TMH19 DS ManualForTheVisualAssessmentOfRoadStructures PartA 20201125

TMH19
MANUAL FOR THE VISUAL

ASSESSMENT OF ROAD
STRUCTURES
D raft St and ar d (D S)
P AR T A: R O AD S T R U C T U R E M AN AG E M E N T
I N F O R M AT I O N
August 2020
Permission is granted to freely copy, print and distribute

this Draft Standard document for industry use.
Foreword
Compiled under the auspices of the:
Committee of Transport Officials (COTO)
Roads Coordinating Body (RCB)
Structures Subcommittee
Published by:
The South African National Roads Agency SOC Limited
PO Box 415, Pretoria, 0001
Disclaimer of liability:
This document, with its Parts, is provided as a Draft Standard (DS) without any warranty of any kind
expressed or implied. No warranty or representation is made, either expressed or implied, with respect to
fitness of use and no responsibility will be accepted by the Committee or the authors for any losses,
damages or claims of any kind, including, without limitation, direct, indirect, special, incidental,
consequential or any other loss or damages that may arise from the use of the document.
All rights reserved:

No part of this Draft Standard document may be modified or amended without permission and approval of
the Committee of Transport Officials (COTO). Permission is granted to freely copy, print and distribute this
Draft Standard document for use by industry.
Existing publication:
Not Applicable
Document versions:
Draft Standard (DS). The Draft Standard will be implemented in industry for a period of two (2) years,
during which written comments may be submitted to the COTO subcommittee. Draft Standards (DS) have
full legal standing.
Final Standard (FS). After the two-year period, comments received are reviewed and where appropriate,
incorporated by the COTO subcommittee. The document is converted to a Final Standard (FS) and
submitted by the Roads Coordinating Body (RCB) to COTO for approval as a final standard. This Final
Standard is implemented in industry for a period of five (5) years, after which it may again be reviewed.
Final Standards (FS) have full legal standing.
Comments:
Comments on this Draft Standard should be provided in writing and e-mailed to [email protected]
Please note:
This document and its various Parts will only be available in electronic format.
The Draft Standard (DS) will be made available for download on the South African National Roads Agency
SOC Ltd (SANRAL) and Department of Transport websites.
The MS Word version of this document is available from Michael Roux at [email protected].
Preface
Road authorities in South Africa have an obligation to plan, design, construct and maintain the road
network, to protect the public investment in the road infrastructure, to ensure the continued functionality
of the transportation system and to promote the safety of traffic on the road network. Authorities also
have the obligation to provide a reliable, effective, efficient and integrated transport system that supports
the sustainable economic and social development of the country.
Road structures are an integral part of the road network. This Manual provides the official requirement
for the visual assessment of road structures on the South African road network. It provides requirements
and supporting information for the inventory data capturing, explains the inspection methodology and
describes how and by whom inspections for the visual assessment of road structures have to be carried
out. It further addresses repair costs calculations.
Structures covered by this manual include:
 Bridges;
 Culverts;
 Retaining Walls;
 Gantries;
 Tunnels;
 Low level bridges;
 Light Masts; and
 Low level river crossings.
The inspection methodology described in this manual is a defects-based system and involves the
identification of visual defects on structures and rating these defects in terms of degree, extent of
occurrence and relevancy.
The relevancy of defects is very important in the rating process and is considered in terms of structural
and functional integrity and the safety of the road user.
This manual is a companion document to the TMH22 Manual on Road Asset Management. The TMH22
manual includes sections on how inspection ratings are used to calculate condition indices for road
structures at network level and how to calculate the current asset value of these road structures.
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Overview of the Manual
TMH19 consists of two separate parts, Part A and Part B.
Part A: Road Structure Management Information covers the following topics:
 Structure Class and Type Definitions;

 Overview of Road Structures Management System (RSMS);
 Inventory Information;
 The DER Rating System;
 Overview of Defects on Structures;
 Inspection Items and Inspection Sheets;
 Inspection Procedure and Quality Assurance; and
 Repair Cost Calculations.
The following additional information is supplied in the appendices:
 Detail of the inventory information that can be captured per structure type, indicating required
and optional items;
 Inspection forms to be used for the various structure types; and
 Remedial work activity lists for the various structure types.
Part B is a visual assessment manual intended for use as reference document by structure inspectors
to reduce the amount of subjectivity involved in the inspection process. It can also assist in the training
of inspectors. It includes sections with photos of defects on the structural elements for the various
structure types. These photos are intended to mainly illustrate the Degree rating, but the Extent,
Relevancy and Urgency ratings are also shown as examples of these ratings. Descriptions of the
various defects are provided.
ii
Abbreviations
BMS Bridge Management System

COTO Committee of Transport Officials
D Degree
DER Degree-Extent-Relevancy
E Extent
GPS Global Positioning System
HD holding down
L litre
LS lump sum
MS make safe
R Relevancy
RCB Roads Coordinating Body
RSMS Road Structures Management System
TMH Technical Methods for Highways
U Urgency
UBIU under-bridge inspection unit
UPS uninterruptible power supply
vpd vehicles per day
iii
Table of Contents
ITEM PAGE
1 STRUCTURE CLASS AND TYPE DEFINITIONS ...........................................................................................1-1
1.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ 1-1

1.2 STRUCTURE CLASSES ................................................................................................................................. 1-1
1.3 STRUCTURE TYPES..................................................................................................................................... 1-5
2 OVERVIEW OF ROAD STRUCTURE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS .................................................................2-1
2.1 GENERAL................................................................................................................................................. 2-1

2.2 INVENTORY DATA ..................................................................................................................................... 2-1
2.3 INSPECTION DATA ..................................................................................................................................... 2-1
2.4 CONDITION ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................................ 2-2
2.5 DETERIORATION ANALYSIS .......................................................................................................................... 2-2
2.6 REPAIR COSTS .......................................................................................................................................... 2-3
2.7 VALIDATION............................................................................................................................................. 2-3
3 INVENTORY INFORMATION ...................................................................................................................3-1
3.1 NUMBERING OF STRUCTURES ...................................................................................................................... 3-1

3.2 LOCATION DETAILS.................................................................................................................................... 3-1
3.3 STRUCTURE ORIENTATION .......................................................................................................................... 3-2
3.4 INVENTORY ITEMS PER STRUCTURE TYPE ....................................................................................................... 3-2
3.5 NUMBERING OF SUB-ITEMS ........................................................................................................................ 3-5
3.6 INVENTORY DATA REQUIRED FOR STRUCTURES ............................................................................................... 3-7
3.7 ADDITIONAL INVENTORY DATA FOR STRUCTURES ............................................................................................ 3-9
3.8 REQUIRED INVENTORY PHOTOS ................................................................................................................. 3-10
4 THE DER RATING SYSTEM ......................................................................................................................4-1
4.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE DER RATING SYSTEM.................................................................................................... 4-1

4.2 DER RATING VALUES ................................................................................................................................ 4-1
4.3 PROCEDURE FOR RATING OF DEFECTS ........................................................................................................... 4-3
4.4 ILLUSTRATION OF EXTENT RATING ................................................................................................................ 4-4
5 OVERVIEW OF DEFECTS ON STRUCTURES ..............................................................................................5-1
5.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ 5-1

5.2 TYPES OF DEFECTS .................................................................................................................................... 5-1
5.3 COMMON BRIDGE DEFECTS ........................................................................................................................ 5-4
5.4 ANCILLARY BRIDGE ELEMENTS ..................................................................................................................... 5-7
5.5 TYPICAL DEFECTS ON STEEL STRUCTURES....................................................................................................... 5-8
5.6 TYPICAL DEFECTS ON CELLULAR BRIDGES AND MAJOR CULVERTS ....................................................................... 5-9
5.7 TYPICAL RETAINING WALL DEFECTS.............................................................................................................. 5-9
5.8 TYPICAL GANTRY DEFECTS .......................................................................................................................... 5-9
5.9 TYPICAL ROAD TUNNEL DEFECTS ............................................................................................................... 5-10
5.10 TYPICAL LIGHT MAST DEFECTS .................................................................................................................. 5-10
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6 INSPECTION ITEMS AND INSPECTION SHEETS .......................................................................................6-1
6.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ 6-1

6.2 INSPECTION ITEMS PER STRUCTURE TYPE ....................................................................................................... 6-1
6.3 INSPECTION SUB-ITEMS PER STRUCTURE TYPE ................................................................................................ 6-1
6.4 INSPECTION FORMS ................................................................................................................................... 6-5
6.5 STRUCTURE ORIENTATION SKETCHES ............................................................................................................ 6-5
7 INSPECTION PROCEDURE AND QUALITY ASSURANCE ............................................................................7-1
7.1 TYPES OF INSPECTIONS............................................................................................................................... 7-1

7.2 INSPECTIONS TO BE CARRIED OUT BY ROUTINE ROAD MAINTENANCE STAFF ........................................................ 7-1
7.3 REQUIREMENTS FOR ACCREDITATION OF INSPECTORS ...................................................................................... 7-2
7.4 REQUIREMENTS FOR LESSER CULVERT, LIGHT MAST AND WATERWAY INSPECTORS................................................ 7-4
7.5 PROCEDURE FOR VISUAL INSPECTIONS .......................................................................................................... 7-4
7.6 REQUIREMENTS FOR ADDITIONAL INSPECTIONS .............................................................................................. 7-6
7.7 QUALITY ASSURANCE................................................................................................................................. 7-7
7.8 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY REQUIREMENTS ..................................................................................... 7-7
7.9 INSPECTION PHOTOS ................................................................................................................................. 7-8
8 REPAIR COST CALCULATIONS ................................................................................................................8-1
8.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ 8-1

8.2 URGENCY RATINGS ................................................................................................................................... 8-2
8.3 REMEDIAL ACTIVITIES ................................................................................................................................ 8-2
8.4 POSITION CODES ...................................................................................................................................... 8-3
APPENDIX A1. INVENTORY INFORMATION PER STRUCTURE TYPE .............................................................1-1
APPENDIX A2. EXAMPLES OF RELEVANCY AND URGENCY RATINGS ..........................................................2-1
APPENDIX A3. INSPECTION FORMS PER STRUCTURE TYPE ........................................................................3-1
APPENDIX A4. REMEDIAL ACTIVITIES PER STRUCTURE TYPE ......................................................................4-1
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List of Figures
FIGURE PAGE
FIGURE 1 BRIDGE CLASSIFICATION ......................................................................................................................... 1-2
FIGURE 2 MAJOR CULVERT CLASSIFICATION CRITERIA ............................................................................................... 1-3
FIGURE 3 ANGLE OF SKEW ................................................................................................................................... 3-9
FIGURE 4 EXAMPLES OF STRUCTURE ORIENTATION SKETCHES ..................................................................................... 6-6
List of Tables
TABLE PAGE
TABLE 1 STRUCTURE CLASSES AND TYPES .................................................................................................................. 1-1
TABLE 2 NUMBER OF INVENTORY ITEMS PER STRUCTURE TYPE ...................................................................................... 3-2
TABLE 3 ALLOWABLE DER VALUES .......................................................................................................................... 4-2
TABLE 4 DER-RATINGS REQUIREMENTS .................................................................................................................... 4-2
TABLE 5 ALLOWABLE DEGREE AND RELEVANCY COMBINATIONS .................................................................................... 4-3
TABLE 6 CRACK WIDTH RANGES FOR STRUCTURAL CONCRETE ....................................................................................... 5-3
TABLE 7 NUMBER OF INSPECTION ITEMS PER STRUCTURE TYPE ..................................................................................... 6-1
TABLE 8 INSPECTION ITEMS AND SUB-ITEMS FOR BRIDGE (GENERAL, ARCH AND CABLE) .................................................... 6-2
TABLE 9 INSPECTION ITEMS AND SUB-ITEMS FOR BRIDGE (CELLULAR) AND CULVERT (MAJOR) ............................................ 6-3
TABLE 10 INSPECTION ITEMS AND SUB-ITEMS FOR CULVERT (LESSER) ........................................................................... 6-3
TABLE 11 INSPECTION ITEMS AND SUB-ITEMS FOR RETAINING WALL ............................................................................ 6-4
TABLE 12 INSPECTION ITEMS AND SUB-ITEMS FOR GANTRY ........................................................................................ 6-4
TABLE 13 INSPECTION ITEMS AND SUB-ITEMS FOR ROAD TUNNEL................................................................................ 6-4
TABLE 14 SUMMARY OF REQUIRED INSPECTOR GRADE PER STRUCTURE CLASS ................................................................. 7-4
TABLE 15 AVAILABLE URGENCY (U) RATINGS........................................................................................................... 8-2
TABLE 16 POSITION CODES FOR REMEDIAL ACTIVITIES ON BRIDGES (GENERAL; ARCH; AND CABLE) ................................... 8-3
TABLE 17 POSITION CODES FOR REMEDIAL ACTIVITIES ON BRIDGES (CELLULAR) AND CULVERTS (MAJOR) ........................... 8-3
TABLE 18 POSITION CODES FOR REMEDIAL ACTIVITIES ON CULVERTS (LESSER) ............................................................... 8-3
TABLE 19 POSITION CODES FOR REMEDIAL ACTIVITIES ON RETAINING WALLS ................................................................ 8-3
TABLE 20 POSITION CODES FOR REMEDIAL ACTIVITIES ON GANTRIES............................................................................ 8-4
TABLE 21 POSITION CODES FOR REMEDIAL ACTIVITIES ON ROAD TUNNELS .................................................................... 8-4
TABLE 22 POSITION CODES FOR REMEDIAL ACTIVITIES ON LIGHT MASTS....................................................................... 8-4
vi
Road Structure Management Part A.1: Structure Class and Type Definitions
1 Structure Class and Type Definitions
1.1 Introduction
This manual covers the following road related structures:
 Bridges;
 Culverts;
 Retaining Walls;
 Gantries;
 Tunnels;
 Low level bridges;
 Low level river crossings; and
 Light Masts.
Road structures are defined in terms of structure class and structure type. The structure class defines
the magnitude of the structure and the risk associated with the structure, while the structure type defines
the characteristics of the structure and therefore the type of inventory and inspection sheets that are
used to capture inventory data and to carry out inspections. The structure classes and structure types
covered by this manual are presented in Table 1.
Table 1 Structure Classes and Types
Structure Class Structure Type
Bridge (General)
Bridge (Arch)
Bridge
Bridge (Cable)
Bridge (Cellular)
Major Culvert Culvert (Major)
Retaining Wall Retaining Wall
Gantry Gantry
Road Tunnel Road Tunnel
(usually Culvert (Lesser)

considered part
of road asset) Light Mast
1.2 Structure Classes
1.2.1 Bridge
A structure is classified as a bridge if one or more of the following criteria are satisfied:
TMH19 Manual for the Visual Assessment of Road Structures

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 Any single span (as measured horizontally at the soffit along the road or rail centre line
between the faces of its supports) is equal to or greater than 6 m; or
 The individual clear spans (as measured horizontally at the soffit along the road or rail centre
line between the faces of its supports) exceed 1.5 m and the overall length measured between
abutment faces exceeds 20 m; or
 The opening height, which is the maximum vertical distance measured from the streambed or
structure floor at the inlet or from the top of any base, to the soffit of the superstructure, is
equal to or greater than 6 m; or
 The total cross-sectional opening is equal to or larger than 36 m2; or
 The structure is a road-over-rail, or rail-over-road structure, even if the span is less than 6 m.
Refer to Figure 1 for a visual representation of the classification criteria for a bridge.
Figure 1 Bridge Classification

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1.2.2 Major Culvert

A culvert is a structure (normally “buried” with road fill or road slabs on top) consisting of “cellular” units.
A cellular unit can typically be described as an “opening” where, in general, the overall cell length is
greater than the cell width. Elements such as separate deck slabs, abutments/piers, foundations, etc.
are not clearly identifiable while elements such as invert slabs, apron slabs, cut-off walls etc. are
normally present.
A Major Culvert is a cellular structure with dimensions less than those defining a bridge, but with any
clear span length (as measured horizontally at the soffit perpendicular to the faces of its supports) equal
to or larger than 2.1 m, or diameter equal to or larger than 2.1 m, or a culvert with a total cross-sectional
opening equal to or larger than 5 m2. A visual representation of the classification criteria for a Major
Culvert is presented in Figure 2.
Figure 2 Major Culvert Classification Criteria
All culverts smaller than that defined as a Major Culvert are classified as Lesser Culverts. Lesser
culvert is not a structure class, as these small culverts are considered a component of the road asset
class. The structure type Culvert (Lesser) is however included in this manual in order to provide
guidance to road maintenance staff that have to inspect lesser culverts as part of routine road
maintenance inspections.
1.2.3 Retaining Wall

A retaining wall is a structure that resists the lateral pressure of soil when there is a change in ground
elevation. When the angle of the wall to the horizontal exceeds 70°, the structure is generally considered
to be a wall; otherwise it is considered to be a slope. In the context of road structures, a wall with a

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height in excess of 2.0 m is considered a retaining wall for the purposes of this manual.
Sloped walls (angle of the wall to the horizontal does not exceed 70°) are generally the precast block
or gabion wall type and assessment of such structures may require the input of a geotechnical engineer.
Design codes generally require retaining walls to be designed to ensure stability against overturning,
sliding, excessive foundation pressure and water uplift. They are normally designed for a safety factor
of 1.5 against lateral sliding and overturning.
Typical retaining wall types include:
 Gravity
 Cantilevered
 Piling walls
 Anchored walls
 Patented earth retaining systems e.g. block walls
 Soil nailed walls (normally in combination with sprayed concrete) with or without facades
 Soil strengthened or stabilized
 Gabions meshes
 Mechanically stabilized earth (Reinforced Earth or geotextile reinforced earth)
 Cellular confinement systems (Geocells)
 Stone pitching or other slope stabilization paving system
1.2.4 Gantry
A gantry, generally an overhead road sign structure, is a traffic sign assembly on which various
information signs or signals are mounted. Gantries are usually built on highly trafficked roads with
several lanes, where signs posted only on the side of the road would be difficult for motorists to see.
Gantries may be cantilevered or one sided or they may be bridges with support columns on both sides.
1.2.5 Road Tunnel

For the purposes of management and inspection of road structures, a road tunnel is a structure that
accommodates road vehicles and is defined as a bored tunnel constructed in-situ without removing the
ground above.
Long cut-and-covered tunnels constructed in a shallow trench may, in special cases, be defined as a
road tunnel by the Road Authority.
1.2.6 Light Mast

A light mast comprises a tall pole, mast or column with light fittings at the top that illuminate a designated
area. Light masts are also sometimes called high masts or lighting towers.
The assessment of light masts described in this manual relates to structural integrity. The electrical
installations, etc. are excluded.

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Similar masts may be assessed as a group, for example, masts within a one kilometre distance or masts
at a specific interchange.
A light mast should be assessed as a single mast if its height exceeds 40 m.
1.3 Structure Types
1.3.1 Structure Class Bridge

For inspection purposes, the following bridge types have been identified:
 Bridge (General);
 Bridge (Arch);
 Bridge (Cable); and
 Bridge (Cellular).
1.3.1.1 Bridge (General)

A general bridge type structure is a structure consisting of separate and clearly identifiable elements
such as deck slabs, deck expansion joints, abutments, piers and foundation footings. Elements such
as invert slabs, apron slabs, cut-off walls are normally not present. A bridge type structure normally has
a concrete deck as roadway.
1.3.1.2 Bridge (Arch)

An arch bridge type structure includes solid spandrel filled arches; open ribbed spandrel arches; and
open spandrel arches.
1.3.1.3 Bridge (Cable)

A cable bridge type structure includes suspension bridges; cable stayed bridges and extradosed
bridges.
1.3.1.4 Bridge (Cellular)

A cellular bridge type structure is a bridge consisting of “cellular” units, but complying with the
classification criteria for a bridge (see Section 1.2.1). A cellular unit can typically be described as an
“opening” where, in general, the overall cell length is greater than the cell width. Elements such as
separate deck slabs, abutments/piers, foundations, etc. are not clearly identifiable while elements such
as invert slabs, apron slabs, cut-off walls etc. are normally present.
1.3.2 Structure Class Major Culvert

The structure class Major Culvert contains only one structure type, namely Culvert (Major).

The structure class Retaining Wall contains only one structure type, namely Retaining Wall.

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1.3.4 Gantry
The structure class Gantry contains only one structure type, namely Gantry.
1.3.5 Road Tunnel

The structure class Road Tunnel contains only one structure type, namely Road Tunnel.
1.3.6 Low-level River Crossings

A low-level river crossing is a submersible road structure designed in such a way so as to experience
no or limited damage when overtopped. This type of structure is appropriate when the inundation of a
road for short periods is acceptable. The types of low-level river crossings are low-level bridges,
causeways and drifts.
1.3.6.1 Low-level Bridges

A low level bridge for crossing a river is a special case of either the Bridge (General) or the Bridge
(Cellular) types. This type of bridge normally has kerbs or guide blocks instead of handrails or parapets.
For purpose of inspections either the “Bridge (General)” or “Bridge (Cellular)” form should be used and
Item 11 “parapet/handrail” will normally be marked as “Not Applicable”. If kerbs or guide blocks are
present, these can be inspected under Item 10 “kerbs/sidewalks”.
1.3.6.2 Causeways and drifts

A causeway consists of a suitable submersible surface layer over which vehicles may drive when
crossing a river. The structure has openings under the roadway allowing the passage of “normal” river
flow underneath. The openings may be circular, rectangular, arched, semi-circular or similar in shape.
These structures are also referred to as vented fords in the literature.
A drift or a ford is defined as a specially prepared surface for vehicles to drive over when crossing a
river. A drift does not contain any constructed openings underneath the riding surface for the passage
of water.
The floods that can pass over these structures are normally quite high and comparable with the floods
passing through major culverts. For purpose of inspections a “Culvert (Major)” form should be used
where the inspection items include for example apron slabs, scour protection works, road slabs etc.
Reference should be made to Table 9 in Section 6.2. In the case of drifts the “Cell” items” will be marked
as “Not Applicable”.

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Road Structure Management Part A.2: Overview of Road Structure Management Systems
2 Overview of Road Structure Management Systems
2.1 General
A comprehensive database is the first building block and heart of a Road Structures Management
System (RSMS). The database must provide for the storage and retrieval of the following types of data:
 Inventory data;
 Inspection data;
 Condition analysis data;
 Deterioration analysis data; and
 Remedial activities and repair cost data.
2.2 Inventory Data
The first step in the implementation of a structures database is to compile an inventory of all structures.
The inventory consists of a list of all structures within the network with comprehensive details of the
type and location of the structure, construction materials, major dimensions, clearances, etc. This
information is obtained from as-built drawings, design reports and confirmed and measured in the field.
In the absence of as-built drawings and design reports, this information must be collected by way of
measurements on site.
Inventory data remains mostly static, except when modifications or improvements are carried out on
the structure or associated roads or services.
The collection and capturing of inventory data can be costly and only data required for decision-making
should be collected. Certain inventory data items are considered essential and are indicated as required
items in this document, while other inventory data items are considered as optional. The reporting needs
of the Road Authority would inform which of the optional inventory data items need to be collected.
2.3 Inspection Data
Inspection data is collected during the visual inspection of structures. Each structure must be appraised
at network level with respect to its condition of serviceability and safety. Inspections are carried out by
completing standard inspection forms per structure type. These inspection forms list all the inspection
items applicable to the particular structure type.
Inspection data is captured per date and the database must allow for storing multiple inspections.
An inspection data module has the following functionality:
 Input and viewing of inspection data;

 Input and viewing of inspection photos; and
 Viewing of inspection sheets.

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2.4 Condition Analysis
The inspection data collected during the visual inspection of structures is used to calculate various
indices for each structure.
The indices that can be calculated are:
 Average Condition Index;

 Priority Condition Index;
 Functional Index; and
 Combined Condition Index.
2.4.1.1 Average Condition Index

The Average Condition Index (ACI) is an indication of the overall condition of the structure and can be
used to rank structures in terms of average condition and to allocate structures to condition categories.
The change in the average condition indices over time provides an indication of the effectiveness of the
Road Authority’s maintenance programme.
2.4.1.2 Priority Condition Index

The Priority Condition Index (PCI) is used to place structures in order of priority for maintenance,
rehabilitation and reconstruction activities. It is designed to identify structures with the greatest need for
repair to be given the highest priority.
2.4.1.3 Functional Index

A Functional Index provides an indication of the level of service offered by a road structure. The aspects
that are addressed in a Functional Index for road structures are capacity; riding quality; user risk; road
safety; and availability.
2.4.1.4 Combined Condition Index

The Combined Condition Index is a weighted combination of the Structure Priority Condition Index and
the Structure Functional Index.
The formulas to calculate these indices are not included in this manual, but can be found in the TMH22
manual on road asset management.
2.5 Deterioration Analysis
Structures generally have a long lifespan and deteriorate slowly. There is also a variation in the
materials used in the construction of structures. These factors make it difficult to develop accurate
deterioration prediction models.
When defects are left to deteriorate, structures may collapse; therefore all critical defects need to be
monitored and accounted for in the RSMS. With inspections carried out on five-yearly cycles, critical
defects would be identified and can be attended to in time to prevent further deterioration.

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2.6 Repair Costs
During the inspection procedure repair activities are identified and the quantities for repair are
estimated. This, together with the unit rate for the repair activity is used to calculate the cost of repair,
from which the total required maintenance and repair costs can be calculated.
Repair activities are also given an urgency rating during the inspection procedure. This provides a way
of applying time limits to the repair requirements.
This information can then be used by the Road Authority for global budgetary purposes after adjustment
for P&G items; planning, design and overhead costs; and VAT as described in the TMH22 manual on
road asset management.
2.7 Validation
After data has been entered into the RSMS, it is essential that the data is validated to ensure the integrity
thereof. This applies to both inventory and inspection data.
Verification is carried out firstly to confirm that all required data have been captured and secondly to
confirm that all captured data is valid.

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Road Structure Management Part A.3: Inventory Information
3 Inventory Information
3.1 Numbering of Structures
Each structure must have a unique number. The number should be displayed on the structure in a
visible position. It is recommended that a Road Authority first identify all structures and allocate unique
numbers to each structure and then physically attach the numbers to the structures prior to proceeding
with the capture of inventory and inspection data.
3.2 Location Details
Adequate location details need to be captured to accurately identify the location of the structure. The
location detail that is captured should also accommodate the Road Authority’s reporting needs. If, for
example, the Road Authority has to report on the condition of structure per maintenance region, or per
ward, such location information must be captured. Some location items can be imported from other
management systems by creating a link with such systems. For example, if a Road Authority has a
Road Referencing System or Road Network Information system, information such as the maintenance
region, political region, road name, etc. can be imported if the two systems are linked by road number
and chainage.
Certain location details are Road Authority specific and should cater for the specific Road Authority’s
definitions and requirements.
Location details will differ in some ways for national, provincial and municipal road authorities. The GPS
coordinates of a structure are common to all authorities. These coordinates should be captured at the
beginning and the end of the structure, except for cantilevered gantries and light masts, where only one
set of coordinates are captured. Coordinates must be captured as hh:mm:ss.s to a minimum of 5 m
accuracy in the WGS84 format.
For national and provincial road authorities, the location details that could be captured are as follows:
 Route/Road Number;
 Section Number;
 Chainage km;
 Road Name/Description;
 Province;
 District;
 Municipality;
 Maintenance Region;
 Maintenance Depot;
 Elevation;
 Status (Indicates the current status of the structure, e.g. existing, demolished, planned, etc.);
 GPS Coordinates: Longitude (East) and Latitude (South); and
 Ownership (Indicates which authority is the owner of the structure).
For municipal authorities, the location details that could be captured are as follows:

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 Road/Street Name;
 Route Number
 Town;
 Suburb;
 Ward;
 Maintenance Region;
 Maintenance Depot;
 Elevation;
 GPS Coordinates: Longitude (East) and Latitude (South);
 Status (Indicates the current status of the structure, e.g. existing, demolished, planned, etc.);
and
 Ownership (Indicates which authority is the owner of the structure).
3.3 Structure Orientation
Structure orientation indicates whether the structure is orientated primarily north-south; east-west;
northeast-southwest; or northwest-southeast, based on true north. The convention for indicating the
orientation of the different road structures types is as follows:
 The orientation of bridges and major culverts are indicated according to the centre line of the
feature over the structure (usually a road);
 The orientation of a retaining wall is indicated according to the centreline of the road along
which the retaining wall is located;
 The orientation of a gantry is indicated perpendicular to the centreline of the road on which the
gantry is located; and
 The orientation of a road tunnel is indicated according to the centreline of the road through the
tunnel.
3.4 Inventory Items per Structure Type
For inventory and inspection purposes, each structure type is divided into a number of inventory items.
The numbers of items per structure type are summarised in Table 2.
Table 2 Number of Inventory Items per Structure Type
Structure Type Number of Items

Bridge (General) 21
Bridge (Arch) 21
Bridge (Cable) 21
Bridge (Cellular) 14
Culvert (Major) 14
Culvert (Lesser) 5
Retaining Wall 7
Gantry 8
Road Tunnel 8

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3.4.1 Bridge (General; Arch; & Cable) Inventory Items

The 21 inventory items for Bridge (General; Arch; & Cable) are as follows:
General Items:
1. Approach embankments
2. Guardrails
3. Waterway
4. Approach embankment protection work
5. Abutment foundations
6. Abutments
7. Wing/retaining walls
8. Surfacing
9. Superstructure drainage
10. Kerbs/sidewalks
11. Parapets/handrails
Support Items:
12. Pier protection works
13. Pier foundations
14. Piers & columns
15. Bearings
16. Support drainage
17. Expansion joints
Span Items:
18. Longitudinal members in the deck
19. Transverse members in the deck
20. Deck slab
Miscellaneous Item:
21. Items not covered under Items 1 to 20
3.4.2 Bridge (Cellular) and Culvert (Major) Inventory items

The 14 inventory items for Bridge (Cellular) and Culvert (Major) are as follows:
General Items:
1. Apron slabs & cut off walls
2. Wing / return / head walls
3. Scour protection works (in river)
4. Embankments
5. Waterway
6. Road slabs
7. Roadway joints
8. Guardrails
9. Parapets/handrails
Cell Items:
10. Walls
11. Top slab

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12. Invert slab

13. Cell displacement
Miscellaneous Item:
14. Items not covered under items 1 to 13
3.4.3 Culvert (Lesser) Inventory Items

The 4 inventory items for a Culvert (Lesser) are as follows:
1. Inlet Works
2. Outlet Works
3. Barrel(s)
4. Waterway
3.4.4 Retaining Wall Inventory Items

The 7 inventory items for a Retaining Wall are as follows:
General Items:
1. External Drainage
2. Slope Protection
Wall Items:
3. Walls
4. Joints
5. Internal Drainage
6. Foundations
Miscellaneous Item:
3.4.5 Gantry Inventory Items

The 8 inventory items for a Gantry are as follows:
General Items:
1. Guardrails
Gantry Items:
2. Foundations
3. HD Bolts and Base Plates
4. Vertical Members
5. Horizontal Members
6. Sign Face
7. Sign Fasteners
Miscellaneous Item:
3.4.6 Road Tunnel Inventory item

The 9 inventory items for a Road Tunnel are as follows:

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Portal Items:
1. Portals
2. Slope Protection
3. Rock Fall Protection
General Items:
4. Drainage
5. Road Surface
Tunnel Bore Items
6. Lining
7. Joints
Miscellaneous Items:
8. Operational Services
3.5 Numbering of Sub-items
The numbering of sub-items can be Road Authority specific, but there are generally two conventions
for the numbering of sub-items - one for national and provincial road authorities and one for municipal
road authorities. National and provincial road authorities use road chainages to define their networks
and usually number sub-items according to increased chainage, while municipal road authorities usually
number sub-items according to the structure orientation.
3.5.1 Bridge (General; Arch; and Cable)

Abutments, piers and spans are numbered numerically, for example: Abutment 1, Abutment 2; Pier 1,
Pier 2, Pier 3; and Span 1, Span 2, Span 3.
For national and provincial road authorities, Abutment 1 would be the abutment at the bridge end with
the lowest chainage value; Pier 1 would be the pier closest to Abutment 1; and Span 1 would be the
span that starts at Abutment 1. Where the bridge crosses the national or provincial road authority’s
road, numbering would be done from left to right when looking in the direction of increased chainage
on the national or provincial road. Abutment 1 would therefore be the abutment on the left hand side.
For municipal authorities, the convention for the numbering of abutments relative to the structure
orientation is as follows:
Structure Orientation: Abutment 1 is at the:

North-South Northern end
East-West Western end
Northeast-Southwest North-eastern end
Northwest-Southeast North-western end
Pier 1 would be the pier closest to Abutment 1; and Span 1 would be the span that starts at Abutment 1.
3.5.2 Bridge (Cellular); Culvert (Major) and Culvert (Lesser)

Embankments and cells are numbered numerically, for example: Embankment 1, Embankment 2; and

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Cell 1; Cell 2; Cell 3.
For national and provincial road authorities, embankments would be numbered from left to right when
looking in the direction of increased chainage on the national or provincial road. Embankment 1 would
therefore be the embankment on the left hand side. Cells are numbered in the direction of increasing
chainage. Cell 1 would thus be the cell at the structure end with the lowest chainage value.
For municipal authorities, the convention for the numbering of embankments relative to the structure
orientation is as follows:
Structure Orientation: Embankment 1 is on the:

North-South Western side
East-West Northern side
Northeast-Southwest North-western side
Northwest-Southeast South-western side
For municipal authorities, the convention for the numbering of cells relative to the structure orientation
is as follows:
Structure Orientation: Cell 1 is at the:

For cellular bridges and major culverts that are not buried structures (usually low-level river crossings),
the convention for the numbering of the embankments changes, as in these cases the orientation of the
embankments would be perpendicular to the orientation of the structure.
For national and provincial road authorities, Embankment 1 would then be the embankment at the
structure end with the lowest chainage value.
For municipal authorities, the convention for the numbering of embankments relative to the structure
orientation is then as follows:
Structure Orientation: Embankment 1 is at the:


Retaining walls inventory items do not have sub-items.
3.5.4 Gantry
Vertical members and spans are numbered numerically, for example: Vertical Member 1, Vertical

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Member 2; and Span 1, Span 2.
For national and provincial road authorities, vertical members and spans would be numbered from left
to right when looking in the direction of increased chainage on the national or provincial road. Vertical
Member 1 would thus be the vertical member on the left hand side and Span 1 would then be the
horizontal member that starts at Vertical Member 1.
For municipal authorities, the convention for the numbering of the vertical members relative to the
structure orientation is as follows:
Structure Orientation: Vertical Member 1 is at the:

Span 1 would then be the horizontal member that starts at Vertical Member 1.
3.5.5 Road Tunnel

Portals and Segments are numbered numerically, for example: Portal 1, Portal 2; and Segment 1;
Segment 2; Segment 3.
For national and provincial road authorities, Portal 1 would be the portal at the tunnel end with the lowest
chainage value; and Segment 1 would be the segment that starts at Portal 1.
For municipal authorities, the convention for the numbering of portals relative to the structure orientation
is as follows:
Structure Orientation: Portal 1 is at the:

Segment 1 would be the segment that starts at Portal 1.
3.6 Inventory Data Required for Structures
In addition to the structure number and location details, certain other required inventory information
must be recorded for structures. This information should preferably be recorded from “as-built” drawings
and design and contract reports. Where no “as-built” drawings and reports of the structure are available,
these required inventory data must be measured on site.
The required inventory information per structure type is the following:

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3.6.1.1 Bridge (General, Arch, Cable)

 Bridge type;
 Number of spans;
 Number of piers;
 Number of abutments;
 Number of arches;
 Number of cable groups;
 Overall structure length;
 Overall structure width;
 Total deck area;
 Maximum pier height;
 Maximum abutment height;
 Minimum width of roadway between kerbs;
 Paved width of approach road;
 Minimum vertical clearances; and
 Angle of skew (see Figure 3).
3.6.1.2 Bridge (Cellular) and Culvert (Major)

 Number of cells;
 Overall structure length;
 Overall structure width;
 Maximum Cell Size: Width;
 Maximum Cell Size: Height;
 Total opening area;
 Average cell length;
 Maximum height of fill;
 Total plan area;
 Minimum width of roadway; and
 Paved width of approach road.
3.6.1.3 Retaining Wall

 Wall type;
 Length of wall;
 Maximum height of wall;
 Total area of wall in elevation.
3.6.1.4 Gantry
 Gantry type;
 Height of vertical members;
 Span of horizontal members; and
 Total length of vertical and horizontal members.

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3.6.1.5 Road Tunnel

 Tunnel type;
 Length of tunnel;
 Width of tunnel;
 Height of tunnel; and
 Tunnel cross-sectional area.
3.6.1.6 Light Mast

 Group of masts or a single mast;
 Location of the first mast and the last mast in a linear group or of three masts on the outer
extremities of a group such as light masts at an interchange;
 Number of masts in the group;
 Foundation type;
 Light mast type;
 Light mast material (e.g. galvanized steel); and
 Light mast height;
Figure 3 Angle of Skew
3.7 Additional Inventory Data for Structures
A more extensive range of inventory information that can be recorded is listed per structure type in
Appendix A1. To collect and maintain data can be costly and the Road Authority must take care when
deciding what additional information to collect. This should once again accommodate the Road
Authority’s reporting needs.

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3.8 Required Inventory Photos
In order to ensure consistency of photos, a defined set of inventory photos is required. These photos
must be uniquely numbered and it is recommended that all photos be geo-tagged.
3.8.1 Bridge (General; Arch; and Cable)

View 1: Bridge in elevation (must show total length of bridge, full pier heights and abutments. If
necessary several photos can be taken and combined electronically.
View 2: Bridge in elevation from opposite side.
View 3: Bridge from upper approach (looking along centre line of road or as close as possible to centre
line).
View 4: Bridge from upper approach (opposite end).
View 5: View taken from the top of the bridge of feature crossed (road, rail or upstream river view)
View 6: View taken from the top of the bridge of feature crossed (road, rail or downstream river view).
View 7: Deck edge to show profile of deck cantilever soffit.
View 8: Opposite deck edge to show profile of deck cantilever soffit.
View 9: Underside of deck (photo of each type if different deck types).
View 10: Typical pier (photo of each type if different pier types).
View 11: Typical abutment (photo of each type if different abutment types).
View 12: Bridge number as seen from main route on which bridge is defined.
View 13: Other bridge number adjacent to other road or rail.
View 14: Typical parapet elevation.
View 15: Typical roadway joint.
View 16: Any other salient feature
3.8.2 Bridge (Cellular)

View 1: Bridge inlet in elevation (show total number of cells);
View 2: Bridge outlet in elevation (show total number of cells and apron slab);
View 3: Bridge from upper approach (in direction of increasing chainage);
View 4: Bridge from opposite end of approach (in direction of decreasing chainage).
View 5: View taken from the top of fill of feature crossed (road or upstream river view);
View 6: View taken from the top of fill of feature crossed (road or downstream river view);
View 7: View of inside of bridge barrel showing roof walls & floor.
View 8: Bridge number.
View 9: Any other salient feature.
3.8.3 Culvert (Major)

View 1: Culvert inlet in elevation (show total number of cells);
View 2: Culvert outlet in elevation (show total number of cells and apron slab);

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View 3: Culvert from upper approach (in direction of increasing chainage);

View 4: Culvert from opposite end of approach (in direction of decreasing chainage).
View 5: View taken from the top of fill of feature crossed (road or upstream river view);
View 6: View taken from the top of fill of feature crossed (road or downstream river view);
View 7: View of inside of culvert barrel showing roof walls & floor.
View 8: Culvert number.
3.8.4 Culvert (Lesser)

View 1: Culvert inlet in elevation.
View 2: Culvert from upper approach.
View 3: View taken from the top of fill of feature crossed.
View 4: View of inside of culvert barrel showing roof walls & floor.
View 5: Culvert number.

View 1: Wall in elevation start area.
View 2: Wall in elevation mid area.
View 3: Wall in elevation end area.
View 4: Wall from on-coming approach.
View 5: Wall from out-going approach.
View 6: Embankment/terrain above the wall.
View 7: Embankment/terrain below the wall.
View 8: Structure number.
3.8.6 Gantry
View 1: Gantry in elevation.
View 2: Sign face front side.
View 3: Sign face back side.
View 4: Left Column.
View 5: Right column.
View 6: Beam.
View 7: Holding down bolts left column.
View 8: Holding down bolts right column.
View 9: Plinth and foundation left side.
View 10: Plinth and foundation right side.

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3.8.7 Road Tunnel

View 1: Tunnel headwall elevation at start.
View 2: Tunnel headwall elevation at end.
View 3: Slope above tunnel at start.
View 4: Slope above tunnel at start.
View 5: View inside tunnel.
View 6: View of road surface with movement joint.
View 7: View of movement joint in wall.
3.8.8 Light mast

View 1: Light mast in elevation.
View 2: Holding down bolts.
View 3: Plinth and foundation.
View 4: Light fitting zoomed in.
View 5: Any special features relating to the light fitting access system.
View 6: Access hatch external covering.
View 7: Access hatch internal fittings.
Note: In the case of a group of masts a representative photo of one mast within the group of similar
masts should be provided.

3-12
Road Structure Management Part A.4: The DER Rating System
4 The DER Rating System
4.1 Description of the DER Rating System
The rating system used for the visual inspection of structures is referred to as the DER rating system.
The essence of this system is to identify defects on a structure and to rate these defects. The inspector
only has to focus on the defects on a structure and is not required to rate the condition of each inspection
item or the structure as a whole.
DER refers to the degree (D); extent (E); and relevancy (R) of a defect as described below:
D degree of defect: How bad or severe is the defect.

E extent of defect: How widespread is the defect on the inspection item being inspected.
The consequence of the defect with regards the structural or functional

R relevancy of defect:
integrity of the inspection item or the safety of the user of the structure.
Degree
The DEGREE rating is a visual rating that defines the severity of the defect. It is not clouded by the
need to consider the consequence of the defect with regards the inspection item and structure
concerned. Rating the degree of the defect separately also allows for the monitoring of the deterioration
of the defect over time.
Extent
The EXTENT of the defect goes hand in hand with the DEGREE, in that it expresses how extensive is
the identified defect spread out on the element being inspected.
Relevancy
The RELEVANCY rating defines the relevancy of the defect with regards the safety of the user and the
structural or functional integrity of the element and consequently of the structure being inspected. This
rating requires the inspector to understand how the structure behaves, how the defect will interfere with
the load path through the structure and how it will impact on the safety of pedestrians, motorists and
truckers, and whoever else uses the structure. It is considered to be the most difficult to rate and for it
to be of benefit it requires inspectors with the appropriate design and rehabilitation experience on the
structure type being assessed.
By considering the three aspects of the defect separately, the inspector can concentrate on each aspect
without confusing one with the other and consequently rate the defect with more accuracy. It simplifies
the rating procedure and in the end provides a more realistic description of the true condition of the
structure to the Road Authority.
4.2 DER Rating Values
D, E and R ratings are essentially a four point rating system, namely 1; 2; 3; or 4. For the degree rating,
additional values can be allocated, namely 0; X; and U.

4-1
A degree rating of 0 is used to indicate that there are no visible defects on the inspection item.
A degree rating of X is used to indicate that the inspection item is not applicable to that structure. For
example on a one span bridge, the inspection item “pier” is not applicable.
A Degree rating of U is used when it is not possible to inspect the inspection item, such as bearings
that are inaccessible. This should not be used frequently. Foundations below ground level should
generally not be marked as “unable to inspect”. The inspector should look at evidence or the lack of
evidence of defects relating to the foundation and rate the foundation accordingly.
The allowable DER rating values are summarised in Table 3.
Table 3 Allowable DER Values
Rating D E R
(Degree) (Extent) (Relevancy)
X Not applicable
U Unable to inspect
0 No visible defects
No structural integrity or
1 Minor Local Minimum
safety issues
Some possible structural
2 Moderate More than local Moderate
integrity or safety issues
Structural integrity or safety
3 Warning Less than general Major
compromised
Potentially a serious impact
4 Severe General Critical on structural integrity and/or
user safety
For each inspection item, a D rating has to be allocated. If the D rating is 0; X; or U, then no E rating
and R ratings are given. If the D rating is 1; 2; 3 or 4, an E rating and R Rating have to be given. These
rating requirements are summarised in Table 4.
Table 4 DER-ratings Requirements
Degree Extent Relevancy Interpretation
X Leave blank Leave blank Item not applicable
U Leave blank Leave blank Not able to inspect item
0 Leave blank Leave blank No defects visible on item
1, 2, 3 or 4 Must be entered Must be entered Visible defect(s) present on item
There is a restriction that the R-rating cannot be more than one point higher than the D-rating.
Certain D & R combinations are therefore not valid, as indicated in Table 5.

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Table 5 Allowable Degree and Relevancy Combinations
D&R R=1 R=2 R=3 R=4

D=1 1-1 1-2 Not valid Not valid
D=2 2-1 2-2 2-3 Not valid
D=3 3-1 3-2 3-3 3-4
D=4 4-1 4-2 4-3 4-4
4.3 Procedure for Rating of Defects
Each inspection item (and sub-item) must be inspected. During the inspection, all defects on the item
being inspected are identified. The inspector then has to decide which one of the identified defects is
the worst defect. This would usually be the defect with the highest relevancy rating. The defect identified
as the worst defect is then rated in terms of D, E and R. This becomes the rating for that inspection item
or sub-item.
The rest of the identified defects on the inspection item or sub-item are recorded for maintenance/repair
purposes, but are not rated in terms of D, E and R.

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4.4 Illustration of Extent Rating
A diagrammatical illustration of Extent (E) is given in the table below:

E=1
  
Description Local
   


E=2  
  
 
 

Description More than local
      
    
E=3   
   
    
        
Description Less than general
                 
                     
              
E=4                    
               
                     
             
Description General

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Road Structure Management Part A.5: Overview of Defects on Structures
5 Overview of Defects on Structures
5.1 Introduction
The identification of defects on structures forms the basis of the management system. Relevant defects
that have consequences with regards the safety of users and the structural or functional integrity of the
structure must be identified and rated.
The main types of defects are:
 Deficiencies;
o Design deficiencies;
o Construction deficiencies; and
o Material performance related deficiencies.
 Damage; and
 Deterioration.
5.2 Types of Defects
5.2.1 Defects related to design deficiencies

Defects which are associated with deficiencies in:
 Design assumptions;
 Analysis;
 Design calculations;
 Detailing; and
 Geotechnical assumptions.
5.2.2 Defects related to construction deficiencies

Defects which are associated with construction deficiencies, such as:
 Incorrect placement of reinforcement;

 Lack of cover;
 Inadequate curing; and
 Poor workmanship and quality control.
A common defect associated with a construction deficiency is honeycombing. Honeycombed concrete

occurs when there are water leakages from the formwork during the placing of concrete or from badly
compacted concrete. Honeycombing becomes evident immediately after striking of formwork and
should be repaired by the contractor at the time of construction. If left unrepaired, it could lead to
corrosion of reinforcement or to the reduction in the load carrying capacity of the structural element
concerned

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5.2.3 Defects related to material performance deficiencies

These types of defect are normally noticed as abnormal deflections, cracking and other problems soon
after or even during construction.
5.2.4 Defects related to damage

Damage is caused by a number of events, such as:
 Fire;
 Natural elements (earthquakes, floods, etc.);
 Foundation settlement;
 Impact;
 Scour;
 Constraint;
 Undermining and
 Overloading.
5.2.5 Defects related to deterioration

Deterioration of a structure can be caused by a number of factors, such as:
 Delamination;
 Spalling;
 Cracking;
 Carbonation;
 Chloride penetration;
 Efflorescence and discolouration;
 Alkali-aggregate reaction;
 Other chemical attack; and
 Corrosion and fatigue of structural steel.
5.2.5.1 Delamination and Spalling

Delamination occurs when a surface layer of concrete separates from the member mass. The primary
cause is corrosion of the reinforcement. It can also be caused by fire. A spall is formed when
delaminated material becomes dislodged.
5.2.5.2 Cracking
Reinforced concrete is designed with the knowledge that concrete will crack under tensile stresses. In
many cases cracking does not present a problem and no treatment is required.
Cracks can form before hardening of concrete due to:
 Early frost damage;

 Plastic shrinkage;
 Plastic settlement; or

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 Construction related movement.
Cracks can form after hardening of concrete due to:
 Drying shrinkage;
 Corrosion of reinforcement;
 Alkali-aggregate reaction;
 Freeze and thaw cycles;
 Thermal contraction;
 Structural reasons; and
 Creep
Table 6 Crack Width Ranges for Structural Concrete
Description of Crack Width of Crack

Hairline < 0.1 mm
Narrow 0.1 - 0.3 mm
Medium 0.3 - 0.7 mm
Wide > 0.7 mm
5.2.5.3 Carbonation
Corrosion of reinforcement is inhibited in the presence of a strong alkaline environment by the formation
of a film of iron oxide on the surface of the embedded reinforcement. Carbonation takes place when
carbon dioxide in the air reacts with the calcium hydroxide in the concrete to neutralize the alkaline
environment. The protective layer is thus neutralized by carbonation.
The rate of carbonation depends on the permeability of the concrete, relative humidity, concentration
of carbon dioxide present and the seasonal drying and wetting cycles.
5.2.5.4 Chloride penetration

Chloride penetration is normally present in structures exposed to a marine environment or in structures
subject to the use of de-icing salts to melt snow and ice on road surfaces (not common in southern
Africa).
Chloride can also be present in concrete through the use of chloride contaminated sand (such as beach
sand) to manufacture the concrete.
5.2.5.5 Efflorescence and discolouration

Efflorescence is evidenced by white deposits that sometimes leach out of concrete. It results from
migration of salts in solution to the surface of the concrete where they crystallize. It can sometimes be
visible as stalactites hanging from the deck soffit.
Efflorescence does not influence the durability of the concrete.

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5.2.5.6 Alkali-aggregate reaction

Alkali-aggregate reaction occurs when water-soluble alkalis released from the hydrating cement react
with the aggregate to form a gel. The gel swells when it absorbs water. The concrete cracks if the swell
pressure exceeds the tensile strength of the concrete.
5.2.5.7 Chemical attack

Acid rain is generally the most common cause of chemical attack in bridge structures in southern Africa.
Acid rain is found in heavily air polluted zones where emissions of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide
react with water molecules in the atmosphere to produce acids. Accelerated deterioration will occur in
concrete surfaces that are exposed to these acids.
5.2.5.8 Corrosion and fatigue of steel

When the corrosion protection system fails, steel corrodes with the resultant loss of structural strength.
Cyclic loading may cause fatigue cracking which can result in sudden failure with little warning.
5.3 Common Bridge Defects
5.3.1 Rotation of Abutments, Wingwalls and Retaining Walls

Abutments, wingwalls and retaining walls founded on spread footings on compressible materials are
likely to rotate because of the following reasons:
 Imbalance in forces acting behind and in front of the abutment or walls;

 The material behind the abutment or walls has a tendency to be compacted more than in front;
 If skidding, braking, temperature and earthquake forces are taken by the abutment, this will
aggravate the forward rotation of the abutment; and
 Triangular stress distribution under the abutment footing. The higher pressure being in the
front of the base.
For all of the above reasons it is important to look for tell-tale signs, which would indicate the forward
rotation. These could be the following:
 Closing up of expansion joints at abutments;

 At abutments, the gap between the back wall and the deck has closed up;
 Excessive movement of abutment bearings towards the abutment back wall. This could be
seen in mechanical as well as elastomeric bearings;
 Locking in of locating keys in skew decks;
 Secondary stresses resulting in unusual cracks in adjacent deck; and
 Large rotations of skew decks.
5.3.2 Longitudinal Members (Bridges)

 Spalled concrete in the vicinity of bearings could indicate high edge pressures;
 The outermost beams in overpasses of beam and slab construction are particularly vulnerable
to damage from over height vehicles. The minimum clearance should be checked at these
points;

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 A map of cracking of the main members should be produced, so that the implications in terms
of strength and durability can be carefully examined. Diagonal cracks close to supports could
indicate an incipient shear failure, whereas evenly spread vertical cracks at centre of span
could indicate normal flexural cracks. All reinforced concrete members under tension action
are likely to crack. The size and penetration of cracks need to be investigated to determine if
the cracking is severe; and
 The effects of temperature differences should be considered at an early stage in
investigations.
Prestressed concrete bridges should be given special attention and checked for the following additional
defects:
 Longitudinal cracks in the flanges close to the supports may indicate insufficient transverse
reinforcement, while transverse cracks in beams could indicate serious loss of prestress or
the incorrect original positioning of the prestressing cables;
 Spalling or cracking of concrete may also occur near bearings or cable anchorages often due
to inadequate design; and
 In box girders with access openings, the interior faces of flanges and webs need to be
examined for signs of cracking.
5.3.3 Transverse Members (Bridges)

Defects in transverse members are similar to longitudinal members except that the relevancy of the
defects is likely to be lower. This is because of transverse members being treated as secondary to the
longitudinal members in the design of decks. Should a failure occur in transverse members, the loads
would transfer to the longitudinal members and the deck would be saved.
Where the transverse members are being used as the main structural member, such as in the case of
supports to bearings or end blocks to external prestress cables, they are to be treated similarly to the
longitudinal members.
5.3.4 Decks and Slabs

The following types of defect occur typically on decks and slabs:
 Cracking - structural, restrained, shrinkage and temperature, material (bad mix or chemical
attack) and workmanship (construction);
 Scaling - loss of mortar and aggregate on horizontal surfaces exposed to the weather and
traffic and on other surfaces caused by frost or chloride damage;
 Spalling - loss of concrete between fracture surfaces;
 Corrosion of reinforcement - leads to discolouration of surfaces and in extreme cases to
cracking and spalling
 Leakage - occurs at construction joints, where there is risk of cracking in thin component
sections of the deck, e.g. at kerbs and in in-situ concrete topping over or between prestressed
beams.
 Leaching - Seepage of water through cracks and voids in the hardened concrete may dissolve
out calcium hydroxide and other constituent materials in the concrete. Most evident on the
soffit of decks and take the form of staining, efflorescence or encrustation at cracks. It can

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present a corrosion threat to reinforcement, because of the gradual loss of alkalinity of the
concrete.
 Porous or pervious concrete - Ingress of water leads to corrosion of reinforcement. More
susceptible to chemical attack. Occurs where good compaction of concrete is difficult, as in
densely reinforced slabs and in corners of formwork.
 Wear of deck surface - Where deck forms the running surface for traffic.
 Excessive deformation, deflection or vibration - Deck too slender and under-designed.
 Accidental damage - Most common is from damage to overpasses by over height vehicles.
 Chemical attack - Occurs in aggressive industrial environments or in coastal regions. Causes
surface crumbling.
5.3.5 Foundations
Specialist work is required when the foundation material under a base is to be re-instated. Because of
the restricted space, it is difficult to obtain proper compaction, so mass concrete or soilcrete is often
used.
When considering the stability of the abutment, wall or pier it is important to establish whether the
foundation is piled or on spread footings and what the founding material is. The structural integrity of a
pile cap where the piles are founded on rock will be less affected with regards to undermining when
compared to a spread footing founded on sand
Settlements in foundations can be checked by visual sighting along railings and walls, noting both the
vertical and horizontal alignment.
Shallow pile caps have a tendency to develop vertical tension cracks between two adjacent piles. These
cracks sometimes extend into the columns. Such cracks must be monitored as they can cause the
collapse of the pier and the bridge if there is corrosion of the reinforcement.
5.3.6 Scour Damage

Scour damage will not affect structural integrity of structure in the following cases:
 Where spread footings are founded directly onto competent rock and the design allows for
the flood forces to act on the full height of the pier and superstructure and overturning is
resisted by the mass of the structure; and
 Foundations on piles where piles are founded on or in competent rock and the design has
taken account of realistic scour depths under the action of corresponding hydrodynamic
forces.
Structural integrity may be affected in the following cases:
 Spread footings founded on erodible material such as a boulder layer;

 Piled foundations which depend partly or fully on friction rather than fully end bearing; and
 Piled foundations which have been designed as end bearing piles founded on erodible
material such as a boulder layer.
Other important aspects to be aware of when inspecting foundations in a river:

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 The effect of scour will be greatest on pier foundations located on the outside of a bend;
 Should a second bend exist just upstream of the bend at the structures, but is in the opposite
direction scouring will be further increased;
 A very sandy river bed will be more susceptible to scour;
 The location, lateral dimensions and depth of scour holes should be noted and, if possible,
recorded photographically;
 Scouring is often aggravated by changes in the river's regime due to natural and man-made
causes, such as earth slippage, property development and removal of sand from the river just
upstream of the bridge;
 Wall type piers designed for a given direction of flow will become more susceptible to scour
should the river change its flow path.
5.4 Ancillary Bridge Elements
Ancillary bridge elements include the following:
 Expansion joints;
 Bearings;
 Parapets and end blocks;
 Drainage;
 Embankment protection; and
 Surfacing
5.4.1 Typical expansion joint defects

 Inadequate allowance for movement;
 Poor detail at kerbs and sidewalks;
 Armoured edges of joints not continuous;
 Poor quality materials used in asphaltic plug type joints, resulting in segregation of aggregate
and binder leaving permeable stone pockets;
 “Press fit” joints working out of joint over time;
 Epoxy nosing failure;
 Loosening or movement of the joint and its components;
 Irregularity of vertical profile. One part of the joint may become vertically displaced relative to
the other;
 Leakage of water through joints;
 Cracking of surfacing at buried joints.
5.4.2 Typical bearing defects

 Corrosion;
 Delamination;
 Seizure;
 Deformation;
 Movement capacity exceeded;

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 Incorrect orientation;
 Overloaded; and
 Plinth failure.
5.4.3 Typical parapet and end block defects

 Lack of concrete cover to reinforcement and general concrete defects;
 Collision / impact damage;
 Guardrail not attached to end block;
 Top rail missing;
 Expansion joint and inspection eye cover plates missing;
 Corrosion of steel items;
 Failed guardrail fixing to parapet ; and
 Inadequate handrail height.
5.4.4 Typical drainage defects

 Blocked drainage/weep holes;
 No drainage or weep holes provided;
 Scuppers not extended below soffit;
 Drainage outlets not extended through walls;
 No drainage provided to deck voids;
 Blowing of water on structure;
 Inadequate falls on surfacing and deck, preventing the drainage of water to drainage; and
 No drains in void formers. In voided decks drains should be provided to remove water from
the lowest points of voids.
5.4.5 Typical embankment protection defects

 Embankment erosion;
 Inadequate side drain, gutter and down chutes;
 Damaged gabion boxes and mattresses;
 Settlement of protection works;
 Missing protection works; and
 Unwanted vegetation.
5.4.6 Typical Surfacing Defects

The defects most commonly experienced with surfacing on decks are:
 Cracking;
 Excessive deformation; and
 Loss of skid resistance.
5.5 Typical Defects on Steel Structures
 Corrosion;

5-8
 Cracking;
 Fracture;
 Excessive vibration and noise;
 Deformation and deflection;
 Buckling, kinking, warping and waviness;
 Loose bolts and rivets;
 Deterioration of the protective system;
 Excessive wear; and
 Accumulation of water in closed members.
5.6 Typical Defects on Cellular Bridges and Major Culverts
Typical defects on cellular bridges and major culverts over and above those listed in section 5.2 include:
 Rotation of headwalls and wingwalls;

 Cracking of concrete elements;
 Spalling of concrete elements;
 Corrosion of reinforcement;
 Undermining of apron slabs, invert slabs, and foundations;
 Scaling due to loss of mortar and aggregate on inverts slabs;
 Silting-up or blockages of cells;
 Rotation of cells; and
 Erosion of embankments.
5.7 Typical Retaining Wall Defects
Typical defects on retaining walls over and above those listed in section 5.2 include:
 Excessive movements;
 Piling defects;
 Post tensioned anchor defects;
 Block wall defects;
 Soil nail defects;
 Sprayed concrete defects;
 Defects in soil strengthening or stabilization;
 Defects in gabions meshes and boxes;
 Loss of gabion stones; and
 Defects in mechanically stabilized earth.
5.8 Typical Gantry Defects
Typical defects in gantries include:
 Corrosion of steel elements;

 Loose and missing nuts on anchor bolts;

5-9
 Snapped anchor bolt shafts;

 Corrosion of the welded site connection;
 Deterioration of paint system;
 Traffic impact or collision damage;
 Failed welds;
 Failed steel element;
 Damaged or deteriorated sign boards; and
 Foundation and plinth concrete cracks and spalls.
5.9 Typical Road Tunnel Defects
Typical defects in road tunnels over and above those listed in section 5.2 include:
 Excessive movements;
 Excessive water seepage;
 Damage to concrete including impact and rock-fall damage;
 Defects to road surface;
 Expansion joint defects;
 Lighting defects;
 Defects in steep cuttings;
 Electrical defects;
 Ventilation system defects; and
 Air quality.
The following items generally only apply to major tunnels (e.g. the Huguenot Tunnel) and can be
grouped as “Operational Services”:
 Tunnel monitoring defects (CCTV, fire and smoke detectors, computers, etc.);
 Traffic control defects (variable speed signs, variable message signs, traffic lights, booms,
electronic control, etc.);
 Communication system defects (Emergency lighting, PA system, etc.)
 Ventilation system defects (Vents, fans, electronic control etc.);
 Power supply defects (cabling, switchgear, UPS, generators etc.); and
 Water supply defects (Water treatment, storage tanks, pumps, water pipes, fire hydrants,
electronic control, etc.).
5.10 Typical Light Mast Defects
Typical defects in light masts include:
 Inadequate foundation system (light mast leaning);

 Foundation and plinth concrete cracks and spalls;
 Loose and missing anchor bolts nuts;
 Snapped anchor bolt shafts;
 Failed welds due to, for example, fatigue;
 Failed steel sections due to, for example, inadequate thickness or strength;

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 Deterioration of the corrosion protection system;

 Corrosion of steel elements;
 Traffic impact or collision damage;
 Defective light fittings and fixings;
 Defective light fitting access system;
 Defective electrics and cabling;
 Defective access hatch to electrical controls; and
 Inadequate cable theft preventative measures.

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Road Structure Management Part A.6: Inspection Items and Inspection Sheets
6 Inspection Items and Inspection Sheets
6.1 Introduction
For inspection purposes, a structure is divided into a number of inspection items. Inspection items are
predefined structural elements and ancillary items that are typically assessed separately to determine
their condition. The conditions of the items are consolidated to determine the condition of the structure.
In some cases, items are made up of discrete yet similar parts (e.g. bridge piers). For the purpose of
the condition assessment, these parts or “sub-items” are assessed individually. The condition of such
an item is based on the condition of the sub-items. The number of inspection items is a function of the
structure type, while the number of sub-items is generally a function of the size of the structure, such
as the number of bridge spans or culvert cells.
6.2 Inspection Items per Structure Type
Defects are identified and rated at inspection item level and where applicable at sub-item level. The
number of inspection items per structure type is summarised in Table 7.
Table 7 Number of Inspection Items per Structure Type
Structure Type Number of Inspection Items

Bridge (General) 21
Bridge (Arch) 21
Bridge (Cable) 21
Bridge (Cellular) 14
Culvert (Major) 14
Culvert (Lesser) 5
Retaining Wall 7
Gantry 8
Road Tunnel 8
The actual inspection items per structure type are listed in Table 8 to Table 13 in the next section.
6.3 Inspection Sub-items per Structure Type
For inspection items that consist of sub-items, defects are rated at the sub-item level. For example, for
a Bridge (General) type structure, one of the inspection items is “Abutment”. Most bridges have two
abutments and each abutment is inspected separately. The inspection item “Abutment” would therefore
have two sub-items, namely “Abutment 1” and “Abutment 2”.
The inspection items per structure type for Bridge (General), Bridge (Arch) and Bridge (Cable) with the
number of sub-items per inspection item are summarised in Table 8 and for Bridge (Cellular) and Culvert
(Major) in Table 9.

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Table 8 Inspection Items and Sub-items for Bridge (General, Arch and Cable)
Inspection Item Number of Sub-items

Bridge - General Bridge – Arch Bridge – Cable
General Items:
1 Approach embankments No. of Abutments No. of Abutments No. of Abutments
2 Guardrails Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable
3 Waterway Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable
4 Approach embankment No. of Abutments No. of Abutments No. of Abutments
protection work
5 Abutment foundations No. of Abutments No. of Abutments No. of Abutments
6 Abutments No. of Abutments No. of Abutments No. of Abutments
7 Wing/retaining walls No. of Abutments No. of Abutments No. of Abutments
8 Surfacing Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable
9 Superstructure drainage Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable
10 Kerbs/sidewalks Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable
11 Parapets/handrails Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable
Support Items:
12 Pier protection works No. of Piers No. of Piers plus No. of Piers plus
No. of Springings No. of Pylons
13 Pier foundations No. of Piers No. of Piers plus No. of Piers plus
14 Piers & columns No. of Piers No. of Piers plus No. of Piers plus
15 Bearings No. of Piers plus No. of Piers plus No. of Piers plus
No. of Abutments No. of Abutments No. of Abutments
plus plus
No of Springings No. of Pylons
16 Support drainage No. of Piers plus No. of Piers plus No. of Piers plus
plus plus
17 Expansion joints No. of Piers plus No. of Piers plus No. of Piers plus
plus plus
Span Items:
18 Longitudinal members in No of Spans No. of Spans plus No. of Spans plus
the deck No. of Arches No. of Cable Groups*
19 Transverse members in No of Spans No. of Spans plus No. of Spans
the deck No. of Arches
20 Deck slab No of Spans No. of Spans plus No. of Spans
No. of Arches
Miscellaneous Item:
21 Items not covered under Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable
Items 1 to 20

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Bridge - General Bridge – Arch Bridge – Cable
*A Cable Group is defined as the cables supporting a span of a cable type bridge or the cables
extended to an anchorage point or anchorage chamber behind a bridge abutment where no span is
supported. Examples of Cable Groups are the main suspension cables and hangers supporting a
span of a suspension bridge, the stay cables supporting a span of a cable stayed bridge or the
hangers supporting a span of an arch bridge
Table 9 Inspection Items and Sub-items for Bridge (Cellular) and Culvert (Major)

General Items:
1 Apron slabs & cut off walls No. of embankments
2 Wing / return / head walls No. of embankments
3 Scour protection works (in river) No. of embankments
4 Embankments No. of embankments
5 Waterway Not applicable
6 Road slabs Not applicable
7 Roadway joints Not applicable
8 Guardrails Not applicable
9 Parapets/handrails Not applicable
Cell Items:
10 Walls No. of Cells
11 Top slab No. of Cells
12 Invert slab No. of Cells
13 Cell displacement No. of Cells
Miscellaneous Item:
14 Items not covered under items 1 to 13 Not applicable
The inspection items for structure type Culvert (Lesser) are summarised in Table 10.
Table 10 Inspection Items and Sub-items for Culvert (Lesser)

1 Inlet Works Not applicable
2 Outlet Works Not applicable
3 Barrel(s) Not applicable
4 Waterway Not applicable
5 Embankments Not applicable
The inspection items for structure type Retaining Wall are summarised in Table 11.

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Table 11 Inspection Items and Sub-items for Retaining Wall

General Items:
1 External Drainage Not applicable
2 Slope Protection Not applicable
Wall Items
3 Walls Not applicable
4 Joints Not applicable
5 Internal Drainage Not applicable
6 Foundations Not applicable
Miscellaneous Item:
The inspection items for structure type Gantry are summarised in Table 12.
Table 12 Inspection Items and Sub-items for Gantry

General Items:
1 Guardrails Not applicable
Gantry Items
2 Foundations No. of Vertical Members
3 HD Bolts and Base Plates No. of Vertical Members
4 Vertical Members No. of Vertical Members
5 Horizontal Members No. of Horizontal Members
6 Sign Face No. of Horizontal Members
7 Sign Fasteners No. of Horizontal Members
Miscellaneous Item:
The inspection items for structure type Road Tunnel are summarised in Table 13.
Table 13 Inspection Items and Sub-items for Road Tunnel

Portal Items
1 Portals No. of Portals
2 Slope Protection No. of Portals
3 Rock Fall Protection No. of Portals
General Items
4 Drainage Not applicable
5 Road Surface Not applicable
Tunnel Bore Items
6 Lining No. of Panels
7 Joints No. of Panels

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Miscellaneous Item:
8 Operational Services (see 5.9) No. of operational
services
6.4 Inspection Forms
Inspection data is collected during the visual inspection of structures. Inspections are carried out by
completing standard inspection forms per structure type. These inspection forms list all the inspection
items and sub-items applicable to the particular structure type.
Examples of inspection forms for the following structure types are presented in Appendix A3:
 Bridge (General);
 Bridge (Arch);
 Bridge (Cable);
 Bridge (Cellular);
 Culvert (Major);
 Retaining Wall;
 Gantry; and
 Road Tunnel.
Appendix A3 also includes inspection forms for routine inspections, normally carried out by routine road
maintenance staff, of the following structure or inspection types:
 Culvert (Lesser);
 Waterway Inspection; and
 Light Mast.
The inspection forms included in Appendix A3 can be downloaded from the SANRAL website in MS
Excel and pdf format.
6.5 Structure Orientation Sketches
A structure orientation sketch should be provided with each inspection to indicate the orientation of the
structure and the numbering of the sub-items. This sketch can be drawn in the space provided on the
inspection form or as a separate scanned sketch if the space provided on the inspection form is not
adequate. The scanned structure orientation sketch should be saved as an inspection photo. Examples
of structure orientation sketches are presented in Figure 4.

6-5
Figure 4 Examples of Structure Orientation Sketches

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Road Structure Management Part A.7: Inspection Procedure and Quality Assurance
7 Inspection Procedure and Quality Assurance
7.1 Types of Inspections
7.1.1 Principal Inspections

A Principal Inspection is a comprehensive visual inspection of the whole structure and forms the basis
of the road structure management system. It has to be carried out by suitably qualified personnel
experienced in structural design and maintenance. Principal Inspections should be carried out every 5
years.
7.1.2 Partial Inspections

During a Partial Inspection, only certain inspection items are inspected. One reason is that on some
structures certain inspection items can only be inspected with the use of specialised access equipment,
such as the Under Bridge Inspection Unit.
Partial Inspections are usually combined with inspection data for the remaining inspection items from
the most recent Principal Inspection to calculate the various condition indices for the structure.
7.1.3 Completion Inspections

Completion Inspections are carried out after the completion of maintenance or rehabilitation on a
structure, either by the client or by the consultant that was responsible for the maintenance/rehabilitation
project. The purpose of this inspection is to assign new ratings to those inspection items that have been
repaired or rehabilitated. Depending on the extent of the maintenance work, Completion Inspections
can take the form of a Principal Inspection or a Partial Inspection. Completion Inspections are also
carried out after the completion of a new structure and in this case will be carried out as a Principal
Inspection.
7.2 Inspections to be Carried Out by Routine Road Maintenance Staff
7.2.1 Culvert (Lesser) Inspections

Inspections of lesser culvert should be carried out at least once a year and can be carried out by routine
road maintenance staff after attending a training course. These inspections must be carried out using
the Culvert (Lesser) inspection form, included in Appendix A3. The required remedial activities must be
recorded using the remedial activity list for Culvert (Lesser) included in Appendix A4.
7.2.2 Waterway Inspections

Waterway inspections refer to inspections to be carried out on all structures crossing a waterway. These
inspections should be carried out at least once a year or after any significant storm event. Such
inspections can be carried out by routine road maintenance staff after attending a training course. These
inspections must be carried out using the Waterway inspection form, included in Appendix A3. The
required remedial activities must be recorded using the applicable remedial activities from the remedial
activity lists for bridges and culverts included in Appendix A4.

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7.2.3 Light Mast Inspections

Inspections of light mast should be carried out at least once a year and can be carried out by routine
road maintenance staff after attending a training course. These inspections must be carried out using
the Light Mast inspection form, included in Appendix A3. The required remedial activities must be
recorded using the remedial activity list for light masts included in Appendix A4. A suitably defined mast
number as well as GPS co-ordinates should be used to identify a single mast with a unique defect.
7.3 Requirements for Accreditation of Inspectors
Inspectors will be accredited through the COTO Structures Sub-committee as either Senior Bridge
Inspectors; Bridge Inspectors; or Culvert Inspector. Only accredited inspectors will be allowed to carry
out visual assessments of road structures. The requirements to be accredited includes professional
registration requirements; design experience requirements; and training requirements.
7.3.1 Professional registration and design experience requirements

7.3.1.1 Bridge Inspector
Professional Engineers who have an absolute minimum of 5 years bridge and culvert design experience
obtained during the last 25 years or Professional Technologists who have a minimum of 10 years bridge
and culvert design experience obtained during the last 25 years. Experience put forward must be
personal design experience and does not include signing off designs done by others. Managers in
charge of structural design, who do not have the required years of personal design experience
themselves, do not qualify. Time spent on site does not qualify as design experience towards
accreditation.
7.3.1.2 Senior Bridge Inspector

Professional Engineers with a minimum of 15 years full time personal bridge design experience
accumulated over their career. Professional Technologists with 20 years’ experience of a similar
senior/team leading nature in bridge design will also be considered. Applicants, at the COTO Structures
Subcommittee Accreditation Panel’s discretion, may be required to attend an interview to confirm their
eligibility. It is of utmost importance that the applicant also has personal design experience in continuous
prestressed bridges as well extensive other experience. Ideally such a candidate will also be in a senior
position involving the overseeing and advising of more junior bridge designers. As such, the candidate
will have made bridges and the management of bridges their full time career and will be conversant
with all aspects of the management of road structures from design through to construction, maintenance
and repair. The design experience put forward must be personal experience and does not include
merely signing off designs done by others. Managers in charge of design sections, who do not have the
required years of personal design experience themselves, do not qualify.
7.3.1.3 Road Tunnel Inspector

The requirement for this category is for the inspector to be an accredited Senior Bridge Inspector.
7.3.1.4 Culvert Inspector

A qualified technician, technologist or engineer with an absolute minimum of 5 years bridge and culvert
design experience obtained during the last 20 years. Structural design experience will also be

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considered. Time spent on site does not qualify as design experience towards accreditation.
7.3.1.5 Retaining Wall Inspector

The requirement for this category is for the inspector to be at least an accredited Culvert Inspector.
7.3.1.6 Gantry Inspector

The requirement for this category is for the inspector to be at least an accredited Culvert Inspector.
7.3.2 Training requirements for all inspector grades

In addition to the above experience and qualification, a person applying for accreditation to the COTO
Structures Sub-committee Accreditation Panel must have attended a course recognized by the COTO
Structures Subcommittee. The COTO-recognised Bridge Inspector Course presented for the purpose
of registering as a COTO Accredited Senior Bridge Inspector, Bridge Inspector or Culvert Inspector
shall be a two day course combining theory, practical and an examination. The content thereof shall be
aligned with the TMH19 document and pre-approved by the COTO Structures Subcommittee. The
course convenor or primary presenter shall be an accredited Senior Bridge Inspector. As part of the
COTO Structures Subcommittee accredited course, candidates will write an exam. Applicants applying
for accreditation must have passed this exam. The examination shall be independently set and marked
by an organisation approved by the COTO Structures Subcommittee. The issued certificate reflecting
the approved exam result by an approved examiner is the only COTO Structures Subcommittee
recognised certificate that may be issued for the purpose of applying for accreditation.
The required experience must have already been obtained before attending the course. The required
design experience is a key requirement towards accreditation as an inspector. Those that have the
required experience at the time of attending the course, but are not professionally registered at that
time, may apply for accreditation as soon as they have obtained professional registration. Applications
in such cases should be received not later than 12 months of the course attendance. This time period
allowed may be extended in special cases at the sole discretion of the COTO Structures Sub-committee
Accreditation Panel.
The professional responsibility of the inspector is paramount, because when failures occur, the
inspection data often will form part of court cases. Inspectors assume a serious responsibility when they
are accredited and inspect structures on behalf of a client.
The COTO Structures Subcommittee reserves the right to require accredited inspectors to attend
refresher courses from time to time for their accreditation to remain valid. Generally this would be the
case if a 10-year period has lapsed since accreditation and the accredited inspector has not undertaken
inspections in that period. Each case will however be considered on its merits.
7.3.3 Summary of required inspector grade per structure class

The required inspector grade per structure class is summarised in Table 14. Special or strategic bridges
are bridges classified as such by a particular road authority.

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Table 14 Summary of required inspector grade per structure class
Structure Class Senior Bridge Inspector Bridge Inspector Culvert Inspector
Special or
Strategic Bridge
  
Bridge   
Major Culvert   
Retaining Wall   
Gantry   
Road Tunnel   
7.4 Requirements for Lesser Culvert, Light Mast and Waterway Inspectors
7.4.1 Lesser Culvert Inspector

The requirement to inspect a lesser culvert is a suitable technical person trained in the use of the rating
system and inspection form.
7.4.2 Light Mast Inspector

The requirement to inspect a light mast is a suitable technical person trained in the use of the rating
system and inspection form.
7.4.3 Waterway Inspector

The requirement to carry out a waterway inspection is a suitable technical person trained in the use of
the rating system and inspection form.
7.5 Procedure for Visual Inspections
Prior to commencing with a round of inspections, the Road Authority should arrange an orientation
meeting with all the inspectors. During this orientation meeting, the specific requirements of the Road
Authority must be communicated to the inspectors. This should include a list of inventory data items
that have to be captured or confirmed during the inspection. An important issue to be clarified during
the orientation meeting is how to deal with structural elements not complying with current specifications
or requirements. For example, the parapets and handrails on older bridges might not comply with
current specifications and the Road Authority must give guidance on whether this should be rated as a
defect in itself or whether the inspector should only rate defects present on the current parapet or
handrail.
The next step is for inspectors to study any available drawings and inventory data of the structure prior
to carrying out the visual inspection. This will assist the inspector in understanding how the structure
behaves as a result of temperature variation, settlement, rotation, live and dead loads etc. and facilitate
the identification of the causes of various defects.

7-4
When arriving on site, a walkthrough of the structure should be done to obtain a general appreciation
of the condition of the structure. During the walkthrough some of the required inventory photos (see
Section 3.8) could also be taken.
The inspection forms (see Section 6.4) are specific to the structure type and cover all items applicable
to the type of structure. The inspector selects an item with which to start the inspection and then
proceeds through the structure in a systematic manner. Using a bridge as an example, the inspector
may start with one of the approaches of the bridge, followed by the sub-structure, bearings and deck
soffit, then the opposite approach and finally the top of the bridge deck, including parapets, guardrail,
surfacing and deck joints, ensuring that no items or sub-items are overlooked.
When evaluating an inspection item, the inspector must identify all visible defects on the item. The
inspector must decide which of these defects is the most severe for the item under consideration and
must then allocate a Degree (D), Extent (E) and Relevancy (R) rating to the most severe defect. The
most severe defect would usually be the one with the highest Relevancy rating.
If a defect is critical to the structural integrity such that collapse is imminent or where public safety risk
is considered high, such a defect should be recorded as Make Safe (MS) and should receive immediate
attention. The inspector should immediately alert the authorities to implement appropriate safety
measures to ensure the safety of the user. The “Make Safe” box on the inspection form must be ticked
and proof of the communication should be kept, clearly indicating the Road Authority and person(s)
contacted.
Once the inspector has rated the most severe defect for the item, the remedial work sheet can be
completed. Each defect type applicable to the inspection item, including the most severe defect, must
be allocated at least one remedial activity item from the applicable remedial activity list with the
estimated quantity and an urgency rating.
The next step is to photograph all the defect types applicable to the inspection item. One photo may be
sufficient to record a type of defect, but in many cases a close-up photo of the defect and one taken a
few metres away showing its location in relation to the item or structure would be necessary. The
photographic record sheet must be completed to record each photo. This contains a brief description
of the defect and the direction in which the photo was taken. Each photo should be uniquely numbered
and it is recommended that all photos be geo-tagged.
The inspector then moves to the next inspection item and repeats the process. Before leaving the site,
the inspector must ensure that the inspection sheet has been completed in full i.e. there should be
ratings for each item on the inspection form and remedial activities for all defects. If an element has no
defects; is not applicable; or is unable to be inspected, the appropriate value of D = 0; X; or U must be
recorded under the degree rating for such an element. The D-rating must not be left blank.
If cracks exist, it is sometimes beneficial to draw a freehand sketch of the crack pattern. This can provide
useful information in determining probable causes. Such a sketch can be scanned or photographed and
captured as a defect photo.
Inspections must be carried out during daylight, as it is easy to overlook defects, especially cracks,
when the light starts to fade. Culverts must be lit up when inspecting inside the barrels.

7-5
Equipment and material that are required for inspections include the following:
 Clipboard, pencil and eraser

 Notebook
 As-built drawings (if available)
 Torch
 Binoculars
 Digital camera (GPS enabled)
 Handheld GPS device (minimum of 5 m accuracy; WGS84 format)
 Access equipment, e.g. 6 m ladder
 Gumboots (for culvert inspections)
 Laser distance meter
 Crack width gauge
 Tape measure and
 Measuring wheel
 High-visibility vest
 Non-skid shoes/boots
 Amber flashing light
7.6 Requirements for Additional Inspections
Allowance has been made at the bottom of the inspection forms for identifying further inspections that
may be required. The intention is that where there is clearly a problem with the structure that cannot be
sufficiently identified with a visual inspection, the need and requirements for an additional inspection
can be described.
Typically this would be used in the following situations:
 Where a bridge is in a poor condition and the inspector can only get access to some of the
spans due to, for example, deep water, the inspector can request that a further inspection be
done using the Under-bridge Inspection Unit (UBIU) or a boat. Where the bridge is in good
condition and there is no indication, using binoculars, that the spans that cannot be inspected
are in a poor condition, it is not necessary to have further inspections;
 Where there are signs that a structure may collapse and a more detailed assessment of the
remaining strength is required, this can be indicated here. For example, if a culvert has a
severe crack in the soffit, this could be due to insufficient reinforcement in the top slab on the
one hand, or damage during construction on the other. The former is more critical than the
latter and can be identified by exposing and measuring the reinforcement across the crack;
and
 Where a problem on a structure falls outside the expertise of the inspector, further inspections
can be requested. An example would be a significant geotechnical failure to a retaining wall
or a tunnel.

7-6
7.7 Quality Assurance
The Quality Assurance for visual assessments includes Quality Control and Quality Acceptance
components.
Quality Control is an internal responsibility of the agent carrying out the assessment. These agents can
be the authorities own teams carrying out an in-house assessment or external service providers
appointed for the assessment. Visual assessments carried out by individuals without up to date
accreditation must be rejected. The accredited inspector is responsible for the quality control of the data
submitted to the Road Authority.
Quality acceptance is an external responsibility and must be undertaken by an organisation

independent of the assessment agent. Quality acceptance comprises the assessment of a
representative sample of at least 5% of all structures assessed. These results must be compared with
the assessment results for accuracy.
The checking procedure must include checking of the calculated indices and the degree, extent and
relevancy rating for individual defects. To ensure efficiency and minimise the losses that may be
incurred, the quality assurance checks must be completed within 2 weeks of completion of the
assessments in an area.
7.8 Occupational Health and Safety Requirements
Inspectors must at all times comply with all the relevant Occupational Health and Safety legislation. The
safety of the inspector and the traveling public must always be priority and inspectors should take note
of the following safety aspects:
 Always wear a safety vest and light coloured clothing;

 Non-skid shoes are essential;
 Always keep office staff informed of which structures will be inspected on a daily basis in case
of an emergency;
 Carry out inspections during daylight;
 Ensure culverts are lit up when inspecting inside the barrels;
 Always take an assistant with when doing inspections;
 Take care when inspecting culverts in areas prone to flash floods;
 No rope access may be used during inspections, unless the inspector has specifically been
trained for this; and
 Ladders must be used in the correct and safe manner.
When entering an enclosed space, special care is required. This especially applies to service culverts
and box-girder bridges which are not well-ventilated. There may be harmful gasses being released from
the service or insufficient oxygen present as concrete gives off carbon dioxide due to the on-going
chemical reaction and concrete can also absorb oxygen. Before the inspection, the structure must be
opened up and allowed to ventilate. Furthermore, the inspector must have an assistant on the outside
and keep in constant communication with him during the inspection. If the communication breaks down,
the assistant must take immediate action to get the inspector out of structure.

7-7
7.9 Inspection Photos
Inspection photographs are taken to indicate the location and details of defects. Inspection photos have
no set form and are based on the discretion of the inspector. At least one photo of each type of defect
on an inspection item is required. In many cases more than one photo of a defect would be required to
illustrate the defect adequately in terms of location and detail of the defect itself. A close-up view of the
defect and a view of the defect in relation to the overall structure or inspection item are required in most
cases.
It is important to record adequate information per inspection photo during the inspection to be able to
link the correct photo(s) to the correct defect on the correct structure. The camera photo numbers are
the only link between the structure, the defects and the inspection photos and it is recommended that
the camera photo number and relevant photo details are entered on a photo record sheet as the photos
are taken. Cameras that have “GPS tagging” functionality will assist with linking photos to the correct
structure, but cannot assist in linking the photo to the correct defect.
Each inspection photo must have a description attached to it in which the defect and the position of the
defect are described, e.g. “0.2 mm bending crack in deck slab of Span 2”.
When taking photographs of cracks, it is useful to outline the cracks with chalk or to include an object
in the photo to provide scale, such as a ruler or crack width gauge.

7-8
Road Structure Management Part A.8: Repair Cost Calculations
8 Repair Cost Calculations
8.1 Introduction
All defects identified during the inspection process have to be recorded for maintenance or repair
purposes. The following information has to be recorded per defect type per inspection item:
 Item Number;
 Position of Defect;
 Activity;
 Quantity;
 Urgency; and
 MS (Make Safe) (if applicable)
8.1.1 Item Number

Item number refers to the inspection item where the defect occurs. For example, if a crack occurs on a
pier, the item number for the remedial activity to repair the crack would be “Item 14: Piers and Columns”.
8.1.2 Position of Defect

Position of defect describes where on the inspection item the defect occurs and is indicated by way of
a code. For example, if a crack occurs on pier 2 of a five span bridge, the item number would be
“Item 14: Piers and Columns”, while the position of the defect (the crack in this case) would be indicated
as “P2” (for Pier 2). If similar cracks occur on all piers, the position of the defect would be indicated as
“AP” (for all piers).
8.1.3 Activity
Activity refers to the remedial activity required to repair the defect. For a crack, for example, the remedial
activity would be “Seal Crack”. Each remedial activity has an associated unit of measurement and unit
rate. For example, for the activity “Seal Crack”, the unit of measurement is m (metre) and the unit rate
R 590/m (2016 value).
8.1.4 Quantity
Quantity is the estimated quantity to repair the defect. Inspections are done at a network level and these
quantities are estimated as accurately as possible and in most cases not measured. The estimated
quantity multiplied by the unit rate provides the estimated cost to repair the defect.
8.1.5 Urgency
Urgency refers to when the defect should be repaired. The Urgency is indicated by way of the Urgency
Rating, which is a numerical rating as described in Section 8.2. The urgency rating is used to allocate
the cost to repair a defect to a specific budget period. The urgency rating must relate to the relevancy
rating. For example, a defect with a high relevancy rating would also have a high urgency to be repaired.

8-1
8.1.6 Make Safe

If a defect is critical to the structural integrity such that collapse is imminent or where public safety risk
is considered high, such a defect should be recorded as Make Safe (MS) and should receive immediate
attention. The inspector should immediately alert the authorities to implement appropriate safety
measures to ensure the safety of the user. Proof of the communication should be kept clearly indicating
the Road Authority and person(s) contacted.
The “Make Safe” box on the inspection form must be ticked.
8.2 Urgency Ratings
The available Urgency (U) ratings are presented in Table 15.
Table 15 Available Urgency (U) Ratings
U-Rating Description Remarks

1 Routine Use for remedial activities that have been identified as routine
activities by the Road Authority.
2 Within 10 With a five year inspection cycle, these are defects that only need to
years be repaired after the next round of principle inspections.
3 Within 5 These are defects that should be repaired before the next round of
years principle inspections.
4 As soon as These are defects that should be repaired as soon as possible. In
possible practical terms, it could take up to two years from the time that a
defect is identified during an inspection until a contractor is on-site to
carry out the repair.
Defects where public safety risk is considered high and that have to
receive immediate attention will get an urgency rating of 4, but has to
be marked as a “Make Safe” item and treated accordingly.
R Record only This urgency rating is used for defects for which no remedial work is
envisaged. Such defects would have a D-rating of 1 or 2 and an R-
rating of 1.
0 Monitor only This urgency rating is used for defects for which remedial work is not
envisaged for the foreseeable future. A monitoring frequency must be
indicated (e.g. 12, 24, 36 months). This urgency rating should not be
used frequently, as it is not always practical for a Road Authority to
monitor defects on structures, especially where the structures are
dispersed over a wide area, as is the case for national and provincial
roads authorities.
8.3 Remedial Activities
Remedial Activity lists are available for each structure type. These activity lists are included in this
document in Appendix A4.

8-2
8.4 Position Codes
In order to indicate the position of a defect and therefore also the position of the remedial activity, use
should be made of standardised position codes. Examples of position codes for the various structure
types are presented in Table 16 to Table 21. If a similar defect occurs on both abutments, for example
spalling, the position code of the remedial activity “Repair Spall” would be indicated as “BA” for “Both
Abutments”. The quantity of the remedial activity would then be the total volume of spalling to be
repaired on both abutments.
Table 16 Position Codes for Remedial Activities on Bridges (General; Arch; and Cable)
Code Description Examples

A Abutment Abutment 1: A1; Abutment 2: A2; Both Abutments: BA
Ar Arch Arch 1: Ar1; Arch 1 to Arch 3: Ar1-Ar3; Arch 1 and Arch 3: Ar1,Ar3
E Embankment Embankment 1: E1; Both Embankments: BE
G General
P Pier Pier 1: P1; Piers 1 to 3: P1-P3; Piers 1, 3 and 4: P1,P3,P4; All Piers:
AP
S Span Span 1: S1; Spans 1 to 3: S1-S3; Spans 1, 3 and 4: S1,S3,S4; All
Spans: AS
Sp Springing Springing 1: Sp1; Springing 1 to Springing 3: Sp1-Sp3; Springing 1 and
Springing 3: Sp1,Sp3
Py Pylon Pylon 1: Py1; Pylon 2 to 4: Py2-Py4; Pylon 1 and 3: Py1,Py3
CG Cable Group Cable Group 1: CG1; Cable Group 1 and 3: CG1,CG4
Table 17 Position Codes for Remedial Activities on Bridges (Cellular) and Culverts (Major)

C Cell Cell 1: C1; Cell 1 to Cell 3: C1-C3; Cell 2 and Cell 4: C2,C4; All cells: AC
E Embankment Embankment 1: E1; Both embankments: BE
G General
Ap Approach Approach 1: Ap1; Approach 2: Ap2; Both approaches: BAp
Table 18 Position Codes for Remedial Activities on Culverts (Lesser)

C Cell Cell 1: C1; Cell 1 to Cell 3: C1-C3; Cell 2 and Cell 4: C2,C4; All cells: AC
E Embankment Embankment 1: E1; Both embankments: BE
G General
Table 19 Position Codes for Remedial Activities on Retaining Walls

W Wall Wall 1: W1

8-3

E Embankment Embankment 1: E1
G General
Ap Approach Approach 1: Ap1
W Wall Wall 1: W1
E Embankment Embankment 1: E1
Table 20 Position Codes for Remedial Activities on Gantries

Vm Vertical Member Vertical Member 1: Vm1, Vertical Members 1 and 2: Vm1-Vm2
S Span Span 1: S1; Spans 1 to 3: S1-S3; Spans 1 and 3: S1,S4; All Spans: AS
G General
Table 21 Position Codes for Remedial Activities on Road Tunnels

Po Portals Portal 1: Po1; Portal 2: Po2; Both portals: BPo
Pa Panels Panel 1: Pa1, Panel 2 to 4: Pa2-Pa4; All panels: Apa
G General
Table 22 Position Codes for Remedial Activities on Light Masts

M Mast Mast 1: M1; Mast 2: M2
MG Mast Group Mast Group 1: MG1
G General

8-4
Road Structure Management Part A: Appendices
Appendices

Road Structure Management Part A: Appendix A1
Appendix A1. Inventory Information per Structure Type

A1-1
Table A1. 1 Common Inventory Items (R = Required and O = Optional)
(General/Arch/Cable)
Bridge
Bridge (Cellular)
Culvert (Major)
Culvert (Lesser)
Retaining Wall
Gantry
Tunnel
Item
Location Details
Route/Road Number R R R R R R R
Section Number R R R R R R R
Chainage km R R R R R R R
Road Name/Description R R R R R R R
Class Of Road R R R R R R R
District/Province/Municipality O O O O O O O
Region/Suburb O O O O O O O
Other Authority O O O O O O
Primary Feature Over O O O O
Primary Feature Over Name O O O O
Primary Feature Over Road Number O O O O
Primary Feature Over Road km O
Secondary Feature Over O O O
Secondary Feature Over Name O O O
Primary Feature Under O O O O
Primary Feature Under Name O O O
Primary Feature Under Road Number O
Primary Feature Under Road km O
Secondary Feature Under O O O
Secondary Feature Under Name O O O
Other/Old Bridge Number O O
Elevation O O O O O
Structure Orientation R R R O R R R
Direction of River Flow O O O O
Approach Embankment Orientation R
Embankment Orientation R R
Survey System R R R R R R R
GPS Coordinates: Longitude R R R R R R R
GPS Coordinates: Latitude R R R R R R R
Status R R R R R R R
Ownership R R R R R R R
Contract details
Design Engineers O O O O O O

A1-2
Bridge
Bridge (Cellular)
Culvert (Major)
Culvert (Lesser)
Retaining Wall
Gantry
Tunnel
Item
Contractor O O O O O O
Contract No. O O O O O O
Contract/Construction Cost O O O O O O
Year Completed R R R R R R
Completion Period O O O O O O
Escalated Cost O O O O O O
Total Cost O O O O O O
Design Characteristics
Design Live Loading O O O
Percentage Increase Due to Overloading O O O
Design Codes O O O
Temperature Range O
Temperature Gradient O
Wind Loads O
Frequency. O
Warrant History. O O
Hydraulic Data
Class Of Road O O O
Catchment Area (The Catchment Area Of The
River Up To The Point Where The Structure O O O
Crosses The River)
Flood Calculation Method O O O
Twenty Year Return Period Flood (Q20) O O O
Design Return Period (T) O O O
Design Peak Discharge (QT) O O O
Peak Discharge (Q2T) O O O
Regional Maximum Flood (QRMF) O O O
Average Slope (S) O O O
Natural Design Flood Level (NDFL) O O O
Natural Design Flow Depth (NDFD) O O O
Natural Design Flow Velocity (Vn) O O O
Backwater (Δh) O O O
Design High Flood Level (DHFL) For QT O O O
Design High Flood Level (DHFL) For Q2T: O O O

A1-3
Bridge
Bridge (Cellular)
Culvert (Major)
Culvert (Lesser)
Retaining Wall
Gantry
Tunnel
Item
Design Flow Velocity (Vn2) O O O

Required Freeboard O O O
Level Of Shoulder Break Point (SBP) O O O
Drainage
Support Drainage O
Superstructure Drainage O
Road Surface Drainage O O O O
Cell Drainage O O
Wing/Return Wall Drainage O O O
Seepage Drains O O O
Minimum Horizontal Clearances

The Minimum Horizontal Clearance O O O
The Date O O O
The Position O O O
Minimum Vertical Clearances

The Minimum Vertical Clearance R O O R R
The Date Recorded R O O R R
The Position Where Recorded R O O R R
Services in/on/under Structure

Service Type O O O O O
Service Description O O O O O
Service Location O O O O O
Service Responsible Authority O O O O O
Road Configuration, Traffic Volumes and Surfacing

Class of Road R R R R R R
Number of Carriageways O O O O O O
Number of Lanes/Dimensions O O O O O O
Number of Shoulders/Dimensions O O O O O O
Number of Sidewalks/Dimensions O O O O O O
Annual Average Daily Traffic O O O O O O
Year ADT Recorded O O O O O O
Percentage Heavy Vehicles O O O O O O

A1-4
Bridge
Bridge (Cellular)
Culvert (Major)
Culvert (Lesser)
Retaining Wall
Gantry
Tunnel
Item
Detour Length O O O O
Minimum Class of Detour O O O O
Surfacing on Deck O O O
Surfacing on Approaches. O O O
Archive Details
Project Number O O O O O O
Correspondence File Reference Number O O O O O O
Strip Map Number O O O O O O
Drawing Number O O O O O O
Drawing Title O O O O O O
Drawing Location O O O O O O
Drawing Type O O O O O O
Microfilm Number O O O O O O
Microfilm Title O O O O O O
Microfilm Location O O O O O O
Maintenance Agreements and Responsibilities

Responsibilities O O O O O O
Share of Costs O O O O O O
Agreement Number O O O O O O
Agreement Location O O O O O O
Maintenance History
Details O O O O O O
Designer O O O O O O
Contractor O O O O O O
Year Completed O O O O O O
Cost O O O O O O
Widening, Strengthening and Retrofitting

Details O O O
Designer O O O
Contractor O O O
Year Completed O O O
Cost O O O

A1-5
Table A1. 2 Inventory Items Specific to Bridge (General/Arch/Cable)
Required or Optional
Item Bridge Bridge Bridge
(General) (Arch) (Cable)
General Features
Bridge Type R R R
Number of Spans R R R
Number of Piers R R R
Number of Abutments R R R
Number of Arches R
Number of Cable Groups R
Facility Carried O O O
Bridge Description O O O
Deck Construction Method O O O
Parapet/Handrail Type O O O
Approach Slabs O O O
Abutment Galleries O O O
fcu Slabs O O O
fcu Beams O O O
fcu Piers O O O
fcu Abutments O O O
fcu Arches O
Dimensions, Geometry and Road Clearances

Overall Structure Length R R R
Overall Structure Width R R R
Total Deck Area (normally L x W) R R R
Angle of Skew R R R
Single/Dual Carriageway Over O O O
Direction of Traffic O O O
Minimum Width of Roadway between Kerbs R R R
Width of Approach Road R R R
Vertical Alignment O O O
Horizontal Alignment O O O
Camber/Crossfall O O O
Structural Features
Deck
Deck Position R R R
Deck Type O O O
Deck Material O O O
Deck Depth (Average) O O O
Deck Depth (Maximum) O O O

A1-6
Deck Depth (Minimum) O O O
Span Length O O O
Deck Soffit Profile O O O
Arches
Arch Position R
Arch Type O
Arch Material O
Arch Span R
Arch Rise O
Arch Thickness at Crown O
Arch Thickness at Springing O
Bearings
Bearing Position R R R
Bearing Type O O O
Bearings Fixity O O O
Expansion Joints
Expansion Joint Position R R R
Expansion Joint Type O O O
Expansion Joint Direction of Movement O O O
Piers
Pier Position R R R
Pier Type O O O
Pier Material O O O
Pier Foundation Type O O O
Pier Founding Material O O O
Pier Maximum Height R R R
Pier Foundation Maximum Depth O O O
Abutments
Abutment Position R R R
Abutment Type O O O
Abutment Material O O O
Abutment Foundation Type O O O
Abutment Founding Material O O O
Abutment Maximum Height R R R
Abutment Foundation Maximum Depth O O O
Springings
Springing Position R
Springing Material O
Springing Foundation Type O
Springing Founding Material O

A1-7
Cable Groups
Cable Group Position e.g. span no. and/or
R
abutment no. (backstay)
Cable Group Type e.g. suspension, stay, hanger O
Cable Group Material O
Cable Group Size O
Wing/Retaining Walls
Wing/Retaining Wall Position R R R
Wing/Retaining Wall Type O O O
Wing/Retaining Wall Material O O O
Wing/Retaining Wall Foundation Type O O O
Wing/Retaining Wall Founding Material O O O
Wing/Retaining Wall Maximum Height O O O
Wing/Retaining Wall Foundation Maximum Depth O O O
Embankment Protection
Embankment Position R R R
Embankment Protection Type O O O
Embankment Protection Material O O O
Embankment Protection Thickness O O O
Embankment Protection Slope O O O
Factors Influencing Field Inspection

Access Factors: Piers O O O
Access to Bearings O O O
Access to Inside of Box Girder O O O
Access to Deck Soffit O O O
Access to Abutment Galleries O O O
Traffic Volume O O O
Availability of Drawings O O O
General Information O O O

A1-8
Table A1. 3 Inventory Items Specific to Bridge (Cellular) and Culvert (Major)
Required or
Item
Optional
General Features
Number of Cells R
Cell Type O
Purpose of Bridge O
Parapet/Handrail Type O
Inlet/Outlet Walls Type O
Causeway O
Buried Structure O
Bridge Road Slabs O
Approach Road Slabs O
Floor Slope O
fcu Cells – Precast O
fcu Cells – In-situ O
fcu Apron Slabs & Cut-off Walls O
fcu Wing/Retaining Walls O
fcu Road Slabs O

Overall Structure Length R
Overall Structure Width R
Total Plan Area R
Average Cell Length R
Total Opening Area R
Maximum Cell Size: Width R
Maximum Cell Size: Height R
Maximum Fill Height R
Minimum Clear Width O
Angle of Skew O
Single/Dual Carriageway Over O
Direction of Traffic O
Minimum Width of Roadway R
Width of Approach Road R
Vertical Alignment O
Horizontal Alignment O
Camber/Crossfall O
Minimum Depth of Fill Over O
Slope of Invert Slab O
Structural Features
Cells

A1-9
Required or
Item
Optional
Cell Position R
Cell Material: Walls O
Cell Material: Top Slab O
Cell Foundation Type O
Cell Founding Material O
Cell Internal Width O
Cell Internal Height O
Invert Slabs
Invert Slab Position R
Invert Slabs Type O
Invert Slabs Material O
Invert Slabs Thickness O
Apron Slabs
Apron Slab Position R
Apron Slab Material O
Apron Slab Thickness O
Cut-off Walls
Cut-off Wall Position R
Cut-off Wall Material O
Cut-off Wall Width O
Cut-off Wall Depth O
Dissipators
Dissipators Position R
Dissipator Type O
Dissipator Material O
Wing/Retaining Wall Position R
Wing/Retaining Wall Type O
Wing/Retaining Wall Material O
Wing/Retaining Wall Foundation Type O
Wing/Retaining Wall Founding Material O
Wing/Retaining Wall Maximum Height O
Wing/Retaining Wall Foundation Maximum Depth O
Embankment Position R
Embankment Protection Type O
Embankment Protection Material O
Embankment Protection Thickness O
Embankment Protection Slope O

A1-10
Required or
Item
Optional
Access to Bridge/Culvert O
Effective Cell Opening O
Traffic Volume O
Availability of Drawings O
General Information O
Table A1. 4 Inventory Items Specific to Culvert (Lesser)
Required or
Item
Optional
General Features
Number of Cells R
Culvert Type O
Inlet/Outlet Walls Type O
Floor Slope O

Overall Structure Length O
Overall Structure Width O
Overall Cell Length O
Maximum Cell Size: Width R
Maximum Cell Size: Height R
Maximum Fill Height O
Minimum Depth of Fill Over O
Slope of Invert Slab O
Structural Features
Cells
Cell Position R
Cell Material: Walls O
Cell Material: Top Slab O
Cell Material: invert Slab O
Cell Internal Width R
Cell Internal Height R
Apron Slabs
Apron Slab Position R
Apron Slab Material O
Apron Slab Thickness O
Cut-off Walls
Cut-off Wall Position R
Cut-off Wall Material O
Cut-off Wall Width O

A1-11
Required or
Item
Optional
Cut-off Wall Depth O
Dissipators
Dissipators Position R
Dissipator Type O
Dissipator Material O
Wing/Retaining Wall Position R
Wing/Retaining Wall Type O
Wing/Retaining Wall Material O
Wing/Retaining Wall Foundation Type O
Wing/Retaining Wall Founding Material O
Wing/Retaining Wall Maximum Height O
Wing/Retaining Wall Foundation Maximum Depth O
Embankment Position R
Embankment Protection Material O
Embankment Protection Thickness O

Traffic Volume O

A1-12
Table A1. 5 Inventory Items Specific to Retaining Walls
Required or
Item
Optional
General Features
Wall Type R
Description (in terms of its function) O
Construction method O
Slope Angle O
Retained Material O
fcu Foundations O
fcu Walls O
fcu Sprayed Concrete O
fcu Precast Members O

Overall Length of Wall R
Maximum Wall Height R
Total Area of Wall in Elevation R
Minimum Horizontal Clearance from Roadway Yellow Line O
Structural Features
Wall
Wall material O
Joints
Wall Joints Type O
External Drains
External Drain Type O
Internal Drainage
Wall Drainage System Type O
Wall Drainage System Size O
Seepage Drain Type O
Seepage Drain Size O
Slope Protection
Slope Protection Type O
Slope Protection Material O
Slope Protection Thickness O
Foundations
Foundation type O
Founding material O
Wall foundation maximum depth O

A1-13
Required or
Item
Optional
Access factors: Bottom of wall O
Access factors: Top of wall O
Traffic Volume O

A1-14
Table A1. 6 Inventory Items Specific to Gantries
Required
Item or
Optional
General Features
Gantry Type R
Gantry Material O
fcu Foundations O
fcu Plinths O
fst Structural steel O
fst Anchor Bolts O

Total Length of Horizontal and Vertical Members R
Left plinth projection O
Within median barrier structure O
Right plinth projection O
Sign face length O
Sign face height O
Structural Features
Foundations
Foundation Position R
Foundation Type O
Founding Material O
Gantry Foundation Maximum/Minimum Depth O
Vertical Members
Vertical Member Position R
Vertical Member Type O
Vertical Member Material O
Vertical Member Height R
Vertical Member Size O
Type of Corrosion Protection O
Horizontal Member
Horizontal Member Position R
Horizontal Member Type O
Horizontal Member Material O
Span of Horizontal Member R
Horizontal Member Size O
Sign Face
Position of Sign R
Type of Sign Face O

A1-15
Required
Item or
Optional
Sign Fasteners
Position of Size R
Type of Sign Fasteners O
HD Bolts and Base Plates
Position of HD Bolts and Base R
Size of HD Bolts O
Size of Base Plate O

Access factors: Gantry O
Traffic Volume O

A1-16
Table A1. 7 Inventory Items Specific to Road Tunnels
Required
Item or
Optional
General Features
Tunnel Type R
Description in terms of its Function O
Material Bored Through O
fcu Tunnel lining. O

Length of Tunnel R
Width of Tunnel R
Height of Tunnel R
Tunnel Cross-sectional Area R
Structural Features
Lining
Lining Position R
Bore Lining Material O
Joints
Joint Position R
Expansion Joints to Road Surface and Walls O
Drainage
Tunnel Wall Drainage System Type O
Slope Protection
Slope Position R
Slope Protection Type O
Slope Protection Material O
Slope Protection Thickness O
Slope Angle O
Portals
Portal Position R
Portal Type O

Access factors: Tunnel bore O
Access factors: Portals O
Traffic Volume O

A1-17
Table A1. 8 Inventory Items Specific to Light Masts
Item Required or Optional

General Features
Group of masts or single mast R
Light mast or mast group location R
Number of masts in the group R
Foundations
Foundation Type R
Founding Material O
Light Mast Foundation Maximum/Minimum Depth O
Plinth projection O
Within median barrier structure (Y/N) O
fcu Foundations O
fcu Plinths O
Gusset plate description O
Size of HD bolts O
Size of base plate O
fst Anchor Bolts O
Masts
Light Mast Type R
Light Mast Material R
Light Mast Height R
Mast Size e.g. diameter O
fst Structural steel O
Light fittings and fixings
Type of light fitting O
Type of light fixing O
Number of lights, bulbs or fittings O
Access hatch to electrical controls
Does a hatch exist Y/N O
Hatch type and size O
Light fitting access system
Type of light fitting access system O
Cable theft preventative measures
Are cable theft preventative measures in place Y/N O
Access factors O
Traffic Volume O

A1-18
Appendix A2. Examples of Relevancy and Urgency Ratings

A2-1
Introduction
Relevancy (R) – Considers the consequence of the defect with regards the structural/functional integrity of the
inspection item or the safety of the user of the structure
The possible values for R are given in the table below:
R - Relevancy
Minimum Moderate Major Critical
1 2 3 4
Urgency (U) - Considers possible future events which could adversely affect defects and provides a way of
applying direct time limits on the requirement to do the repairs
The possible values for U are given in the table below:
U – Urgency
Record Monitor Routine < 10 years < 5 years ASAP
purposes only
only
R 0 1 2 3 4
Concrete Items (Structural)
These defects are applicable to the following inspection items:
 Bridge (General/Arch/Cable) Item 6 Abutments

 Bridge (General/Arch/Cable) Item 7 Wing/Retaining Walls
 Bridge (General/Arch/Cable) Item 14 Piers and Columns
 Bridge (General/Arch/Cable) Item 18 Longitudinal Members in Deck
 Bridge (General/Arch/Cable) Item 19 Transverse Members in Deck
 Bridge (General/Arch/Cable) Item 20 Deck Slab
 Bridge (Cellular) Item 1 Apron Slabs and Cut-off Walls
 Bridge (Cellular) Item 2 Wing/Return/Head Walls
 Bridge (Cellular) Item 6 Road Slabs
 Bridge (Cellular) Item 10 Walls
 Bridge (Cellular) Item 11 Top Slab
 Bridge (Cellular) Item 12 Invert Slab
 Culvert (Major) Item 1 Apron Slabs and Cut-off Walls
 Culvert (Major) Item 2 Wing/Return/Head Walls
 Culvert (Major) Item 6 Road Slabs
 Culvert (Major) Item 10 Walls
 Culvert (Major) Item 11 Top Slab
 Culvert (Major) Item 12 Invert Slab
 Retaining Wall Item 3 Walls

A2-2
 Road Tunnel Item 1 Portals

 Road Tunnel Item 6 Lining
Activity Description Range Remarks U R

of "R"
Repair spalled 1 to 4 Spalling is local and will not affect the structural 3 1
concrete integrity (SI) of the element
Spalling is severe and the SI of the element will be 4 4
affected
Seal, repair cracks > 1 to 4 Cracks are < 0.3 mm and there are no signs of - -
0.3 leaching or leakage
Cracks show signs of leaching or leakage, are local 2 1
and will not affect the SI of the element
Cracks show signs of leaching or leakage, are local 3 2
and will not affect the SI of the element but there are
signs of corrosion of reinforcement
Cracks are global and show signs of corrosion of 4 3
reinforcement but will not affect the SI of the element
Cracks are local or global and will affect the SI of the 4 4
element, i.e. where there is a possibility of collapse or
where there are clear signs of badly corroded
reinforcement
Repair honeycombed 1 to 4 Honeycombing is superficial. Cover to the 1 1
concrete reinforcement is reduced but there are no signs of
corrosion.
Reinforcement is exposed but there are no signs of 3 2
corrosion. The SI of the element will not be affected.
Reinforcement is exposed and there are clear signs of 4 4
corrosion. The SI of the element will be affected
Remove & 2&3 The severity of the rotation and movements of the 2 2
reconstruct backwall abutment would determine whether it would be
at abutment necessary to relieve stresses by removing and 3 3
reconstructing the backwall
Apply protective 1 After repairs to extend the life of the element 1 1
coating Cover to reinforcement is substandard over extensive 1 1
areas. To improve the durability of the element a
protective coating is applied
Concrete found to be very porous. A protective coating 2 1
is used to protect the reinforcement from chloride
attack and/or carbonation
Apply surface sealer/ 1&2 To lengthen the life of a structure and will usually be 2 2
paint applied after extensive repair to a structure.
If concrete is found to be very porous and where there 2 2
is a need to protect the reinforcement against future
corrosion.

A2-3

of "R"
Where concrete is found to be under-strength and 1 1
there is a need to increase its durability
Repair wear in riding 1 to 3 Rutting due to vehicular traffic: R 1
surface if deck is < 10 mm and local or global
unsurfaced Rutting due to vehicular traffic: 2 2
> 10 mm and local
Rutting due to vehicular traffic: 3 3
> 10 mm and global
Waterproof top 2&3 Evidence of reflection cracking or deformation of the 2 2
surface surfacing material which could indicate slip between
the asphalt layer and a waterproofing material if
present
Clear evidence of chemical attack to concrete i.e. 3 2
where ingress of water will cause rapid deterioration of
the concrete such as in AAR
Evidence of leaching and leaking causing corrosion to 4 3
reinforcement
Concrete Items (Non-structural)
 Bridge (General/Arch/Cable) Item 10 Kerbs/Sidewalks

 Bridge (General/Arch/Cable) Item 11 Parapets and Handrails
 Bridge (Cellular) Item 9 Parapets and Handrails
 Culver (Major) Item 9 Parapets and Handrails

of "R"
Repair spalled 1&3 Spalling is local and will not affect the integrity of the 1 1
concrete element
Spalling is severe and the integrity of the element will 3 2
be affected (kerbs)
Spalling is severe and the integrity of the element will 3 3
be affected (parapets and handrails)
Seal, repair cracks > 1 to 3 Cracks are < 0.3 mm - -
0.3 mm Cracks are > 0.3 mm, are local and will not affect the 1 1
integrity of the element
Cracks are > 0.3 mm, are local and will not affect the 2 2
integrity of the element, but there are signs of corrosion
of reinforcement
reinforcement but will not affect the integrity of the
element

A2-4

of "R"
Cracks are local or global, there are clear signs of 3 3
badly corroded reinforcement and the integrity of the
element will be affected
corrosion.
corrosion. The integrity of the element will not be
affected.
corrosion. The integrity of the element will be affected
(kerbs)
corrosion. The integrity of the element will be affected
(parapets and handrails)
Foundations
 Bridge (General/Arch/Cable) Item 5 Abutment Foundations

 Bridge (General/Arch/Cable) Item 13 Pier Foundations
 Retaining Wall Item 6 Foundations
 Gantry Item 2 Foundations
 Light Mast Item 1 Foundations and Plinths

of "R"
Backfill/ underpin 2 to 4 The stability of the foundation is not endangered and 3 2
foundations the SI of the supported element is not affected
undermined by The stability of the foundation may be endangered 4 3
erosion or scour and the SI of the supported element will become
affected should there be a further significant increase
in scour
The stability of the foundation is endangered and the 4 4
SI of the supported element is affected and there is
danger of collapse
Repair spalled 1&3 Spalling is local and will not affect the SI of the 1 1
concrete foundation
Spalling is severe and the SI of the foundation will be 3 3
affected
Seal, repair cracks > 1 to 3 Cracks are < 0.3 mm - -
0.3 mm Cracks are > 0.3 mm, are local and will not affect the 1 1
SI of the foundation

A2-5

of "R"
Cracks are > 0.3 mm, are local and will not affect the 2 2
SI of the foundation, but there are signs of corrosion
of reinforcement
reinforcement but will not affect the SI of the
foundation.
Cracks are local or global, there are clear signs of 3 3
badly corroded reinforcement and the SI of the
foundation will be affected
corrosion.
corrosion. The SI of the foundation will not be
affected.
corrosion. The SI of the foundation will be affected.
Embankments
 Bridge (General/Arch/Cable) Item 1 Approach Embankment

 Bridge(Cellular) Item 4 Embankments
 Culvert (Major) Item 4 Embankments

of "R"
Down chutes - replace 3 If not replaced could lead to severe erosion of 4 3
embankment
Down chutes - clean 1&2 Blocked up due to accumulation of silt or debris 1 1
Inadequate to cater for water flow 3 2
Inlets/outlets - renew 3 If not replaced could lead to severe erosion of 4 3
embankment
Inlets/outlets - clean 1&2 Blocked up due to accumulation of silt or debris 1 1
Inadequate to cater for water flow 3 2
Erosion and scour 1 to 4 Erosion and scour are unlikely to affect stability of 1 1
damage - backfill embankment
Erosion and scour are highly likely to cause collapse 3 2

in embankments but will not affect safety of traffic
Erosion and scour are highly likely to cause collapse 4 4
which will endanger the traffic on the embankment
Settlement - rectify 1&3 Minor settlement of road 1 1

A2-6

of "R"
Settlement of road may cause discomfort to user 3 2
Settlement of road may cause accidents 4 3
Slope Protection
 Bridge (General/Arch/Cable) Item 4 Approach Embankment Protection Works

 Retaining Wall Item 2 Slope Protection
 Road Tunnel Item 2 Slope Protection
 Road Tunnel Item 3 Rock Fall Protection

of "R"
Renew/repair 1 to 3 Minor damage to protection works caused by 1 1
protection works settlement of embankment, vegetation, vandalism etc.
(gabion boxes, stone Portions of the protection works have been damaged, 4 2
pitching etc.) displaced or removed locally by floodwaters
Large portions have been damaged, displaced or 4 3
removed by floodwaters
Bearings
These defects are applicable to the following inspection item:
 Bridge (General/Arch/Cable) Item 15 Bearings

of "R"
Clean bearings 1 Dirt and debris may impair movement 1 1
Corrosion protection 1&2 Touching up of paint-work needed 1 1
of bearing Corrosion causing excessive frictional forces between 3 2
substructure and superstructure
Reset bearings 1 to 3 Minor adjustment needed in bearing alignment 2 1
Key ways and thrust plates are not properly engaged 3 2
and are binding causing large forces to be transmitted
to substructure
Bearing at limit of movement capacity and further 4 3
movement expected
Replace elastomeric 2 Tearing, cracking or splitting of exposed edges 2 2
bearing Excessive bulging and distortion indicating under- 2 2
design

A2-7

of "R"
Replace mechanical 3 Very badly corroded bearing where the movement and 3 3
bearing support capabilities have been impaired
Distortions in top or bottom adapter plates causing 3 3
restrictions in the movement capabilities of bearing
Reinstate horizontal 1 to 3 Anchor bolts badly corroded 2 1

force capacity of Relative movement between the bearing seating and 3 3
bearing the supporting structure
Shear keys have either failed or caused spalling of 3 3
concrete to reduce their capacity to provide restraint to
the structure
Tighten anchor bolts 1 Anchor bolts loose 1 1
Repair bearing plinths 2 to 4 Spalling of edges where bearings have been placed 2 2
too close to edges
Vertical crack caused by the bursting forces as a result 4 4
of excessive bearing loads or inadequate strength
(under designed)
Corrosion of reinforcement caused by lack of cover 3 2
Spalling of concrete in vicinity of holding down bolts, 3 3
caused by excessive horizontal forces or corrosion of
bolts
Expansion Joints
These defects are applicable to the following inspection item:
 Bridge (General/Arch/Cable) Item 17 Expansion Joints

of "R"
Repair or replace 1-4 Some slight spalling and cracking of the joint but no 2 1
concrete or synthetic signs of it posing a danger to traffic
nosing Some spalling and cracking of the joint but does not 3 2
pose a danger to traffic
Parts of the nosing are coming loose but in small 4 3
pieces. Claws and steel or aluminium components are
no longer firmly fixed
Parts of the nosing is coming loose in large pieces, 4 4
claws and steel or aluminium components are loose,
etc. any of which can pose a danger to traffic
1 to 4 Signs of some minor leaking but no consequential R 1
damage to bearings, concrete, steel, etc. below

A2-8

of "R"
Refit or replace Signs of more extensive leaking but no damage to 3 2
elastomer element or bearings, concrete, steel, etc. below
replace sealant Extensive signs of leaking with damage to bearings, 3 4
concrete, steel, etc. below
Extensive leaking has caused significant damage 4 4
such as bearings seizing, extensive concrete spalling,
prestressing anchors corroding, etc.
Repair or replace 1 to 4 Some deterioration such as some small cracks, slight R 1
asphaltic plug joint rutting etc.
More extensive deterioration such as some cracks, 3 2
rutting etc.
Large cracks, deep rutting, some loss of joint causing 3 3
holes
Deep rutting and large holes presenting a danger to 4 4
traffic
Joint cover plates 1 to 4 Slight deterioration to cover plates R 1
(replace and refit) More deterioration to cover plates, loose bolts, plates 3 2
missing over small gaps less than 40 mm etc.
Bolts missing, plates missing over gaps less than 150 3 3
mm, etc.
Plates standing out at a dangerous angle, missing 4 4
plates over large gaps, etc. any of which present a
danger to traffic or pedestrians
Clean joint of all loose 1&2 Routine maintenance activity. R rating would be 1 1
material and debris determined by the extent to which the loose material 2
and debris is preventing the expansion joint from
fulfilling its function
Structural Steel Members
 Bridge (General/Arch/Cable) Item 18 Longitudinal Members in Deck

 Bridge (General/Arch/Cable) Item 19 Transverse Members in Deck
 Bridge (General/Arch/Cable) Item 20 Deck Superstructure
 Gantry Item 4 Vertical Members
 Gantry Item 5 Horizontal Members
 Light Mast Item 3 Mast

of "R"
Gouging out of weld & 1 to 4 The value of "R" chosen shall depend on whether a
re-welding delay in carrying out a repair will or will not lead to a

A2-9

of "R"
Re-torque bolts possible safety hazard to the motorist. A steel
Monitoring of cracks structure requires a detailed inspection. It is important
20% paint system that the inspector has a thorough understanding of the
100% paint system structural significance of the defects. It would be
Sand blast to white impossible to deal in this section with all the possible
metal consequences of defects because of the many
Replace bolts different types of steel structures. Although, it must be
Remove all rivets & mentioned that chain reactions of failures can result
replace with bolts from what may appear to be a very insignificant
Strengthen structural defect. One must be aware of such possibilities.
member
Replace structural
member
 Gantry Item 3 HD Bolts and Base Plates

 Light Mast Item 2 HD Bolts and Base Plates

of "R"
Corrosion protection 1 to 4 Minor corrosion of base plate 2 1
. Minor corrosion of HD bolts 1 1
Moderate corrosion of base plate 3 3
Moderate corrosion of HD bolts 3 2
Severe corrosion of base plate 4 4
Replace bolts, 1 to 4 The relevancy and urgency will depend on the
washers, etc. number of HD bolts of the base plate that are missing
or sheared off
Replace base plate 4 The base plate is corroded or damaged to such an 4 4
extent that it cannot fulfil its function.
Strengthen baseplate 2&3 The base plate needs to be strengthened to ensure
that it can fulfil its function. The relevancy and
urgency will be determined by the extent of
strengthening required
Drainage
 Bridge (General/Arch/Cable) Item 9 Superstructure Drainage

 Bridge (General/Arch/Cable) Item 16 Support Drainage

A2-10
 Retaining Wall Item 1 External Drainage

 Retaining Wall Item 5 Internal Drainage
 Road Tunnel Item 4 Drainage

of "R"
Clear blocked 1 to 3 Drainage defects do not represent a safety hazard to 1 1
drainage outlets the motorist and would not cause damage to the
structure
Drainage defects could cause damage to components 2 2
of the structure
Drainage defects represents a safety hazard to 3 3
motorist
Repair damaged 1 to 3 Drainage defects do not represent a safety hazard to 1 1
pipes the motorist and would not cause damage to the
structure
Drainage defects could cause damage to components 2 2
of the structure
Drainage defects represents a safety hazard to 3 3
motorist
Repair and clean 1 to 4 Drainage holes are blocked or inadequate (no 1 1
drainage holes evidence of water at holes). Water build up behind
wall is not possible
Drainage holes are blocked and water build up behind 3 3
wall could render abutment unsafe with respect to
stability against overturning and sliding.
Guardrails
 Bridge (General/Arch/Cable) Item 2 Guardrails

 Bridge (General/Arch/Cable) Item 12 Pier Protection Works
 Bridge(Cellular) Item 8 Guardrails
 Culvert (Major) Item 8 Guardrails
 Gantry Item 1 Guardrails

of "R"
Align rails & tighten 1 Some bolts attaching the guardrails to the posts or 3 1
bolts bolts joining guardrail lengths are loose and need to
be tightened.
Slight misalignment due to vehicular impact and 2 1
guardrail needs to be re-aligned
Replace rails 2 to 4 Rail badly dented and/or bent 3 2

A2-11

of "R"
Rail severed from post and therefore no longer 4 3
performing its function, but not protruding into the
oncoming traffic.
Rail severed from post and therefore no longer 4 4
performing its function and protruding into the
oncoming traffic
Attach rail to end 2&3 No danger of oncoming traffic to collide with the end 2 2
block block
Danger of oncoming traffic to collide with the end 3 3
block
Provide wood spacer 2 Wood spacers are either damaged or missing 3 2
blocks
Reseal wood spacer 1 Protective maintenance needed on wood spacer 1 1
blocks blocks
Replace broken posts 2&3 One post is broken at a location 3 2
Two adjacent posts are broken at a location 4 2
Three or more posts are broken at a location 4 3
Replace missing bolts 2 Some of the bolts are missing or damaged and need 3 2
to be replaced
Surfacing
 Bridge (General/Arch/Cable) Item 8 Surfacing

 Road Tunnel Item 5 Road Surface

of "R"
Resurface or patch 1 to 3 The defects in the surfacing are not likely to cause an 1 1
surfacing on deck accident on the bridge/culvert
The defects in the surfacing could cause an accident 3 3

on the bridge/culvert
Waterway
 Bridge (General/Arch/Cable) Item 3 Waterway

 Bridge(Cellular) Item 5 Waterway
 Culvert (Major) Item 5 Waterway
 Culvert (Lesser) Item 4 Waterway

A2-12

of "R"
Clear waterway 1 to 4 Flood debris needs to be cleared from piers for fear of 1 1
floods imposing excessive flood forces.
Waterway is overgrown with vegetation 2 2
Waterway has been reduced due to debris 3 3
accumulation or build-up of sediment but overtopping
will not occur
Waterway has been severely reduced due to debris 4 4
accumulation or built up of sediment which may cause
overtopping of the structure.
Repair scour damage 2 to 4 Erosion and scour is unlikely to affect stability of an 3 2
adjacent pier or abutment foundation.
Erosion and scour is highly likely to cause collapse of 4 4
an adjacent pier or abutment foundation.
Scour Protection
 Bridge (General/Arch/Cable) Item 12 Pier Protection Works

 Bridge (Cellular) Item 3 Scour Protection (in river)
 Culvert (Major) Item 3 Scour Protection (in river)

of "R"
Renew/repair 1 to 3 Minor damage to protection works caused by 1 1
protection works settlement, vegetation, vandalism etc...
(gabion boxes; stone Portions of the protection works have been damaged, 4 2
pitching; etc.) displaced or removed locally by floodwater
Large portions of the protection works have been 4 3
damaged, displaced or removed by floodwater
Miscellaneous Items
 Bridge (General/Arch/Cable) Item 21 Miscellaneous Items

 Bridge (Cellular) Item 14 Miscellaneous Items
 Culvert (Major) Item 14 Miscellaneous Items
 Retaining Wall Item 7 Miscellaneous Items
 Gantry Item 8 Miscellaneous Items
 Road Tunnel Item 9 Miscellaneous Items
 Light Mast Item 8 Miscellaneous Items

A2-13

of "R"
Cover slabs, manhole 1 to 4 Smaller covers missing or broken, not creating a 1 1

covers, lids, etc. hazard
Larger covers missing or broken, not creating a hazard 1 2
Covers missing, creating a hazard for vehicles or 3 3

pedestrians but not in direct path of vehicles or
pedestrians
Large covers missing, creating an immediate hazard 4 4

for vehicles or pedestrians
Access chamber 1 to 4 Posing no danger, no access to an habitable area 1 1

doors, gallery doors,
Potentially dangerous or posing a risk to the structure 3 3
access holes to deck
soffit - missing or Dangerous, or people living inside structure and 4 4
damaged: lighting fires, damaging the structure, etc.
People living in 1 to 4 Small group of people with no erected structures 3 1

structure:
Larger group of people with structures but not posing 3 2
any risk
Habitation causing obstructions or, fire or safety risk 4 3
Dense habitation creating a high fire or safety risk 4 4
Missing vertical 1 to 4 No signs with vertical clearance less than 5.0 m 1 1

clearance signs:
No signs with vertical clearance less than 4.9 m 1 2
No signs with vertical clearance less than 4.8 m 3 3
No signs with vertical clearance less than 4.8 m with 3 4

beam-and-slab deck
Road signs – missing 1 to 4 River name, information signs 1 1

or damaged:
Warning signs, hazard signs but not posing a safety 1 3
risk
Warning signs, hazard signs posing a safety risk 4 4
Services and street 1 to 4 Services not attached properly, missing cover plates 3 1
lighting: but not posing a risk
Missing cover plates exposing wiring, damaged lighting 3 2

posing some difficulty to pedestrians, etc.
Exposed live wires, leaking sewerage, etc. 4 4
1 to 4 Small holes, posing no danger 1 1

A2-14

of "R"
Fencing – missing or Posing a significant danger such as livestock getting 4 4

damaged: onto the road or pedestrians crossing an extremely
busy road
Structure number 2 Damaged structure number plate 1 2

plate:
Missing structure number plate 1 2
Animal infestation 1 to 3 Slight infestation, not posing a risk to people or the 3 1

including bats, bees, structure
wasps, snakes, etc.
Dangerous infestation or causing damage to the 3 3
structure such as guano causing corrosion

A2-15
Appendix A3. Inspection Forms per Structure Type

A3-1
Inspection Form B1: Bridge (General)
ROAD AUTHORITY STRUCTURE TYPE BRIDGE NUMBER LOCATION SKETCH
BRIDGE - BRIDGE NAME

GENERAL
INSPECTION INFORMATION
Inspection Type Inspector Name Firm Date (dd/mm/yyyy)
GPS COORDINATES - START

Latitude (South) Longitude (East)
DD MM SS.s DD MM SS.s
GPS COORDINATES - END

VERTICAL CLEARANCES (road-over-road bridges only)

Position/Span No
Min height (m)
LOCATION DETAIL
Road No. Road km Road Name Feature Crossed Feature Name/Road No. Region/Depot
STRUCTURE INFORMATION
No. of Spans Structure Orientation Overall Length Overall Width Year Constructed Bridge Type
INSPECTION RATINGS
1. APPROACH 4. APPROACH EMB. 5. ABUTMENT 7. WING / 9. SUPER-STRUCT.

INSPECTION ITEM 2. GUARDRAIL 3. WATERWAY 6. ABUTMENTS 8. SURFACING
EMBANKMENT PROT WORKS FOUNDATIONS RETAINING WALLS DRAINAGE
POSITION D E R D E R D E R D E R D E R D E R D E R D E R D E R
Abut
Abut
10. KERBS / 11. PARAPET /

INSPECTION ITEM 21. MISC. ITEMS
SIDEWALKS HANDRAIL
D E R D E R D E R
12. PIER
13. PIER 14. PIERS & 16. SUPPORT 17. EXPANSION INSPECTION 18. LONGITUDINAL 19. TRANSVERSAL
INSPECTION ITEM PROTECTION 15. BEARINGS 20. DECK SLAB
FOUNDATIONS COLUMNS DRAINAGE JOINTS ITEM MEMBER MEMBERS
WORKS
POSITION D E R D E R D E R D E R D E R D E R POSITION D E R D E R D E R
Abut Span
Abut Span
Pier Span
Pier Span
Pier Span
Pier Span
Pier Span
Pier Span
Pier Span
Make Rpt. Mon
ITEM POSITION ACTIVITY CODE or DESCRIPTION QTY Unit U REMARKS
safe Photo freq
Inspector's assessment and further comments:
FURTHER INSPECTION REQUIRED ? Y/N IF FURTHER INSPECTION REQUIRED IS "Y"

Then please indicate any special requirements
Was UBIU used ? Y/N
ie. 6m Ladder, Bush cutting, UBIU, better weather etc.
Is the UBIU needed for future inspections? Y/N If nothing please state "none"
D - DEGREE E - EXTENT R - RELEVANCY U - URGENCY

Not More Less
Unable to Mode- Record Monitor
Applic- None Minor Warning Severe Local than then General Min Moderate Major Critical Routine < 10 yrs < 5 yrs ASAP
inspect rate only only
able local general
X U 0 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 R 0 1 2 3 4

A3-2
Inspection Form B2: Bridge (Arch)

ARCH



Position/Span No
Min height (m)
LOCATION DETAIL
No. of Spans No of Arches Structure Orientation Overall Length Overall Width Year Constructed Bridge Type
INSPECTION RATINGS
9. SUPER-
1. APPROACH 4. APPROACH EMB. 5. ABUTMENT 7. WING /
INSPECTION ITEM 2. GUARDRAIL 3. WATERWAY 6. ABUTMENTS 8. SURFACING STRUCTURE
EMBANKMENT PROT WORKS FOUNDATIONS RETAINING WALLS
DRAINAGE
Abut
Abut

SIDEWALKS HANDRAIL
D E R D E R D E R
12. PIER/SPRINGING 14. PIERS &

13. PIER/SPRINGING 16. SUPPORT 17. EXPANSION INSPECTION 18. LONGITUDINAL 19. TRANSVERSAL
INSPECTION ITEM PROTECTION COLUMNS / 15. BEARINGS 20. DECK SLAB
FOUNDATIONS DRAINAGE JOINTS ITEM MEMBER MEMBERS
WORKS SPRINGINGS
Abut Span
Abut Span
Pier Span
Pier Span
Pier Span
Pier Span
Springing Arch
Springing Arch
Make Rpt. Mon
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Was UBIU used ? Y/N Then please indicate any special requirements
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A3-3
Inspection Form B3: Bridge (Cable)

CABLE



Position/Span No
Min height (m)
LOCATION DETAIL
No. of Spans No of Cable Groups Structure Orientation Overall Length Overall Width Year Constructed Bridge Type
INSPECTION RATINGS
9. SUPER-
1. APPROACH 4. APPROACH EMB. 5. ABUTMENT 7. WING /
INSPECTION ITEM 2. GUARDRAIL 3. WATERWAY 6. ABUTMENTS 8. SURFACING STRUCTURE
EMBANKMENT PROT WORKS FOUNDATIONS RETAINING WALLS
DRAINAGE
Abut
Abut

SIDEWALKS HANDRAIL
D E R D E R D E R
12. PIER/PYLON
13. PIER/PYLON 14. PIERS & 16. SUPPORT 17. EXPANSION INSPECTION 18. LONGITUDINAL 19. TRANSVERSAL
INSPECTION ITEM PROTECTION 15. BEARINGS 20. DECK SLAB
FOUNDATIONS COLUMNS/ PYLONS DRAINAGE JOINTS ITEM MEMBER MEMBERS
WORKS
Abut Span
Abut Span
Pier Span
Pier Span
Pier Span
Pier Span
Pylon Span
Cable
Pylon
Group
Cable
Pylon
Group
Make Rpt. Mon
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Then please indicate any special requirements
Was UBIU used ? Y/N

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A3-4
Inspection Form B4: Bridge (Cellular)

CELLULAR


LOCATION DETAIL
Road No. Road km Road Name Feature Crossed Feature Name Region/Depot
No. of Cells Cell Orientation Overall Length Overall Width Year Constructed Bridge Type
INSPECTION RATINGS
1. APRON SLABS & 2. WING / RET / 3. SCOUR PROT.
INSPECTION ITEM 4. EMBANKMENTS
CUT OFF WALLS HEAD WALLS WORKS (IN RIVER)
POSITIONS D E R D E R D E R D E R
Emb
Emb
7. ROADWAY 9. PARAPETS / 14. MISC-
INSPECTION ITEM 5. WATERWAY 6. ROAD SLABS 8. GUARDRAILS
JOINTS HANDRAILS ELLANEOUS ITEMS
D E R D E R D E R D E R D E R D E R
12. INVERT SLAB/ 13. CELL DISPLACE-

INSPECTION ITEM 10. WALLS 11. TOP SLAB
FOUNDATIONS MENT
POSITION D E R D E R D E R D E R
Cell
Cell
Cell
Cell
Cell
Cell
Cell
Cell
Cell
Make Rpt. Mon
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Inspector's assessment of structure condition and further comments:
Further inspection needed ? Y/N Requirements for further inspection:

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A3-5
Inspection Form C1: Culvert (Major)
ROAD AUTHORITY STRUCTURE TYPE CULVERT NUMBER LOCATION SKETCH
CULVERT - CULVERT NAME

MAJOR


LOCATION DETAIL
No. of Cells Cell Orientation Overall Length Overall Width Year Constructed Culvert Type
INSPECTION RATINGS
1. APRON SLABS & 2. WING / RET / 3. SCOUR PROT.
INSPECTION ITEM 4. EMBANKMENTS
CUT OFF WALLS HEAD WALLS WORKS (IN RIVER)
Emb
Emb
7. ROADWAY 9. PARAPETS / 14. MISC-
INSPECTION ITEM 5. WATERWAY 6. ROAD SLABS 8. GUARDRAILS
JOINTS HANDRAILS ELLANEOUS ITEMS
D E R D E R D E R D E R D E R D E R
12. INVERT SLAB/ 13. CELL DISPLACE-

INSPECTION ITEM 10. WALLS 11. TOP SLAB
FOUNDATIONS MENT
Cell
Cell
Cell
Cell
Cell
Cell
Cell
Cell
Cell
Make Rpt. Mon
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A3-6
Inspection Form C2: Culvert (Lesser)
ROAD AUTHORITY STRUCTURE TYPE CULVERT NUMBER LOCATION SKETCH
CULVERT -
LESSER


LOCATION DETAIL
No. of Cells Cell Orientation Cell Length Max. Cell Width Max. Cell Height Culvert Type
INSPECTION RATINGS
1. INLET WORKS 2. OUTLET WORKS 3. BARREL(S) 4. WATERWAY 5. EMBANKMENTS
D D D D D
Make Rpt. Mon

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D - DEGREE U - URGENCY
Not
Applic- None Warning Poor Severe Routine < 10 yrs < 5 yrs ASAP
able
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A3-7
Inspection Form R1: Retaining Wall
ROAD AUTHORITY STRUCTURE TYPE WALL NUMBER LOCATION SKETCH
RETAINING
WALL


LOCATION DETAIL
Road No. Road km (start) Road km (end) Road Name Region/Depot
Structure Orientation Overall Length Maximum Height Area of Wall Retaining Wall Type Year Constructed
INSPECTION RATINGS
1. EXTERNAL 2. SLOPE 5. INTERNAL
INSPECTION ITEM 3. WALL 4. JOINTS 6. FOUNDATION 7. MISCELLANEOUS
DRAINAGE PROTECTION DRAINAGE
D E R D E R D E R D E R D E R D E R D E R
Make Rpt. Mon

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A3-8
Inspection Form G1: Gantry
ROAD AUTHORITY STRUCTURE TYPE GANTRY NUMBER LOCATION SKETCH
GANTRY


VERTICAL CLEARANCES
Position
Min height (m)
LOCATION DETAIL
Road No. Road km Road Name Region/Depot
No. of Columns No. of Beams Structure Orientation Total Span Average Column Height Year Constructed Gantry Type
INSPECTION RATINGS
8. MISCELLANEOUS
INSPECTION ITEM 1. GUARDRAILS
ITEMS
D E R D E R
3. H D BOLTS AND 4. VERTICAL 5. HORIZONTAL

INSPECTION ITEM 2. FOUNDATIONS 6. SIGN FACE 7. SIGN FASTENERS
BASE PLATES MEMBER MEMBER
POSITION D E R D E R D E R D E R D E R D E R
Vertical Member
Vertical Member
Vertical Member
Horizontal Member
Horizontal Member
Make Rpt.
ITEM POSITION ACTIVITY CODE or DESCRIPTION QTY Unit U REMARKS Mon freq
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A3-9
Inspection Form T1: Road Tunnel
ROAD AUTHORITY STRUCTURE TYPE TUNNEL NUMBER LOCATION SKETCH
ROAD TUNNEL NAME

TUNNEL
GPS COORDINATES (START)

GPS COORDINATES (END)

VERTICAL CLEARANCES
Position
Min height (m)
LOCATION DETAIL
No. of Segments Structure Orientation Maximum Height Overall Length Maximum Width Year Constructed Tunnel Type
INSPECTION RATINGS
2. SLOPE 3. ROCK FALL
INSPECTION ITEM 1. PORTALS
PROTECTION PROTECTION
POSITION D E R D E R D E R
Portal
Portal
9. MISCELLANEOUS
INSPECTION ITEM 4. DRAINAGE 5. ROAD SURFACE
ITEMS
D E R D E R D E R
8. OPERATIONAL
INSPECTION ITEM 6. LINING 7. JOINTS INSPECTION ITEM
SERVICES
POSITION D E R D E R SERVICE D E R
Segment
Segment
Segment
Segment
Segment
Segment
Segment
Segment
Segment
Make Rpt.
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A3-10
Inspection Form L1: Light Mast
ROAD AUTHORITY STRUCTURE TYPE LIGHT MAST NUMBERS LOCATION SKETCH

From
LIGHT MAST To
GPS COORDINATES
Group of masts or single mast Y/N

LOCATION DETAIL
Light Mast Height No. of Masts in Group Foundation Type Light Mast Type Light Mast Material Year Constructed
INSPECTION RATINGS
1. FOUNDATIONS 2. H D BOLTS AND 4. LIGHT FITTINGS 5 ACCESS HATCH 6. LIGHT FITTINGS 7. CABLE THEFT 8. MISCELLANEOUS
INSPECTION ITEM 3. MAST
AND PLINTH BASE PLATES AND FIXINGS TO CONTROLS ACCESS SYSTEM PREVENTION ITEMS
POSITIONS D E R D E R D E R D E R D E R D E R D E R D E R
Group of light masts
Mast No.
Mast No.
Mast No.
Mast No.
Mast No.
Mast No.
Mast No.
Mast No.
Mast No.
Mast No.
Mast No.
Mast No.
Mast No.
Mast No.
Mast No.
Mast No.
Mast No.
Mast No.
Mast No.
Mast No.
Make Rpt.
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Inspector's assessment of structure/structure group condition and further comments:

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A3-11
Inspection Form W1: Waterway Inspection

ROAD AUTHORITY Structure Type Structure Number No. of Spans/Cells LOCATION SKETCH
Waterway Inspection
Longitude (East) Latitude (South)

Longitude (East) Latitude (South)
LOCATION DETAIL
INSPECTION RATINGS
Item Inspection Item Waterway Upstream Photo Waterway Downstream Photo Cells/Spans Photo
No Defect D Rating 0 1 2 3 4 Numbers 0 1 2 3 4 Numbers 0 1 2 3 4 Numbers
1 Siltation
2 Scouring
3 Debris
4 Vegitation
5 Erosion
6 Environmental issues
URGENT ACTION OR ATTENTION
Urgent Action or Attention required? Yes No If Yes, Urgency? Immediate Within 2 months Within 6 months
ACTIONS REQUIRED
Position Photo No's Description of Required Action
INVENTORY PHOTOGRAPHS
Photo No. Photo Description Photo No. Photo Description
V01 Inlet elevation view V05 Upstream View of feature crossed
V02 Outlet elevation view V06 Downsteam View of feature crossed
INSPECTOR's COMMENTS
DESCRIPTION OF D - DEGREE RATING

None Minor Moderate Warning Severe
0 1 2 3 4

A3-12
Appendix A4. Remedial Activities per Structure Type

A4-1
Table A4. 1 Remedial Activities for Bridges (General, Arch, Cable)

Unit Cost
Routine
Inspection Item Remedial Activity Unit (Apr 2019
Maintenance
Rand value)
01. Approach Embankment 01.116. Repair concrete sidedrain/gutter/downchute m 1 460 Yes
01. Approach Embankment 01.155. Earth backfill m3 580 Yes
3
01. Approach Embankment 01.156. Gabion (mattresses and boxes) m 2 880 Yes
01. Approach Embankment 01.157. Mass concrete backfill m3 5 120
01. Approach Embankment 01.158. Rock backfill m3 2 570
01. Approach Embankment 01.201. Clean downchutes/sidedrains m 140 Yes
01. Approach Embankment 01.357. Replace kerbs or berms m 880 Yes
01. Approach Embankment 01.358. Replace cover slabs and lids no 2 880 Yes
01. Approach Embankment 01.359. Replace sidedrain/gutter/downchutes m 1 460 Yes
01. Approach Embankment 01.362. Replace inlet/outlet structures no 8 540 Yes
01. Approach Embankment 01.363. Install kerbs or berms m 880 Yes
01. Approach Embankment 01.402. Clear bush m2 80 Yes
01. Approach Embankment 01.404. Remove trees (girth < 500 mm) no 700 Yes
01. Approach Embankment 01.405. Remove trees (girth > 500 mm) no 2 880 Yes
3
01. Approach Embankment 01.504. Repair settlement (asphalt fill) m 8 540 Yes
01. Approach Embankment 01.953. Ad-hoc item (describe under Remarks) no 1 000
02. Guardrail 02.451. Attach guardrail to endblock no 2 880 Yes
02. Guardrail 02.452. Cut bolts for pedestrian safety no 320 Yes
02. Guardrail 02.455. New guardrail (single and double) m 880 Yes
02. Guardrail 02.463. Repair guardrail (realign, bolt replacement, etc.) m 580 Yes
02. Guardrail 02.466. Replace bolts and washers no 320 Yes
02. Guardrail 02.467. Replace posts (steel or timber) no 580 Yes
02. Guardrail 02.468. Replace reflectors no 140 Yes
02. Guardrail 02.469. Reverse laps in guardrails no 1 460 Yes
02. Guardrail 02.953. Ad-hoc item (describe under Remarks) no 1 000
03. Waterway 03.151. Backfill scour damage (earth) m3 880 Yes
3
03. Waterway 03.152. Backfill scour damage (mass concrete) m 7 110
03. Waterway 03.153. Backfill scour damage (rock) m3 5 120
3
03. Waterway 03.156. Gabion (mattresses and boxes) m 2 880 Yes

A4-1
Unit Cost
Routine
Maintenance
Rand value)
03. Waterway 03.207. Clear debris m3 700 Yes
03. Waterway 03.209. Clear siltation m3 580 Yes
03. Waterway 03.404. Remove trees (girth < 500 mm) no 700 Yes
03. Waterway 03.405. Remove trees (girth > 500 mm) no 2 880 Yes
03. Waterway 03.953. Ad-hoc item (describe under Remarks) no 1 000
04. Approach Embankment Protection Works 04.155. Earth backfill m3 580 Yes
04. Approach Embankment Protection Works 04.156. Gabion (mattresses and boxes) m3 2 880 Yes
3
04. Approach Embankment Protection Works 04.157. Mass concrete backfill m 5 120
04. Approach Embankment Protection Works 04.158. Rock backfill m3 2 570
2
04. Approach Embankment Protection Works 04.159. Stone pitching m 880 Yes
04. Approach Embankment Protection Works 04.160. Interlocking blocks m2 450 Yes
04. Approach Embankment Protection Works 04.401. Apply weed killer/ant poison and remove growth m2 80 Yes
2
04. Approach Embankment Protection Works 04.403. Grassing m 140 Yes
04. Approach Embankment Protection Works 04.953. Ad-hoc item (describe under Remarks) no 1 000
05. Abutment Foundations 05.101. Apply protective coating m2 450
05. Abutment Foundations 05.102. Apply silanes m2 450
3
05. Abutment Foundations 05.106. Construct earth berms for access m 880
05. Abutment Foundations 05.108. Cut back reinforcement (tie rods) and make good no 210
05. Abutment Foundations 05.118. Repair spall (including honeycombing) L 700
05. Abutment Foundations 05.120. Seal cracks m 700
05. Abutment Foundations 05.155. Earth backfill m3 580 Yes
3
05. Abutment Foundations 05.156. Gabion (mattresses and boxes) m 2 880 Yes
05. Abutment Foundations 05.157. Mass concrete backfill m3 5 120
05. Abutment Foundations 05.158. Rock backfill m3 2 570
05. Abutment Foundations 05.161. Underpinning (describe under Remarks) no 71 280
05. Abutment Foundations 05.953. Ad-hoc item (describe under Remarks) no 1 000
2
06. Abutments 06.101. Apply protective coating m 450
06. Abutments 06.102. Apply silanes m2 450
2
06. Abutments 06.103. Clean concrete surface m 140
06. Abutments 06.104. Concrete (reinforced) m3 11 410
06. Abutments 06.105. Concrete (mass) m3 11 410

A4-2
Unit Cost
Routine
Maintenance
Rand value)
06. Abutments 06.108. Cut back reinforcement (tie rods) and make good no 210
06. Abutments 06.114. Reconstruct backwall (re-instate gap) m3 21 370
06. Abutments 06.115. Repair anchor heads no 8 540
06. Abutments 06.118. Repair spall (including honeycombing) L 700
06. Abutments 06.120. Seal cracks m 700
2
06. Abutments 06.122. Stabilise wall with ground/rock anchors m 7 110
06. Abutments 06.154. Construct masonry wall m2 1 460
06. Abutments 06.202. Clean drainage m 140 Yes
06. Abutments 06.207. Clear debris m3 700 Yes
06. Abutments 06.309. Reinstate expansion gap m 14 270
06. Abutments 06.311. Remove/repair cladding/bearing protection plates m 1 460 Yes
06. Abutments 06.314. Replace joint sealant m 320 Yes
06. Abutments 06.355. Repair weep holes no 1 460
06. Abutments 06.618. Service and repair gully doors/manholes no 4 310 Yes
06. Abutments 06.653. Access-using scaffold (> 10 m) no 7 110
06. Abutments 06.654. Access-using scaffold (< 10 m) no 4 310
06. Abutments 06.702. Traffic accommodation-Low (< 10 000 vpd) LS 128 290
06. Abutments 06.703. Traffic accommodation-Medium (10 000 - 40 000 vpd) LS 213 810
06. Abutments 06.704. Traffic accommodation-High (> 40 000 vpd) LS 285 060
06. Abutments 06.953. Ad-hoc item (describe under Remarks) no 1 000
07. Wing/ Retaining Walls 07.101. Apply protective coating m2 450
2
07. Wing/ Retaining Walls 07.102. Apply silanes m 450
07. Wing/ Retaining Walls 07.103. Clean concrete surface m2 140
3
07. Wing/ Retaining Walls 07.104. Concrete (reinforced) m 11 410
07. Wing/ Retaining Walls 07.105. Concrete (mass) m3 11 410
07. Wing/ Retaining Walls 07.108. Cut back reinforcement (tie rods) and make good no 210
07. Wing/ Retaining Walls 07.118. Repair spall (including honeycombing) L 700
07. Wing/ Retaining Walls 07.120. Seal cracks m 700
2
07. Wing/ Retaining Walls 07.122. Stabilise wall with ground/rock anchors m 7 110
07. Wing/ Retaining Walls 07.155. Earth backfill m3 580 Yes
3
07. Wing/ Retaining Walls 07.156. Gabion (mattresses and boxes) m 2 880 Yes

A4-3
Unit Cost
Routine
Maintenance
Rand value)
07. Wing/ Retaining Walls 07.157. Mass concrete backfill m3 5 120
07. Wing/ Retaining Walls 07.158. Rock backfill m3 2 570
07. Wing/ Retaining Walls 07.161. Underpinning (describe under Remarks) no 71 280
07. Wing/ Retaining Walls 07.207. Clear debris m3 700 Yes
07. Wing/ Retaining Walls 07.309. Reinstate expansion gap m 14 270
07. Wing/ Retaining Walls 07.314. Replace joint sealant m 320 Yes
07. Wing/ Retaining Walls 07.355. Repair weep holes no 1 460
07. Wing/ Retaining Walls 07.607. Monitor (movements, rotations, etc.) (5 year period) no 28 520
07. Wing/ Retaining Walls 07.653. Access-using scaffold (> 10 m) no 7 110
07. Wing/ Retaining Walls 07.654. Access-using scaffold (< 10 m) no 4 310
07. Wing/ Retaining Walls 07.702. Traffic accommodation-Low (< 10 000 vpd) LS 128 290
07. Wing/ Retaining Walls 07.703. Traffic accommodation-Medium (10 000 - 40 000 vpd) LS 213 810
07. Wing/ Retaining Walls 07.704. Traffic accommodation-High (> 40 000 vpd) LS 285 060
07. Wing/ Retaining Walls 07.953. Ad-hoc item (describe under Remarks) no 1 000
3
08. Surfacing 08.117. Repair concrete topping m 7 110
08. Surfacing 08.207. Clear debris m3 700 Yes
3
08. Surfacing 08.209. Clear siltation m 580 Yes
08. Surfacing 08.501. Crack seal (asphalt) m 80 Yes
08. Surfacing 08.502. Resurface or patch m2 700 Yes
08. Surfacing 08.505. Shape surfacing at scuppers no 700 Yes
08. Surfacing 08.702. Traffic accommodation-Low (< 10 000 vpd) LS 128 290
08. Surfacing 08.703. Traffic accommodation-Medium (10 000 - 40 000 vpd) LS 213 810
08. Surfacing 08.704. Traffic accommodation-High (> 40 000 vpd) LS 285 060
08. Surfacing 08.953. Ad-hoc item (describe under Remarks) no 1 000
09. Superstructure Drainage 09.206. Clear channel m 140 Yes
09. Superstructure Drainage 09.208. Clear scuppers no 320
09. Superstructure Drainage 09.351. Construct new scuppers no 5 750
09. Superstructure Drainage 09.353. Extend scupper below deck soffit no 2 880
09. Superstructure Drainage 09.354. Repair scuppers no 2 880
09. Superstructure Drainage 09.361. Replace grid inlet no 7 110
09. Superstructure Drainage 09.365. Seal leaking pipes no 2 880

A4-4
Unit Cost
Routine
Maintenance
Rand value)
09. Superstructure Drainage 09.653. Access-using scaffold (> 10 m) no 7 110
09. Superstructure Drainage 09.654. Access-using scaffold (< 10 m) no 4 310
09. Superstructure Drainage 09.702. Traffic accommodation-Low (< 10 000 vpd) LS 128 290
09. Superstructure Drainage 09.703. Traffic accommodation-Medium (10 000 - 40 000 vpd) LS 213 810
09. Superstructure Drainage 09.704. Traffic accommodation-High (> 40 000 vpd) LS 285 060
09. Superstructure Drainage 09.953. Ad-hoc item (describe under Remarks) no 1 000
10. Kerbs / Sidewalks 10.101. Apply protective coating m2 450
2
10. Kerbs / Sidewalks 10.102. Apply silanes m 450
10. Kerbs / Sidewalks 10.118. Repair spall (including honeycombing) L 700
10. Kerbs / Sidewalks 10.120. Seal cracks m 700
10. Kerbs / Sidewalks 10.207. Clear debris m3 700 Yes
10. Kerbs / Sidewalks 10.314. Replace joint sealant m 320 Yes
10. Kerbs / Sidewalks 10.357. Replace kerbs or berms m 880 Yes
10. Kerbs / Sidewalks 10.363. Install kerbs or berms m 880 Yes
10. Kerbs / Sidewalks 10.366. Install/replace concrete channel m 450
10. Kerbs / Sidewalks 10.568. Replace service duct cover no 2 880
10. Kerbs / Sidewalks 10.609. Provide sidewalk m2 1 460 Yes
10. Kerbs / Sidewalks 10.614. Repair sidewalk surface (blocks, screed etc.) m2 700 Yes
10. Kerbs / Sidewalks 10.702. Traffic accommodation-Low (< 10 000 vpd) LS 128 290
10. Kerbs / Sidewalks 10.703. Traffic accommodation-Medium (10 000 - 40 000 vpd) LS 213 810
10. Kerbs / Sidewalks 10.704. Traffic accommodation-High (> 40 000 vpd) LS 285 060
10. Kerbs / Sidewalks 10.953. Ad-hoc item (describe under Remarks) no 1 000
11. Parapet 11.101. Apply protective coating m2 450
2
11. Parapet 11.102. Apply silanes m 450
2
11. Parapet 11.103. Clean concrete surface m 140
11. Parapet 11.104. Concrete (reinforced) m3 11 410
11. Parapet 11.113. Concrete (precast) m3 17 130
11. Parapet 11.118. Repair spall (including honeycombing) L 700
11. Parapet 11.120. Seal cracks m 700
11. Parapet 11.309. Reinstate expansion gap m 14 270
11. Parapet 11.314. Replace joint sealant m 320 Yes

A4-5
Unit Cost
Routine
Maintenance
Rand value)
11. Parapet 11.453. Install full height pedestrian balustrade m 2 880
11. Parapet 11.454. New endblocks no 14 270
11. Parapet 11.456. New pedestrian parapet m 4 740
11. Parapet 11.457. New traffic barrier (Concrete F-Shape/NJ) m 10 730
11. Parapet 11.458. New/repair steel railing m 2 880
2
11. Parapet 11.459. Paint steel rails m 700
11. Parapet 11.462. Realign handrails m 2 880
11. Parapet 11.464. Repair/replace guardrail fixings no 2 130 Yes
11. Parapet 11.465. Repair/replace handrail posts no 1 460
11. Parapet 11.569. Replace service duct cover no 2 880
11. Parapet 11.651. Access-using hanging basket for outer surface no 28 520
11. Parapet 11.702. Traffic accommodation-Low (< 10 000 vpd) LS 128 290
11. Parapet 11.703. Traffic accommodation-Medium (10 000 - 40 000 vpd) LS 213 810
11. Parapet 11.704. Traffic accommodation-High (> 40 000 vpd) LS 285 060
11. Parapet 11.953. Ad-hoc item (describe under Remarks) no 1 000
12. Pier Protection Works 12.156. Gabion (mattresses and boxes) m3 2 880 Yes
3
12. Pier Protection Works 12.157. Mass concrete backfill m 5 120
12. Pier Protection Works 12.158. Rock backfill m3 2 570
12. Pier Protection Works 12.460. Provide guardrail protection m 880 Yes
12. Pier Protection Works 12.461. Provide F-shape NJ barrier protection m 10 730
12. Pier Protection Works 12.702. Traffic accommodation-Low (< 10 000 vpd) LS 128 290
12. Pier Protection Works 12.703. Traffic accommodation-Medium (10 000 - 40 000 vpd) LS 213 810
12. Pier Protection Works 12.704. Traffic accommodation-High (> 40 000 vpd) LS 285 060
12. Pier Protection Works 12.953. Ad-hoc item (describe under Remarks) no 1 000
2
13. Pier Foundations 13.101. Apply protective coating m 450
13. Pier Foundations 13.102. Apply silanes m2 450
3
13. Pier Foundations 13.104. Concrete (reinforced) m 11 410
13. Pier Foundations 13.105. Concrete (mass) m3 11 410
3
13. Pier Foundations 13.106. Construct earth berms for access m 880
13. Pier Foundations 13.118. Repair spall (including honeycombing) L 700
13. Pier Foundations 13.120. Seal cracks m 700

A4-6
Unit Cost
Routine
Maintenance
Rand value)
13. Pier Foundations 13.155. Earth backfill m3 580 Yes
13. Pier Foundations 13.156. Gabion (mattresses and boxes) m3 2 880 Yes
3
13. Pier Foundations 13.157. Mass concrete backfill m 5 120
13. Pier Foundations 13.158. Rock backfill m3 2 570
13. Pier Foundations 13.161. Underpinning (describe under Remarks) no 71 280
13. Pier Foundations 13.702. Traffic accommodation-Low (< 10 000 vpd) LS 128 290
13. Pier Foundations 13.703. Traffic accommodation-Medium (10 000 - 40 000 vpd) LS 213 810
13. Pier Foundations 13.704. Traffic accommodation-High (> 40 000 vpd) LS 285 060
13. Pier Foundations 13.953. Ad-hoc item (describe under Remarks) no 1 000
2
14. Piers & Columns 14.101. Apply protective coating m 450
14. Piers & Columns 14.102. Apply silanes m2 450
14. Piers & Columns 14.103. Clean concrete surface m2 140
3
14. Piers & Columns 14.104. Concrete (reinforced) m 11 410
14. Piers & Columns 14.108. Cut back reinforcement (tie rods) and make good no 210
14. Piers & Columns 14.118. Repair spall (including honeycombing) L 700
14. Piers & Columns 14.120. Seal cracks m 700
3
14. Piers & Columns 14.207. Clear debris m 700 Yes
14. Piers & Columns 14.310. Remove cladding - bearing plates m 700 Yes
14. Piers & Columns 14.653. Access-using scaffold (> 10 m) no 7 110
14. Piers & Columns 14.654. Access-using scaffold (< 10 m) no 4 310
14. Piers & Columns 14.702. Traffic accommodation-Low (< 10 000 vpd) LS 128 290
14. Piers & Columns 14.703. Traffic accommodation-Medium (10 000 - 40 000 vpd) LS 213 810
14. Piers & Columns 14.704. Traffic accommodation-High (> 40 000 vpd) LS 285 060
14. Piers & Columns 14.953. Ad-hoc item (describe under Remarks) no 1 000
15. Bearings 15.251. Jacking - complicated (provide jack support work) no 57 020
15. Bearings 15.252. Jacking - simple (flat jacks) no 14 270
15. Bearings 15.253. Refurbish (corrosion protection, anchor bolts, etc.) no 4 310
15. Bearings 15.254. Repair bearing plinth no 7 110
15. Bearings 15.255. Replace - elastomeric no 4 310
15. Bearings 15.256. Replace - mechanical no 7 110
15. Bearings 15.257. Re-seat no 5 750

A4-7
Unit Cost
Routine
Maintenance
Rand value)
15. Bearings 15.258. Service bearing (clear obstructions, etc.) no 7 110 Yes
15. Bearings 15.653. Access-using scaffold (> 10 m) no 7 110
15. Bearings 15.654. Access-using scaffold (< 10 m) no 4 310
15. Bearings 15.702. Traffic accommodation-Low (< 10 000 vpd) LS 128 290
15. Bearings 15.703. Traffic accommodation-Medium (10 000 - 40 000 vpd) LS 213 810
15. Bearings 15.704. Traffic accommodation-High (> 40 000 vpd) LS 285 060
15. Bearings 15.953. Ad-hoc item (describe under Remarks) no 1 000
16. Support Drainage 16.205. Clear blocked drainage no 700 Yes
16. Support Drainage 16.360. Replace drainage m 5 750
16. Support Drainage 16.953. Ad-hoc item (describe under Remarks) no 1 000
17. Expansion Joints 17.203. Clean joint of loose material m 320
17. Expansion Joints 17.301. Install silicon/bituminous seal m 1 140
17. Expansion Joints 17.302. Joint cover plates (replace and refit) no 3 560
17. Expansion Joints 17.304. New 40mm claw m 14 270
17. Expansion Joints 17.305. New 80mm claw m 14 270
17. Expansion Joints 17.306. New asphalt plug joint m 5 750
17. Expansion Joints 17.307. New multi element joint m 42 770
17. Expansion Joints 17.308. Refurbish (paint, etc.) metal claw/rail m 700
17. Expansion Joints 17.312. Repair concrete at joint up-turns L 700
17. Expansion Joints 17.313. Repair concrete nosing m 2 880
17. Expansion Joints 17.315. Replace glands of claw joint m 2 130
17. Expansion Joints 17.316. Replace pressfit seal with silicone m 1 460
17. Expansion Joints 17.317. Service multi-element joint m 14 270
17. Expansion Joints 17.602. Bolts to cover plates no 390 Yes
17. Expansion Joints 17.702. Traffic accommodation-Low (< 10 000 vpd) LS 128 290
17. Expansion Joints 17.703. Traffic accommodation-Medium (10 000 - 40 000 vpd) LS 213 810
17. Expansion Joints 17.704. Traffic accommodation-High (> 40 000 vpd) LS 285 060
17. Expansion Joints 17.953. Ad-hoc item (describe under Remarks) no 1 000
2
18. Longitudinal Members 18.101. Apply protective coating m 450
18. Longitudinal Members 18.102. Apply silanes m2 450
2
18. Longitudinal Members 18.103. Clean concrete surface m 140

A4-8
Unit Cost
Routine
Maintenance
Rand value)
18. Longitudinal Members 18.104. Concrete (reinforced) m3 11 410
18. Longitudinal Members 18.108. Cut back reinforcement (tie rods) and make good no 210
18. Longitudinal Members 18.110. Jacking - complicated (provide jack support work) no 57 020
18. Longitudinal Members 18.111. Jacking - simple (flat jacks) no 14 270
18. Longitudinal Members 18.118. Repair spall (including honeycombing) L 700
18. Longitudinal Members 18.120. Seal cracks m 700
18. Longitudinal Members 18.123. Strengthening (using plates, carbon fibre, etc.) m2 57 020
18. Longitudinal Members 18.352. Drill drainage holes no 4 310
18. Longitudinal Members 18.520. Cable anchorage refurbishment for cables up to 100 mm diameter no 12 460
18. Longitudinal Members 18.521. Cable anchorage refurbishment for cables 100 mm to 200 mm diameter no 14 950
18. Longitudinal Members 18.522. Cable anchorage refurbishment for cables greater than 200 mm diameter no 24 910
18. Longitudinal Members 18.523. Cable replacement up to 100 mm diameter m 6 240
18. Longitudinal Members 18.524. Cable replacement 100 mm to 200 mm diameter m 12 460
18. Longitudinal Members 18.525. Cable replacement greater than 200 mm diameter m 18 690
18. Longitudinal Members 18.526. Access to pylon head for repair (crane or other means) Sum 62 250
18. Longitudinal Members 18.527. Install vandalism tubes to cables no 31 140
18. Longitudinal Members 18.528. Additional (corrosion) protection for cables (painting, wrapping or sheathing a cable) m 12 460
18. Longitudinal Members 18.553. Corrosion protection to steel cables m 700
18. Longitudinal Members 18.576. Structural steel - re-torque bolts no 390 Yes
18. Longitudinal Members 18.653. Access-using scaffold (> 10 m) no 7 110
18. Longitudinal Members 18.654. Access-using scaffold (< 10 m) no 4 310
18. Longitudinal Members 18.702. Traffic accommodation-Low (< 10 000 vpd) LS 128 290
18. Longitudinal Members 18.703. Traffic accommodation-Medium (10 000 - 40 000 vpd) LS 213 810
18. Longitudinal Members 18.704. Traffic accommodation-High (> 40 000 vpd) LS 285 060
18. Longitudinal Members 18.953. Ad-hoc item (describe under Remarks) no 1 000
19. Transverse Members 19.101. Apply protective coating m2 450
2
19. Transverse Members 19.102. Apply silanes m 450
19. Transverse Members 19.103. Clean concrete surface m2 140
3
19. Transverse Members 19.104. Concrete (reinforced) m 11 410
19. Transverse Members 19.108. Cut back reinforcement (tie rods) and make good no 210
19. Transverse Members 19.110. Jacking - complicated (provide jack support work) no 57 020

A4-9
Unit Cost
Routine
Maintenance
Rand value)
19. Transverse Members 19.111. Jacking - simple (flat jacks) no 14 270
19. Transverse Members 19.118. Repair spall (including honeycombing) L 700
19. Transverse Members 19.120. Seal cracks m 700
19. Transverse Members 19.123. Strengthening (using plates, carbon fibre, etc.) m2 57 020
19. Transverse Members 19.352. Drill drainage holes no 4 310
19. Transverse Members 19.553. Corrosion protection to steel cables m 700
19. Transverse Members 19.653. Access-using scaffold (> 10 m) no 7 110
19. Transverse Members 19.654. Access-using scaffold (< 10 m) no 4 310
19. Transverse Members 19.702. Traffic accommodation-Low (< 10 000 vpd) LS 128 290
19. Transverse Members 19.703. Traffic accommodation-Medium (10 000 - 40 000 vpd) LS 213 810
19. Transverse Members 19.704. Traffic accommodation-High (> 40 000 vpd) LS 285 060
19. Transverse Members 19.953. Ad-hoc item (describe under Remarks) no 1 000
2
20. Decks and Slabs 20.101. Apply protective coating m 450
20. Decks and Slabs 20.102. Apply silanes m2 450
2
20. Decks and Slabs 20.103. Clean concrete surface m 140
20. Decks and Slabs 20.104. Concrete (reinforced) m3 11 410
20. Decks and Slabs 20.108. Cut back reinforcement (tie rods) and make good no 210
20. Decks and Slabs 20.110. Jacking - complicated (provide jack support work) no 57 020
20. Decks and Slabs 20.111. Jacking - simple (flat jacks) no 14 270
20. Decks and Slabs 20.118. Repair spall (including honeycombing) L 700
20. Decks and Slabs 20.120. Seal cracks m 700
2
20. Decks and Slabs 20.123. Strengthening (using plates, carbon fibre, etc.) m 57 020
20. Decks and Slabs 20.125. Waterproofing of top surface m2 1 460
3
20. Decks and Slabs 20.207. Clear debris m 700 Yes
20. Decks and Slabs 20.352. Drill drainage holes no 4 310
20. Decks and Slabs 20.551. Paint steelwork m2 700
20. Decks and Slabs 20.553. Corrosion protection to steel cables m 700
20. Decks and Slabs 20.556. Structural steel - remove all rivets and replace with bolts no 1 460
20. Decks and Slabs 20.557. Structural steel - remove all rivets and replace no 1 460
20. Decks and Slabs 20.558. Structural steel - replace bolts, washers etc. no 450 Yes
20. Decks and Slabs 20.559. Replace structural steel member t 85 530

A4-10
Unit Cost
Routine
Maintenance
Rand value)
20. Decks and Slabs 20.577. Structural steel - sand blast to white metal m2 700
20. Decks and Slabs 20.578. Strengthen structural steel member t 85 530
20. Decks and Slabs 20.653. Access-using scaffold (> 10 m) no 7 110
20. Decks and Slabs 20.654. Access-using scaffold (< 10 m) no 4 310
20. Decks and Slabs 20.702. Traffic accommodation-Low (< 10 000 vpd) LS 128 290
20. Decks and Slabs 20.703. Traffic accommodation-Medium (10 000 - 40 000 vpd) LS 213 810
20. Decks and Slabs 20.704. Traffic accommodation-High (> 40 000 vpd) LS 285 060
20. Decks and Slabs 20.953. Ad-hoc item (describe under Remarks) no 1 000
21. Miscellaneous Items 21.119. Repair support plinths L 390
2
21. Miscellaneous Items 21.554. Corrosion protection to masts m 1 460
21. Miscellaneous Items 21.570. Replace cover plates on street lights no 1 460
21. Miscellaneous Items 21.601. Bolts (miscellaneous) no 210 Yes
21. Miscellaneous Items 21.604. Install clearance sign no 7 110 Yes
21. Miscellaneous Items 21.606. Install fencing m 880 Yes
21. Miscellaneous Items 21.610. Rebuild/repair access chamber no 21 370 Yes
21. Miscellaneous Items 21.612. Remove people using structure as habitat LS 42 770 Yes
21. Miscellaneous Items 21.613. Repair service hangers (lighting etc.) no 5 750
21. Miscellaneous Items 21.615. Repair sign gantries no 42 770
21. Miscellaneous Items 21.616. Repair signpost connections no 1 460 Yes
2
21. Miscellaneous Items 21.617. Replace road signs m 2 310 Yes
21. Miscellaneous Items 21.619. Service structure lights no 1 460 Yes
21. Miscellaneous Items 21.620. Install structure number plate no 5 000
21. Miscellaneous Items 21.953. Ad-hoc item (describe under Remarks) no 1 000

A4-11
Table A4. 2 Remedial Activities for Bridge (Cellular) and Culvert (Major)
Unit Cost
Routine
Maintenance
Rand value)
01. Apron Slabs & Cut Off Walls 01.101. Apply protective coating m2 450
01. Apron Slabs & Cut Off Walls 01.102. Apply silanes m2 450
01. Apron Slabs & Cut Off Walls 01.104. Concrete (reinforced) m3 11 410
01. Apron Slabs & Cut Off Walls 01.105. Concrete (mass) m3 11 410
01. Apron Slabs & Cut Off Walls 01.108. Cut back reinforcement (tie rods) and make good no 210
01. Apron Slabs & Cut Off Walls 01.118. Repair spall (including honeycombing) L 700
01. Apron Slabs & Cut Off Walls 01.120. Seal cracks m 700
3
01. Apron Slabs & Cut Off Walls 01.155. Earth backfill m 580 Yes
01. Apron Slabs & Cut Off Walls 01.156. Gabion (mattresses and boxes) m3 2 880 Yes
3
01. Apron Slabs & Cut Off Walls 01.157. Mass concrete backfill m 5 120
01. Apron Slabs & Cut Off Walls 01.158. Rock backfill m3 2 570
3
01. Apron Slabs & Cut Off Walls 01.207. Clear debris m 700 Yes
01. Apron Slabs & Cut Off Walls 01.953. Ad-hoc item (describe under Remarks) no 1 000
02. Wing / Ret / Head Walls 02.101. Apply protective coating m2 450
2
02. Wing / Ret / Head Walls 02.102. Apply silanes m 450
02. Wing / Ret / Head Walls 02.103. Clean concrete surface m2 140
3
02. Wing / Ret / Head Walls 02.104. Concrete (reinforced) m 11 410
02. Wing / Ret / Head Walls 02.105. Concrete (mass) m3 11 410
02. Wing / Ret / Head Walls 02.108. Cut back reinforcement (tie rods) and make good no 210
02. Wing / Ret / Head Walls 02.118. Repair spall (including honeycombing) L 700
02. Wing / Ret / Head Walls 02.120. Seal cracks m 700
2
02. Wing / Ret / Head Walls 02.122. Stabilise wall with ground/rock anchors m 7 110
02. Wing / Ret / Head Walls 02.155. Earth backfill m3 580 Yes
3
02. Wing / Ret / Head Walls 02.156. Gabion (mattresses and boxes) m 2 880 Yes
02. Wing / Ret / Head Walls 02.157. Mass concrete backfill m3 5 120
02. Wing / Ret / Head Walls 02.158. Rock backfill m3 2 570
02. Wing / Ret / Head Walls 02.161. Underpinning (describe under Remarks) no 71 280
02. Wing / Ret / Head Walls 02.207. Clear debris m3 700 Yes
02. Wing / Ret / Head Walls 02.355. Repair weep holes no 1 460

A4-12
Unit Cost
Routine
Maintenance
Rand value)
02. Wing / Ret / Head Walls 02.607. Monitor (movements, rotations, etc.) (5 year period) no 28 520
02. Wing / Ret / Head Walls 02.953. Ad-hoc item (describe under Remarks) no 1 000
3
03. Scour Protection Works 03.104. Concrete (reinforced) m 11 410
03. Scour Protection Works 03.105. Concrete (mass) m3 11 410
03. Scour Protection Works 03.156. Gabion (mattresses and boxes) m3 2 880 Yes
3
03. Scour Protection Works 03.157. Mass concrete backfill m 5 120
03. Scour Protection Works 03.158. Rock backfill m3 2 570
03. Scour Protection Works 03.953. Ad-hoc item (describe under Remarks) no 1 000
04. Embankment/s 04.116. Repair concrete sidedrain/gutter/downchute m 1 460 Yes
3
04. Embankment/s 04.155. Earth backfill m 580 Yes
04. Embankment/s 04.156. Gabion (mattresses and boxes) m3 2 880 Yes
04. Embankment/s 04.157. Mass concrete backfill m3 5 120
04. Embankment/s 04.158. Rock backfill m3 2 570
04. Embankment/s 04.159. Stone pitching m2 880 Yes
2
04. Embankment/s 04.160. Interlocking blocks m 450 Yes
04. Embankment/s 04.201. Clean downchutes/sidedrains m 140 Yes
04. Embankment/s 04.357. Replace kerbs or berms m 880 Yes
04. Embankment/s 04.358. Replace cover slabs and lids no 2 880 Yes
04. Embankment/s 04.359. Replace sidedrain/gutter/downchutes m 1 460 Yes
04. Embankment/s 04.362. Replace inlet/outlet structures no 8 540 Yes
04. Embankment/s 04.363. Install kerbs or berms m 880 Yes
2
04. Embankment/s 04.401. Apply weed killer/ant poison and remove growth m 80 Yes
04. Embankment/s 04.402. Clear bush m2 80 Yes
2
04. Embankment/s 04.403. Grassing m 140 Yes
04. Embankment/s 04.404. Remove trees (girth < 500 mm) no 700 Yes
04. Embankment/s 04.405. Remove trees (girth > 500 mm) no 2 880 Yes
3
04. Embankment/s 04.504. Repair settlement (asphalt fill) m 8 540 Yes
04. Embankment/s 04.953. Ad-hoc item (describe under Remarks) no 1 000
05. Waterway 05.151. Backfill scour damage (earth) m3 880 Yes
05. Waterway 05.152. Backfill scour damage (mass concrete) m3 7 110
05. Waterway 05.153. Backfill scour damage (rock) m3 5 120

A4-13
Unit Cost
Routine
Maintenance
Rand value)
05. Waterway 05.156. Gabion (mattresses and boxes) m3 2 880 Yes
3
05. Waterway 05.209. Clear siltation m 580 Yes
05. Waterway 05.405. Remove trees (girth > 500 mm) no 2 880 Yes
06. Road Slabs 06.101. Apply protective coating m2 450
2
06. Road Slabs 06.102. Apply silanes m 450
06. Road Slabs 06.104. Concrete (reinforced) m3 11 410
06. Road Slabs 06.105. Concrete (mass) m3 11 410
06. Road Slabs 06.117. Repair concrete topping m3 7 110
06. Road Slabs 06.118. Repair spall (including honeycombing) L 700
06. Road Slabs 06.120. Seal cracks m 700
06. Road Slabs 06.155. Earth backfill m3 580 Yes
3
06. Road Slabs 06.157. Mass concrete backfill m 5 120
06. Road Slabs 06.158. Rock backfill m3 2 570
3
06. Road Slabs 06.207. Clear debris m 700 Yes
06. Road Slabs 06.501. Crack seal (asphalt) m 80 Yes
06. Road Slabs 06.503. Resurface or patch asphalt m2 700 Yes
06. Road Slabs 06.702. Traffic accommodation-Low (< 10 000 vpd) LS 128 290
06. Road Slabs 06.703. Traffic accommodation-Medium (10 000 - 40 000 vpd) LS 213 810
06. Road Slabs 06.704. Traffic accommodation-High (> 40 000 vpd) LS 285 060
06. Road Slabs 06.953. Ad-hoc item (describe under Remarks) no 1 000
07. Roadway Joints 07.203. Clean joint of loose material m 320
3
07. Roadway Joints 07.207. Clear debris m 700 Yes
07. Roadway Joints 07.301. Install silicon/bituminous seal m 1 140
07. Roadway Joints 07.302. Joint cover plates (replace and refit) no 3 560
07. Roadway Joints 07.303. Monitor (movements, rotations, etc.) (5 year period) no 28 520
07. Roadway Joints 07.304. New 40mm claw m 14 270
07. Roadway Joints 07.306. New asphalt plug joint m 5 750
07. Roadway Joints 07.308. Refurbish (paint, etc.) metal claw/rail m 700

A4-14
Unit Cost
Routine
Maintenance
Rand value)
07. Roadway Joints 07.312. Repair concrete at joint up-turns L 700
07. Roadway Joints 07.315. Replace glands of claw joint m 2 130
07. Roadway Joints 07.316. Replace pressfit seal with silicone m 1 460
07. Roadway Joints 07.602. Bolts to cover plates no 390 Yes
07. Roadway Joints 07.702. Traffic accommodation-Low (< 10 000 vpd) LS 128 290
07. Roadway Joints 07.703. Traffic accommodation-Medium (10 000 - 40 000 vpd) LS 213 810
07. Roadway Joints 07.704. Traffic accommodation-High (> 40 000 vpd) LS 285 060
07. Roadway Joints 07.953. Ad-hoc item (describe under Remarks) no 1 000
08. Guardrails 08.451. Attach guardrail to endblock no 2 880 Yes
08. Guardrails 08.452. Cut bolts for pedestrian safety no 320 Yes
08. Guardrails 08.455. New guardrail (single and double) m 880 Yes
08. Guardrails 08.463. Repair guardrail (realign, bolt replacement, etc.) m 580 Yes
08. Guardrails 08.466. Replace bolts and washers no 320 Yes
08. Guardrails 08.467. Replace posts (steel or timber) no 580 Yes
08. Guardrails 08.468. Replace reflectors no 140 Yes
08. Guardrails 08.469. Reverse laps in guardrails no 1 460 Yes
08. Guardrails 08.953. Ad-hoc item (describe under Remarks) no 1 000
09. Parapets / Handrails 09.101. Apply protective coating m2 450
09. Parapets / Handrails 09.102. Apply silanes m2 450
2
09. Parapets / Handrails 09.103. Clean concrete surface m 140
09. Parapets / Handrails 09.104. Concrete (reinforced) m3 11 410
09. Parapets / Handrails 09.112. New endblocks no 14 270
09. Parapets / Handrails 09.113. Concrete (precast) m3 17 130
09. Parapets / Handrails 09.118. Repair spall (including honeycombing) L 700
09. Parapets / Handrails 09.120. Seal cracks m 700
09. Parapets / Handrails 09.314. Replace joint sealant m 320 Yes
09. Parapets / Handrails 09.453. Install full height pedestrian balustrade m 2 880
09. Parapets / Handrails 09.456. New pedestrian parapet m 4 740
09. Parapets / Handrails 09.457. New traffic barrier (Concrete F-Shape/NJ) m 10 730
09. Parapets / Handrails 09.458. New/repair steel railing m 2 880
2
09. Parapets / Handrails 09.459. Paint steel rails m 700

A4-15
Unit Cost
Routine
Maintenance
Rand value)
09. Parapets / Handrails 09.462. Realign handrails m 2 880
09. Parapets / Handrails 09.464. Repair/replace guardrail fixings no 2 130 Yes
09. Parapets / Handrails 09.465. Repair/replace handrail posts no 1 460
09. Parapets / Handrails 09.466. Replace bolts and washers no 320 Yes
09. Parapets / Handrails 09.568. Replace service duct cover no 2 880
09. Parapets / Handrails 09.651. Access-using hanging basket for outer surface no 28 520
09. Parapets / Handrails 09.702. Traffic accommodation-Low (< 10 000 vpd) LS 128 290
09. Parapets / Handrails 09.703. Traffic accommodation-Medium (10 000 - 40 000 vpd) LS 213 810
09. Parapets / Handrails 09.704. Traffic accommodation-High (> 40 000 vpd) LS 285 060
09. Parapets / Handrails 09.953. Ad-hoc item (describe under Remarks) no 1 000
10. Walls 10.101. Apply protective coating m2 450
10. Walls 10.102. Apply silanes m2 450
2
10. Walls 10.103. Clean concrete surface m 140
10. Walls 10.104. Concrete (reinforced) m3 11 410
10. Walls 10.105. Concrete (mass) m3 11 410
10. Walls 10.108. Cut back reinforcement (tie rods) and make good no 210
10. Walls 10.115. Repair anchor heads no 8 540
10. Walls 10.118. Repair spall (including honeycombing) L 700
10. Walls 10.120. Seal cracks m 700
2
10. Walls 10.122. Stabilise wall with ground/rock anchors m 7 110
10. Walls 10.314. Replace joint sealant m 320 Yes
10. Walls 10.355. Repair weep holes no 1 460
10. Walls 10.654. Access-using scaffold (< 10 m) no 4 310
10. Walls 10.953. Ad-hoc item (describe under Remarks) no 1 000
2
11. Top Slab 11.101. Apply protective coating m 450
11. Top Slab 11.102. Apply silanes m2 450
2
11. Top Slab 11.103. Clean concrete surface m 140
11. Top Slab 11.104. Concrete (reinforced) m3 11 410
11. Top Slab 11.108. Cut back reinforcement (tie rods) and make good no 210
11. Top Slab 11.118. Repair spall (including honeycombing) L 700
11. Top Slab 11.120. Seal cracks m 700

A4-16
Unit Cost
Routine
Maintenance
Rand value)
11. Top Slab 11.123. Strengthening (using plates, carbon fibre, etc.) m2 57 020
11. Top Slab 11.352. Drill drainage holes no 4 310
11. Top Slab 11.654. Access-using scaffold (< 10 m) no 4 310
11. Top Slab 11.702. Traffic accommodation-Low (< 10 000 vpd) LS 128 290
11. Top Slab 11.703. Traffic accommodation-Medium (10 000 - 40 000 vpd) LS 213 810
11. Top Slab 11.704. Traffic accommodation-High (> 40 000 vpd) LS 285 060
11. Top Slab 11.953. Ad-hoc item (describe under Remarks) no 1 000
2
12. Invert Slab 12.101. Apply protective coating m 450
12. Invert Slab 12.102. Apply silanes m2 450
3
12. Invert Slab 12.104. Concrete (reinforced) m 11 410
12. Invert Slab 12.105. Concrete (mass) m3 11 410
12. Invert Slab 12.117. Repair concrete topping m3 7 110
12. Invert Slab 12.118. Repair spall (including honeycombing) L 700
12. Invert Slab 12.120. Seal cracks m 700
3
12. Invert Slab 12.155. Earth backfill m 580 Yes
12. Invert Slab 12.157. Mass concrete backfill m3 5 120
12. Invert Slab 12.158. Rock backfill m3 2 570
12. Invert Slab 12.207. Clear debris m3 700 Yes
12. Invert Slab 12.953. Ad-hoc item (describe under Remarks) no 1 000
13. Cell Deformation 13.104. Concrete (reinforced) m3 11 410
13. Cell Deformation 13.105. Concrete (mass) m3 11 410
3
13. Cell Deformation 13.109. Demolish and reconstruct m 14 270
13. Cell Deformation 13.121. Stabilise cell using precast beams m3 14 270
13. Cell Deformation 13.654. Access-using scaffold (< 10 m) no 4 310
13. Cell Deformation 13.702. Traffic accommodation-Low (< 10 000 vpd) LS 128 290
13. Cell Deformation 13.703. Traffic accommodation-Medium (10 000 - 40 000 vpd) LS 213 810
13. Cell Deformation 13.704. Traffic accommodation-High (> 40 000 vpd) LS 285 060
13. Cell Deformation 13.953. Ad-hoc item (describe under Remarks) no 1 000
14. Miscellaneous Items 14.570. Replace cover plates on street lights no 1 460
14. Miscellaneous Items 14.601. Bolts (miscellaneous) no 210 Yes

A4-17
Unit Cost
Routine
Maintenance
Rand value)
14. Miscellaneous Items 14.605. Install culvert markers no 5 750 Yes
14. Miscellaneous Items 14.606. Install fencing m 880 Yes
14. Miscellaneous Items 14.612. Remove people using structure as habitat LS 42 770 Yes
14. Miscellaneous Items 14.617. Replace road signs m2 2 310 Yes
14. Miscellaneous Items 14.619. Service structure lights no 1 460 Yes
14. Miscellaneous Items 14.621. Construct pedestal for culvert number no 2 880

A4-18
Table A4. 3 Remedial Activities for Culverts (Lesser)

Unit Cost
Routine
Maintenance
Rand value)
01. Inlet Works 01.101. Apply protective coating m2 280
01. Inlet Works 01.102. Apply silanes m2 210
01. Inlet Works 01.103. Clean concrete surface m2 70
01. Inlet Works 01.104. Concrete (reinforced) m3 5 400
01. Inlet Works 01.108. Cut back reinforcement (tie rods) and make good no 70
01. Inlet Works 01.118. Repair spall (including honeycombing) L 140
01. Inlet Works 01.120. Seal cracks m 280
3
01. Inlet Works 01.155. Earth backfill m 280 Yes
01. Inlet Works 01.156. Gabion (mattresses and boxes) m3 1 350 Yes
3
01. Inlet Works 01.157. Mass concrete backfill m 2 440
01. Inlet Works 01.158. Rock backfill m3 820
2
01. Inlet Works 01.160. Interlocking blocks m 420 Yes
3
01. Inlet Works 01.207. Clear debris m 140 Yes
01. Inlet Works 01.355. Repair weep holes no 210
01. Inlet Works 01.702. Traffic accommodation-Low (< 10 000 vpd) LS 121 100
01. Inlet Works 01.703. Traffic accommodation-Medium (10 000 - 40 000 vpd) LS 148 000
01. Inlet Works 01.704. Traffic accommodation-High (> 40 000 vpd) LS 188 370
01. Inlet Works 01.953. Ad-hoc item (describe under Remarks) no 1 000
2
02. Outlet Works 02.101. Apply protective coating m 280
2
02. Outlet Works 02.102. Apply silanes m 210
02. Outlet Works 02.103. Clean concrete surface m2 70
3
02. Outlet Works 02.104. Concrete (reinforced) m 5 400
02. Outlet Works 02.108. Cut back reinforcement (tie rods) and make good no 70
02. Outlet Works 02.118. Repair spall (including honeycombing) L 140
02. Outlet Works 02.120. Seal cracks m 280
3
02. Outlet Works 02.155. Earth backfill m 280 Yes
3
02. Outlet Works 02.156. Gabion (mattresses and boxes) m 1 350 Yes
02. Outlet Works 02.157. Mass concrete backfill m3 2 440
02. Outlet Works 02.158. Rock backfill m3 820

A4-19
Unit Cost
Routine
Maintenance
Rand value)
02. Outlet Works 02.160. Interlocking blocks m2 420 Yes
02. Outlet Works 02.207. Clear debris m3 140 Yes
02. Outlet Works 02.355. Repair weep holes no 210
02. Outlet Works 02.702. Traffic accommodation-Low (< 10 000 vpd) LS 121 100
02. Outlet Works 02.703. Traffic accommodation-Medium (10 000 - 40 000 vpd) LS 148 000
02. Outlet Works 02.704. Traffic accommodation-High (> 40 000 vpd) LS 188 370
02. Outlet Works 02.953. Ad-hoc item (describe under Remarks) no 1 000
2
03. Barrel/s 03.101. Apply protective coating m 280
03. Barrel/s 03.102. Apply silanes m2 210
2
03. Barrel/s 03.103. Clean concrete surface m 70
03. Barrel/s 03.104. Concrete (reinforced) m3 5 400
03. Barrel/s 03.105. Concrete (mass) m3 5 400
03. Barrel/s 03.108. Cut back reinforcement (tie rods) and make good no 70
03. Barrel/s 03.109. Demolish and reconstruct m3 5 930
03. Barrel/s 03.117. Repair concrete topping m3 3 370
03. Barrel/s 03.118. Repair spall (including honeycombing) L 140
03. Barrel/s 03.120. Seal cracks m 280
03. Barrel/s 03.124. Strengthening of slab m2 26 920
03. Barrel/s 03.155. Earth backfill m3 280 Yes
3
03. Barrel/s 03.157. Mass concrete backfill m 2 440
03. Barrel/s 03.158. Rock backfill m3 820
03. Barrel/s 03.202. Clean drainage m 70 Yes
03. Barrel/s 03.207. Clear debris m3 140 Yes
03. Barrel/s 03.314. Replace joint sealant m 140 Yes
03. Barrel/s 03.352. Drill drainage holes no 70
03. Barrel/s 03.355. Repair weep holes no 210
03. Barrel/s 03.702. Traffic accommodation-Low (< 10 000 vpd) LS 121 100
03. Barrel/s 03.703. Traffic accommodation-Medium (10 000 - 40 000 vpd) LS 148 000
03. Barrel/s 03.704. Traffic accommodation-High (> 40 000 vpd) LS 188 370
03. Barrel/s 03.953. Ad-hoc item (describe under Remarks) no 1 000
3
04. Waterway 04.151. Backfill scour damage (earth) m 280 Yes

A4-20
Unit Cost
Routine
Maintenance
Rand value)
04. Waterway 04.152. Backfill scour damage (mass concrete) m3 2 440
04. Waterway 04.153. Backfill scour damage (rock) m3 820
3
04. Waterway 04.156. Gabion (mattresses and boxes) m 1 350 Yes
04. Waterway 04.209. Clear siltation m3 140 Yes
04. Waterway 04.405. Remove trees (girth > 500 mm) no 680 Yes

A4-21
Table A4. 4 Remedial Activities for Retaining Walls

Unit Cost
Routine
Inspection Item Remedial Activity Unit (Apr 2019 Rand
Maintenance
value)
01. External Drainage 01.116. Repair concrete sidedrain/gutter/downchute m 680 Yes
01. External Drainage 01.156. Gabion (mattresses and boxes) m3 1 350 Yes
01. External Drainage 01.201. Clean downchutes/sidedrains m 70 Yes
01. External Drainage 01.206. Clear channel m 70 Yes
01. External Drainage 01.357. Replace kerbs or berms m 280 Yes
01. External Drainage 01.359. Replace sidedrain/gutter/downchutes m 680 Yes
01. External Drainage 01.360. Replace drainage m 140
01. External Drainage 01.361. Replace grid inlet no 550
01. External Drainage 01.363. Install kerbs or berms m 280 Yes
01. External Drainage 01.366. Install/replace concrete channel m 210
01. External Drainage 01.653. Access-using scaffold (> 10 m) no 1 350
01. External Drainage 01.654. Access-using scaffold (< 10 m) no 680
01. External Drainage 01.702. Traffic accommodation-Low (< 10 000 vpd) LS 121 100
01. External Drainage 01.703. Traffic accommodation-Medium (10 000 - 40 000 vpd) LS 148 000
01. External Drainage 01.704. Traffic accommodation-High (> 40 000 vpd) LS 188 370
01. External Drainage 01.953. Ad-hoc item (describe under Remarks) no 1 000
3
02. Slope Protection 02.152. Backfill scour damage (mass concrete) m 280
02. Slope Protection 02.153. Backfill scour damage (rock) m3 2 440
02. Slope Protection 02.155. Earth backfill m3 820 Yes
3
02. Slope Protection 02.156. Gabion (mattresses and boxes) m 280 Yes
02. Slope Protection 02.158. Rock backfill m3 1 350
02. Slope Protection 02.159. Stone pitching m2 820 Yes
02. Slope Protection 02.160. Interlocking blocks m2 420 Yes
2
02. Slope Protection 02.401. Apply weed killer/ant poison and remove growth m 420 Yes
02. Slope Protection 02.402. Clear bush m2 50 Yes
2
02. Slope Protection 02.403. Grassing m 60 Yes
02. Slope Protection 02.404. Remove trees (girth < 500 mm) no 50 Yes
02. Slope Protection 02.405. Remove trees (girth > 500 mm) no 280 Yes
02. Slope Protection 02.453. Install full height pedestrian balustrade m 680

A4-22
Unit Cost
Routine
Maintenance
value)
02. Slope Protection 02.621. Backfill scour damage (earth) m3 2 700 Yes
02. Slope Protection 02.653. Access-using scaffold (> 10 m) no 1 350
02. Slope Protection 02.654. Access-using scaffold (< 10 m) no 680
02. Slope Protection 02.702. Traffic accommodation-Low (< 10 000 vpd) LS 121 100
02. Slope Protection 02.703. Traffic accommodation-Medium (10 000 - 40 000 vpd) LS 148 000
02. Slope Protection 02.704. Traffic accommodation-High (> 40 000 vpd) LS 188 370
02. Slope Protection 02.953. Ad-hoc item (describe under Remarks) no 1 000
2
03. Wall 03.101. Apply protective coating m 280
03. Wall 03.102. Apply silanes m2 210
2
03. Wall 03.103. Clean concrete surface m 70
03. Wall 03.104. Concrete (reinforced) m3 5 400
03. Wall 03.105. Concrete (mass) m3 5 400
03. Wall 03.108. Cut back reinforcement (tie rods) and make good no 70
03. Wall 03.113. Concrete (precast) m3 8 080
03. Wall 03.115. Repair anchor heads no 8 080
03. Wall 03.118. Repair spall (including honeycombing) L 140
03. Wall 03.120. Seal cracks m 280
03. Wall 03.122. Stabilise wall with ground/rock anchors m2 1 350
03. Wall 03.123. Strengthening (using plates, carbon fibre, etc.) m2 13 470
03. Wall 03.653. Access-using scaffold (> 10 m) no 1 350
03. Wall 03.654. Access-using scaffold (< 10 m) no 680
03. Wall 03.702. Traffic accommodation-Low (< 10 000 vpd) LS 121 100
03. Wall 03.703. Traffic accommodation-Medium (10 000 - 40 000 vpd) LS 148 000
03. Wall 03.704. Traffic accommodation-High (> 40 000 vpd) LS 188 370
03. Wall 03.953. Ad-hoc item (describe under Remarks) no 1 000
04. Joints 04.203. Clean joint of loose material m 70
04. Joints 04.301. Install silicon/bituminous seal m 280
04. Joints 04.302. Joint cover plates (replace and refit) no 1 890
04. Joints 04.309. Reinstate expansion gap m 6 740
04. Joints 04.314. Replace joint sealant m 140 Yes
04. Joints 04.653. Access-using scaffold (> 10 m) no 1 350

A4-23
Unit Cost
Routine
Maintenance
value)
04. Joints 04.654. Access-using scaffold (< 10 m) no 680
04. Joints 04.702. Traffic accommodation-Low (< 10 000 vpd) LS 121 100
04. Joints 04.703. Traffic accommodation-Medium (10 000 - 40 000 vpd) LS 148 000
04. Joints 04.704. Traffic accommodation-High (> 40 000 vpd) LS 188 370
04. Joints 04.953. Ad-hoc item (describe under Remarks) no 1 000
05. Internal Drainage 05.205. Clear blocked drainage no 70 Yes
05. Internal Drainage 05.207. Clear debris m3 140 Yes
3
05. Internal Drainage 05.209. Clear siltation m 140 Yes
05. Internal Drainage 05.352. Drill drainage holes no 70
05. Internal Drainage 05.355. Repair weep holes no 210
05. Internal Drainage 05.360. Replace drainage m 140
05. Internal Drainage 05.365. Seal leaking pipes no 350
05. Internal Drainage 05.653. Access-using scaffold (> 10 m) no 1 350
05. Internal Drainage 05.654. Access-using scaffold (< 10 m) no 680
05. Internal Drainage 05.702. Traffic accommodation-Low (< 10 000 vpd) LS 121 100
05. Internal Drainage 05.703. Traffic accommodation-Medium (10 000 - 40 000 vpd) LS 148 000
05. Internal Drainage 05.704. Traffic accommodation-High (> 40 000 vpd) LS 188 370
05. Internal Drainage 05.953. Ad-hoc item (describe under Remarks) no 1 000
06. Foundation 06.105. Concrete (mass) m3 5 400
3
06. Foundation 06.157. Mass concrete backfill m 2 440
06. Foundation 06.158. Rock backfill m3 820
06. Foundation 06.161. Underpinning (describe under Remarks) no 13 470
06. Foundation 06.607. Monitor (movements, rotations, etc.) (5 year period) no 13 470
06. Foundation 06.702. Traffic accommodation-Low (< 10 000 vpd) LS 121 100
06. Foundation 06.703. Traffic accommodation-Medium (10 000 - 40 000 vpd) LS 148 000
06. Foundation 06.704. Traffic accommodation-High (> 40 000 vpd) LS 188 370
06. Foundation 06.953. Ad-hoc item (describe under Remarks) no 1 000
07. Miscellaneous 07.156. Gabion (mattresses and boxes) m3 1 350 Yes
07. Miscellaneous 07.456. New pedestrian parapet m 4 450
07. Miscellaneous 07.457. New traffic barrier (Concrete F-Shape/NJ) m 6 740
07. Miscellaneous 07.458. New/repair steel railing m 1 630

A4-24
Unit Cost
Routine
Maintenance
value)
07. Miscellaneous 07.459. Paint steel rails m2 420
07. Miscellaneous 07.551. Paint steelwork m2 420
07. Miscellaneous 07.568. Replace service duct cover no 280
07. Miscellaneous 07.601. Bolts (miscellaneous) no 70 Yes
07. Miscellaneous 07.602. Bolts to cover plates no 140 Yes
07. Miscellaneous 07.606. Install fencing m 820 Yes
07. Miscellaneous 07.609. Provide sidewalk m2 680 Yes
07. Miscellaneous 07.620. Install structure number plate no 1 350
07. Miscellaneous 07.953. Ad-hoc item (describe under Remarks) no 1 000

A4-25
Table A4. 5 Remedial Activities for Gantries

Unit Cost
Routine
Maintenance
Rand value)
01. Guardrails 01.455. New guardrail (single and double) m 420 Yes
01. Guardrails 01.460. Provide guardrail protection m 420 Yes
01. Guardrails 01.462. Realign handrails m 140
01. Guardrails 01.463. Repair guardrail (realign, bolt replacement, etc.) m 140 Yes
01. Guardrails 01.464. Repair/replace guardrail fixings no 280 Yes
01. Guardrails 01.466. Replace bolts and washers no 40 Yes
01. Guardrails 01.467. Replace posts (steel or timber) no 280 Yes
01. Guardrails 01.468. Replace reflectors no 70 Yes
01. Guardrails 01.469. Reverse laps in guardrails no 140 Yes
2
01. Guardrails 01.551. Paint steelwork m 420
01. Guardrails 01.702. Traffic accommodation-Low (< 10 000 vpd) LS 121 100
01. Guardrails 01.703. Traffic accommodation-Medium (10 000 - 40 000 vpd) LS 148 000
01. Guardrails 01.704. Traffic accommodation-High (> 40 000 vpd) LS 188 370
01. Guardrails 01.953. Ad-hoc item (describe under Remarks) no 1 000
2
02. Foundations 02.101. Apply protective coating m 280
02. Foundations 02.102. Apply silanes m2 210
2
02. Foundations 02.103. Clean concrete surface m 70
02. Foundations 02.104. Concrete (reinforced) m3 5 400
02. Foundations 02.105. Concrete (mass) m3 5 400
02. Foundations 02.108. Cut back reinforcement (tie rods) and make good no 70
02. Foundations 02.118. Repair spall (including honeycombing) L 140
02. Foundations 02.120. Seal cracks m 280
02. Foundations 02.151. Backfill scour damage (earth) m3 280 Yes
3
02. Foundations 02.155. Earth backfill m 280 Yes
02. Foundations 02.157. Mass concrete backfill m3 2 440
02. Foundations 02.158. Rock backfill m3 820
2
02. Foundations 02.159. Stone pitching m 420 Yes
02. Foundations 02.160. Interlocking blocks m2 420 Yes
02. Foundations 02.607. Monitor (movements, rotations, etc.) (5 year period) no 13 470

A4-26
Unit Cost
Routine
Maintenance
Rand value)
02. Foundations 02.620. Install structure number plate no 1 350
02. Foundations 02.702. Traffic accommodation-Low (< 10 000 vpd) LS 121 100
02. Foundations 02.703. Traffic accommodation-Medium (10 000 - 40 000 vpd) LS 148 000
02. Foundations 02.704. Traffic accommodation-High (> 40 000 vpd) LS 188 370
02. Foundations 02.953. Ad-hoc item (describe under Remarks) no 1 000
2
03. H D Bolts and Base Plates 03.549. Corrosion protection repair. Full removal of existing paint & rust m 550
03. H D Bolts and Base Plates 03.550. Corrosion protection repair. Prepare existing painted surfaces m2 420
2
03. H D Bolts and Base Plates 03.551. Paint steelwork m 420
03. H D Bolts and Base Plates 03.555. Gouging out of weld and re-welding (SB) m 40 370
03. H D Bolts and Base Plates 03.558. Structural steel - replace bolts, washers etc. no 70 Yes
03. H D Bolts and Base Plates 03.591. Strengthen structural steel member t 40 370
03. H D Bolts and Base Plates 03.601. Bolts (miscellaneous) no 70 Yes
03. H D Bolts and Base Plates 03.702. Traffic accommodation-Low (< 10 000 vpd) LS 121 100
03. H D Bolts and Base Plates 03.703. Traffic accommodation-Medium (10 000 - 40 000 vpd) LS 148 000
03. H D Bolts and Base Plates 03.704. Traffic accommodation-High (> 40 000 vpd) LS 188 370
03. H D Bolts and Base Plates 03.953. Ad-hoc item (describe under Remarks) no 1 000
2
04. Vertical Member 04.549. Corrosion protection repair. Full removal of existing paint & rust m 550
04. Vertical Member 04.550. Corrosion protection repair. Prepare existing painted surfaces m2 420
04. Vertical Member 04.551. Paint steelwork m2 420
04. Vertical Member 04.555. Gouging out of weld and re-welding (SB) m 40 370
04. Vertical Member 04.558. Structural steel - replace bolts, washers etc. no 70 Yes
04. Vertical Member 04.591. Strengthen structural steel member t 40 370
04. Vertical Member 04.601. Bolts (miscellaneous) no 70 Yes
04. Vertical Member 04.604. Install clearance sign no 1 350 Yes
04. Vertical Member 04.654. Access-using scaffold (< 10 m) no 680
04. Vertical Member 04.702. Traffic accommodation-Low (< 10 000 vpd) LS 121 100
04. Vertical Member 04.703. Traffic accommodation-Medium (10 000 - 40 000 vpd) LS 148 000
04. Vertical Member 04.704. Traffic accommodation-High (> 40 000 vpd) LS 188 370
04. Vertical Member 04.953. Ad-hoc item (describe under Remarks) no 1 000
05. Horizontal Member 05.549. Corrosion protection repair. Full removal of existing paint & rust m2 550
2
05. Horizontal Member 05.550. Corrosion protection repair. Prepare existing painted surfaces m 420

A4-27
Unit Cost
Routine
Maintenance
Rand value)
05. Horizontal Member 05.551. Paint steelwork m2 420
05. Horizontal Member 05.555. Gouging out of weld and re-welding (SB) m 40 370
05. Horizontal Member 05.558. Structural steel - replace bolts, washers etc. no 70 Yes
05. Horizontal Member 05.591. Strengthen structural steel member t 40 370
05. Horizontal Member 05.601. Bolts (miscellaneous) no 70 Yes
05. Horizontal Member 05.604. Install clearance sign no 1 350 Yes
05. Horizontal Member 05.654. Access-using scaffold (< 10 m) no 680
05. Horizontal Member 05.702. Traffic accommodation-Low (< 10 000 vpd) LS 121 100
05. Horizontal Member 05.703. Traffic accommodation-Medium (10 000 - 40 000 vpd) LS 148 000
05. Horizontal Member 05.704. Traffic accommodation-High (> 40 000 vpd) LS 188 370
05. Horizontal Member 05.953. Ad-hoc item (describe under Remarks) no 1 000
06. Sign Face 06.404. Remove trees (girth < 500 mm) no 280 Yes
06. Sign Face 06.405. Remove trees (girth > 500 mm) no 680 Yes
06. Sign Face 06.549. Corrosion protection repair. Full removal of existing paint & rust m2 550
06. Sign Face 06.550. Corrosion protection repair. Prepare existing painted surfaces m2 420
06. Sign Face 06.551. Paint steelwork m2 420
06. Sign Face 06.555. Gouging out of weld and re-welding (SB) m 40 370
06. Sign Face 06.558. Structural steel - replace bolts, washers etc. no 70 Yes
06. Sign Face 06.591. Strengthen structural steel member t 40 370
06. Sign Face 06.601. Bolts (miscellaneous) no 70 Yes
06. Sign Face 06.617. Replace road signs m2 2 160 Yes
2
06. Sign Face 06.621. Repair road signs whilst fixed to gantry m 2 160 Yes
06. Sign Face 06.622. Repair road signs by removing, transport to workshop, repairing and re-erecting m2 5 400 Yes
06. Sign Face 06.623. Repair sign face lettering no 140
06. Sign Face 06.654. Access-using scaffold (< 10 m) no 680
06. Sign Face 06.702. Traffic accommodation-Low (< 10 000 vpd) LS 121 100
06. Sign Face 06.703. Traffic accommodation-Medium (10 000 - 40 000 vpd) LS 148 000
06. Sign Face 06.704. Traffic accommodation-High (> 40 000 vpd) LS 188 370
06. Sign Face 06.953. Ad-hoc item (describe under Remarks) no 1 000
07. Sign Fasteners 07.549. Corrosion protection repair. Full removal of existing paint & rust m2 550
2
07. Sign Fasteners 07.550. Corrosion protection repair. Prepare existing painted surfaces m 420

A4-28
Unit Cost
Routine
Maintenance
Rand value)
07. Sign Fasteners 07.551. Paint steelwork m2 420
07. Sign Fasteners 07.555. Gouging out of weld and re-welding (SB) m 40 370
07. Sign Fasteners 07.558. Structural steel - replace bolts, washers etc. no 70 Yes
07. Sign Fasteners 07.591. Strengthen structural steel member t 40 370
07. Sign Fasteners 07.601. Bolts (miscellaneous) no 70 Yes
07. Sign Fasteners 07.654. Access-using scaffold (< 10 m) no 680
07. Sign Fasteners 07.702. Traffic accommodation-Low (< 10 000 vpd) LS 121 100
07. Sign Fasteners 07.703. Traffic accommodation-Medium (10 000 - 40 000 vpd) LS 148 000
07. Sign Fasteners 07.704. Traffic accommodation-High (> 40 000 vpd) LS 188 370
07. Sign Fasteners 07.953. Ad-hoc item (describe under Remarks) no 1 000
08. Miscellaneous Items 08.457. New traffic barrier (Concrete F-Shape/NJ) m 6 740
08. Miscellaneous Items 08.461. Provide F-shape NJ barrier protection m 6 740
08. Miscellaneous Items 08.615. Repair sign gantries no 40 370

A4-29
Table A4. 6 Remedial Activities for Road Tunnels

Unit Cost
Routine
Maintenance
Rand value
01. Portal 10.101. Apply protective coating m2 280
01. Portal 10.102. Apply silanes m2 210
01. Portal 10.103. Clean concrete surface m2 70
01. Portal 10.104. Concrete (reinforced) m3 5 400
01. Portal 10.105. Concrete (mass) m3 5 400
01. Portal 10.108. Cut back reinforcement (tie rods) and make good no 70
01. Portal 10.113. Concrete (precast) m3 8 080
01. Portal 10.118. Repair spall (including honeycombing) L 140
01. Portal 10.120. Seal cracks m 280
01. Portal 10.653. Access-using scaffold (> 10 m) no 1 350
01. Portal 10.654. Access-using scaffold (< 10 m) no 680
01. Portal 10.702. Traffic accommodation-Low (< 10 000 vpd) LS 121 100
01. Portal 10.703. Traffic accommodation-Medium (10 000 - 40 000 vpd) LS 148 000
01. Portal 10.704. Traffic accommodation-High (> 40 000 vpd) LS 188 370
01. Portal 10.953. Ad-hoc item (describe under Remarks) no 1 000
02. Slope Protection 02.114. Reconstruct backwall (re-instate gap) m3 8 080
3
02. Slope Protection 10.113. Concrete (precast) m 13 470
02. Slope Protection 10.115. Repair anchor heads no 8 080
02. Slope Protection 10.116. Repair concrete sidedrain/gutter/downchute m 680 Yes
02. Slope Protection 10.118. Repair spall (including honeycombing) L 140
02. Slope Protection 10.120. Seal cracks m 280
2
02. Slope Protection 10.122. Stabilise wall with ground/rock anchors m 1 350
02. Slope Protection 10.155. Earth backfill m3 280 Yes
3
02. Slope Protection 10.156. Gabion (mattresses and boxes) m 1 350 Yes
02. Slope Protection 10.157. Mass concrete backfill m3 2 440
02. Slope Protection 10.158. Rock backfill m3 820
2
02. Slope Protection 10.159. Stone pitching m 420 Yes
02. Slope Protection 10.401. Apply weed killer/ant poison and remove growth m2 50 Yes
2
02. Slope Protection 10.403. Grassing m 50 Yes

A4-30
Unit Cost
Routine
Maintenance
Rand value
02. Slope Protection 10.653. Access-using scaffold (> 10 m) no 1 350
02. Slope Protection 10.654. Access-using scaffold (< 10 m) no 680
02. Slope Protection 10.702. Traffic accommodation-Low (< 10 000 vpd) LS 121 100
02. Slope Protection 10.703. Traffic accommodation-Medium (10 000 - 40 000 vpd) LS 148 000
02. Slope Protection 10.704. Traffic accommodation-High (> 40 000 vpd) LS 188 370
02. Slope Protection 10.953. Ad-hoc item (describe under Remarks) no 1 000
03. Rockfall Protection 10.104. Concrete (reinforced) m3 5 400
3
03. Rockfall Protection 10.105. Concrete (mass) m 5 400
03. Rockfall Protection 10.113. Concrete (precast) m3 8 080
03. Rockfall Protection 10.115. Repair anchor heads no 8 080
03. Rockfall Protection 10.118. Repair spall (including honeycombing) L 140
03. Rockfall Protection 10.120. Seal cracks m 280
2
03. Rockfall Protection 10.154. Construct masonry wall m 1 350
03. Rockfall Protection 10.156. Gabion (mattresses and boxes) m3 1 350 Yes
03. Rockfall Protection 10.606. Install fencing m 820 Yes
03. Rockfall Protection 10.653. Access-using scaffold (> 10 m) no 1 350
03. Rockfall Protection 10.654. Access-using scaffold (< 10 m) no 680
03. Rockfall Protection 10.702. Traffic accommodation-Low (< 10 000 vpd) LS 121 100
03. Rockfall Protection 10.703. Traffic accommodation-Medium (10 000 - 40 000 vpd) LS 148 000
03. Rockfall Protection 10.704. Traffic accommodation-High (> 40 000 vpd) LS 188 370
03. Rockfall Protection 10.953. Ad-hoc item (describe under Remarks) no 1 000
04. Drainage 10.202. Clean drainage m 70 Yes
04. Drainage 10.205. Clear blocked drainage no 70 Yes
04. Drainage 10.206. Clear channel m 70 Yes
04. Drainage 10.352. Drill drainage holes no 70
04. Drainage 10.360. Replace drainage m 140
04. Drainage 10.365. Seal leaking pipes no 350
04. Drainage 10.653. Access-using scaffold (> 10 m) no 1 350
04. Drainage 10.654. Access-using scaffold (< 10 m) no 680
04. Drainage 10.702. Traffic accommodation-Low (< 10 000 vpd) LS 121 100
04. Drainage 10.703. Traffic accommodation-Medium (10 000 - 40 000 vpd) LS 148 000

A4-31
Unit Cost
Routine
Maintenance
Rand value
04. Drainage 10.704. Traffic accommodation-High (> 40 000 vpd) LS 188 370
04. Drainage 10.953. Ad-hoc item (describe under Remarks) no 1 000
05. Road Surface 10.501. Crack seal (asphalt) m 40 Yes
05. Road Surface 10.502. Resurface or patch m2 420 Yes
05. Road Surface 10.504. Repair settlement (asphalt fill) m3 4 720 Yes
05. Road Surface 10.702. Traffic accommodation-Low (< 10 000 vpd) LS 121 100
05. Road Surface 10.703. Traffic accommodation-Medium (10 000 - 40 000 vpd) LS 148 000
05. Road Surface 10.704. Traffic accommodation-High (> 40 000 vpd) LS 188 370
05. Road Surface 10.953. Ad-hoc item (describe under Remarks) no 1 000
2
06. Lining 10.101. Apply protective coating m 280
06. Lining 10.102. Apply silanes m2 210
06. Lining 10.103. Clean concrete surface m2 70
3
06. Lining 10.104. Concrete (reinforced) m 5 400
06. Lining 10.105. Concrete (mass) m3 5 400
06. Lining 10.108. Cut back reinforcement (tie rods) and make good no 70
06. Lining 10.113. Concrete (precast) m3 8 080
06. Lining 10.118. Repair spall (including honeycombing) L 140
06. Lining 10.120. Seal cracks m 280
06. Lining 10.653. Access-using scaffold (> 10 m) no 1 350
06. Lining 10.654. Access-using scaffold (< 10 m) no 680
06. Lining 10.702. Traffic accommodation-Low (< 10 000 vpd) LS 121 100
06. Lining 10.703. Traffic accommodation-Medium (10 000 - 40 000 vpd) LS 148 000
06. Lining 10.704. Traffic accommodation-High (> 40 000 vpd) LS 188 370
06. Lining 10.953. Ad-hoc item (describe under Remarks) no 1 000
07. Joints 10.203. Clean joint of loose material m 70
07. Joints 10.301. Install silicon/bituminous seal m 280
07. Joints 10.309. Reinstate expansion gap m 6 740
07. Joints 10.653. Access-using scaffold (> 10 m) no 1 350
07. Joints 10.654. Access-using scaffold (< 10 m) no 680
07. Joints 10.702. Traffic accommodation-Low (< 10 000 vpd) LS 121 100
07. Joints 10.703. Traffic accommodation-Medium (10 000 - 40 000 vpd) LS 148 000

A4-32
Unit Cost
Routine
Maintenance
Rand value
07. Joints 10.704. Traffic accommodation-High (> 40 000 vpd) LS 188 370
07. Joints 10.953. Ad-hoc item (describe under Remarks) no 1 000
08. Operational Service 10.653. Access-using scaffold (> 10 m) no 1 350
08. Operational Service 10.654. Access-using scaffold (< 10 m) no 680
08. Operational Service 10.702. Traffic accommodation-Low (< 10 000 vpd) LS 121 100
08. Operational Service 10.703. Traffic accommodation-Medium (10 000 - 40 000 vpd) LS 148 000
08. Operational Service 10.704. Traffic accommodation-High (> 40 000 vpd) LS 188 370
08. Operational Service 10.953. Ad-hoc item (describe under Remarks) no 1 000
2
09. Miscellaneous Items 10.609. Provide sidewalk m 680 Yes
09. Miscellaneous Items 10.616. Repair signpost connections no 420 Yes
09. Miscellaneous Items 10.617. Replace road signs m2 2 160 Yes
09. Miscellaneous Items 10.619. Service structure lights no 210 Yes

A4-33
Table A4. 7 Remedial Activities for Light Mast Group

Unit Cost
Routine
Maintenance
Rand value)
01. Foundations and Plinth 20.118. Repair spall (including honeycombing) L 140
01. Foundations and Plinth 20.120. Seal cracks m 280
01. Foundations and Plinth 20.155. Earth backfill m3 280 Yes
01. Foundations and Plinth 20.157. Mass concrete backfill m3 2 440
01. Foundations and Plinth 20.953. Ad-hoc item (describe under Remarks) no 1 000
02. HD Bolts and Base Plates 20.549. Corrosion protection repair. Full removal of existing paint & rust m2 550
02. HD Bolts and Base Plates 20.550. Corrosion protection repair. Prepare existing painted surfaces m2 420
2
02. HD Bolts and Base Plates 20.551. Paint steelwork m 420
02. HD Bolts and Base Plates 20.555. Gouging out of weld and re-welding (SB) m 40 370
02. HD Bolts and Base Plates 20.558. Structural steel - replace bolts, washers etc. no 70 Yes
02. HD Bolts and Base Plates 20.591. Strengthen structural steel member t 40 370
02. HD Bolts and Base Plates 20.601. Bolts (miscellaneous) no 70 Yes
02. HD Bolts and Base Plates 20.953. Ad-hoc item (describe under Remarks) no 1 000
03. Mast 20.549. Corrosion protection repair. Full removal of existing paint & rust m2 550
2
03. Mast 20.550. Corrosion protection repair. Prepare existing painted surfaces m 420
03. Mast 20.551. Paint steelwork m2 420
03. Mast 20.555. Gouging out of weld and re-welding (SB) m 40 370
03. Mast 20.558. Structural steel - replace bolts, washers etc. no 70 Yes
03. Mast 20.591. Strengthen structural steel member t 40 370
03. Mast 20.601. Bolts (miscellaneous) no 70 Yes
03. Mast 20.953. Ad-hoc item (describe under Remarks) no 1 000
04. Light Fittings and Fixings 04.801. Repair light fittings and fixings no 2 700
04. Light Fittings and Fixings 04.802. Repair light fittings and fixings no 5 400
04. Light Fittings and Fixings 04.803. Replace lights or bulbs no 1 350 Yes
04. Light Fittings and Fixings 20.953. Ad-hoc item (describe under Remarks) no 1 000
05. Access Hatch to controls 05.821. Repair access hatch to electrical controls no 2 700
05. Access Hatch to controls 05.822. Replace access hatch to electrical controls no 5 400
05. Access Hatch to controls 05.823. Repair access hatch locking device no 1 350
05. Access Hatch to controls 05.824. Repair electrical controls no 2 700

A4-34
Unit Cost
Routine
Maintenance
Rand value)
05. Access Hatch to controls 05.825. Replace electrical controls no 5 400
05. Access Hatch to controls 20.953. Ad-hoc item (describe under Remarks) no 1 000
06. Light Fittings Access System 06.830. Repair light fittings access system no 4 050
06. Light Fittings Access System 06.831. Replace light fittings access system no 8 080
06. Light Fittings Access System 06.832. Ad-hoc item (describe under Remarks) no 1 000
07. Cable Theft Prevention 07.840. Introduce cable theft preventative measures no 4 050
07. Cable Theft Prevention 07.841. Repair cable theft preventative measures no 2 030
07. Cable Theft Prevention 07.842. Ad-hoc item (describe under Remarks) no 1 000 Yes

A4-35

TMH19 DS ManualForTheVisualAssessmentOfRoadStructures PartA 20201125

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TMH19

MANUAL FOR THE VISUAL

Permission is granted to freely copy, print and distribute

All rights reserved:

Structures covered by this manual include:

Part A: Road Structure Management Information covers the following topics:

 Structure Class and Type Definitions;

The following additional information is supplied in the appendices:

BMS Bridge Management System

1 STRUCTURE CLASS AND TYPE DEFINITIONS ...........................................................................................1-1

1.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ 1-1

2 OVERVIEW OF ROAD STRUCTURE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS .................................................................2-1

2.1 GENERAL................................................................................................................................................. 2-1

3 INVENTORY INFORMATION ...................................................................................................................3-1

3.1 NUMBERING OF STRUCTURES ...................................................................................................................... 3-1

4 THE DER RATING SYSTEM ......................................................................................................................4-1

4.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE DER RATING SYSTEM.................................................................................................... 4-1

5 OVERVIEW OF DEFECTS ON STRUCTURES ..............................................................................................5-1

5.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ 5-1

6.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ 6-1

7 INSPECTION PROCEDURE AND QUALITY ASSURANCE ............................................................................7-1

7.1 TYPES OF INSPECTIONS............................................................................................................................... 7-1

8 REPAIR COST CALCULATIONS ................................................................................................................8-1

8.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ 8-1

APPENDIX A1. INVENTORY INFORMATION PER STRUCTURE TYPE .............................................................1-1

APPENDIX A2. EXAMPLES OF RELEVANCY AND URGENCY RATINGS ..........................................................2-1

APPENDIX A3. INSPECTION FORMS PER STRUCTURE TYPE ........................................................................3-1

APPENDIX A4. REMEDIAL ACTIVITIES PER STRUCTURE TYPE ......................................................................4-1

1 Structure Class and Type Definitions

This manual covers the following road related structures:

Table 1 Structure Classes and Types

Structure Class Structure Type

Major Culvert Culvert (Major)

Retaining Wall Retaining Wall

Road Tunnel Road Tunnel

(usually Culvert (Lesser)

1.2 Structure Classes

TMH19 Manual for the Visual Assessment of Road Structures

Figure 1 Bridge Classification

TMH19 Manual for the Visual Assessment of Road Structures

1.2.2 Major Culvert

Figure 2 Major Culvert Classification Criteria

1.2.3 Retaining Wall

TMH19 Manual for the Visual Assessment of Road Structures

Typical retaining wall types include:

1.2.5 Road Tunnel

1.2.6 Light Mast

TMH19 Manual for the Visual Assessment of Road Structures

A light mast should be assessed as a single mast if its height exceeds 40 m.

1.3 Structure Types

1.3.1 Structure Class Bridge

1.3.1.1 Bridge (General)

1.3.1.2 Bridge (Arch)

1.3.1.3 Bridge (Cable)

1.3.1.4 Bridge (Cellular)

1.3.2 Structure Class Major Culvert

1.3.3 Retaining Wall

TMH19 Manual for the Visual Assessment of Road Structures

1.3.5 Road Tunnel