Lipids such as palmitate and

stearate
Category of compounds that
includes – fatty acid are
classified as saturated
• Triglycerides (where all the carbon
• Sterols are saturated with
• Phospholipids hydrogen) or
Contain carbon, oxygen, and unsaturated (which
hydrogen contain one or more
double bonds)
Hydrophobic

Basic functions in the body

Fatty Acids
Storage Lipids
• Store and provide energy
• Building blocks for triglycerides
• Fats and oils:
–Fats provide 9 kcal per and phospholipids
gram – are universally used as stored
• A chain of carbon and hydrogen
form of energy by living organism.
• Provide insulation atoms with a carboxyl group at the
One gram of fat gives 9 K Calories
• Help manufacture steroids alpha end and a methyl group at
and bile salts – are highly reduced compound, the omega end
• Play a role in transporting derivatives of fatty acids
Fatty Acids
fat-soluble nutrients in the
– fatty acids are hydrocarbon
blood
derivatives, which are long chain
• Used to manufacture major
carboxylic acids containing up to 24
sex hormones
carbon atoms
• Key to the structure of cell
membranes – the most common fatty acids in
plants and animals are the even-
numbered C16 and C18 species
 • Higher ratio of carbon and •Saturated Saturated and Unsaturated
hydrogen to oxygen than in Fatty Acids Help Shape Foods
–All the carbons on the fatty acid
carbohydrates and protein
are bound to hydrogen Fatty Acids Differ in
- 9 kilocalories per gram of
DoubleBond Location
fat –Solid at room temperature
• 20 different fatty acids with • The location of the first double
–Higher melting point
varied length, saturation, bond in unsaturated fatty acids
and shape •Unsaturated effect the omega-3 fatty acid and
omega-6 fatty acid.
Fatty Acids Vary in Length – Some carbons on fatty acid form
a double bond with each other • Omega-3 fatty acid
• Short-chain fatty acids
instead of binding to hydrogen
– First double bond is between the
– Two to four carbons
– Monounsaturated fatty acids third and fourth carbon from the
– Weak attraction (MUFA) • Has one double bond omega end
– Liquid at room temperature – Polyunsaturated fatty acid –Example: Alpha-linolenic acid •
(PUFA) • Has two or more double One of the two essential fatty acids
• Medium-chain fatty acids
bonds
• Omega-6 fatty acid
– Six to ten carbons
– Liquid at room temperature
– First double bond is between the
• Long-chain fatty acids
– Lower melting point sixth and seventh carbon from the
– 12 or more carbons omega end

– Most common type of fatty acid – Example: Linoleic acid

in foods
• One of the two essential fatty
– Strong attraction acids

– Solid at room temperature

Fatty Acids Vary in Saturation
 – Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is an – Stores as adipose tissue for
omega-3 fatty acid that is found energy
along with docosahexaenoic acid
Caution: High levels in the
(DHA) in cold-water fish, including
blood are a risk factor for heart
tuna and salmon. EPA prevents the
disease
blood from clotting easily, reduces
triglyceride levels in the blood, and ________________________
has effects that might reduce pain _
and swelling.
Properties of Fats and Oils
– Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an
Hydrogenation of fats and oils:
omega-3 fatty acid that is a primary
structural component of the human –The difference between fats and
brain, cerebral cortex, skin, and oils is:
retina.
Two (2) Essential Fatty Acids • fats are solid in room temperature
Triglycerides and oils are liquid in room
(Essential means the body needs it
temperature.
but the body can’t produce it) • Three fatty acids connected to a
glycerol backbone – Hydrogenation is the process of
• Linoleic Acid is a polyunsaturated
converting liquid oil to solid fat by
essential fatty acid found mostly in Most common lipid in both foods
adding hydrogen to some of the
plant oils. It is used in the and the body
double bond of the unsaturated
biosynthesis of prostaglandins and
• Make up about 95% of lipids carbon chain in presence of nickel
cell membranes.
found in foods as catalyst; e.g., Margarine
• Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) is the
• Functions Fatty Acids and Rancidity
most common omega-3 fatty acid in
your diet. It's mostly found in plant – Add texture • Rancidity: spoiling of fats through
foods and is an essential precursor oxidation
– Makes meats tender
of EPA or DHA.
– Preserves freshness
– More double bonds therefore are added according to the market Membrane Lipids
more susceptible to oxidation and demands.
Chemical analysis of the isolated
rancidity
Waxes materials shows that lipids are the
PUFA > MUFA > Saturated fatty major components of most
• Waxes are part of the lipid
acids membranes. This lipids are not
family. Waxes are esters of long-
triglycerides but another group of
• Enhancing stability of fatty acids chain saturated and unsaturated
compound called complex lipids.
by reducing rancidity fatty acids (having 14- 36 carbon
atoms) with long-chain • There are two types of complex
– Adding antioxidants
alcohol(having 16-30 carbon lipids:
– Limiting food exposure to oxygen, atoms).
–Phospholipids
heat, and light
• Waxes are low- melting, stable
–Glycolipids
– Hydrogenation solids which appear in nature in
both plants and animals. A wax
Properties of Fats and Oils coat protects surface of many plant
–Phospholipids: :naturally
Saponification of fats and oils: leaves from water loss and attack
aggregate in form of bilayers
by microorganisms.
– Hydrolysis of fats and oils by (which fuse to form spherical
boiling with sodium hydroxide is • Carnauba wax, a major liposomes) qglycerophospholipids
called saponification. This process is ingredients of car wax and floor qsphingophospholipids
used to make soap (Latin: sapon polish, comes from the leaves of a
• Hydrophilic on one end;
means soap). Soaps are the alkali South American palm tree. Beeswax
hydrophobic on the other
metal (Na, K or Li) salts of fatty is largely myricyl palmitate , the
acids. ester of myricyl alcohol and palmitic • Make up the phospholipid bilayer
acid in the cell membrane
– Glycerol is an important by-
product of saponification process. It • Waxes also coat skin, hairs and – Lecithin (a.k.a.
is recovered by evaporating the feathers, and help keep them phosphatidylcholine)
water layer. The crude soap is then pliable and water-proof
purified, and coloring and perfumes
 • A major phospholipid in Glycerophospholipids are dominant contain a fatty acid, a
the cell membrane in cell membranes providing phosphoric acid, sphingosine,
stability, fluidity, and permeability. and choline. Because they
• Used as an emulsifier in
They are responsible for the contain phosphoric acid, they
foods
membrane being a bilayer. are also classified as
• Synthesized by the liver phospholipids.
Sphingosine
Glycerophospholipids Is very important for maintaining
(2-amino-4-trans-octadecene-1,3-
cell membrane structure, especially
- (phosphoglycerides), are diol) is an 18- carbon amino alcohol
the microcontrol function of the cell
common constituents of with an unsaturated hydrocarbon
membrane.
cellular membranes. chain, which forms a primary part
- They have a glycerol of sphingolipids, a class of cell The myelin sheath is mostly made
backbone. membrane lipids that include of lipids, including sphingolipids,
- Hydroxyls at C1 & C2 are sphingomyelin, an important which are critical to myelin's
esterified to fatty acids. phospholipid. structure and function.

An ester forms when a hydroxyl are enriched in the Central Nervous Myelin is an insulating layer, or
reacts with a carboxylic acid, with System (CNS) and display multiple sheath that forms around nerves,
loss of H2O biological functions. They including those in the brain and
participate in tissue development, spinal cord. It is made up of protein
Glycerophospholipids are the most
cell recognition and adhesion, and and fatty substances. This myelin
abundant lipids in biological
act as receptors for toxins. sheath allows electrical impulses to
membranes.
transmit quickly and efficiently
Five common sphingolipids are
They share similarities with the along the nerve cells. If myelin is
shown: ceramide, sphingomyelin,
structure of TAGS. They consist of a damaged, these impulses slow
glucosylceramide (GlcCer),
glycerol backbone, two fatty acid down.
lactosylceramide (LacCer) and
chains and a modified phosphate
ganglioside GM3. Myelinationis - the process by
group that attached to the 3rd
which brain oligodendrocytes
carbon of the glycerol replacing the 1. Sphingomyelins - the
produce layers of myelin that wrap
3rd fatty acid found in TAGs simplest sphingolipids, each
around the neuronal axons and act The most common and well known 2. Stigmasterol is an
as a layer of insulation for the steroid is cholesterol which is unsaturated phytosterol
transmission of electric action synthesized by the liver. Cholesterol occurring in the plant fats or
potentials down the neuronal axon. has a bad reputation because it is oils of numerous plants, such
implicated in heart disease. This is as soybean.
Glycolipids: are carbohydrate-
because it can be found in plaque
attached lipids, which are Cholesterol Is Used to Make Bile,
deposits in your arteries. However, Hormones, and Vitamin D
associated with cell membranes.
cholesterol is needed in mammals
They play important roles in • Cholesterol
for proper bodily functions.
providing energy and serve as
markers for cellular recognition. More than 250 phytosterols have - A structural part of the cell
membrane
already been identified. The plant
a large group of sphingolipids, are
sterols more commonly found in the - A precursor to vitamin D
so called because they contain one
diet are beta-sitosterol,
or more molecules of sugar - A precursor to bile acid
campesterol, and stigmasterol.
(glucose or galactose). Glycolipids,
- Precursor for sex hormones such as
a general property of which is 1. Campesterol - is a estrogen and testosterone
immunological activity, include the phytosterol, meaning it is a
cerebrosides, gangliosides, and steroid derived from plants. • Cortisol - is a hormone
ceramide oligosaccharides. As a food additive, produced by the two adrenal
phytosterols have glands, which are located on
Steroids: are another class of lipid top of each kidney. The
cholesterol-lowering
molecules, identifiable by their pituitary gland in the brain
properties (reducing
structure of four fused rings. regulates cortisol production.
cholesterol absorption in
Although they do not resemble the Cortisol plays an important
intestines), and may act in
other lipids structurally, steroids are role in the stress response.
cancer prevention.
included in lipid category because • Pregnenolone - is also made
Phytosterols naturally occur
they are also hydrophobic and from cholesterol, and is the
in small amount in vegetable
insoluble in water. starting material in the
oils, especially soybean oil.
production of testosterone,
progesterone, cortisol,
 estrogen and other _______________________________ • Fat cells have the capacity to
hormones enlarge as much as 1,000 times their
BENEFITS AND THREATS OF
• Progesterone - is a hormone original size
LIPIDS
produced by the ovary that's • Body has the ability to
vital for menstruation, Uses of Fat and Cholesterol
produce additional fat cells
pregnancy, and sperm • Source of energy
Essential Fatty Acids, Eicosanoids,
production.
• Form body structures and Cell Membrane
• Testosterone - is a sex
hormone that plays • Regulate metabolism Eicosanoids are hormone-like
important roles in the body. substances.
• Enhance absorption of fat-soluble
In men, it's thought to vitamins – Prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and
regulate sex drive (libido), leukotrienes
bone mass, fat distribution, • Provide insulation to help regulate
body temperature – Regulate the immune system, blood
muscle mass and strength,
clotting, inflammation, and blood
and the production of red • Cushion major organs pressure.
blood cells and sperm.
Fat Is Used as Energy The prostaglandins are a group of
• Estradiol - is a female
hormone (estrogen). It is • Fat physiologically active lipid compounds
used by women to help called eicosanoids having diverse
– Provides concentrated source of hormone-like effects in animals.
reduce vaginal symptoms of kilocalories • 9 kilocalories per gram Prostaglandins have been found in
menopause (such as vaginal
– Readily available when the body almost every tissue in humans and
dryness/burning/itching). other animals. They are derived
needs energy
enzymatically from the fatty acid
– Body’s main source of energy arachidonic acid.
throughout the day
High levels of prostaglandins are
– Body has an unlimited ability to produced in response to injury or
store excess energy as fat in infection and cause inflammation,
adipocytes which is associated with the symptoms
of redness, swelling, pain and fever
Dietary Cholesterol Is Not Essential • Hydrogenated fats are used by many
commercial food producers to
• The liver synthesizes cholesterol
needed by the body – Provide rich texture

- Liver synthesizes ~900 mg/d – Increase shelf live

- Liver decrease synthesis based on – Decrease incidence of rancidity

dietary intake
• During the hydrogenation process
• To reduce the risk of cardiovascular trans fats form
disease, dietary cholesterol should be
• Some trans fats are naturally
limited to < 300 mg/d
occurring.

Foods Containing Trans Fat and

Cholesterol?
Trans Fats
 • Trans fat may actually be worse for Food Sources of Cholesterol
heart health than saturated fats and Plant Sterols
– Raise LDL cholesterol • Cholesterol comes mainly from
– Lower HDL cholesterol animal products
• FDA requires trans fat to be listed on • The cholesterol produced in plant cell
food labels walls and oils is so minimal they are
• The food industry is working to find considered cholesterol free
replacements for trans fats in foods. • Phytosterols and stanols

– Lower LDL levels by

competing with cholesterol for
absorption

– Are found in soybean oil,

many fruits, vegetables, legumes,
sesame seeds, nuts, cereals, and other
plant foods

– Food manufacturers are

fortifying foods with them to help
lower cholesterol
Lowering Blood Cholesterol
Levels
• Consume less saturated and trans
fats

• Consume less cholesterol

• Make smart, informed food choices • Results in arterial plaque build • Whole grains
up
– Avoid or consume processed • Skinless poultry
food in moderation • Can lead to heart attack and
• Lean pork and red meat
stroke
– Eat at least two servings of
• Baked or grilled fatty fish
fish per week HEALTHY NUMBERS: Doctors
recommend you aim for these • Unsalted nuts
– Consume more plant foods
levels:
• Vegetable or olive oil
– Consume antioxidants and
LDL (bad cholesterol) ‹100
phytochemicals AVOID THESE:
HDL (good cholesterol) 40 - >50
– Garlic may help lower • Fried foods
cholesterol Triglycerides <150 • Foods with Deli meats
hydrogenated oils
– Flavonoids may help prevent Total Cholesterol* <200
• Butter, cheese and ice cream
LDLs from oxidizing
___________________________ • Chips or other greasy snacks
• Exercise • Food with hydrogeneated oils
200 mg/dL. pababa para sa Total
• Trans fats or saturated fats
• Alcohol, in moderate amounts, can Cholesterol
reduce the risk of heart disease. Lowering Blood Cholesterol Levels
100 mg/cL. pababa para sa LDL
_______________________________ (bad cholesterol); • Consume less saturated and trans
fats
GOOD CHOLESTEROL 60 mg/dL pataas para sa HDL
(good cholesterol) • Consume less cholesterol
 Transports cholesterol to your
liver MANAGING CHOLESTEROL • Make smart, informed food choices
 Prevents buildup in your
• Medication - Avoid or consume processed food in
arteries
• Maintain healthy diet moderation
 Removes cholesteral from your
bloodstream • Get a regular exercise - Eat at least two servings of fish per
EAT THESE: week
BAD CHOLESTEROL
• Fruits and veggies - Consume more plant foods
• Deposits cholesterol in arteries
 - Consume antioxidants and vary, leading to diverse types of 1. Glycosphingolipids: These
phytochemicals glycerophospholipids. glycolipids consist of a
sphingosine or sphingoid base
- Garlic may help lower cholesterol 2. Sphingophospholipids:
backbone linked to a fatty acid
- Flavonoids may help prevent LDLs Sphingophospholipids are based on the and a carbohydrate chain.
from oxidizing sphingosine backbone instead of
Examples include cerebrosides and
glycerol. They consist of a long-chain
• Exercise gangliosides.
amino alcohol called sphingosine, a
• Alcohol, in moderate amounts, can fatty acid chain, a phosphate group,  Cerebrosides - are found in
reduce the risk of heart disease and a polar head group. high concentrations in the
myelin sheath of nerve cells
ADDITIONAL!!! The most common
and are involved in nerve cell
sphingophospholipid is
Lipid Bilayer signaling.
sphingomyelin (SM), which contains
 Gangliosides- are more
a phosphocholine or
The fundamental component of a complex glycosphingolipids
phosphoethanolamine head group.
biological membrane is lipid bilayer. containing sialic acid residues
Sphingomyelin is a major component
and are abundant in neuronal
In a vigorously shaked mixture of of the plasma membrane in animal
membranes, where they play
phosphatidyl choline and water, the cells, particularly in nerve cells
roles in cell recognition and
lipid molecules form microscopic (neurons), where it plays a role in cell
signaling.
sphere. signaling and membrane stability.
Cerebrosides are a type of
These lipid sphere or liposome are Glycolipids are a type of lipid
glycosphingolipid, a complex lipid
packages of solvent surrounded by a molecule that contains a carbohydrate
molecule found primarily in nerve cells
lipid bilayer- a two layer thick wall of (glycan) moiety attached to a lipid
(neurons) and myelin sheaths, the
phosphatidyl choline backbone. They are found in cell
protective covering of nerve fibers.
membranes and play important roles in
1. Glycerophospholipids:
cell recognition, signaling, and
Glycerophospholipids, also known communication. Glycolipids can be
simply as phospholipids, consist of a further categorized into two main
glycerol backbone, two fatty acid groups:
chains, a phosphate group, and a polar
head group. The polar head group can
 2. Glycoglycerolipids: These membranes. It has a choline head
glycolipids consist of a glycerol group and two fatty acid tails. PC is
backbone linked to one or more widely distributed in cell membranes
fatty acids and a carbohydrate and is particularly abundant in the
chain. liver.

Examples include glycosylated Sphingolipids: Sphingolipids are a

phosphatidylinositols (GPIs). GPIs broader class of lipids that also contain
are important for anchoring proteins to a sphingosine backbone but lack a
the cell membrane, particularly in the phosphate group. Instead, they have a
formation of lipid rafts, which are variety of different head groups
microdomains involved in cell signaling attached directly to the sphingosine
and membrane trafficking. backbone, often involving sugars.

Sterols
 More complex than
phospholipids or triglycerides
 Four connecting rings of
carbon and hydrogen
 Do not provide energy
 Cholesterol is the best known Phytosterols, also known as plant
sterol sterols or stanols, are plant-derived
 Found in every cell in compounds that are structurally
the body similar to cholesterol. They are
 Helps with numerous found in varying amounts in many
body processes plant-based foods. Here are some
 Phytosterols – major plant examples of foods rich in
sterols phytosterols:
Phosphatidylcholine (PC): Also 1. Nuts and Seeds: Various nuts
known as lecithin, is one of the most and seeds contain significant
abundant phospholipids in cellular amounts of phytosterols.
 Examples include almonds, inflammatory and antioxidant estradiol, estrone, and estriol.
walnuts, pistachios, sunflower properties benefit overall health, These hormones are primarily
seeds, and sesame seeds. potentially reducing the risk of chronic associated with female
2. Vegetable Oils: Plant-based oils diseases, while their inclusion in a reproductive functions, such as
are good sources of balanced diet supports weight menstrual cycles, ovulation,
phytosterols. Examples include management and provides essential and the development of
corn oil, soybean oil, canola oil, nutrients. secondary sexual
and olive oil. characteristics.
3. Whole Grains: Whole grains Steroid hormones are the class of 3. Progesterone: Progesterone
such as wheat germ, oats, hormones that are lipids. These is a hormone that plays a key
barley, and brown rice contain hormones are derived from cholesterol role in the menstrual cycle and
phytosterols. and include hormones like pregnancy. It helps prepare the
4. Fruits and Vegetables: Some testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, uterus for implantation of a
fruits and vegetables also cortisol, and aldosterone. fertilized egg and maintains the
contain phytosterols, although They are characterized by their lipid- uterine lining during pregnancy.
in smaller amounts compared soluble nature, which allows them to 4. Cortisol: Cortisol, often
to nuts, seeds, and oils. easily cross cell membranes and bind referred to as the stress
Examples include avocados, to intracellular receptors to exert their hormone, is involved in the
Brussels sprouts, oranges, and effects on gene expression and cellular body's response to stress and
strawberries. function. helps regulate metabolism,
5. Fortified Foods: Some food immune function, and blood
products, such as margarine, 1. Testosterone: This hormone sugar levels.
yogurt, and orange juice, are is primarily known as the male 5. Aldosterone: Aldosterone is a
fortified with added sex hormone, although it's hormone produced by the
phytosterols to increase their present in both males and adrenal glands that helps
content. females. It plays a crucial role regulate blood pressure by
in the development of male controlling the balance of
Phytosterols, resembling cholesterol, reproductive tissues and sodium and potassium ions in
compete with it in the intestines, secondary sexual the body.
reducing its absorption and lowering characteristics.
LDL cholesterol levels, thereby 2. Estrogen: Estrogen refers to a
decreasing the risk of cardiovascular group of hormones, including
diseases. Additionally, their anti-
 Fat Is Used as Energy Fat Substitutes
 Fat  Designed to provide the
- Provides concentrated source creamy properties of fat for
of kilocalories fewer kilocalories
 9 kilocalories per  Fall into three categories
gram 1.Carbohydrate-
- Readily available when the based: Majority of fat
body needs energy substitutes
- Body’s main source of 2.Protein-based:
energy throughout the day Provide a creamy texture in
- Body has an unlimited ability the mouth
to store excess energy as fat 3.Fat-based: Give
in adipocytes physical attributes of fat for
 Fat cells have the fewer kilocalories
capacity to enlarge as  Overconsumption of
much as 1,000 times kilocalories from regular,
their original size low-fat, or fat-free products
 Body has the ability can lead to weight gain
to produce additional
fat cells