NON-ALIGNMENT OF SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STRAND AND COLLEGE COURSE: THE

LIVED EXPERIENCES OF FRESHMEN STUDENTS OF ADAMSON UNIVERSITY

Bartolome, Julian Katrina I., Dela Cruz, Cyril John F., Escote, Shane Angelo T., Lizardo, Juliane,
Presentacion, Carl Jeszen, Tacbas, Madeliene P., Wong, Gemel Ting Hock

12 STEM ENGINEERING 08
Research Paper in Practical Research 1
Senior High School Department
Adamson University, Ermita, Manila, Philippines

Ms. Beatrice Faye M. Mataac Mr. Aries N. Marmol Ms. Margie Clave
Content Adviser Research Adviser Content Adviser

Abstract

The present study used the Transition Theory to explore the struggles of five freshmen students on how
they face the challenges of being students who have a misaligned college course from what they have
taken on their Senior High School years. Researchers used an in-depth semi-structured interview as a tool
in gathering data. Participants were identified using snowball sampling. Interviews were transcribed for
the data analysis. Researchers were guided with the thematic analysis which includes reading and re-
reading of the transcript, initial coding, developing the master themes, searching for review of related
literature for the master themes, moving to the next case, and looking for patterns across defined cases.
After several reading and data analysis, six themes about the experienced struggles and coping
mechanisms emerged from the data: (1) Change in academic environment, (2) Inconsistency of directed
academic path, (3) Insufficiency of ability, (4) Resorting to academic organizations, (5) Positive
influential environment, and (6) Self-reliance.

Keywords: Senior High School, Misalignment, Strand, College Course, K-12, Experiences

I. Introduction
the Academic track that includes the strands;
[1] Science, and Technology, Engineering and
Mathematics (STEM), [2] Accountancy and
K-12 program was implemented in the Business Management (ABM), [3] Humanities
Philippines on May 15, 2013 and was approved and Social Sciences (HUMSS) and [4] General
by the former president Benigno S. Aquino III to Academic Strand (GAS) and as what was said
help students to be college-ready, globally according to Bonquin et al. (2017), students
competitive, and to create a functional basic under these academic strands are expected to
education system that will develop productive enter college. While the other career tracks are
and responsible citizens as stated in the Technology and Vocational Livelihood (TVL),
Enhanced Basic Education Act of 2013, also Arts and Design, and Sports. However, they
known as Republic Act No. 10533. According to must be treated equally since they are all
Silliman University (2017), there are currently implemented for the sake of the students’
four career tracks in Senior High School; one is
interest related on the courses they are going to concern over the Bridging Program required for
take in college. the first wave of Senior High School (SHS)
graduates that entered tertiary education this
Senior High School (SHS) refers to the last two school year. The said program is for students
years of the K to 12 program that has been who took SHS strands that are “mismatched”
implemented by the Department of Education in with their current tertiary education course. They
the country since 2013 – namely as the grades 11 are required to take additional subjects in order
and 12. With this, it helps to provide a sufficient to “demonstrate the competencies” required of a
time for mastering certain types of knowledge graduate of a strand aligned with the course.
and skills for the preparation needed for higher
education, middle-level skills development and League of Filipino Students (2018) stated that
employment (Official Gazette, 2013). the Bridging Program is implemented to require
senior high school students who are having a
There are instances that students take a college “mismatched curriculum” with the course they
course that is misaligned from their pursued are planning to take in college. Also, those who
strand in senior high school. The act was are deemed to be as “not fully-equipped” with
implemented to prepare students for college but their needed subjects in college are required to
there are some things that are inevitable - the take two additional learning years to complete
decision making of a student. Balitaan et al. the said subjects. According to LFS National
(2018) conducted a research Comparison of Spokesperson Kara Taggaoa “The bridging
senior high school track and college program program is a clear maneuverer of the Duterte
preferences, which states that one of the factors administration to further worsen the
in choosing a course and the preparedness of inaccessibility to free and quality education.
students for college is the ability of a student to This is a desperate attempt to provide band-aid
make a choice or decision regarding their solutions to problems in our education that
preferred undergraduate degree. However, there Duterte himself has created”.
are a few studies conducted about the
experiences and adjustment techniques of Thus, the study took place within Adamson
students who took a nonaligned course, which is University, located at 900 San Marcelino St.,
the focus of this study. Ermita, Manila 1000. The participants of the
study mainly focused on Adamson University
According to a module given from a site of freshmen students that took a misaligned course
University of Colorado (n.d.), alignment is the from the strand they took in Senior High School.
connection between learning objectives, learning
activities and assessment. An aligned course The general objective of this study is to analyse,
means that a student’s learning objectives and understand and determine the experiences of the
activities match up so students learn what was affected students that took a misaligned course
taught and the teachers properly assessed what from their SHS and how they adjust to the said
the student learned and currently learning. experience, which the researcher can use to
know the different adjustment techniques from
During the Aquino administration, they planned the students who faced the challenges of having
to require students to pursue an undergraduate a misaligned course. Not only that, it can also
course aligned with their strand. If students serve as a reference for those who will
decided to take up an undergraduate program not experience the same cases in the future.
aligned with their strand, they must at least take
a bridging program to catch up with the subjects Statement of the Problem
they have not taken during their Senior High
School (Luistro, 2015). This phenomenological study is conducted to
discover the lived experiences of college
The National Union of Students of the freshmen at Adamson University A.Y. 2019-
Philippines (NUSP, 2019) expresses grave 2020 who took a non-aligned course from the
strand they pursued in senior high school. This phenomenological study used Nancy K.
Specifically, this aims to answer the following: Schlossberg's Transition Theory (1985) in
1. What are the challenges of college understanding and analysing the lived
freshmen in having a misaligned course experiences of freshmen college students who
from their previous senior high school took a misaligned course from their previous
strand? strand in SHS, as well as the challenges they
2. How do college freshmen adjust to faced in the said experiences.
college life due to taking a misaligned
course from their SHS strand? In the book she wrote together with Arthur E.
Chickering titled Getting the Most Out of
Assumption College (1995), she stated how the Transition
Theory works. Schlossberg defined transition as
In line with this study, the researchers assumed "any event or non-event that results in changed
the following: relationships, routines, assumptions, and roles"
1. The challenges experienced by college (Evans, et al., 1998). The theory explained that
students are being in unfamiliar college students can experience three types of
situations that lead to inadequacy. They transitions: [1] anticipated are the transitions that
experience low academic performance occur predictably, [2] unanticipated transition
in having a misaligned course prior to are the events that are not predictable or
their SHS strand that makes their college scheduled, and lastly [3] non-events are
life less productive and challenging. transitions that are expected but do not occur
2. A college freshman takes extra classes (Chickering & Schlossberg, 1995). Schlossberg
or hires personal tutors to catch up with also identified four major factors that influence a
the lessons they missed in SHS. And person's ability to cope with a transition also
also they take the bridging program to known as the 4's, situation, self, support, and
adjust better from the misalignment of strategies.
their pursued course to their SHS strand.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This study focuses on the lived experiences of

freshmen college students of Adamson
University A.Y. 2019-2020 in having a
misaligned course from their pursued strand in
senior high school. Also, this aims to discover
their adjustment techniques regarding the
Figure 1.1: Transition Theory
experience they have had in having a nonaligned
course.
Conceptual Framework
The study will be done by interviewing college
freshmen students of Adamson University who
In the book, Chickering & Schlossberg (1995)
took a non-aligned case with their previous SHS
used the theory to explain the transition process
strand. The study does not cover other students
of college students in terms of moving in,
who have not experienced misaligned course to
moving through, and moving out. This process
the strand in SHS. The researchers mostly relied
can be explained further in the transition of
to the answers of the five (5) participants
freshmen college students who took a
through interviews due to the lack of previous
misaligned course from their strand in SHS.
studies about the said topic.
In moving in, it can be explained as a new
learning environment, a new subject, and a
Theoretical Framework
different schedule, a possibly quarter layout and
also lack of knowledge regarding the chosen following groups will benefit from this
college course from what they took back on phenomenological study:
Senior High School. In moving through the
experience one can get new friends, a support The Department of Education. The research
system, and a hard time coping with the new will be beneficial to this particular department of
learning environment. And lastly moving out, it the Philippine government for they will be
can be described as an additional knowledge or informed of the struggles of the students,
information and a way of finding a job. particularly those freshmen students who are
facing problems with the misalignment of their
The situation refers to the struggles and course from their SHS strands. This study may
challenges that the freshmen students face lead them to produce solutions on how to
throughout their journey of having a misaligned improve the educational system in the country
college course from their strand in Senior High and possible solutions on the on-going problems
School. They tend to have low self-confidence about the system.
with the new learning environment that they
need to face for the next four or more Teachers. Through this study, teachers and
consecutive years regarding their chosen professors can adjust their teaching techniques
college course. The only support that they obtain for they will know the struggles of the students
is the bridging program that concerns about the especially those who are misaligned from their
added two learning years to accomplish the strand. They can improve their way of educating
missed subjects in a misaligned course. students without inflicting dependency on the
professors in adjusting to college.
Despite these challenges, their coping
mechanisms towards their problem can be Parents. Through this study, parents will have
handled through having different strategies such more insight on the situation of their child. They
as orientations and connecting themselves to would be able to understand the struggles that
certain administrators’ offices to seek help on every student can experience, not only those
adapting to their new learning environment for who have misaligned cases. The simple changes
their college years, leading to a change in their can affect students, and parents should be able to
behaviours, perspectives and learnings. give them the support they need during the
difficult times.

Students. Students will gain information about

this study because they will obtain information
regarding the topic. It will also help them realize
to think about the decisions they make since K-
12 must be taken seriously because it will help
them to be enhanced in their chosen learning and
basic skill, and prepare them for a better future.
Figure 1.2: Transition Theory as applied to the
transition of Senior High School students to a Participants. The study can benefit students
misaligned course in college who took misaligned course from their pursued
strand by knowing the adjustment techniques of
Significance of the Study other students. The study can help to further
improve the participants’ ability to survive on
The study seeks to identify the challenges faced their perspective course. Through this, they can
by freshmen college students with the assess themselves and their passion, knowing the
misaligned course that they now have in college struggles of others can inspire them to survive
from what they pursued back in senior high their pursued courses.
school. The researchers considered that the
Future Researchers. This study can help future university and are having a misaligned course
researchers to have further knowledge, not only from their previous strand in SHS.
about the topic but also the other subtopics that
can be linked to it. This can give more The researchers used a non-probability sampling
information about the experiences and technique, specifically snowball sampling. This
adjustment techniques of those students who technique was used to access populations that
took a nonaligned course from their previous are hard find or access due to discrimination or
strand. Through the study, future researchers can other forms of invalidation from the larger
be more specific and improve the research. society (Browne, 2015; Lee, Lim, & Fullerton,
2010; Woodley & Lockard, 2016).
II. Methodology
Instrumentation
Research Design
The study used a semi-structured interview in
In this study, the researchers used qualitative order to get saturated information. Semi-
research method as its research design. Denzin structured interview is a type of interview which
and Lincoln (2000), as cited in Goethals & allows the interviewee and the interviewer to
MacGregor (2004), claims that qualitative have a two-way communication and adds
research involves an interpretive and naturalistic flexibility to go into details when needed by
approach, meaning researchers study things and including follow-up questions. The participants
interpret phenomena, in terms of the meanings received an interview guide list of questions,
people bring to them, in their natural settings. prior to the interview in order for the
The researchers used phenomenology as the type participants to prepare themselves and to give an
of qualitative method to further understand and idea of what will take place during the interview.
interpret the lived experiences of freshmen The first question on the interview guide is the
college students of Adamson University in socio-demographic profile of the informants
having a misaligned course from their strand in which includes name, age gender, previous SHS
SHS. Through this method, Schwandt (2007), as strand, and current college course. It is followed
cited in Braga (2015), stated that by questions that are based on the objectives that
phenomenology attempts "...to get beneath or aim to respond to the problem of the study. The
behind subjective experience to reveal the following questions are divided into two
genuine, objective nature of things, and as a sections. The first section consists of questions
critique of both taken-for-granted meanings and that explored the challenges of the participants.
subjectivism" (p. 226). The second section consists of questions that
aimed to ascertain how the participants adjust to
The researchers were able to know the college due to being misaligned with their
challenges and struggles that the participants course.
have experienced, and discovered the adjustment
techniques they used due to having a misaligned Data Gathering Procedure
course from their pursued strand in SHS using
phenomenology as the type of qualitative To gather data the researchers must follow the
method. following steps; first, the researchers constructed
an interview questionnaire based on what the
Research Participants researchers want to know — the experienced
challenges and adjustments techniques of
In this qualitative research, the data gathered misaligned college students of Adamson
came from freshmen college students of University. Next, the researchers proceeded on
Adamson University A.Y. 2019-2020. In this validating the questionnaire. The researchers
population, five students who are currently sought help with their two content advisers to
taking their undergraduate degree in the make sure that the interview questionnaire is
accurate to the study. Then, the informed consent
was distributed for the approval of the include the unnecessary information in the study,
participants taking part in the study. The and as not offend the respective participants
researchers then conducted the interview with while doing the interview.
the selected participants, and the researchers first
asked about the participants' profile followed by
the interview questions. During the interview,
the researchers recorded and documented the The personal data of the participants and other
interview by taking notes, pictures, and voice research data will remain confidential
recordings. The responses were transcribed by throughout and even after the study. The
the researchers as an indication to the final step researchers provide an authorization letter which
which is interpreting and analysing the raw was signed by the participants as part of their
information from the participants. approval in all the data that will be presented in
the research.

Data Analysis
III. Results

To analyse data, the researchers aimed to

recognize the transition of students from senior Upon utilizing the intended data analysis
high school to college in having a misaligned approach, six cluster themes were generated
course. To proceed with the steps in data from the experienced struggles and coping
analysis, the researchers organized and mechanisms: ‘Changes in Academic
categorized the interview questions according to Environment’, ‘Inconsistency of Directed
the research questions as the starting point of the Academic Path’, ‘Insufficient Knowledge
data analysis. Second, the data gathered from the Comprehension’, ‘Resort in Academic
interview was then transcribed as those Organizations’, ‘Positive Influential
important data were highlighted and the Environment’, ‘Self-reliance’. The master
unnecessary ones were exterminated. Once the themes will then be discussed in relation to the
data is gathered and the relevant information is struggles experienced by the participants
highlighted, the researchers proceeded to the supported through related review literature.
next step, which is encoding and categorizing
certain ideas and various concepts. Each of the
response categories had one or more associated I. Experienced Struggles
themes that gave a deeper meaning to the raw
data. Finally, the researchers wrote their
interpretation and findings regarding the
collected data. Changes in Academic Environment

Ethical Considerations The first theme emerged from the subordinate

themes, the academic changes and difficulty in
adjusting in their new environment. Most of the
participants experienced difficulty in their new
The researchers followed an ethical guideline to environment. As from Participant No. 01:
protect the participants’ privacy. Informed Rachael, said that in line with the difficult
consent was then distributed to prove the transition from SHS to college, she had a hard
participants’ voluntary participation in the study. time in getting used to the new school, subjects,
The researchers did not bother to ask personal for they had difficulty in recalling the previous
questions to the respective participants as to not topics from Junior High School that are
connected to their current subjects. Due to
having a misaligned course, they lack some II. Coping Mechanisms
knowledge background on their current subjects
that they should have discussed during their SHS Resorting to Academic Organizations
years. In addition to the challenges, the
phenomena of receiving a failing grade leads to For this theme, it involves the fact that
a heavier burden to the academic situation of the participants resort in academic situations. Most
said participants. of the participants joined an organization called
Adamson University Petroleum Engineering
Student Society (AUPESS). According to
Participant No. 03: TJ, AUPESS organized
Inconsistency of Directed Academic Path
tutorial classes for students who needed help in
their major subjects, specifically Basic Calculus
The Second emergent theme is entitled
and Chemistry, these classes are taught by
'Inconsistency of Academic Path'. The interview students who are in a higher batch. They also
elicited the respondents' point of view regarding take make-up classes for the subjects that they
on the reason why they took a misaligned failed. These classes helped them gain
course. Here, most participants shared different knowledge not only in their major subjects, but
perspectives that made their academic choices also in the subjects they fail to tackle back in
incompatible with their course today. However, their SHS years due to their misaligned college
their answers were unified by the theme that course.
refers to the paucity or the lack of the
participants' commitment towards their Positive Influential Environment
academic tracks taken on their Senior High
School years. For instance, Participant No. 01: This theme refers to what the participants use to
motivate themselves to overcome the challenges
Rachel, explained as follows: “Ang hirap kasi
they have faced in their new course. The
diba from ABM tapos bigla akong mapapasok sa
participants were asked about the challenges or
Engineering”. Participant No. 03: TJ, also problems that they have experienced on their
explained that: “kasi nung grade 10 ako, wala pa misaligned college course. Most of the
naman… ‘di pa naman ako sure sa kukunin kong participants revealed that their current situation
course so nakadepende ung course ay ung track was hard and they faced a lot of challenges. But
ko sa mga kaibigan ko so naimpluwensyahan na even though their situation was hard, they kept
rin ako sa pagkuhang HUMSS”. themselves motivated. For instance, the family
served as the motivation of one of the
participants. The support Participant No. 01:
Insufficiency of Ability Rachael, received from her family helped her
overcome the challenges she faced throughout
The theme focused on the struggles of freshmen her new course. Motivation can also be felt
college students in having a misaligned course through words of wisdom. Participant No. 03:
from their previous SHS strand. The participants TJ, used the advice he got from his professor to
were asked about their experience regarding help himself overcome the challenges he faced.
their faced struggles. The emergent theme was Others were motivated by themselves
entitled ‘Insufficiency of Ability’. The independently. With this, they believe that their
participants revealed that the most notable strength is enough to overcome the challenges in
experience they faced was hardship in their misaligned college course.
comprehending new knowledge according to
their course. For instance, Participant No. 03: Self-Reliance
TJ, struggled in understanding Calculus because
of its complex nature. Participant No. 05: Aldrin, This theme emerged from the interview question
struggled in grasping Calculus and Chemistry. regarding the advices the participants received in
taking a misaligned course from their SHS
strand. Through this question, it gave the The study pointed out from both the
participants a similarity, their self-reliance was questionnaire and the interview data that the
showed in order to help them cope with the participants were undecided or unsure regarding
struggles in having a misaligned course. The their chosen strands back on their SHS years.
question revealed that the participants received The participants' weak commitment on their
one common advice, to exert extra effort in academic tracks leads them to have a lot of
studying because the transitions and the struggles while adjusting to their new learning
adjustment is not easy, as said by Participant No. environment. According to Katona (1999), most
03: TJ, “major man o minor kailangan ko mag- first year college students don’t know which
aral ng mabuti para… kahit mataas na grado at careers they will pursue. This is why it is
least pasado”. Other answers by Participants No. important to understand the participants who
4 & 5: Ryan and Aldrin respectively, showed decided to commit to a certain field different
their self-reliance by having a positive mind-set from what they took in their SHS years. Katona
and taking responsibility in their decisions, they also stated that most students take a course they
used their dreams as an inspiration to strive felt that can be a benefit to them and to the
harder in their course. society. Despite the struggles that they face in
their adjustment phase, their taken college
IV. Discussion course can be helpful to the society in case of a
crisis in the near future.
After evaluating all the gathered results, six
cluster themes emerged: (1) Change in academic
environment, (2) Inconsistency of directed Participants of the study revealed that they were
academic path, (3) Insufficiency of ability, (4) experiencing difficulty in comprehending newly
Resorting to academic organizations, (5) acquired knowledge from their course due to
Positive influential environment, and (6) Self- having a misaligned course. According to
reliance. Tenaha O'Reilly (2019), cited in an article “A
lack of background knowledge can hinder
Living in an environment for so long can form a reading comprehension” (2019), students go to
sense of attachment to every details taking place school to learn, but some students may find
in the stayed environment. According to certain topics difficult to understand if they don’t
Jorgensen and Stedman (2011), as cited in have the necessary background knowledge. In
McEwan (2014), place attachments serves the the study, the participants are experiencing
supporting individuals and can lead to place misalignment from their previous SHS strand
dependence where a place is valued for specific that led to their lack of information prior to their
activities that it supports. But being very college course, that result in the struggling
attached to the place does have some drawbacks. experience they face in college.
In life, people will always be put through
changing environment. That is why it is a
challenge to cope with the new environment. A surreal relationship with peers can shape and
Individuals can feel distressed which can lead to individual’s character and being separated from
change in behavior and performance. According peers can impact an individual’s behavior in
to Albrecht (2006), as cited in McCunn (2015), coping with the environment. According to
the loss of sense of place the impact of changes, Rutter (1987), as cited in Bornstein (2014),
distress and loss of solace of a place has been adolescences reared to engage in a new
referred to as “solastalgia” (an amalgam of environment, an external support system, such
solace and nostalgia). The loss of sense of place as peers, is a key source of psychosocial
but still chooses to live in that kind of settings resilience that encourages and reinforces the
can lead to distress. Distress can lead to change child’s coping efforts. That is why joining an
of behavior and performance an individual organization can help improve the student’s
possess.
academic performance. Corbet (2019) stated that This includes studying some of the lessons by
joining a student work with a diverse group of themselves or doing a self-study at home, taking
people help develop skills that you have learned extra classes, and joining academic
in class and you will gain practical experience organizations that will be beneficial for their
about the state of the environment. academics. As cited in Haque (2015), a group of
students believes that individual-study is more
workable and usually helps to improve their
Transition to college life is not easy, the grades. It teaches them to rely on own self in
participants revealed that they are having completing their tasks, they can also use their
difficult times being college students. According own abilities and potential in understanding the
to Srivastava (2017), when a student gets reading materials and in writing their
overwhelmed by meeting new people, adjusting assignments. While some students prefer the
to new professors, studying, and college life in group studies that can be found by joining
general, he or she may start to feel negative academic organizations. Every student has their
about the whole experience which can result to own capabilities in handling their study habits,
having low confidence and result to having poor however, both are advantageous in enhancing
performance. Thus, being misaligned will only learning abilities.
increase frustration and confusion of students.
LeMire (2012) stated that the level of Conclusion
misalignment could potentially induce poor
behavior and may lead to student feeling the Based from the results and discussions of the
sense of devaluation. The influence of an study, the researchers conclude that, freshmen
environment can make a huge impact on students with a misaligned course tends to
building the character of an individual. experience various struggles and challenges
According to the National Research Council while adjusting to their new learning
(2011), adolescents’ emotions and behaviour can environment. The experienced struggles of
be affected on what type of environment they students were knowledge acquisition, lack of
spent their daily lives to. Participants had shared knowledge background in specialized subjects.
that their motivation for continuing to improve Due to these struggles that they have
their performance is their family and receive experienced, this leads them to have several
inspiration from their peers. major changes in their taken academic courses,
and have certain difficulties while coping with
the new knowledge source field.
According to the National Research Council
(2011), adolescents’ emotions and behaviour can Despite the challenges faced, their various
be affected on what type of environment they coping mechanisms helped them to be motivated
spent their daily lives to. Participants had shared to pursue their taken misaligned course. Instead
that their motivation for continuing to improve of being unmotivated in their academics, they
their performance is their family and receive choose to rely on themselves for no one is going
inspiration from their peers. to help them other than their own self. As their
situation arises, these students gain
The participants' transition did not only occur in encouragement from their family and those who
their environment, but also in their knowledge are relatively close to them.
source. According to Kouassi (2015), being self-
reliant supposes a manifestation of Recommendations
responsibility, and responsibility plays an
important factor in every aspect of life. The Based on the gathered results, the researchers
struggles that the participants experienced made would recommend this study for reference to the
them more committed in their course, studying future researchers who are conducting a study
twice as hard in order to achieve a passing grade. about misalignment or misalignment of strands.
This research study will provide the sufficient
knowledge on the phenomenology of
misalignment for there are few related studies
that have been conducted in the past. Future
researchers can further improve this study by
looking into the results, by considering the other
types of students who experience similar
struggles and adjustments techniques (e.g.
exchange students and students who shifted into
another course) that could lead into another
interesting and relevant research study. The
researchers also recommend this research study
to school administrators and some sectors of the
government, particularly the CHED and DepEd.
The study can help them learn about the
challenges faced by the students, specifically
those who are experiencing misalignment. This
can give them insights and ideas on how to
further improve the education system in the
country.

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