lrinepract
    ise clbyr al
    lyc l
    rive
    rs.Thewheel s
    are maintainecl at the optimlll11 braking Air-hydraulicsystem
    point，which i sj ll
    stb 可{orethey wOlllc
    l1 05e
    lheirgriponther oa
    clsurface Thi5行ystCJll i
    ssometimcs L1scc
    I口nl i
    ght coml
    llじr
    -
    cialvch
    ic les.a n
    cli
    sa lおり known ~I ぉ the airover

    ECUa円d
    hy
    dra
    uli
    c
    mo
    dulat
    or

    T
    hro
    ttl
    econ
    tro
    l
    i
    n
    terve
    nti
    onmoto
    r

    F
    igu
    re23.21 Tr
    acti
    oncon
    trolsyst
    ell
    l
    Theh
    rak
    in只s
    ysl
    ern 221

    assi
    stance than a vaCUUl1l ser
    vo for a gi
    ven
    chall
    lbersi
    zc.Thesysrel
    l
    lpr o
    videsl
    hcbencfir f 。
    、
    ，
    G
    ove
    rno
    r airbrakesbUlataIluc
    l hlowercost
    Mas
    ler
    c
    yli
    nder
    C
    omp
    res
    sor 出rser
    vo Air-operatedbrakes
    u
    nl
    t
    Must hcavy commerci a
    l vehi cles nO¥V u討e a l
    l
    oper alec
    l brakes (Fi日lre 23 .2
    3).I nr his system
    comprcssecla irisuse
    c ltoactuat ethebr akemcch-
    anl日n. Airp' ヒssure 1$ t
    ranぉmilleclthrollgh pipes
    H
    ydr
    aul
    ic日p
    e10b
    rak
    es H
    ydr
    aul
    icp
    ipe eq
    l lall
    yi nalldirections，in cxacllyrhc日 meway
    as1fuic
    l pressureinah ycl
    relu
    licsystel1l. Theactu-
    Figure23
    .22 Air-hydr
    aul
    icser
    vo-
    ass
    istedbrake ati
    on ofeach br ake iss imi
    larl o thc日 mp tecam
    systel
    l
    l
    brakes ho¥.v
    ncar ti
    eri nthechapt et

    Th ecompr essor
    hydrau lic syst em ( Figllre2 3.22). An engine- The compressor i s a pistun lypc driven by lhe
    c
    .
    lrivencompre山 口 1日>nl ro
    llじdhya自口 vernurf eecls engine01 nsomecases，thcgearhox. I
    ') i tsuppl ies
    1i
    < rllndcrpr eSSllr
    e1 0<1r e討印 vi.
    o rThise 1i
    ri st hen airunclcrpressure 1 0a r eservoirf uJ 引 or
    age. A
    u討ec
    l1 0a討お l
    討1 rhcdriveri noperal ingrhehycl r
    alllic 呂overnorr egulates the pr e日 ure i n rhc reservo
    i ，
    r
    hrake討 11<
    lc tsi mi
    n汁 行 i !川、.vayt o日 vacuul ls
    1 ervo anc
    l when thc operati ng pressure i sexce ecl
    ecl，il
    unit
    .cxcep lt h :Hitus じ行 prc山 urised孔 i
    ri nstcaclof isvenl
    ecl1 0all11ospher e
    . The r escrvoirhas1 0he
    atmosphcr ica irprcssurc. The u n i
    l giveお呂 r ea
    te t str
    ong enough 1 0 wirhぉlancl pressurcsofar oll
    nd

    A
    ctu
    alo
    r A
    ctu
    alo
    r

    B
    rake F
    ootval
    ve
    o
    pera
    lln
    g (
    brak
    epeda
    l)
    l
    eve
    r

    Unl
    oade
    ror
    sa
    fet
    yvalv
    e
    山rl
    i
    ll
    er

    ー R
    ese
    rvo
    ir

    S
    ile
    nce
    r

    C
    omp
    res
    sor

    P
    res
    sur
    e
    。 日auge 。

    e23
    Figur .23Ai
    rpressurebraki
    ngsystem
    222 へl
    oro
    l 、
    eh
    icl
    er じどI1nol
    o且F101
    11
    1ec
    111
    1
    1IC
    N

    690kPa (100l hf
    !in') The hrake conlrol valve，
    ，
    8rakeactuators
    ¥¥'hi
    c h i s operaled hy l hじ に lriver
    "s foolpedal
    "ll
    o¥¥'行 theC01llp lどおおど ι
    Ia irt o:tr、
    ae lf r
    o111 rher es Alrh口 ugh of
    ，
    tcn c江1じd brak e chal1lbers. l he
    、
    町

    oir1 01 hヒ く 1
    iIphl
    ‘ 孔日ll1 inl he brake Ch ell1b
    l er a t hrakea cr
    llllorsappl ylhe brake. Those mOllnred
    lThe、 ‘
    I
    ivei onl heax¥euperate汁 lllechanic日It i
    nk:lgl' ¥
    0roltl
    : e
    e
    r
    cl
    r
    ch¥
    ol
    lcd‘
    ¥'hee.
    Ipplic川i
    対 d

    onofthcbrakcs
    esigned1 0per milc()n~
    acam.ori fJllo
    lll
    1tc
    cl0 1
    1lhc[)
    <lckpl川 じ I heyJllO C、
    The h，礼 kecharnh ヒ1 泊 aref i
    tlec
    .
    lwitha Illovable aweclgel h
    alf or hehrakcshocs‘
    ceぉ l '1'山{
    diaphr a
    glll. wh ich operatc 計泊 r oc
    .¥ connect cd 1 0
    thehrakeshoeoperar ingrnechanist11. Thcac lmis Single-diaphrag lla
    1 ctuator
    討ionofa i
    r])1じs Sl
    Ire1 0thediaphragmi nL hebrake A rubbcrcliaphragmi 行 仁 L rI
    IIpedb Clweヒn¥ henH)
    chamher I lo
    l ¥"e s Ihe c.
    liaphragl 1 and l
    1 inkage t o ha 、
    l es 0'1a s leel chamher (F i
    gl lr
    <: 23
    ..2-
    1)
    .A il
    礼ppl)'rhch‘ ，I<
    IC .A quick-rclcaぉevalvci slIsec¥to under pressure 江ζ ts on 0 1じ 引 に ￨ じ 日 rlhe
    1
    speedupl hヒ rel巴 Iseofa i rpressuret olhea tl 10s
    l ζl
    iaphragm.Atlaιhec l1 0Ihe0 1hじI討l ι
    le山 e 日 付 r
    eel
    phcre once Ihe brakes h av<
    .: hecn relcascc
    . .l
    .A ale and a pllshroに
    pllshpl ￨、、 hich opcralc lhe
    rcLlyュ、l¥'espeed日 uprhcapplicationandrclcユsc hrake lllechanislll¥X
    ihcl 1r hcb l汁 kcisr c1
    cased， a
    ofther ear¥)1λkヒメ spring forccs lhe diaphragm ¥ 0¥ 1
    1じ olTposition
    [
    ncre ユsingS :
    J f
    elyI egisl江 lio ζ 凶 rcquirec
    nh .
    l!llaI lU- The force 辻仁 ¥ingun r ，
    hじ￨ヲ rl rビ じ1
    、 n hc vι
    1ried by
    {
    ιlcturc rs1 0Iラrovidemoresorhi sricatcc
    !a irbr akc alter
    ingtheareaufrhc(k lPhl汁且r n
    syMC111ぉ Thc 討y沿l e11c
    l lじsc ribcι
    I ¥Vou ld f a!iifany
    air pipe f raClUr ec
    l. More r eCen¥ systems (unta川 Double-
    diaphragl1lactuator
    dlla
    lorr ri
    plchrakcl inc
    s Asthena
    lll
    Cimplic行 1hiぉUl
    lllcont
    al1s¥
    l ¥¥'
    0sじpar-

    B
    rak
    e
    c
    hambe
    r
    D
    iap
    hra
    gm
    S
    lac
    k

    (
    a)

    A
    iri
    n

    Figure23.24 Si
    ngl
    e-diaphragmbrakeactuator
    (
    b)

    S
    ervic
    e
    d
    iaphr
    a日m

    S
    e
    d
    i
    c
    a
    o
    p
    l
    n
    r
    d
    a
    r
    r
    a
    g
    y
    m
    “
    (
    c)

    S
    ecorゴa
    ry
    i
    nl
    et '
    ‘
    ips
    L eal

    (
    d)
    S
    erv
    ice川 l
    e
    l
    Figure23.26 Operationof5pr
    ingbrakeact
    uat
    or
    Figure23.25 Double-
    diaphragmbrakechambe
    r (5eetextforexplanationl
    r
    hch r :d、 旧日同'~ l 仁 111 223

    tech礼 ml
    :
    t x.']ぉ 汁 nι11
    ¥
    ¥'0 d川 phra日ms(Fi
    日lIr
    e23.
    2う) '
    fhespringf or cecan r henapp lyI h"br akc.¥Xfhen
    l
    二日ιhdi aphragll1 C~l l1 1)(
    : opじ1 川 じd indcpcnden ll、 孔Illheairhasbeenexhallsl ed， Ihchrake お 山 che l
    c
    l
    l ' whi
    口l l
    e01ヒ 1 お辻仁 l lV;llcd h};li11101111hes 口、 Ice onhyr he月pnng
    hrlk
    < じ Ihじ り t
    heri 九 九c 1
    ivatedbv l heS じに ondary0 1 1f1hc 1g1
    、じ I 1eI
    J 月ζ 1
    i出I
    hleι111
    1CVじh icleGl nnotbc
    P川 kil
    1g hrak c
    . Shoul d 01じ にl じIphragll1 f
    ailIhe 11
    10、じιl、 irhoutUI 1討cn:
    "¥¥
    '
    ln日 日 汚 pCCI
    札 11ヒl
    ιl SC1101
    りIh山 れi11oper"l じ 1 0r l
    l1礼11
    ) 日IccIto1 heacl l日fur(Figll
    rc23，26(1)

    Springbrakeacn at ， ors
    Thc10r l1日Id
    l iilphragll1 ch alllhcrwi l 10twork i f )0 nolι
    1 lle
    ! rnpr1
    0di
    sm江 n
    llel
    hcsp
    rin日
    Ihじr ei s: 11 01alI 礼i ll
    lrc ofI he 山 rsl Ip ply. Spring act ualor
    s ¥¥'i
    thour spcciaI
    i叫 kn()wl
    edge.An acci c
    lentaly r
    elとased 斗)rn旦 I
    l l
    lay
    、 、
    礼C t
    l川 口 r s口、じ!日 )me1 hiぉ plり l
    ヲlじ11
    1 (Figlr e 23.26)
    Ihc C0l
    ' 11<11
    11< 1 討p ring. slIf
    ficicn rl pu ¥¥
    'erflllfu in
    fli
    に1f 礼I
    日! i
    nju
    rieぉ
    appl yI lcbrake討 、 h ichi 行 con lrolヒにIbyC Ollnter
    -
    ba1 "n仁 川 目、 1rp lじ出 urc
    L
    1ndcrnor l
    l1:l
    tdr ivingιon ditionぉ:1Ir i sslIpplied Airsupply
    10t hcr el r<.
    :1: 1
    111])じ.r hol ding rhe汚￨ラ["]11呂 i nrhe( )f
    f
    poメi lion(F iglr c2: ¥ .26，，
    ) fhesp litsyst em
    ¥
    Xlhじnhl ‘lk
    in日 日 1 " pr
    1 eメSll
    re" lrom r he foolbr akc This i s LI行じく 1mai nly on r ig
    id 、じhicles.The ll1孔 I
    n
    、川 、じ c n!じr sI lcI 1り1 1c1
    1 l:
    lmhcIι .nd， ~I c ting on t
    l he 巧' s!
    CI 1 i
    1 s c li¥
    'idcd i llo 1
    1 ¥¥'
    0 scp江口1e Cll TlIlt
    ぉ

    di"p llr"日111 ‘1 ppl i


    じsI hじ ￨
    ラr:l
    kピ T lle sp ring i 尽 日il (Figur e232 iJ.1¥ζl u
    alf o(川、 a
    lvじ I
    SI I討ヒく110ぉlIpply
    hじI d 01 1 b) ‘1r pl ピメ札口じ i n1 hピ 1 ιH chambcl andconl iり Ia i
    rfr om 1¥
    ¥'0sep山 川 じ 1 仁おじ れ 01お 1
    0l he
    (ドIglllじ 2 う2 6¥
    )) fronl and r ear hr akes i nc
    lcpcnde nly， A I
    l hirc
    l
    1
    ¥p pliじ 11
    i0l 1 0"1I hビメじ c (
    )nd‘1r )
    ' 01'park ing brake rcscr VOlroper ate
    ι1bl 'r hc handlヲrake討upplics礼 1
    r e
    le a討ビメ礼 ir" lroll1 !her carchはmbcr(F iglr e23.26cl 10t hc r earbr akcs f or par k
    in日 p llrpose討 Thi s

    S
    alet
    y L
    owρ
    res
    sur
    ein
    dic
    ator ロ
    B
    u"
    z"
    zer
    D
    ual1
    001
    val
    ve

    va
    lve U
    nlo
    ader

    Re
    ser
    voi
    rtan
    k

    SHwS
    pd に
    旧叶
    h
    u
    SHS

    L
    ow-
    pres
    sur
    e 刷
    pペに
    回 叶︼山

    C
    omp
    res
    sor in
    di
    cat
    or
    Han
    dbrak
    e
    h

    l
    ever

    R
    eser
    vαrt
    ank
    S
    ingl
    e
    ch
    eck

    Han
    dbrak
    e
    v
    alv
    e
    F
    r印1 Re
    ar

    Si
    nal
    e Ooubl
    e
    brak
    e di
    aphragm
    c
    hambers chamber

    F
    igl
    lre23，27 Spl
    i
    tsyst
    em f
    it
    tedt
    oat
    ruck
    224 i
    Vlo
    torv
    ehi
    clct
    'c
    l h
    nol
    o日y"
    o
    IrIII仁ιh川 1
    11
    C 、

    a日si
    S1S the l
    l1echanical linkage t
    ha t applies the E
    lect
    rom
    agne
    t A
    ir-c
    ool
    e d
    d
    iscro
    t町
    rcarbrakes，b l
    lt thc parkingbrake isheld on by
    mcchani caI mean日 a fte
    r t he eli
    . r has been
    exhausted

    Thetriple- linesystem
    To
    Thet riple-linesyst em islIsedonar ticl
    Ilate
    clvehi f
    in
    al
    c
    l
    l
    IS
    e
    C
    s 01
    c
    " t

    llOsl
    threel inc
    hose pulling a t
    Ip plyareservoirl
    s山 e :ancmer
    rai
    i
    l
    gencyl
    lc
    te
    rjthe extra l
    clt
    in
    ot het rai
    lc
    i
    r
    n
    ei
    .Thc
    e，whichsupplies
    s
    .
    . d
    riv
    e

    •
    thet rai
    lerr eservoir;aservi cel ineoperatedbythe
    f()OlVal
    v ;anc
    e .
    lasecond01 'au x
    i li
    aryl inc
    Whcn t hc c lri
    ver operates the foorvalve，a il
    passes1 0ar clayvalvconthet rail
    e r
    .Theai rvalve
    then r clea分巳お airfrom the t r a
    ilerr eservoirt ot he
    traile
    r hrake行 Thc seconcl 01 ' 3uxiliary line i
    。
    向

    pCI日1に1
    じ byahanclvalve，a nclisl Ise
    clf orparking C
    has
    sis
    -rn
    oun
    teds
    ta
    to
    r
    0'110aneme! 日ency Figure23.28 E
    lec
    tri
    ceddycurrentretarder

    Theyhcat upfromtheconversionofene l日y，hU1


    Retarders 1hi
    siseasliy r
    eleaぉed10the行urroundinga ir
    .Thc
    brakingclTc
    ctdcpcndsonrhecurren1 Ao¥V 1 0lhe
    ator，
    sl an
    clrhisi持varicdbythcrhcostatconrrol
    Themainp llrposeofr eta
    rcler
    sis10l im
    itthe
    speec
    loflheveh i
    cl ec
    lllri
    nglongclescents
    .In
    50c l
    oinglhey r ecl
    llcether iskofbrakef acl
    e Exhaustbrake
    anc
    l increa5e the ser vice l
    ife ofthe brake
    shoes Exhaustbrakes wer ef l
    rsti nt
    rocluc
    cclI n< lbout
    1910.TheyI lakel
    l Ise0'1thebraking poweror1he
    engine.A bUllerf
    lyvalvci splacec
    li nthee xhal lst
    rherearefourmaint
    ypes manifold;i
    lcanr e
    s t
    ric
    tt he1fo'
    ¥v0'1gasesf r
    oJll t
    he
    en日ine(Fi呂ure 23.29).l nl hi
    s way the engine i s
    1
    . elect
    2
    .f ric
    ti
    r
    i仁 (
    onr
    e
    c
    e
    l
    lc
    a
    lycl
    rc
    ler
    Ir
    j
    rent)r
    eta
    rcl
    er;
    actingasle1 、
    0νprcssure仁 oJllpreぉ so.
    rGooc .l
    ぉeals
    are necessary on the exhau日 付 ysr e
    lll1fanges
    3
    .h ycl
    ralll
    icr c
    tarc
    ler;
    because thc pressurc can build up " 10 arounc.
    l
    4
    . cxhaustbrake 350kPa(50l bf
    /in'
    )
    Thcmoぉ1poplllarar
    etheel
    ect
    ricr
    eta
    rcl
    erandthe
    exhau日 br
    ake
    C
    onl
    rola
    i
    rsu
    ppl
    y

    Electricretarder Cont
    ro
    lle
    ver

    The el ecrric retarder i sa ttached t ot hc trans-


    I1I
    l SSI
    0n，iln
    : ι1I lak
    l esuscofc c
    lclycurrentscrealed
    byamagncli c日e ld.Itcons iS1Sofas ta torofc oils
    eltt
    elch
    ed ( 0 l he gearbox， rotating d isc rot ors
    attached( 0t hcc lrivcl ie，anda rheosl
    n at(af or O
    of vari:
    <
    1bte r e討 i
    stor )10 var yt he cffecr (F
    I
    i日ure
    l
    1
    。
    2328)
    [
    n normal drivingthe metal r Olorsspin f reely
    When t he Slaror c oilsare cnergiseu，a magne tic B
    utt
    erf
    旬va
    lve
    liel
    di s pr odllced. Thi s creates ec
    lcl
    ) 'ClIrrents，
    which 1 ryt 口 p rcvenrthe r ota
    tion ofthe r otors Figure23.29 Exhaustbrake
    r h~ b
    nlk
    ings
    y刈 じ1
    11 2
    25

    '
    fhcvit
    lveiおl
    l10vedhycOll
    lpressec
    lairorbyan becol1ch
    1 otisalmostcenai
    nlywaterint
    heflui
    d
    el
    CClr
    ic sol
    enoic
    l.Fllel1
    cel
    iveryisaUlomati cal
    ly whichl 11
    1 stbechangec
    lwilhol
    llc
    lelay
    st
    olラpedwhentheexhaus thrakeisacti
    vatec
    l Spongype clalcanal
    sobccal
    lsedhyadeiect
    ive
    rn
    asrercylindcrrubbcl

    Brakingdefects Anexces sof机 '


    aterinlhe1
    f1i
    l，
    c coupledwit
    h
    high brake t
    emper a e，can r
    tur esultint
    ota
    l
    Brakefade 1
    05sofbr akingc
    lu r
    ingharc
    luse

    srake f
    acleisrecl
    ucing brak
    ing ef
    f ，even
    ect Excessivepedaltravel
    though the pec
    la
    li sst
    il
    lf irman
    clc lo
    es no
    t
    1
    l10vefur
    r herc
    10wn
    ExceS5i
    vc peclalt r
    avelisalmostah.vaysc
    lue
    [0 t
    he brake l inings anι1pac
    ls having t
    oo
    1 oc仁 UI お in con d i
    tions 0' 1r epea lecl h arc l l
    l11chclearance，or[0 one ci rc
    uit0'1acll
    lal
    br akin日以 ' hent hcbr akcl iningsorpac lsheatr oa ci
    rcu
    ilsystel1'
    1 Shavi ngfai
    lec
    l
    poi nl wher cl hey can be l コ
    ul11cafetlhy I eS111
    releascdf roJll r
    heI la
    l rcri礼1
    .L iningIllat erialsv 乳r y，
    c
    1cpc nιl i
    n gont hcirus e.A softl iningi svcr ygoocl Pedalt ravelr esultin
    gf rom exccs sivccl earancc
    forsl o¥V-speedci lydr i
    ving， lypicalort axis. Hi gh can be caused by a nllmberoff aul ts，ran日 JI1g
    spcedorh 山 ι lu 虻~ demandsahardl ining，¥Vhi ch fromt hene eclfora c
    ljuSll1Cn
    l l10c 1ereCliveCOl 1pO
    l -
    isnOl50gooda l slowspecc lsbutwi lc
    l 1elayt he nen rs，¥Vhich w ill neecl1 0 be r eplacec l， A basi c
    on討 Cl日 rb，孔kcr ade system wi l
    l prob a
    lラIyonly neeζ laζ l
    jus tmenl.O isc
    Onccbrakcr ι
    aIc h川 Oζcurr ec
    ll iisquitel i
    kc ly br akesmayhaveS l
    icking pi 日 ons ，01'S l
    ickingca l-
    thatt hebr aking sl l
    rfaces0' 1thec li
    s csa nclclruJlls liperframcぉ wher e brakesl ere orsi ngle-cyl i
    nc l
    el
    ¥Vil
    lbcgl aχcd.1 1i万 rarelypossi hlet or ell
    lovet hi s c
    lesi g
    n .Twoot hcrcals esa rcaUlomat icac ljusters
    cOl 1p
    l lじIcly Wi l
    hollIII礼 chiningthe br aking sur - notwor king proper ly，anc l negl ecling t oぉl acken
    fa亡くS 1 l lWy al s
    o be broughlaboul by over - lhe han clbrake adj lst
    l1en
    1 l bef ore r e行ett
    ing t he
    zeal Olメ dr yin日 Ol lt of wet br akcs， 01 ' b y brake s
    mcchani c品 dr iv
    ing¥ vi
    : tht hebr akeshc ldon' robed Af ail
    eclcir tofac
    cli 11礼I -CIrcui'お
    l y Slell1l1u
    l slbe
    thelllin!
    ' diagnosedan c
    lr epairec 、
    l vi rholltd elay

    Spongypedal Brakeslockingon

    Spongypeclall
    l1aybecauseclbytwoc1ef
    ects The l
    ightvehicleh y
    clraul
    ics yst
    el1c
    l an keep
    a
    ir01'vapourint hehyc
    lra
    u li em，
    csyst and a lhe brakesappliec
    li fthe Ol
    lic
    li sunabl etO
    '
    bal
    looning'hose ret
    ur ntolhel
    11aSlercyl
    incleranc
    lr eser
    voli

    lf111
    e ICinf oIC1nH11111 、、
    1c 'a
    llsofahos ef ai
    ls ‘Jl This i
    s lsll
    aly dle 10f ailu
    rc orl hc p
    isl on 1 0
    wil
    lb lo¥V upl i
    k eabaloon when t hcbrakes山 e returntoIts日 op
    .A s r
    ickingbr akcpeda l01'， l
    l10re
    appl
    icd， This1 11
    11川 bedea lt¥vithatonce1 0avoi d lslaly、insur日ci tc
    cn 1car ancchet¥Vccnthcp is t
    on
    complctcf ai lure anc
    lt hepuぉhmζIi slher cason.Anolhcrcaus eGI I
    l

    Air01'v I
    ‘ pullri n(hebr ake日 lIi
    c
    lcanar isef rom be，] pan
    iallyblockcd1fexiblehose
    two callses 山 rhubblcs i n the 日uil，01
    c ' water，
    whichhccol l
    le行 steam vapourunc lerthcin1fuencc
    ofhcal.F onl lnalelyt
    守 hesecaus esarccasyt ocli ag- CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING
    10ぉe， 1
    1l
    ' hepcdali sal¥Vaysspongy，i tisa
    iri nthe
    nlid ancll he brakes l 11
    l 1
    stbe b led
    . Spongi ness • Thepllrposc()
    fl 北 1
    heb， 1
    1日 syst
    cl1i
    l st
    o br
    ing
    only 'I
    fleru日 ng l he brakcぉ har d SO lhalt hcy lhevehi
    cleqlick
    lyanc
    lsarel
    y10r cs
    l
    226 九I
    υtυ
    rvc
    hickl
    ech
    nol
    ogyf
    υrmech孔 n
    lC討

    • Thehrak川日 勺l stellC
    1 O!1V er
    tsk incriccnergy( 0 Bleedingbrakes
    hC<ll
    • The b 1‘lkeson 、
    礼 ehicle山 eonly出 good 出 Thi出s s h口lIkζ
    d nevcr b J
    ヲC口 I
    lCCC討お出‘ I
    r y 色汁I
    S
    討 も~ I rOU(l
    川n
    r
    、じ
    thef r
    iclionbetwヒent het )
    'rヒメ anι11heroad I
    陀eqドu
    山"
    川1
    川r
    em、e川
    官 n
    1t
    . Ho、 、C
    れ 引
    、¥'
    C口1、 i
    fP山 t口 (，'t
    1 hc討 刈)'s川lCI
    ll h泊
    • The1 じ ‘Ire two 1 1
    1‘11nl yp山 ofbr ake:c l
    rurn bccn r elヲa1
    けrec
    ¥ 山anζ
    CI礼i rh‘ i
    凶sc n
    川1tじr
    汁r
    l
    '1r
    じ
    :cI. the hrake 討

    brakcsa n c
    lc l
    iscbrakcs 11
    1uslbebled
    • On l ighlvehicleslhehrakesar c usua
    llyOpC1
    atcdhyd r:Hllica
    lly Procedure
    • 0 11 hcavyc01l11 1
    1crcial veh ic
    le:ミthebrakesal "c . Ac
    l ¥j usta1t heIm lke討 COI"lじに t
    1)
    '
    2.lVI社l、eSlIret hatthc1ll3Srercyi lnくl 巳 rrcメCr¥'
    Ol fI
    .十
    u5u a
    llyope raledbycompr essedai 1 メ

    Iyc
    lra ul
    icbrakcscanbepOWCl川 出 品 1 民 1bvlhe f u
    ll. M山 ntain the f lu i
    dl ev
    e l Ihroughout the
    USCofavaCUUIll行cr voOr31 rpre:;
    sure procec lure and; ifnece封 印 r y.g C I someone 1 0
    • A uxili山 ybr aking討y s
    tem討 suchast ran
    sll
    lis刈 0
    11 h elrラy ou
    retardersorexhaustbrakesmaybcusec lOnC Oll
    l- 3.Locate thc blecc l nipple t hali 討 f ar rhc日 f rorn
    mer cia
    lvehicles the1 11as
    tercylinde1
    4
    .F i
    l a piece of tuhin呂 10 l he whccl cyl in clc1
    nipple.anc ¥placel heolhercndi n礼 con tば me l
    wilhal it
    tlet l
    uic
    li nil礼 I r
    c 礼ζ1
    "
    )
    う Slackcn t hc nipple and dじ1 01じ5 S lhc brake
    PROJECTS pcc ¥alslowly.AII"wt hepc lr
    c :ll" r c l
    u r
    nf reel y
    6
    . Repeatt he operalion l 1nlilt h山 じ 日 r e nりIllore
    airbubhlesbeingpU111pc cli ntol he1 luic¥inthe
    Brakeadjustment conl aine.
    rTigltlenlheb lecdnipplじ
    7
    . Makesur ct hatthc 1 じs crvoiri sf lll
    l ag:II
    ll.a ncl
    Aぉl hehra lぽ shoefrict
    ionl ini
    ngwear si ti
    sneces - repeat the operation on thc ol h<
    .
    :r brake ぉ
    saryt o、1dj
    l1s
    tthebrakcsf ro mlimcr olime.¥X1here bl eec l
    in日 the next f anhc川 r rolllt hc II‘l
    I ぉtC
    I
    hrake c¥rumお 山 e 白tlec
    ¥ 10 lhe fr
    onl 01'a vchic¥c cyl inc
    ¥c1
    they w i
    llhavea t '
    ¥vinleadin呂 shoearrangement 日 Remembert o useonI yn c¥¥'，conじct1 lui dfr OI
    ll
    T'¥vi
    nl cac
    ling shocs havc two a c
    ljuster
    討 Rear a sealed t ill お']
    akcsl Ir et h
    at !l()!lC is ぉpilron
    h1礼 ke行 usualy have leacling anc
    ¥lrailing shoes， thepaint work
    andhaveonlyoneadj usle
    l

    Procedure
    IREVISION開 R
    α'SESANDQUEST
    lONS
    1
    .L i
    ft lhevehic¥
    cl1n
    ti sc
    l thc whecl i ¥earoflhe
    日rounc.
    l 1 ¥'(Ihmi slhepurpo 問 " fI hehr :kings
    t yst仁川
    2¥:¥ /hy art' v eh icl e~当日 11 ヒd \、 ith Iwin I C~ lcling
    shoesordiscbrakesa tl h仁 fro nt，andl e‘Ic
    .
    ling
    Ensure thユt the vehicle's weighr is an cltrailingshue吋 " 1thc1 山 1
    r?
    lakcn hyaxlest ancl
    sors olic
    lblocksit 3 ¥'(Ih3t i s the 1 11山 n a ιI .vanlagc 01 日n1 ng < l
    a vehic
    ¥e h"iぉtisnotl 冗 inguscc
    l.[ fa two hyc ¥raulic braking討ySl em 1 りは c arcり mpared
    p05thoi sbein日 uscc
    sti ¥，cnsurethatrhearms ¥:¥
    lit ，‘
    ha1llech nica¥ lyOpCI 孔lcdNYNI C11ジ
    Glnnot!l1oveoulfroJll underthevehi desi
    ll 4 Namefollrre' lu ire¥cqualitieぉ 0' 1h rakcIluid
    ラ 明l hm precautions should be t aken when
    llsingb rユkcl Iuic¥'
    よ Usin旦日 n appropr i
    atc to
    ol. turn the ac
    lju
    ste1 6 Whalsymplom ¥YOl1l dt h cζI
    ri¥ 'l
    :re x
    .per ience
    ¥ock，
    c ，'ise unlil lhe brake shocs arc harc ¥ れ h en pres sing l he brake pedal on a sysr e11l
    a日ζunぉtt he hrake drl
    ll1
    l.AtIhIsst age y
    Oll¥v
    .i
    ll t hm requirec ¥ac¥j ust menρ
    not hc ahlc to t 1r
    l nt hc whee.l Back offt he 7 ¥X1ha larethe1lla inadv川 r ag出。l 'adisch1 山d
    以 1j
    u日 目 un lilll
    te¥ ¥'
    heelメpinsf re
    cly 8 ¥X /hy1llustれ1 r0 1¥ 、 '
    aterbekeptOUlof日 1 ヲr :
    lkC'
    ヨ Hepeat the procedure ¥¥"ilh the rema1l1111g svst Cl
    llフ
    、
    Nheels 9 L islI hreefactors t hat c九n a lT ccta '、 ehic¥e's
    . Ac
    4 ¥jus
    t 【he hanclhrake af t
    er l he footbrakc braki ngcffic
    iency
    1 、、
    ¥1 ayscheckl ha
    tl hewhcclscan1'Ol atef r
    eely 10 GiveIworypesofa irb 1日kechamhe 1
    a[
    'lra¥
    e cj ust
    11
    1en lhastaken1 コl
    acc 11 Na1 1
    1C九 1au xil
    i ar yh 1川、ヒ
    Wh I
    sand res

    Tyrevalves
    Introduction

    The pneUmalIC l
    yre serves twu I
    lll
    por
    tant
    Al yr n日川ion0'
    evalveallowsi 1lher yrevi
    th 、
    pres
    sllr
    ise
    cle
    ll
    i、anclper
    milSi
    tsreleasewhen
    purposes necessary
    • I
    r pruvicle
    ぉt hc vehicle ¥
    vit
    haf r
    ict
    ional

    ・ contactsur
    l
    t minimi
    faceupontheroad
    ses the transmissi
    vehicle ur I
    on t
    he shocks associalec
    lf
    u the
    roJll
    1
    I COn日1 S
    IOClrcd un Ihc ¥
    、
    、
    (
    )
    tメ of1 cOl
    ¥
    '
    l
    hヒヒ Ir
    1p
    川
    ，
    i11
    1
    Onenls 江 noutersleeve
    1a ccnlrc pin-Iypc
    lravc
    llingoverr oughr oac
    lsu rf
    aces 、 illvccor e(F i日UIC Z斗 J).The汁 、Ivei 行 ι
    lll
    ached1 0
    rhe inncr l Ihc o
    L r
    .r or tuheles討 1
    )
    '1じs.s ヒ"
    dcd IIlI
    O
    Ihc wheel r im.A c lUS 、
    I cap pro idc討;! sen川 C
    I山 y
    Al¥'r
    eI ll
    l lt hcユhic1
    s 0r e
    lll礼 1
    1
    11 1
    1 conta亡twirh ~Ill δca l. andS LOp行 c
    ll
    lSlf r
    otl
    l日じt11
    1日 l
    l n
    、
    山
    J

    Ihcroadぉu rlιI
    ce:1 Ian} ぉpecda nι1unclcra lcry
    0'
    1wC<lthercon dition行 anclitl l
    lUSlha¥'
    e as li
    ttlc I
    nt
    erch
    ang
    ea凶e I
    nd
    1ca
    lln
    g ip
    L
    v
    alv
    e b
    and
    rol
    lin
    gr esi
    st礼 ncl' aspりお川 h
    ic.1 り a
    iclruclecunollly
    Cent
    re
    -pi
    n
    va
    lveco
    re
    Functionalrequirementsofatyre

    At yrcJllU
    SI heahle1 t，
    0transJlli ，1theavail ←

    ahleengi nelorqucthl口ughar eiali


    velysJlla
    ll
    tyrefootprint(thecon tactar ea)eHa!lrir ne
    s
    This same con( act area 1l1
    l 1st 孔Iso handle Cap
    c
    1irecr
    ionalcOnlrolrorccsanclhr aking

    e24.
    Figur 1Tyrevalve
    L
    lndcrr
    hじ 1
    ιι!
    l 1ュc
    tconditiun0 lrv汎 l
    rra
    cc.r
    he
    I
    II江Xll
    llUl
    ll 日mounl of t yre adhesion ¥ ¥'
    oulc
    l bc
    、
    achie cd hy h: t¥'
    in日 a cOl llp
    lじ1C1) 討l lloot
    ht yre
    L'nfortunalcly.SL Iιha1r、 e¥Volll
    dh;l \，(:~ l
    itt
    lc01 'n 日
    Typesoftyre
    江dhesio!li nthe¥ ¥
    Tl
    1
    1101dcIH31HCI CUF4
    0 1
    Ml〉lclt;vclsoftoadadl1e Tubedandtubelesstyres
    sioninhothdr )日nd¥¥'l'lcond itions
    .rogether¥ ¥'
    ith
    汀ll1inimUI lI
    l c¥'c
    lo !"rollin日 re別対 l
    ‘lncc l}1e5KM
    MOlor vchic
    lc tyres 1
    '1 1p
    じおl p
    lied as c
    ithel
    gent'じ l
    tLlSじ h a¥'e 孔 nl1111h
    cr uf I仁 川l lr
    cs. \~'hich
    t1b
    l e
    cl01
    't1h
    l ele
    出
    includcI hじ 111じthodo fにo nstrllctionand lherype
    ofIrcad1 刊 11じr nじ111
    1ラloyじd

    2
    27
    228 /
    九fO
    fOl、e
    hic
    ‘
    <1l
    cchno)
    o日3
    foi
    111じに h
    .
    :日lK，<;

    A tubedt yrehasaninnerl ll bcfinedi nsic


    lelhe Cross-pl
    y tyres
    tyre casmg 出 i sCOJl1mon wi rh peda l cycles.In
    contra坑 ，atubeless r yr
    edoes 1 10thavean inner
    l
    lll冗 hUlr e
    li e
    sonl hebcadoflhel yreproviding Inthisc
    1esign，each slccessi
    ve l
    ayer0'1ply
    mareri
    ali
    sl a
    iclatanangleof乱 pproximalely
    an a ir-t
    ight scal when iti si nflat
    ccl against the
    4う
    。 tothenext(Figl
    lre24.2a)
    v./hee
    lr ir
    n
    1
    10Ihthcwhee la11111elyI七 山 cspcciallyJl1ade
    for lhe lubeless Jlludc.M口付 tvehic ¥es are I 1Q W
    日Iled wilh lubeless ryrcs a討 討 tanc
    ¥arl，i
    c ncluc
    ¥ing Becallse rhe p l
    i c討 can s trctch ¥ vhil
    c hcing
    hcavy cOll1lller
    cial vehi
    cles，alrhough S Oll
    les ti
    l pll
    lled i nd iffer
    e nld irecl
    iり nぉ l histype ofCOI l
    ・

    il
    avel ubcdI yres strucrion givcsa r dativelys tr
    on日 l yre，which has
    gooclloacl-carryi
    ngchara cteris
    tics.Ilo¥
    'vevc.ri
    thas
    somc di sadvant ages.' rhe sidew辻1 ぉ tend 1 0 be
    Tyreconstruction very sriT，which l
    l imirslhc l y
    rC'Sa bil
    ily1 0 m:tin-
    taInfulltreadcon 1ac1wi1hther oaclsurrace，eぉlラc-
    ciall
    y whcn corne! 川 g.AIおり、 as the plies辻 rel aid
    Thebasic'framework'ofat
    yreismadefrom
    ln OppO月i tec l
    ire
    cr o!ls，l
    i heycan rubagainstcach
    va
    riol
    lslayersofcordedmate
    rialcalledplies
    O 1e111eれ
    11 !I1ing in an ef cctc‘
    f 1
    rl cc
    l plyshuffle
    (F
    igl
    lre24.
    2 )
    Thiscancau日 heatt u hegener aled，whichcould
    re討ul1inl yrefailurc

    The p lies arc made from a combinarion of Radial-plytyres


    rayon，l 1ylon a nc
    l pol yesrer
    . impregnated 、，
    、Ii
    th
    r
    llbhe.rThe l oadsand f urceslharrhcryrcisable
    1O wirhsland depencl upon rhe nllmber ofp li
    es [nt his cl
    esign，the plies are lai
    c
    lr ac
    lialy
    andIhewayr heyarepu剖 l ioned across rhe t
    y r
    e from beacltob eacl，wilha
    コ
    l cpendingup口nthemethodufcunstruction，a belt of fa
    bric orsteelt r
    eac
    l bracing l
    ayers
    Iyr
    eGI Il hec ate日onseι1asei lh巴racross-plyora positio
    neclunderr herread(Figure24.2b)
    radialplyl yrc
    One ofthe main a clvanlages i s1 h
    al Ihe side
    wallsare much mor e nexihle. Thi行 enablesmor e
    (
    a) oft he ryr
    e's t
    reacl pa
    r re
    r nt or emain i n contact
    witht heroadsu r
    f ace，parlicul
    山 lywhencorner ing
    (Figurc24.3).Thescr y
    rcscangri plheroadhel le
    J
    anclI"SIlongerr han cross-ply ryrc
    s. Srec
    l-braced
    rac
    lial
    sar e nowr he muSlpUP ll
    l a
    rtypeofl y
    ref O
    J
    じarsanclcommercialvchiclcs

    C
    orn
    eri
    n日f
    orc
    e
    D
    iago
    nal
    p
    li
    es 申

    Tread
    bJa口ng
    lay
    ers

    (
    b)

    Rad旧 l
    ρダ
    ド C
    ros
    s-p
    ly
    ty
    re t
    yr
    e
    Ra
    dial
    凶es Figure24.3 Comparison01r
    a d
    ialandcross-pl
    y
    tyreswhencornering.Thecross-
    plyt
    yreis
    Figure24.2Types01t
    yre
    :(a
    )cross-pl
    y;(
    b)r
    adi
    al sta
    r ti
    ngtoloseitsgri
    p
    ¥
    ，
    ¥]1
    1 じじ 1s a
    ndt
    vre
    討 229

    Safetytyres lhe vchicle saf


    efy withol
    l iols dal1l<l日c
    t any ser
    hcingc e
    llIsec
    lr口 ei
    .
    therlhe whcelr
    il1 Ort
    l he r yrc
    In an effor tto improvevchic e討a
    l fe
    t y，some t yrc (Fi
    gllc24.
    r 4)
    m
    ζ1I11factllrersh<lvec
    ¥cvelopeclspeci日cf ιlWf CS! n
    rhcdesignofr hcirtyres TDXtyr 白

    ¥xrhcn rol yr ci汚 pllnollr


    ecl. the air-
    light seal The TDX tyre wheel rim i
    sshapec l 川 メ ho'¥v
    ni n
    bcrれfccnt het yrcheadand t hc wheel rimi slost Fi
    自u re24う The. yrebead i
    t sspeci all
    yshape c
    lt o
    Thel ylヒ ¥ Valscan then move i ntothecen tre( 01 l
    itin t
    othewheelrimgr oove.1'1slIdc
    ¥cn de1fmion
    weU sect i on) or I he wheel r m，causi
    i ng t he occurs，l
    he bead tocsare pressecl 白rmlyi nlO the
    vchiclcr O bcιome ver y uns(able，p arti
    cularly at whcelrim grooves，so preven ring tyrec¥islodgc
    highぉpeed .To prevenrI isfromoccurring，some
    h mentanc.
    lallowingasa f
    estop
    specialsaf etytyreshavcbeendevelopec l

    Run- f
    lattyres
    In( )nerll
    n-f
    latdesign，l hetyr
    ei sprcventec
    ¥from
    bcingc 1i
    slodgec¥by<1specialyshapeclwheelril1
    l Tyresizesandmarkings
    WilhSOI1l仁 川 li.
    taryvehi
    cles，t
    het yrewalsa reso
    lhick anc
    l slil
    Tl hallhcy can r
    lln Wil
    holl
    l ai
    rf O
    I 1
    "
    '0 ensur
    cth
    ata
    llt
    yres have paδ
    se c
    ¥safel
    y汀 n
    ζI
    pcr 刊 k
    ha1 O1くm (o
    う miles) cons("u
    J ct
    iona andards，t
    l st hey ar
    e Jl1t
    erked wil
    h
    spcci
    f
    ic rechnicalinformar
    ion on r
    hei rsidcwals
    Contityresyst em someofi lclcpencli
    nguponn ar
    ionalr equirement
    s
    八ぉ lhcl yr
    er apidlyc¥eAate汚， t
    hecentr
    a1sect
    ionof (F
    igure246)
    lhev.rheelrimcumesi n
    tu conraCI、
    vi
    ， thlhecrown Thei nf
    ormarioni nc
    luc
    ¥es
    sec
    ti on0'1rhe.tyrc
    .Thisallowsr hed r
    iverto st
    eel
    ]
    .l yrerype(cross-plyorr ac
    ¥i
    al)
    ;
    2.plyrming;
    3.cross-s
    cctiu
    nalwidth;
    4.aspcclorpr ufi
    ler at
    io;
    5.ryrerimcliameter
    ;
    6
    . speec
    lr at
    ing
    ;
    7.l nc
    oad i¥exrating

    Plyrating

    This i
    ncl
    ica
    tes t
    he nllmber ofp
    liest
    hata
    re
    usec
    linthecons t
    ructi
    onoft het
    yre

    Figure24.
    4 Run-
    fla
    tty
    re:Con
    tisystem
    Thc mDre pliest h
    atar e usel，t
    c heぉl r
    ongerl he
    tyrew i
    llbe.Th礼nk討 1 0lmprovemen tslnt yrcCOI 1-
    struction，thc actualnUl 1berofpl
    l ies l
    Isec
    l has
    steadilyr cducec. For cxample，a t
    l yre mar kcc l
    6ply/4ply 'hast hes amel oac
    lcarryingcapaci ty
    as a 6 p ly ryre，bur i s conSlrUClecl ¥Vil
    h onl y
    4p l
    ics 日ecause there i s no C0l111
    1101 Slanζlarcl
    forlhc def in
    ition 0'
    1ply r atng，a Illor
    i er eliabl e
    indicalDrofat yre
    'sstrcnglhi slheloadindex

    Cross-
    sectionalwidth
    百o
    eIng
    roo
    ve
    ewic
    Tyr 1thi
    slhenominalwidthacro出 t
    hcwi
    cle
    st
    Figure24.5 Run-
    flatt
    yre
    :TDX syst
    em par
    toft
    hetyre
    230 λIOIOl
    "
    、に hid仁
    [じc
    11n
    ol、
    o父 f
    o 仁ch:
    rlTl tn
    iι、

    DenolesIype Load Speed Thewordtube


    les
    s Unilormty
    req
    ual
    itygrad
    l ngmarklngsr eq凶 r
    ed
    01cons
    tru
    cli仁川 Ind
    ex symbol where3p
    pli byL
    iSAconsumerinlormationregulatゅns

    Loadandp r
    essur
    e L
    oca
    tion0
    1t r
    eadwear
    markingr
    equir
    ement i
    ndi
    cat
    ors(mar
    king
    n凶 onallt
    yre
    s)

    Ty
    res i
    zedesi日n
    atlor
    NewECEf ormfol
    l o
    wed
    byloadindexa円dspeed
    symbol
    ﹄
    M
    門書

    Acommercial Cou
    ntr
    y0 1
    nameor 判a
    ! nuf
    actur
    e
    i
    den
    tit
    y
    Z-﹂ 凶

    No rt
    hAmerican
    Department01
    T
    yrecon
    stru
    ction T ran
    sportat旧n
    d
    eta
    ilsPlyr
    ali
    ng compliancesymbol
    $ο'aF

    ECEtypeaρpfOv
    al
    markandnumber

    Man
    ufac
    turer'
    s NonhAmerican
    nameor t
    yre凶en
    tilにall
    on
    br
    anゴ l
    lam
    e number

    Reinl
    orc
    edmarki
    n日 De門ot
    estyp
    e01
    whereappl
    ica
    ble C
    Orl
    stru
    cti
    on(
    rad
    ial
    )

    F
    igure24.6 Tyremarkings

    Aspectratio ght (Figure 2→ i


    hei ). N o w th;
    tt vじ hiclじメ h川 C
    hecomc hlstCr.I Iλn)
    I '‘tIじ日 t
    I仁d 、、i th t、
    I'CS th:n
    h，
    t¥'
    e;t 10、、
    辻 spectralio.This m 山口 1Nilul
    l111clyICS
    Thister
    tlldescribest
    he r
    elati
    onshipbet¥Veen 討eClionalh
    ei!
    . .
    dlli
    討smalkr111
    :11
    1it討 ι
    ["()
    ， S九 e
    :
    - ctional
    u

    a tyre'scr
    oss-scctiona
    lw i
    ctl
    l 1
    山1di
    同 日 ctional ¥yi
    drh (トigurc 2'
    .i) 日0
    l 111じりl' thじ ι
    td、: 1
    11仁lHC討 01
    hei
    ght U日lI1g r cs、
    yr 、i り、、‘ IspeCl r
    th a 1 :ll
    1()1
    11にludc rhc
    '
    1 1り
    01 、
    、11
    lg

    E
    ctrly pneull1川 1
    く !
    ??IC九 had aspeくtt
    川 I
    ()S 口f 100 I
    ¥'
    !ore of 1he tyrl
    ' i
    . s in に0
    ])[辻仁1、
    、i th thc I
    けιlくl
    percent
    . ¥¥'hich tneant that the ¥¥'idth ofthe Iyre S
    LJrf辻仁t 、
    、 hich impro、es the 、 c川く 1
    じ hick's r -
    ¥
    ¥"a
    s apprO.¥llll:
    lt仁
    川 the 出I
    111
    C a討 l
    lS sec1
    lon礼 l
    " ヒCI1112d1山汀仁 l
    holdingandst ビns1t
    C対
    ，''hcιl :111ιI1rc
    、 、 、 231

    W
    idt
    h Wldt
    h W
    'dl
    h

    H
    eia
    h ti
    5 Heiah
    t15 Hei
    ahti
    s
    82% 65% 50%
    0
    1、，
    v
    idth 01widlh 01w
    idth
    ↓

    (
    a) (
    b) (
    c)

    Figure24.7 Tyreprofiles:(
    a)standardprof
    iler
    ati
    o(r
    adi
    als
    );(
    b)65p
    rof
    iler
    ati
    o;(
    c)50prof
    iler
    ati
    o

    '
    . Ik
    ιιI
    II九 じ り rIhじ 1 )rcお お mall凶 行 eCll0n礼 1h
    eig
    ll1 loadindex
    I
    hc、じ hiclじ メ に じ 1
    111
    COIR1山 1 lylぉ1 0¥
    ¥ヒ1

    TiJじ V ぇ1
    " h川 じ lhcd isac
    l、日 ntagcot;tlT
    lりl
    じ ι
    hIr
    sh Thisisa numberI lli
    h( ndicmc芯 IheιIr
    ry11lg
    rdに汁メ I
    i h仁メじ C
    llり n
    alhei日 h
    li sre
    ιlu仁仁I
    ι
    l
    ly0'
    capaci 1<
    )tyre

    Speedratings
    A sample 1
    0ιI
    d index chart i s shown in Table
    24.
    2. Forexampleλly1じ 、¥ '
    ilha I りadi ndじxcode
    Tyre m‘1nII
    I汀 cturers no¥¥l' stamp cach tyrc or 11り日 capable"r出 If
    el)' じ Irrylng‘Iweighl of
    wilh a speed cocle l e
    tre.
    rThis indi仁aleslhc 1560kgunclernormalro‘比1 conditi ons
    spccdal¥Vhi chlhct yrecansar el
    yhcc lr
    i¥'
    cn

    T川hlc よ1.1討1 1
    0、、対 日 出 I
    Il
    lplc 討1.'1ection り rspeed Table24.2 Tyreloadi
    ndex
    !日1 111HUKlじお The l eller 11isO llt o[ュ Iphahelical 1I k
    g 1
    I k
    g 1
    I k
    g
    。 rdc・rhCCIUSl' originally therピ Wじ r c only liJr
    じじ
    60 250 80 450 100 800
    おlラじ L
    ζ1111
    131￨じ1じI行 日 = 行10川 . 1
    1~ h i日 h 討pじed.a nιl 61 257 81 462 101 825
    ¥'=、 ι ryI lig
    hspeeι￨ 62 265 82 475 102 850
    63 272 83 487 103 875
    64 280 84 500 104 900
    65 290 85 515 105 925
    Table24.1 Tyr
    espeedr
    atingcodes 66 300 86 530 106 950
    67 307 87 545 107 975
    Speedsymbol Speed(
    km/
    hl 68 315 88 560 108 1000
    L 120 69 325 89 580 109 1030
    M 130 70 335 90 600 110 1060
    N 140 71 345 91 615 111 1090
    P 150 72 355 92 630 112 1120
    Q 160 73 365 93 650 113 1150
    円 170 74 375 94 670 114 1180
    5 180 75 387 95 690 115 1215
    T 190 76 400 96 710 116 1250
    U 200 77 412 97 730 117 1285
    H 210 78 425 98 750 118 1320
    V 240 79 437 99 775 119 1360
    232 ~Iolor 、 e hicl じ 1 じじ hnology f
    or1l1e
    ch、
    山IC.'i

    町一
    町一叩
    Wheeldimensi
    ons
    Rimdiameterandwidth

    I
    lim dia白ll
    eteri
    sa[erm l
    Isec
    l[0 cl
    escriberhe F
    lan
    geh
    eig
    ht
    c
    1iameter ofax.vhe
    el rim at the p o
    s i
    tion
    、
    vherether yr
    ebeadissea[ec
    l(Figure24. 8)
    Nom
    inal
    w
    heel Ove
    ral
    l
    d
    iame
    ter d
    iame
    ter
    ル'
    l
    oSIwhcc
    l rims:
    Ire ofs
    tandar
    clsiχe
    .anclarc
    c
    limcnsi
    oned in in
    chcs: for example， a t
    yre
    m山 kedwith' l3
    'oni t
    ssiclewallinc
    licate
    srharr hc
    whccl h山 a rim cliamctcr of 13 in (330 llllll)
    Exccptionst
    ot h
    isrl
    l
    lea rerhcTDandTRtypesof
    ty
    rc， whicharemcasuredi nm il
    lim
    etres

    Wheelwidth i srhe disrance between [he


    Figure24.8 Somed
    efi
    nit
    ions
    vert
    ica
    l faccs oflhe whe el rim l
    Ianges，in
    inches
    Wheeloffset
    、

    -
    d
    -

    JW
    bw

    1
    K4
    if

    121
    4
    1r
    A け1d1

    1 ι

    一
    1

    1l︿
    、

    Ha
    UH1 7
    LAS
    ;l t

    7h'H
    ， H
    1 1l

    ヘ
    V1

    Ie
    11

    C
    ℃ ke

    -
    qJ
    -K
    -

    f・
    46l1 1

    9UHH

    Qdqd
    l
    c

    JL
    o
    f
    3 1

    1
    1
    門司

    ‘
    O

    Some wheelsare mar kec


    l wilh the Pos¥[
    ¥on
    1
    に
    山

    ofrhe wheel a
    ncll yrecen trel
    inerel a
    tive10
    J

    lhewheelmOllntinglIange， Thisisknowna s
    Notionalflangeheight thewheeloffset( Figure24，9)

    '
    1
    '0 i
    ndica
    lctheheighloflheflangcsonawheel
    rim，lherimiss
    lampec
    lwir hacodel e
    tte
    rhythe s ~l cr
    This i iti
    cal dimension 011 veh
    icl
    cs wilh
    manuract
    urer
    .Typi
    calle
    ttl百 includeE，FJandK
    e negali
    ve ro llrac
    lius 日 eenn日¥XIhen wheels arc

    P
    os
    it
    ive
    of
    fs
    et

    I
    nsi
    def
    ace I
    nsi
    def
    ace

    Hub C
    ent
    rel
    ine C
    entr
    el
    in
    e Hub

    Figure24，
    9 Wheelo
    ffet
    s .(Wheel
    sshownherear
    eforcommer
    cia
    lveh
    icl
    es，
    )
    ，¥Vheeb:mdI
    }'
    Iビお 233

    rcplaced on such vehicles the new wheel mus .


    r Corre
    ctintlation
    have. hじと;ameof
    r fserf
    . igureifthe self-
    stab
    ilisin呂
    n礼tureofthesteer I
    ng Is"10 beretaIned
    The tyre i
    s correc
    tlyi n1
    fated to carry the
    Notc. h日l討tecrIngo
    r ff討じ ranc
    J" .
    vheeloffset are
    loa
    d. This ensures t h
    at the tyre has the
    not.hesamcthing，al
    r thoughlheyarcr c
    lat
    ecl.See
    maximum amount of t rea
    cl cont ac
    t wi th
    Ch礼pt er21，page 191
    thero
    aclsurface(Figure24.10a)

    Tyr
    e maintenance Inthiscondition the
    δi 、、
    de !
    all
    sτν1i1alsobeprop
    y supportecl，a
    erl nclw il
    l have r
    ull ncxing rnove
    '
    1
    '0ensuret
    hatthet
    yrs日u
    e eclt
    oavehiじl
    eaIC1?a 、
    ment v ir
    houlunclucr i
    skofclama旦e
    泊 r
    e 汀 nd uぉahlc じo
    nιl
    iti
    OJl. c
    errain maint
    enance
    asksぉhO
    t llldheGtrricdoutper ioc
    lical
    ly
    Underintlation
    rile 【yre pressurc isl o¥
    ¥ /
    er than 1 h川 r eco
    tll
    Wheelrotation rnended. This causes the si cle
    wall orthc tyre to
    hulgc olltwarcls，ancJ r csultsi n puor c口nl lc
    <
    : l
    hetv.
    /eent hヒ tyrc ancJ 1hc roacJ surrace (Fig
    uIビ
    Thislerm r ef
    erstoswappingthepo sit
    ion of 24.10b).¥XI
    car occurs a tt he outer eclges ort hc
    the tyres on the vehicle
    . Changing oft yre ly
    re. Notcl hatr adi
    alp ly tyres mayoflenappeal
    positions c
    lllr
    ing servi
    cing i
    s often not now tOheunderin1fa tc
    cl becauseoftheOexiblenature
    ヲ

    recommencled oftheirsic
    lewalls.Thisi 討 panicularlytrueoft yreぉ
    withalow川 pectr all
    O

    Tyreinflation Overinflation
    Overin1fation causes a reduction i n conla
    c1
    hetwecn rhe l yre and t he roaζI sur
    face，becausc
    Correctin1
    fationisessen
    t i
    alf oroptimum t yr
    e the sic
    le状 /
    a11
    5l encl to l
    ifl the ouler cclg
    e()flhe
    performanc e. The tyr
    e pressur e sho
    u l
    cl be trcad pallcrn (
    Fi日 ure24.10じ )¥ Xcaroccursa
    f 1lhe
    checked regul a
    rly，wilhIbet y
    resCllC
    l111h
    ienl centre of the t yret re
    acl. The major cauぉes 0 1
    lemperalul， usmgana
    匂 ccuratetyrepressure ovcrin1fation ;;
    !r
    e an inaccura【e t yre prcssure
    gauge gauge，hot l yres，01 ' incorrcct reacl
    ing hy thc
    operatol

    The a ctu孔 1prcssure or each tylヒ should he


    comparcd with t hoscspeci日ec
    l byt he vehicle01
    tyre rnakerIorIhe!oadIhali scarried
    .Therearc 00 not r
    eclu
    cet
    yre pressures when t
    yre
    s
    three (onditioJls
    :( or
    rec
    ti n1
    fation，unclcrin1
    fation becomehot
    ancloverinnation

    (
    3) (
    b) (
    c)

    Figure24.10 Tyrein
    flati
    on.(
    a)Correct
    lyi
    nfla
    ted:treadflatacrosst
    hewi d
    th.(b)Under i
    nfl
    ated:t
    read
    lif
    tin
    gincentr e，t
    hrowingworkonedges.(c)Overinfla
    ted:treadnotful
    lyfla
    ttened，workfal
    1ingon
    centreonly
    234 1
    ¥1
    (山川、じ h
    iι
    ￨じl
    ピに h
    nnl
    n呂、!の rm
    cdt
    ani
    c:-
    .

    Wheelandtyrebalancing Itisn Olicc


    alラ¥cas aぉr cnn日
    c 、ihra
    tionoreven
    ¥yheel れ '
    ohhle al spccds_ of
    lじn hじt¥¥
    'ee
    n 孔h
    Oll
    l
    70km/h( 45ll
    l
    [コh)礼 nd9 0kl
    ll/1(
    う 6mph)
    Over time a 1'0t
    ‘c
    ¥wheel anc¥ryre assembly
    canbe仁omeoutofhalance.cauおCにjbysl l
    ch Wh eelbalancing
    thingsel
    S wearand c li
    rt becoming unevenly Stati c imbalance i s cり rr
    c仁Icd h) 日lIo ¥¥'ingt he
    cli
    stri
    b cc
    u[ !arouncl i
    tsaxis. Unevenc1i
    srri
    bu 、h
    、 じd 日 ndl yr ea出 elllhly10spi nfrec l
    ) 、vhcnlhe
    tionorweighralδoappli es'¥vh
    enane¥V ryre 1
    Ic，，-
    ，) 討por ¥ ¥-i
    l おど l
    tleat 1he I >OlOIll. A COllntCI・
    Iお自 t
    ted10a¥'vheel balancingwei呂h tislhcnal 1ach edt ol heOPPOSile
    p01l11
    Dynami c imb日!日 nにど I S以 . )!
    "!じιle
    ι1 hy ぉp1l1nJng
    r ullconじc
    I lζ.
    c 1rhc Olll-of-halancc，，-
    hcじlιan lhe 以 hccl < 11spCC く110i c
    lcJ1Iify Ihe precise poinr
    resul in( 'xce討
    則、 c、ihralionsofhOlhIhヒ メUメpcn- L
    laj礼 nce ¥¥じ i ghlお arcthen 日I< lchec
    lr o rhc ¥¥"heel
    sion1:nds lじじ nn日仁 01lp
    l Onenl討 ri
    ll
    l1 0C O l
    lntcrbal礼ncel hee f fe亡I

    Th仁 O lll-of-l
    1alユnce forccs to ¥
    ¥rhi
    cila¥ ¥
    'hc
    cl '
    rvlodern、 、h eel-halancingI II礼chines¥Vi l
    lper "
    form
    1
    11、t
    )
    "1 河 川h jccr are dynami c imbalance anc¥ a11 11じ じ hecks礼n ζ1d ete
    rlllinじ theposi1ion礼n ι1si zc
    staticIlllbalance o!-1he¥ ¥'eig
    hl汚 rohcl ir
    rcd(Fi gl l
    rc2-.1
    1 1)

    St
    ati
    cilubalan
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    Tyretreadpatterns

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    A dじC コtread pa¥tヒrn I


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    TWI

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    Figure24.13 Treadwearindi
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    Tyrecombinations

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    Figure2
    4.12 Treadpat
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    Tyrerepairs

    Fcpai rs1 0t)TC討 may be govcr 1c


    l c
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    う) Special
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    日i
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    Figure24
    .14 One
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    4.16 Dividedwheelrim
    ¥
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    1ζ し、 237

    J
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    ￨RE附 刷 EXERCISESANDQUESTlONS
    1 Slale t u'o reasons f ul 白tting vehic1 es with
    pneumarl ct yre
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    CHECK YOURU NDERSTANDING 2 BrIc1
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    Electrical ulpmen andwiring

    Introduction Tlleexceptiol 1i stheigniti


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    238
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    heinside01μ¥'chicle' hody日hc l
    l
    urf o!lo¥vt hcconrours0" 1 ~l c has 別行 1
    nd 1 0r esi
    st
    Figure25.8 Par
    alelci
    rcui
    t
    f ra cr uref ro!1 vibr~ltion and r
    l novじI IIじnt じ1 hlじN
    tl1U行tbcA exibl .Toachic、e1
    e fcxihi l
    it yIheじ 1 hlじ行
    ~lrc made up uf a numbcr of t hin ぉt rancls0 1
    Vehicleelectricalequipment copp ヒr¥ ¥
    /
    11 巳r arherthan0 11じ r h ick以 1じ
    Cahl es ize varies れ i rht I じ t
    t )'
    Jヲ仁 u fci J仁uil:I he
    A¥ '
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    l t
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    1
    011り wingelec grea ter the cur rent demユndeιI hy t hc con討umel
    1
    1"
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    lipmcnt rhe largcrf he cross-scctiona ll:
    ;rc孔 must he. FOI
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    1
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    al po¥Vcrc '¥
    /hen
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    llt' ISno1runnlng
    As we havc a lreaぇIysccn，Ohl11おい¥V c lcscribes
    2
    . Start er mot or- r 口 turn 1hc enginc o ¥'er"0
    1 1
    the rehniuns hip bel¥Veen voltagcdrop，r es
    .is
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    5
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    お1 χesandt heirre sistancc
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    4
    .1 9nition syst eln-" 10 ignitet hefuヒIJllixturci n
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    6
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    7
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    izesandt hei
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    Numberandt h
    lck
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    44/0.
    30 0.0060 25.
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    rmotors
    244 Io
    !
    '
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    thcrelayplate
    Fusingofc
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    Whent hel oa
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    currenrwilltrytopassthroughthecablest o Currentgeneration，storage
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    Figure2
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    . Thesc arc knowt 1 a s
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    AIlro日ζI1'ehic1 eぉ arcfit
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    Componentlocation Wiringharnessconnections
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    5.13 COl11ponentl
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    l
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    Figure25.15 Thel
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    Electrolyte
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    Figure2
    5.76 Hand-hel
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    Figure2
    5.18 Heavy-dutybatterydischargetester

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    "旧民 253

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    lsro effcCli
    ve. A pr aCli
    cal dynamo haお : -
    1I lUmb el
    zcro atwhi ch poi ntl he ¥ YI
    rel oop is moving 。fl oops connec rcd 10 inclivic
    lualCOll
    ll1llta
    lol

    M
    agn
    ell
    cfi
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    一4
    J
    N
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    or
    N

    Whenth
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    crQ
    SS
    nocu
    rre
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    sprod
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    Figure25.19 I smovedthroughamagneticf
    facopperwirei iel
    dane
    lect
    riccurrentw
    iIIf
    low i
    nth
    atwire
    i
    fitispa円 ofacircu
    it
    。
    章

    •
    =-c@

    1r
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    ヒコ υUω-FZOO OEO-υ

    。 1
    80。 360
    .
    ﹄﹄
    。
    品
    ︼ ω

    T
    ime

    Figure25.21 D.C.outputf
    rom asingle-
    coi
    I(o
    r
    single-
    Ioop)armature

    /シぐ

    Figur
    e25. 20Alternatingcurrentconver
    tedt
    o
    di
    rectcurrentbycommutator Fi
    gure25.22 Dynamoarmature
    254 九1
    (
    )1 υ : 、 ι11i c l じ lじ chnυlυ日 ?1υrm じ c11 日 nlC ~、

    Ma
    gne
    ticf
    i
    eld
    おじ日Jllじ nh (
    Fi日 ure 2う 22) '
    fheo ll
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    v ol
    vi
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    iel
    dco
    il
    ，
    向r
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    lr
    1けn gCll
    lcntisllluch hct
    tcl江 ndsteadicrhecau日 J armatu
    re gap
    onc 1<川 P I
    S 日h 川 お 11
    1口、i ngthrollgh the 汁 re~l of
    ma
    x i
    llll
    llll ind
    ucti<川 t hal 同 r no¥'inga tr ighl
    汁ng 1
    estotheIlla日net:c白el d

    Dynalnoconstruction
    N s
    Thc annature i 。
    、
    亡、
    s 1he 1 lr n日 l 工Irt l
    1Je
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    1111hじ r0
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    ducl0rs¥ ¥.
    Oll
    llc.
    1ont o1 :品 。
    1'1ironcore" ¥ ¥.hic
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    申
    Dynamo
    "heζol
    J l
    ll
    llul alor segment s are m社ι le fr oll
    1
    仁 oppc r 汁 nιl ‘ rr 仁川 rr~lll 日cd in thc f orl11 01礼 c ylin F
    de r， accurat ely r na仁 h inecl1 0p r口、1 にl
    .e a srnoo th
    r lln nl ng引 lr
    tι
    Icef ort hehr uぉhe 討Ea ch行egment1 討 Fi
    gur
    e25.24 F
    ieldc
    oil
    s
    rn討lIl a1cdf r
    011
    11 hc nじxt . Theιol 1l
    l l
    l u
    fator1 バnxccl
    10 Ihe : tr
    rl
    latur e shar t
    . 'lI1c
    l rhc cn cls of rhc
    co i1 討 ~lre soldered i n to slolsi nt hヒ ぐ【 >mmul孔 1 (
    )I T，
    ，'o日 ヒI c
    Icoilメ‘rピ ¥ ¥"O
    llnc.
    1
    ‘ lround 1 ¥
    ¥"0111り ckぉ
    scgm仁 n ls ofs ofti ro
    n.c a
    llccl pol e shoes.Thc pole shoe討
    rhe 日 ビ nどにr1e l 仁 urrenl i
    c s collect ed f rol
    ll1 hc con tall a おl11a1 ‘
    l 1moun 1 of r e日 ζ
    lu:
    tlJll汁日 n ctl
    s ll
    l
    COI ll11
    11 1川 or h) mt
    1 ‘I
    ' I。
    lS f1 ¥
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    i Ignel討
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    l1issl If日cicntt oi n
    d llcc‘i
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    → I
    RtlICZうよ 3 ) current i n thcarm礼t ure¥ 、hcni tsUr 1st or e、!けl、C
    礼n c
    .
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    11 0 the日eldc oi l
    s
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    1 ens
    ily0" 11 hcIll;t日 nC
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    " e1llU日1be r e¥'o
    lvi ngi n ~l magnei
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    seぉ The
    nel
    cl heforc any current can he日enerated. Thむ dyn社m OO lll
    pllti s dじpenden1 on 1 he 討 1 renglh of
    mιrgnetic f
    lclc
    l coulcl hc pr口¥ic
    l c
    cl hy pcrmanヒn t Ihe l11agneliじ l iel
    d and I hc spccd 川 which the
    1
    ll;l
    gn仁{札 huti nprac1iceel e
    ctrol11lg
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    olvin日 C I巴 lrl
    y，theoutpu tI lu
    l slhc
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    l( Figurc2う2 4
    ) conl rolled、‘l行 100 l 1uch、
    l 、olllc.
    1 ovcrιhargc rhe
    ￨古川 Ic
    ry.a ncl too l it
    rlc woulcl nol keep i lf ully
    ch礼 rgecl

    Outputcontrols
    r"
    he re~Irc m:lnyd it
    Terel1t1yp
    (:'
    -"o!"contr o]h lll1h c)
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    exi
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    lじncl1 0f 日 IiJlo 1
    1 ¥
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    0categor ie討
    Compensated voltage control incoq ヲor川 es
    t¥
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    lays:av olt礼ge- sen S
    I 11
    ¥'
    <
    .
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    and ~l ¥ 'oltage s ens
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    func tionsa日 a high-fre 叫uじnιYs ¥¥
    "il ch in the f lclc
    l
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    rmり I lspuq ラ〈川じ I S1 0
    limitthcoutputv olta日ヒ 1 0日 lラredet ermi nじく l
    fi日u rじ 1

    IS
    l U日lly 川 り und 1 6V. OUlput v o ll
    λ 伴、 rnuぉt he
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    、
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    口n s;¥s白 川1
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    itch， connec1ing ‘r n
    c ld i虻 onnピc t lng
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    bat1<:ry(F igulヒ 2う2う)
    Curr entvoltag e control i メ a 、
    chie C411 11
    1〈〉 UHh
    lhrcc I l
    1:lgnctic relay対 日 c u1-oU1 日 ζunじnlICH
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    Br
    ushbox regulator a llo、、s the dyn山 1 10 1 0 d eliじ、r 1ts
    m;:.
    I
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    Figure25.23 Car
    bonbr
    ushassernbl
    y 1どa chesap rヒdeterminedl igurc.Thcvoltag ereg-
    '1
    1 ピ(1m日I
    equ
    ipn
    ll'Jl¥白 l
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    in
    g 25
    5

    ulat
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    l r
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    f genど ralurOUlput . LヒおsmaII1ten‘
    2 :
    11
    1にじ I Sr c叫1I1じζ .
    1Thじ日ビ 1 1C1
    1 I11 1
    1
    durin日 Ih じ日 nod 討 t~lg t' of ch山 日 川呂 町 hcn I hど col iぉ arc S lallon‘II，
    Ya nιIsurround 1 1
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    に1
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    11自111
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    .
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    at
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    lyn :ll
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    丹 Thea ltcrnatoris1 ll0ree l日日目、 t" orit ~ :
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    Thealternator
    parrお り f an a lre rn日l0 r1:reι1i 1
    1じ!じn lf rO
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    ，
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    n日1 01
    "S P '日、 idc Ihe f ollo、 In日
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    hcnじ日 b

    1
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    ll in日 paJ1. 1ll' rotor.f or
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    II日目 nじ1 .11i .1 11
    01じ robuぉrIhan I hc d)'nalllo Rectification
    山 II
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    、'
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    い

    メp cじιlhli? 日11I1g ‘1sl ll


    aller dri
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    conver
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    r10f
    s achie ed hy 日l
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    じn 日IliCI Sr Ulll
    l1ng 川 l i
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    int
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    ce
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    Ihmallowsじurrcnt" 10 f lo¥
    vin on仁 ζ 1i
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    l
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    討eway
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    .hes

    Dynamo

    d
    動d
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    m加 川 凹
    eel

    e
    a

    O
    nvnu

    AU
    悶
    a 引M

    Cur
    ren
    tvolt
    age
    con
    !
    r o
    lbox

    Figure25.25 Dynamoandcont
    rolboxes
    2
    56 ルl
    o!o
    rv:h
    t i
    c
    lじ {じじh
    nolo呂yf
    orme
    chan
    ics

    D
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    St
    at
    or

    S
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    l

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    r/b
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    Figure25.26 Typicalalternat
    or

    Thehasi cprinciple 01"rccli白cationinvolve ぉt he I


    t hasthreecoi
    lsofstatrwinc
    o .
    lingsthatproduce
    usc0" 1fourc li
    ocl
    es(Fi gur c2う27).Ascanheseen， hecurrent
    t .andrequir
    esabr
    icle0'
    g 1sixc
    lioc
    lcsto
    currc n
    t¥Vi l1
    l f0¥Vthroughthec lioc
    .
    lesinthed irec- complctc rhc r c
    crif
    i c
    arion.Thiお glve行 I l:1much
    [
    Ion of t he arJ口、、 S，bul nOl against thcl l
    1. sy greater oL ltpul lhan a s illr
    1 lヒ singlc- phasc
    tr
    aC111日 thepositivewir cf rornr healternator，itC:Il me¥chi nc(Figure2ラ28)
    bcseen t hatcurrcntcan f 1
    り W lh，日 ughtheclioclcs W hen the rotot i s pa出 ing thc v cr
    tical山 HO!
    ancl thc haller y. When lhe polarity r everses， wincling A. rhe curren l now i nc
    licalec
    l hy l he
    currenl r l
    o¥Vs through l he othcrpair ofc liodes， arrows flowsout t hrough diuιI c j 101he b川 t
    ery
    町

    hu[ always i n thc 日 IJ


    l1C d irection ll口u日h thc
    h anι1relurns1 0 complelclhcc ircuirrhoughc l
    ioclcs
    hatlc
    r y う ancl6 . You can Irace theclInヒnl 1 f0 wlhrough
    A vch iclc'
    salternatori sat hrcc-phasealt e
    rn a
    tuJ theotherdi ocl
    esi nasi mil川 way
    E
    lec
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    ドli
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    .:
    ntand、
    、
    11
    '1ng 2
    57

    O
    ire
    cti
    印10
    1
    c
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    tar
    termotor

    A
    lte
    rna
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    - Thcacri
    on ofanelec
    rric11
    10[Ori
    stheoppo
    B
    att
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    orhalofrhegenera[Ol

    Ina I lo
    l tor. curren1i s passed 1 0t hc roraring
    a r lllatur e and f i
    elc
    lc oils
    . Norma!!y， ¥ vhen 1 ¥¥'
    0
    opposl 1gma
    l 旦nctsar ebroughtLOger hcrl heyf orcc
    each olhcra parr.I n lhe1 11
    010rone magnet-the
    日e lclc oil-i s日x eζ.1an cltheother-1 hcarma1ure
    can rota1e¥. 'Ihen L
    ¥ l
    ne lect
    ric cu rrent passcs
    through t he 日e lc
    l and armaturc co ils，magneL ic
    f i elcls are crca rccll har oppose each ol hc.
    r Thc
    onlywayi n¥ Vh
    iChrheyCa! 1 movca parti ぉf orrhじ
    削!
    ern
    alo
    r + i <1 I111~lture 10r ora'
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    ••
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    att
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    iヒメ
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    <
    : ol ln dt he日el dwindingsonl he poleshoesand
    thenr hrough t hcbrushesanc ¥COl lll11UlalorroI hc
    a rl11ar urecoi ls(Figure25.30)
    Onasimple日山 r crthearmal l l
    rc討p incl
    !ec arr
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    an l 1er
    I tla-enga呂edc l
    rive arrangemen t仁 ons Is1
    11
    1g
    ofapinion mOllntedunascr ew凶 行leevc.When
    the motor i s oper ated，t he sl Ic
    lcl cn movemen1
    e25.27Act
    Figur ionoft
    hef
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    if
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    ol11eshwil h

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    5 2 +

    jB
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    -

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    Figure25.28Thr
    ee.
    phaser
    ect
    if
    icat
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    258 入l
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    eh
    iclじ{じ c
    hli
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    -
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    p
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    ng.Aメ l hピ cng1 l
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    .'i行 l
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    IS 日 1 1UH FYべI Il
    l )'CIじく trOIll:lgnじt I
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    ilcll
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    日、 i tch i行辻仁 ti\'~tled. a討r n a1
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    .
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    Figure25.
    29 Simpleci
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    itdiagram 01d
    .c.st
    art
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    I
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    n日 26
    1

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    Figur
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    Figure25.42 Pressureswitch
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    Figure25.
    44 Vol
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    l1ake(
    1 Fi日ure2う4ラ )
    Windscreenwipermotors Wipcr1 1
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    Figure25.
    45 Permanentmagnetwiperl11otor
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    Figure25.
    46 Windscreenwiperdrives:(
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    111mi訓， 1y
    'じ W じ山 ζ l
    uじ 1 0 ch~ln 日じ:-; ln vじh iclc
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    "¥'
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    ju札ヒ r ラり日 1 りn
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    ously
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    s01 "tea
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    1 (川

    6 Sprllng ¥veight i s1 <1 1th川 p: tn り rI hc c 、hiclじ 日 ' 1


    1
    Chapt er20 puned by the spr ings，e .g. Ihe I ヲリ dy 礼 nd l :n ginl :

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    i v
    etoheturnedthrough900 llnsprungweight i sa l
    lthoseぐり mponenlsl h al !ll()、 e
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    ) [1aclSasapennばnent1 'eductiongeal IIp; ;
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    neaxcぉ oflhepll110nandcrown whcd wh<.:じ1i 1
    行じ I
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    。1
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    .
    :p lllloni so f
    f set bel口 w the axi s of the crown rhcy l imit backward品 川1d 1 日r w;t
    ζ1I s pi tching
    wheel llydropnelllutic suspensi on mainwins aιon 日 I nl
    3 The d i
    llとrenti I
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    wheel sshouldonea l
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    . :ly1 0r 仁川
    ラ Thel hirdclif
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    ' ]
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    OJ1 v
    chiclじswilh pennanent f our-、vhe
    ; el driv
    e.[ ¥is 出 t he"Jro nt
    IOCllcdhC1¥VCCnIhcf 'o
    1 nlandr carIfnalclrivcuni l
    s 3 Every hr Jkc 1
    ; じじじ i vcst l1じに 1m じl"or仁tucnwhc1仁
    6 i ) Aぉ 1I hirdd i f
    Terenti<
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    ii
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    7 ドully110川 r
    n 日 axle high hoiling pOinL [ 11 l 1l1メ tn Ol f ree町 I r~ vis仁 川 " )
    l1u
    l st1じ1l
    l:J11
    1Cり n，<;t日n t
    Chapter21 ラ I
    tIlll l
    St he kept i n けI r- tl ド htιonla i ner~ ， tI Illus
    r1 1υ1
    1 i ) A minimuITlofd rivcrdJortt oSlec
    rlhcvchiclc contactpai l
    1!¥vor
    k .Ast ii spoisol1<丸山 i ts ho lll
    d1 10
    !
    i
    i)1 1，仁丹{じじ r ingshouldberesponsi ve川 al1r imes heh llx
    lintoιIrinksζOI 1( ;llnerS
    ii)' fhc 汚lecnng s ystt:J11凡 hり uld p1'oJ
    11otc truc 6 Excessivじ hrakじ l ラじにbltr~lvcl

    rollingl l l
    otion 7 Self-:
    tcliusting，anc ll e日 l ik e
    lyt り 札d Terhr~lkιr" C I
    ι
    2 ThL' J"(川 ιIwhec :l
    メ must rotate around a common 8 Ai、 and wa1cr whcn lUrned 1
    J 0s !eall1. ;lre hoth
    山 n lr:(
    t )
    fl ur n COl1lpress ihl心 leading 1 り po 汚日 hle 1 0九 S0' 1'hrake
    3 The ぉl t
    ::r
    t in g tinkage ensureぉ t h atlhe inner road ped礼￨
    whピe tonIhct ll
    rnI ラivotsl llorethantheout erroad 9 ドr ict
    ion bet¥Ve <.
    :nt hじ t )
    '1 じ;lI1d t hL' rO~ld: hca1 :1 hc
    whc じ1
    . 50 that rhey a llr otate round a common Iypeoff ric1io
    nl in il、日

    C<
    .:nlI仁
    10 OOllhledi"phl 汁草11 l:s pr ingh l‘ lkc; 11u
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    4 F，日 nl-whじじ I -d riv
    じV ヒhi ctes 11 Exhaus1hrake01 'l ヒ1
    ' 1
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    ラ C川 101 'a n日 Iccn日bleぉ theroaclwheels 10self-仁 enrre
    1i so ht:tinじく Ihy r i
    llin
    g the a xis ofIhc kin 日pm 0 1 Chapter24
    日v iveJj oin tstow山 c l
    sther e: n togivec asterrr<
    li
    l 1 A pneull1川 I
    Ctyre15日ttc
    cltりけ¥'L'h
    i仁 I
    c[ 0
    6 Thc tyrc ccntlじ pomt1 お i nhoard ofl he projected i) 江 hsorh1hじメ hocksof1リlIghr oads;
    討
    、、i vel axi 討 ~Il Ihe r<同 d ，
    札lrf:lcc ) ma
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    :lefri
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    ]on点 :
    1
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    inl
    S 2
    73

    2 At top-、 plyt)'，仁 hasthe 1円 cr


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    '11
    1.
    11自 国 l孔Ian 3 To pre¥'em f a
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    lllヒ o!"thecomplete勾引 em .hould
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    :ユcholher.Radial-ply onelampf ;
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    .
    .' the pliL'S日cross thc t
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    he~ld 。ncoml 1日 d
    1 rivers
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    、) TyrcI 'i
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    'ith : 1 sl eady vo lt ~l ge
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    1訓 bechecked f ()1 ingcon cli
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    .
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    l刷 、v hich then
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    Chapter25 15 A I l1clal objecl m泊y c alls
    .e a sho r t-circlIiti fil
    1 Thegem: r~H ol bric lgeぉ alivcs llpplyand山 I rth.Thisi お parti cll
    l山 Iy
    2 IlyuメingI hl' chassisorhodylO p'りv ide‘1r
    <
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    t日、日 1hecost0
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    icalη! stCI
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    l ven l1leh.GllI日 ngsever cb llrn s
    Keywor finitions

    As S A n
    t i-I
    ockb r
    akes ystem， whi chp reven tsr oaclwhee .
    l.
    . brakedrum Adrum- shapedcon t a
    inじr ，ll
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    :
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    -
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    e

    2
    74
    Ke、'i¥'or
    d足 泊 mlιlじ日 1
    111
    10n. 275

    chokc A dじV I Cじ1I叫に 110i nc reasethea ir /fuelr alio1 0a id cyHndcr hcad The uppcrmost pan of thc engine，
    col ds ma It11 34 A lso l 11G name t l活u< ll y given 1 0[ hむ 、
    ; v
    hichrOflns羽 10
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