Grade 10 Lab Manual
Grade 10 Lab Manual
Grade 10 Lab Manual
LABORATORY MANUAL
2020 - 2021
LABORATORY RULES
1. Conduct yourself in a responsible manner at all times in the laboratory.
2. Follow all written and verbal instructions carefully. If you do not understand a direction or
part of a procedure, ASK YOUR TEACHER BEFORE PROCEEDING WITH THE ACTIVITY.
3. Never work alone in the laboratory. No student may work in the science classroom
without the presence of the teacher.
4. When first entering a science room, do not touch any equipment, chemicals, or
other materials in the laboratory area until you are instructed to do so.
5. Perform only those experiments authorized by your teacher. Carefully follow all
instructions, both written and oral.
7. Do not eat food, drink beverages, or chew gum in the laboratory. Do not
use laboratory glassware as containers for food or beverages.
8. Be prepared for your work in the laboratory. Read all procedures thoroughly before
entering the laboratory. Never fool around in the laboratory. Horseplay, practical jokes, and
pranks are dangerous and prohibited.
10. Observe good housekeeping practices. Work areas should be kept clean and tidy at all
times.
11. Be alert and proceed with caution at all times in the laboratory. Notify the
teacher immediately of any unsafe conditions you observe.
12. Dispose of all chemical waste properly. Never mix chemicals in sink drains. Sinks are
to be used only for water. Check with your teacher for disposal of chemicals and solutions.
13. Labels and equipment instructions must be read carefully before use. Set up and
use the equipment as directed by your teacher.
14. Keep hands away from face, eyes, mouth, and body while using chemicals or lab
equipment. Wash your hands with soap and water after performing all experiments
15. Report any accident (spill, breakage, etc.) or injury (cut, burn, etc.) to the
teacher immediately, no matter how trivial it seems. Do not panic.
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16. Never return unused chemicals to their original container and NEVER remove
chemicals or other materials from the laboratory area.
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Table of Contents
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DATE: Lab #: 1
PROCEDURE:
1. On a sheet of white paper draw five (5) circles 1cm apart similar to the image above.
2. Place a large beaker over the circles and full to three-quarters with water. Then place the
beakers aside out of direct sunlight for five minutes to so that the water can become still.
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3. Drop a small single crystal of Potassium Permanganate through the centre of the water so as
to allow it to land near the centre of the rings that were drawn.
4. Then start timing to see how long it will take for the pool of dark purple solutions to
spread out through each of the rings. Record the results in a table.
DISCUSSION:
1. What is Diffusion?
3. How does this experiment proves that matter is made up of tiny particles?
CONCLUSION:
Write a short statement about the experiment and relate this to the aim of the experiment.
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DATE: Lab #: 2
APPARATUS/MATERIALS: beaker, conical flask, evaporating dish, stirring rod, filter paper,
filter funnel
PROCEDURE:
2. Half full the boiling tube with water and mix thoroughly
3. Filter the contents of the boiling tube and pour the filtrate in an evaporating dish
4. Heat the mixture until all the solvent evaporates, leaving the solid behind.
OBSERVATION:
Briefly describe the appearance of the sample before and after filtration and heating
DISCUSSION
1. Write short notes on mixtures and the different types of mixtures that exist.
2. Explain the basis on which the two solids were separated and outline the separating
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CONCLUSION
Write a short statement about the experiment and relate this to the aim of the experiment.
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DATE: Lab #: 3
TITLE: Chromatography
APPARATUS:
METHOD:
1. Measure and cut out a piece of filter paper measuring 8cm x 3cm
3. Apply the dye to the centre of this line making sure that it is not too big
4. Once the spot is dry place the chromatogram into the beaker of ethanol and cover it.
5. Remove the chromatogram from the liquid when the liquid is almost at the top of the paper
OBSERVATION
CALCULATION
DISCUSSION
1. Define Chromatography
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4. What is the mobile phase and the stationary phase in this experiment? Justify your answer.
CONCLUSION:
Write a short statement about the experiment and relate this to the aim of the experiment.
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DATE: Lab #: 4
TITLE: Periodicity of the Elements
AIM: To determine the reactivity of group 2 elements with water and acid
APPARATUS: test tubes, droppers, delivery tubes, beakers, wooden splints, Bunsen burner
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CONCLUSION: Write a short statement and relate this to the aim of the experiment.
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DATE: Lab #: 5
3
MATERIALS: 250cm beaker, Thermometer, Bunsen burner, Tripod with wire
3
gauze, retort stand with burette clamp, stop clock, 150cm water and
a folder leaf
METHOD:
3
1. Measure 150cm of water into the beaker and place it on top of the wire gauze on
the tripod.
2. Use the burette clamp and retort stand to suspend the thermometer in the water so that, it
does not touch the bottom or sides of the beaker.
3. Allow a few minutes for the thermometer to give a steady reading and record the initial
reading at the start (zero minutes), as shown in the table below.
4. Ignite the Bunsen burner and place it under the beaker while starting the
clock simultaneously.
5. As it is heated, record the temperature and the charges observed in the water, as shown
in the table below every minute until the water begins to boil steadily.
RESULTS
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DISCUSSION: Use the following questions as a guide to your discussion:-
2. Did the bubbles formed at the bottom of the beaker before the water boiled rise to the
top? If not why not?
5. Was the water pure? Did the temperature remain constant as the water boiled? Why? (if
not why not?)
6. Why did the temperature not increase as rapidly as before after the water begins to boil?
(Give the name of the heat which was taken in during boiling and say what it was being
used for).
CONCLUSION:
Write a short statement about the experiment and relate this to the aim of the experiment.
Mark Scheme
Title: Heating Curve of Water
Skill assessed: MM
Criteria Marks allocated Teacher’s mark
Apparatus set up correctly 1
Measuring Cylinder
- Read at eye level 1
- Read the bottom of the meniscus 1
Thermometer
- Read at eye level 1
- Bulb fully immersed 1
- Constant stirring of solution 1
- Bulb not touching the bottom or side of cup 1
- Ensures that the thermometer is not moved 1
during the experiment
Bunsen Burner
- Strikes match before turning on gas 1
- Adjust flame to obtain blue color 1
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Total 10
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DATE: Lab #: 6
APPARATUS: beaker, clamp stand, boiling tube, electric balance, measuring cylinder, wire
gauze, tripod, Bunsen burner, spatula
PROCEDURE
1. Weigh out a given mass of potassium nitrate and place it into a boiling tube
3
2. Add 20 cm of water to the boiling tube
3. Fill a beaker with water and clamp the boiling tube into the beaker of water
4. Warm the beaker and stir the contents of the boiling tube until all the solid dissolves
5. Once the solid has dissolved remove the boiling tube form the beaker and re-clamp it.
6. Insert the thermometer into the boiling tube stirring continuously and note the
temperature at which the solid starts to crystallise.
RESULTS
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DISCUSSION
1. From your graph how does the solubility of potassium nitrate vary with temperature
2. From your solubility curve predict:
c. The mass of KNO3 that will crystallize out when its saturated solution at 80 °C is
cooled to 30 °C.
CONCLUSION:
Write a short statement about the experiment and relate this to the aim of the experiment.
Mark Scheme:
Total 10
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DATE: Lab #: 7
APPARATUS: test tube, test tube rack, test tube holder, spatula, splint, Bunsen burner,
rubber bung, glass tube
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CONCLUSION:
Write a short statement about the experiment and relate this to the aim of the experiment.
Mark Scheme:
Effervescence 1
Popping sound 1
Effervescence 1
Total 15
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Table
- Headings appropriate 1
- Appropriate title (detailed/descriptive) 2
- Complete table 1
Date: Lab #: 8
Problem Statement:
A chemistry student was provided with a mixture of two (2) purple crystalline
solids and was told by the teacher that the mixture was that of iodine and potassium
permanganate.
Plan and design an experiment to separate the two (2) purple solids.
Hypothesis: This is an intelligent guess that is related to your problem statements. It should
be testable and feasible
Aim: This is what to plan to do in your experiment. It must be related to your hypothesis
and problem statement.
Apparatus and Reagents: What are the materials and reagents will you be using?
Method: This is where you write in a step by step format how you plan to carry out the
experiment. The method should be written in the present tense or the present continuous tense
Variables: There are 3 types of variables when looking at a planning and design experiment
1. Controlled variable – these are the things which are being kept constant throughout the
experiment from one run to the next eg volume and/or concentration of liquid being used
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or the time interval in taking readings.
2. Manipulated variable/ Independent variable – these are the things which are
intentionally changed during an experiment to find out particular effects.
3. Responding variable/ Dependent variable – the results which are collected due to
the interaction of the controlled and manipulated variable
Data to be collected: Based on the method how you would present your data eg using a table a
graph etc.
- Please note you cannot have any result in the table or graph as you have not done
the experiment and thus would have no values
Use of data: How would you use the data collected to answer your aim
Expected results: Should be linked to the method and hypothesis. It’s not possible for you to
predict the exact outcome of your study, therefore, your expected results need not be accurate.
But you can define the overall outcome
Treatment of results: based on the data how would the result match up with the hypothesis.
Eg If the volume of acid used to neutralize the substance A is greater than the volume used on
substance B then the hypothesis is true. If the volume used to neutralize both substance is the
same then the hypothesis is false. If the volume used to neutralize B is greater than A then the
hypothesis is also false.
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- More than half of the materials missing (0)
Method
- Logical 1
- Feasible 1
- Tense 1
Variables
- Control 1
- Manipulated 1
- Responding 1
Expected results
- Linked to method 1
Treatment of Results
- State the conditions that supports the hypothesis 1
- State the conditions that refutes to the hypothesis 1
Limitations / sources of errors/assumptions (at least 2 sound ideas) 2
Total 16
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DATE: Lab#: 9
AIM: To observe the effect of heat on copper sulphate, copper carbonate, copper nitrate,
potassium nitrate
APPARATUS test tube, Bunsen burner, test tube holder, rubber bung, glass tube, splint, litmus
paper.
Place a small sample of Identify the substance that was produced in the
copper sulphate in a test tube end
and heat strongly.
Place a small sample of Write the equation for the reaction taking place
copper nitrate in a test tube
and heat strongly
- Test for any gas given Identify the gas present
off
with a glowing splint
- Test for any gas given Identify the gas present
off
with litmus paper
- Place a small sample of State if it is acidic or alkaline
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copper nitrate in a test tube
and heat strongly
CONCLUSION
Write a short statement about the experiment and relate this to the aim of the experiment.
Mark Scheme
Title: Heating Compounds
Skill assessed: ORR
Criteria Marks allocated Teacher’s mark
Sub-heading in logical order (aim, apparatus, etc) 1
Method
Logical sequence of steps 1
Grammar and spelling 2
: correct - 2
: Only one or two errors - 1
: Many errors - 0
Written in past tense 1
Table
- Headings appropriate 1
- Appropriate title (detailed/descriptive) 2
- Complete table 1
Observation
- Test for carbonate (initial & final color) 2
- Test for gas 1
- Test for Copper Sulphate (initial & final colour) 2
- Test for gas 1
- Test for Nitrate (initial & final color) 2
- Test for gas 1
- Use of litmus paper 1
Overall presentation/neatness 1
Total 20
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DATE: Lab #: 10
AIM: To prepare a sample of copper (II) sulphate salt from copper (II) oxide
APPARATUS: beaker, measuring cylinder, conical flask, spatula, wire guaze, Bunsen burner,
stirring rod, tripod, filter funnel, filter paper.
PROCEDURE:
1. Add 20 cm3 of the 0.5 M sulfuric acid to the 100 cm 3 beaker. Heat carefully on the tripod
with a gentle blue flame until nearly boiling.
2. When the acid is hot enough (just before it starts to boil), use a spatula to add small
portions of copper(II) oxide to the beaker. Stir the mixture gently for up to half a
minute after each addition.
SAFETY: When adding the solid to the beaker, take care to avoid knocking the beaker.
3. When all the copper(II) oxide has been added, continue to heat gently for 1 to 2 minutes
to ensure reaction is complete.
6. Pour the filtrate into another beaker and warm gently until most of the liquid has
evaporated.
7. Remove from the heat and allow to mixture cool for the formation of crystal.
OBSERVATION
CALCULATIONS
1. Ionic equations
2. Write the net ionic equation
3. Number of mol of H2SO4 used in the experiment
4. Number of mol of CuSO4 formed in the experiment
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DISCUSSION
- Comment on the suitability of the method i.e. why wasn’t copper metal reacted directly
with sulphuric acid.
CONCLUSION
Write a short statement about the experiment and relate this to the aim of the experiment.
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Mark Scheme:
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DATE: Lab #: 11
Problem statement: It is known that the red Hibiscus flower can be used as an acid base
indicator. Some students suggest that the white yellow and pink hibiscus can be used as
well. Plan and design an experiment to investigate this claim.
Hypothesis: This is an intelligent guess that is related to your problem statements. It should
be testable and feasible
Aim: This is what to plan to do in your experiment. It must be related to your hypothesis
and problem statement.
Apparatus and Reagents: What are the materials and reagents will you be using?
Method: This is where you write in a step by step format how you plan to carry out the
experiment. The method should be written in the present tense or the present continuous tense
Variables: There are 3 types of variables when looking at a planning and design experiment
4. Controlled variable – these are the things which are being kept constant throughout the
experiment from one run to the next eg volume and/or concentration of liquid being used
or the time interval in taking readings.
5. Manipulated variable/ Independent variable – these are the things which are
intentionally changed during an experiment to find out particular effects.
6. Responding variable/ Dependent variable – the results which are collected due to
the interaction of the controlled and manipulated variable and state it that way.
Expected results: Based on the method how you would present your data eg using a table a
graph etc.
- Please note you cannot have any result in the table or graph as you have not done
the experiment and thus would have no values
Should be linked to the method and hypothesis. It’s not possible for you to predict the exact
outcome of your study, therefore, your expected results need not be accurate. But you can define
the overall outcome
Treatment of results: How would you use the data collected to answer your aim
based on the data how would the result match up with the hypothesis.
Eg If the volume of acid used to neutralize the substance A is greater than the volume used on
substance B then the hypothesis is true. If the volume used to neutralize both substance is the
same then the hypothesis is false. If the volume used to neutralize B is greater than A then the
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hypothesis is also false.
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Mark Scheme
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DATE: Lab #: 12
APPARATUS: beaker, conical flask, burette, pipette, pipette filler, clamp stand, dropping
pipette, filter funnel, white tile
PROCEDURE :
1. Condition the burette with hydrochloric acid and then fill it up
3
2. Pipette out 25 cm of the sodium hydroxide solution into the conical flask and add 2 -3
drops of the indicator to the flask
3. Record the initial volume of HCl in the burette and titrate against the NaOH solution
until the first permanent pink colour is obtained
RESULTS
1 2 3
3
Final volume of acid/ cm
3
Initial volume of acid/ cm
3
Volume of acid used/ cm
Title required
CALCULATIONS:
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6. Calculate the mass concentration of the NaOH
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION
Write a short statement about the experiment and relate this to the aim of the experiment.
Mark Scheme
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DATE: Lab #: 13
APPARATUS: Pipette, pipette filler, burette, clamp stand, polystyrene cup, filter
funnel, thermometer, test tube
-3 -3
REAGENTS: 2 moldm NaOH , 2moldm HCl
METHOD:
3
1. Use a pipette to transfer 25 cm of sodium hydroxide into a polystyrene cup. Let
the solution stand until it has a stead temperature. Record this temperature.
3
2. Using the burette run 5 cm of HCl into a test tube. Transfer all of the acid into the
cup with the NaOH. Stir well and record the highest temperature reached.
3 3
3. Repeat the procedure with a further 5 cm until a total of 40.0 cm of acid is added to
the NaOH, recording the highest temperature reached after each addition
RESULTS
3
Volume of HCl added/ cm Temperature reading/ °C
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Plot a graph of the volume of hydrochloric acid added against temperature
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CALCULATIONS
- From the graph determine the exact volume of acid that was needed for neutralization
-3
- Using the fact that the concentration of the NaOH is 2 moldm NaOH, determine
the concentration of the HCl in:
-3
o moldm
-3
o gdm
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION
Write a short statement about the experiment and relate this to the aim of the experiment.
Mark Scheme
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The Implementation Project
This project is divided into 2 parts, the proposal and the actual implementation or execution of
the proposal made. The first part is the proposal, this is a simple planning and design experiment
based on a problem statement devised by your teacher. This proposal MUST be done in year 1
and it will be assessed for planning and designing skill, your teacher will check this proposal and
ensure that it is a feasible plan. The second part is the implementation, wherein each student
will be required to individually implement the proposal that was drafted and will be submitted as
a formal lab report. This will be conducted in year 2 and will be assessed for Analysis and
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DATE: Lab #:14
2. Mr. Lawrence a local lime farmer in your area wanted to know if the acidity of the lime
was different if he picked it when it was green versus when it was yellow. Plan and
design and experiment to investigate.
3. Your grandmother currently suffers from a serious case of acid reflux. The doctor has
prescribed that she takes an over the counter antacid before each meal. You are sent
to the pharmacy to purchase an antacid but upon arrival you recognize there are
several types. The pharmacist has suggested that antacids A, B and C are the best
based on customer reviews. Plan and design an experiment to see which of the tablets
would be best for your grandmother condition.
4. Vanessa is a food and nutrition student who is trying to work on a sauce that includes
orange juice. She thinks it is a good way to add vitamin c to dishes while cooking.
While reading she came across information that suggests heating of fruits will reduce
the vitamin c content. Plan and design an experiment to test this claim.
5. Three brands of vinegar all claim to be 5% solutions. Mother wants to know if this is
really so, plan and design an experiment to test this claim.
6. Three brands of baking powder (Josephs’, Mary’s and Brown’s) all are claiming to be the
best raising agent for baking. Plan and design an experiment to determine which is best.
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Students will randomly select a problem statement from the list and plan and design the
experiment using the format below.
Hypothesis: This is an intelligent guess that is related to your problem statements. It should be
testable and feasible
Aim: This is what to plan to do in your experiment. It must be related to your hypothesis and
problem statement.
Method: This is where you write in a step by step format how you plan to carry out the
experiment. The method should be written in the present tense or the present continuous tense
Variables: There are 3 types of variables when looking at a planning and design experiment
7. Controlled variable – these are the things which are being kept constant throughout the
experiment from one run to the next eg volume and/or concentration of liquid being used
or the time interval in taking readings.
8. Manipulated variable/ Independent variable – these are the things which are intentionally
changed during an experiment to find out particular effects.
9. Responding variable/ Dependent variable – the results which are collected due to the
interaction of the controlled and manipulated variable
Expected results:
Based on the method how you would present your data eg using a table a graph etc.
- Please note you cannot have any result in the table or graph as you have not done the
experiment and thus would have no values
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Treatment of results: How would you use the data collected to answer your aim based on the
data how would the result match up with the hypothesis.
If statements to written at the end of the treatment of results.
Eg. If the volume of acid used to neutralize the substance A is greater than the volume used on
substance B then the hypothesis is true. If the volume used to neutralize both substance is the
same then the hypothesis is false. If the volume used to neutralize B is greater than A then the
hypothesis is also false.
Limitation: state one. Things in the lab that you cannot control.
Assumption: state one. IS NOT REWRITING THE HYPOTHESIS
Sources of error –state one.
THERE IS NO CONCLUSION IN A PLANNING AND DESIGN EXPERIMENT
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DATE: Lab #: 15
APPARATUS: ?
YEAR 2
Test Observation Inference
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acidified K2Cr2O7 to a test
tube containing FeSO4 and
NaOH and observe
CONCLUSION
Write a short statement about the experiment and relate this to the aim of the experiment.
Title: Redox
Skilled assessed: ORR
Criteria Mark(s) Teacher’s
mark
Sub-heading in logical order (aim, apparatus, etc) 1
Method
Logical sequence of steps 1
Grammar and spelling 2
: correct - 2
: Only one or two errors - 1
: Many errors - 0
Written in past tense 1
Table
- Headings appropriate 1
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- Appropriate title (detailed/descriptive) 2
- Complete table 1
Test 1
Stating the initial colour of the reagents 1
Final colour after reagents 1
Test 2
Stating the initial colour of the reagents 1
Final colour after reagents 1
Solid Precipitate 1
Test 3
Stating the initial colour of the reagents 1
Final colour after reagents 1
Effervescence 1
Test 4
Stating the initial colour of the reagents 1
Final colour after reagents 1
Effervescence 1
Splint was relit or it glowed brighter 1
Test 5
Stating the initial colour of the reagents 1
Stating the intermediate colour 1
Final colour after the reaction 1
Test 6
Stating the initial colour of the reagents 1
Final colour after reagents 1
Test 7
Stating the initial colour of the reagents 1
Final colour after reagents 1
Total 28
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DATE: Lab #: 16
TITLE: Rusting
APPARATUS: test tubes, beakers, iron nails, cotton wool, rubber bung
PROCEDURE:
2. Place two in a test tube with water and do not cover the test tube
3. Place two in a test tube without water and do not cover the test tube
4. Place two in a test tube with water and cover with rubber bung
5. Place two in a test tube without water and cover with a rubber bung.
6. Leave the test tubes for 1week and then make observations
OBSERVATIONS
DISCUSSION:
1. Define rusting and state the conditions which favour the process
2. Based on the observations made identify the conditions under which rusting occurred.
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CONCLUSION
Write a short statement about the experiment and relate this to the aim of the experiment.
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DATE: Lab #: 17
PROCEDURE:
1. Measure the following amounts of sodium thiosulphate and distilled water into
five small beakers.
Volume of HCl
Volume of Sodium
Volume of distilled water
3
thiosulphate (cm ) 3
(cm )
50 50 0
40 50 10
30 50 20
20 50 30
10 50 40
1. Place one beaker on the paper with the cross and add 50cm3 of hydrochloric acid.
3. Observe the cross from above the beaker and stop timing as soon as the cross is no
longer visible
4. Repeat step 2-5 with the other mixtures of sodium thiosulphate and water
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5. Repeat steps 1-5 using hydrochloric acid instead of sodium thiosulphate and adding
50cm3 of sodium thiosulphate to the diluted hydrochloric acid.
RESULTS:
Record results time taken for cross to disappear with different concentration of i)
sodium thiosulphate, ii) hydrochloric acid in suitable tables.
CALCULATIONS:
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION
Write a short statement about the experiment and relate this to the aim of the experiment.
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Date : Lab #: 18
Apparatus:
Method:
2. Measure out 100cm3 of water and pour it into the styrofoam cup and record the initial
temperature of the water in the table below
3. Add all of the NaOH to the water at the same time and stir the solution gently. Record the
highest temperature reading attained by the system in the table below
Mass of NaOH/g
Initial temperature of water / °C
Final temperature after the NaOH was added
to
the water/ °C
Final temp – initial
Temperature change / °C temp
Calculations:
1. Using the volume of water only as the total mass of the reacting system, calculate
the heat change using the equation below
ℎ ℎ = × ℎ × . ℎ
-1 -1
specific heat capacity of water = 4.2kJK kg
4. Sketch an energy profile diagram to show what was taking place in the experiment
DISCUSSION:
2. What is the literature value for the heat of solution for sodium hydroxide and how does
your value from the experiment compare to it.
3. Give one possible source of error that could have accounted for the difference in the two
values
CONCLUSION
Write a short statement about the experiment and relate this to the aim of the experiment.
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Date: Lab #: 19
APPARATUS AND MATERIALS: test tubes, acidified silver nitrate solution, acidified
barium chloride solution, aqueous sodium hydroxide, distilled water, Solid X.
2 Make a solution of X in
distilled water. Divide the
solution into five parts.
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5 To another add sodium -
hydroxide until in excess.
6 To another add -
ammonium hydroxide
7 To another add KI -
solution to confirm the
cation.
CONCLUSION:
Write a short statement about the experiment and relate this to the aim of the experiment.
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DATE: Lab #: 20
Problem Statement: Andre’s ball point pen leaked an organic dye onto his shirt. His
friends gave him 4 suggestions for removing the stain. They are;
Suggestion 3 – soak the stain in a mixture of nail polish remover and methylated
spirits
Suggestions 4- soak the stain in soap and water. Water is a universal solvent.
As a good science student, plan and design an experiment to help Andre remove the stain
from his shirt.
MARK SCHEME
Title: Organic Solvents
Skill assessed: PD
Criteria Marks Teacher’s
allocated mark
Hypothesis
- Testable 1
- Feasible 1
Aim
- related to hypothesis 1
Apparatus /Materials
- All the essential materials (2) 2
- 1 or 2 missing essential materials (1)
- More than half of the materials missing (0)
Method
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- Logical 1
- Feasible 1
- Tense 1
Variables
- Control 1
- Manipulated 1
- Responding 1
Expected results
- Linked to method 1
Treatment of Results
- State the conditions that supports the hypothesis 1
- State the conditions that refutes to the hypothesis 1
Limitations / sources of errors/assumptions (at least 2 sound ideas) 2
Total 16
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DATE: Lab #: 21
PROCEDURE:
2. Add 2 drops of hexane to one test tube, and 2 drops of alkene to the other.
3. Shake the test tubes, mix the contents and observe any changes
4. Repeat steps 1-3 using bromine water instead of acidified potassium permanganate
OBSERVATIONS
Construct a table and record the results
DISCUSSION
2. State what would be observed if both the alkane and alkene were heated separately
4. What type of reaction occurred with the acidified potassium permanganate? Write the
ionic equation for this reaction.
5. Draw the structure of the alkane and alkene and write the formula of the alkene with
Bromine water.
CONCLUSION:
Write a short statement about the experiment and relate this to the aim of the experiment.
Title: Saturated and Unsaturated compounds
Skill assessed: ORR
Criteria Marks Teacher’s mark
allotted (s)
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PROCEDURE
Clearly written in the past tense 1
Correct grammar/ spelling4 and punctuation 2
RESULTS
TABLE
Properly constructed with appropriate title and headings 2
Colour change of Alkane with KMnO4 1
Colour change Alkene with KMnO4 2
Colour change of Alkane with bromine water 1
Colour change of Alkene with bromine water 2
Overall format of report/ neatness/ headings underlined 2
Total 13
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DATE Lab #: 22
TITLE : Saponification
APPARATUS: beaker, Bunsen burner, tripod stand, wire gauze, electronic balance, weighing
bottle, spatula, measuring cylinder, fliter funnel, conical flask
PROCEDURE:
3
1. Measure 10cm of cooking oil and pour into a 600ml beaker
2. Place the beaker on a tripod stand and heat the beaker
3
3. Weigh 6.4g of sodium hydroxide into 40cm of distilled water
3
4. Add the 40cm of the prepared sodium hydroxide to the cooking oil in the beaker, place the
mixture in a water bath, bring to boil for 20 minutes .
5. Allow the mixture to cool , then add 3 spatulafulls of salt to the beaker and stir
7. Wash the solid with cold distilled water, dry the solid and discard the filtrate.
OBSERVATIONS
DISCUSSION
1. Define saponification
2. Write an equation for the reaction of the cooking oil and the sodium hydroxide
3. Define soapy and soapless detergents and state the type of soap produced
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CONCLUSION
Write a short statement about the experiment and relate this to the aim of the experiment.
Title: Saponification
Skill assessed: MM
Criteria Mark(s) Teacher’s Mark
Measuring Cylinder
Flat Surface 1
Bunsen Burner
Balance
Filter paper
Total 12
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DATE: ` Lab #: 23
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