Grade 10 Lab Manual

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CSEC CHEMISTRY

LABORATORY MANUAL

2020 - 2021
LABORATORY RULES
1. Conduct yourself in a responsible manner at all times in the laboratory.

2. Follow all written and verbal instructions carefully. If you do not understand a direction or
part of a procedure, ASK YOUR TEACHER BEFORE PROCEEDING WITH THE ACTIVITY.

3. Never work alone in the laboratory. No student may work in the science classroom
without the presence of the teacher.

4. When first entering a science room, do not touch any equipment, chemicals, or
other materials in the laboratory area until you are instructed to do so.

5. Perform only those experiments authorized by your teacher. Carefully follow all
instructions, both written and oral.

6. Unauthorized experiments are not allowed.

7. Do not eat food, drink beverages, or chew gum in the laboratory. Do not
use laboratory glassware as containers for food or beverages.

8. Be prepared for your work in the laboratory. Read all procedures thoroughly before
entering the laboratory. Never fool around in the laboratory. Horseplay, practical jokes, and
pranks are dangerous and prohibited.

9. Always work in a well-ventilated area.

10. Observe good housekeeping practices. Work areas should be kept clean and tidy at all
times.

11. Be alert and proceed with caution at all times in the laboratory. Notify the
teacher immediately of any unsafe conditions you observe.

12. Dispose of all chemical waste properly. Never mix chemicals in sink drains. Sinks are
to be used only for water. Check with your teacher for disposal of chemicals and solutions.

13. Labels and equipment instructions must be read carefully before use. Set up and
use the equipment as directed by your teacher.

14. Keep hands away from face, eyes, mouth, and body while using chemicals or lab
equipment. Wash your hands with soap and water after performing all experiments

15. Report any accident (spill, breakage, etc.) or injury (cut, burn, etc.) to the
teacher immediately, no matter how trivial it seems. Do not panic.

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16. Never return unused chemicals to their original container and NEVER remove
chemicals or other materials from the laboratory area.

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Table of Contents

Lab Title Year


# skill assessed
1 States of Matter ( Diffusion in liquids) 1
2 Separating Mixtures (Filtration) 1
3 Chromatography 1
4 Periodicity of Elements 1
5 Heating Curve of Water 1 MM
6 Solubility Curve 1 MM
7 Acids, Bases and Salts (Chemical properties of acids) 1 ORR
8 Mixtures and Separations P &D P/D
9 Heating of Compounds 1 ORR
10 Preparation of Soluble Salts 1 A/I
11 Acids, Bases, Salts ( Plan and Design of Hibiscus) 1 P/D
12 Volumetric Analysis ( Standardisation of HCl) 1 A/I
13 Thermometric Titration 1 A/I
14 Investigative Project Proposal 1 P/D
15 Redox Reactions 2 ORR
16 Electrolysis (Rusting) 2
17 Rates of Reaction 2
18 Energy & Energetics (Heat of Neutralisation) 2 M/M & A/I
19 Qualitative Analysis of an unknown compound 2
20 Organic Solvents ( Stain removal P&D) 2 P/D
21 Saturated and Unsaturated Compounds 2 ORR
22 Saponification 2 MM
23 Implementation Project 2 A/I

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DATE: Lab #: 1

TITLE: States of Matter (Diffusion in liquids)

AIM: To observe diffusion in a solution

APPARATUS: Beaker (1000ml), blank page, compass, pencil and straw

CHEMICALS: Potassium permanganate and water

Diagram of your apparatus should be inserted below:

PROCEDURE:

1. On a sheet of white paper draw five (5) circles 1cm apart similar to the image above.

2. Place a large beaker over the circles and full to three-quarters with water. Then place the

beakers aside out of direct sunlight for five minutes to so that the water can become still.

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3. Drop a small single crystal of Potassium Permanganate through the centre of the water so as

to allow it to land near the centre of the rings that were drawn.

4. Then start timing to see how long it will take for the pool of dark purple solutions to

spread out through each of the rings. Record the results in a table.

DISCUSSION:

1. What is Diffusion?

2. What does particulate theory of matter state?

3. How does this experiment proves that matter is made up of tiny particles?

CONCLUSION:

Write a short statement about the experiment and relate this to the aim of the experiment.

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DATE: Lab #: 2

TITLE: Mixtures and their Separation

AIM: To separate a mixture of two solids

APPARATUS/MATERIALS: beaker, conical flask, evaporating dish, stirring rod, filter paper,

filter funnel

CHEMICALS/ REAGENTS:sand, sodium chloride, water

PROCEDURE:

1. Place a sample of the mixture in a boiling tube

2. Half full the boiling tube with water and mix thoroughly

3. Filter the contents of the boiling tube and pour the filtrate in an evaporating dish

4. Heat the mixture until all the solvent evaporates, leaving the solid behind.

OBSERVATION:

Briefly describe the appearance of the sample before and after filtration and heating

DISCUSSION

1. Write short notes on mixtures and the different types of mixtures that exist.

2. Explain the basis on which the two solids were separated and outline the separating

techniques utilized in this experiment.

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CONCLUSION

Write a short statement about the experiment and relate this to the aim of the experiment.

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DATE: Lab #: 3

TITLE: Chromatography

AIM: To separate a mixture of screened methyl orange using paper chromatography

APPARATUS:

METHOD:

1. Measure and cut out a piece of filter paper measuring 8cm x 3cm

2. Using a pencil draw a line 1 cm from the bottom of the paper

3. Apply the dye to the centre of this line making sure that it is not too big

4. Once the spot is dry place the chromatogram into the beaker of ethanol and cover it.

5. Remove the chromatogram from the liquid when the liquid is almost at the top of the paper

OBSERVATION

1. Draw a diagram to represent the chromatogram

CALCULATION

1. Calculate the retention factor for all the components

DISCUSSION

1. Define Chromatography

2. Why was chromatography used?

3. Which of the dye is more soluble in the ethanol?

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4. What is the mobile phase and the stationary phase in this experiment? Justify your answer.

CONCLUSION:

Write a short statement about the experiment and relate this to the aim of the experiment.

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DATE: Lab #: 4
TITLE: Periodicity of the Elements

AIM: To determine the reactivity of group 2 elements with water and acid

APPARATUS: test tubes, droppers, delivery tubes, beakers, wooden splints, Bunsen burner

REAGENTS: Calcium block, magnesium ribbon, hydrochloric acid

Title of table – Must be detailed


Test Observation Inference
1. Add a piece of magnesium Write and equation for the
ribbon to the boiling tube reaction taking place
followed by a small amount of
water

Write and equation for the


reaction taking place
2. a) Add a piece of calcium to
the boiling tube followed by a
small amount of water
b) Test for any gas given off Which gas may be present?
with a lit Splint

Write and equation for the


3. a) Add a piece of magnesium reaction taking place
to the boiling tube followed by a
small amount of hydrochloric acid
(HCl)
b) Test for any gas given off
with a lit Splint Which gas may be present?

Write an equation for the


4. a) Add a piece of calcium to the reaction taking place
boiling tube followed by a small
amount of hydrochloric acid (HCl)
b) Test for any gas given off
with a lit splint
Which gas may be present?

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CONCLUSION: Write a short statement and relate this to the aim of the experiment.

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DATE: Lab #: 5

TITLE: Heating curve of water.

AIM: To investigate and plot a graph of the heating curve of water.

3
MATERIALS: 250cm beaker, Thermometer, Bunsen burner, Tripod with wire
3
gauze, retort stand with burette clamp, stop clock, 150cm water and
a folder leaf

METHOD:

3
1. Measure 150cm of water into the beaker and place it on top of the wire gauze on
the tripod.

2. Use the burette clamp and retort stand to suspend the thermometer in the water so that, it
does not touch the bottom or sides of the beaker.

3. Allow a few minutes for the thermometer to give a steady reading and record the initial
reading at the start (zero minutes), as shown in the table below.

4. Ignite the Bunsen burner and place it under the beaker while starting the
clock simultaneously.

5. As it is heated, record the temperature and the charges observed in the water, as shown
in the table below every minute until the water begins to boil steadily.

6. Use the results to plot a graph of temperature against time.

7. Interpret the graph and discus your findings.

RESULTS

Time (min) Temperature (°C) Observation


0 --
1
2

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DISCUSSION: Use the following questions as a guide to your discussion:-

1. What did you observe as the temperature of the water increased?

2. Did the bubbles formed at the bottom of the beaker before the water boiled rise to the
top? If not why not?

3. At what temperature did the water boil?

4. Why did it not boil at 100°C?

5. Was the water pure? Did the temperature remain constant as the water boiled? Why? (if
not why not?)

6. Why did the temperature not increase as rapidly as before after the water begins to boil?
(Give the name of the heat which was taken in during boiling and say what it was being
used for).

CONCLUSION:

(look at your “Aim” and use it to guide your conclusion)

Write a short statement about the experiment and relate this to the aim of the experiment.

Mark Scheme
Title: Heating Curve of Water
Skill assessed: MM
Criteria Marks allocated Teacher’s mark
Apparatus set up correctly 1
Measuring Cylinder
- Read at eye level 1
- Read the bottom of the meniscus 1
Thermometer
- Read at eye level 1
- Bulb fully immersed 1
- Constant stirring of solution 1
- Bulb not touching the bottom or side of cup 1
- Ensures that the thermometer is not moved 1
during the experiment
Bunsen Burner
- Strikes match before turning on gas 1
- Adjust flame to obtain blue color 1

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Total 10

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DATE: Lab #: 6

TITLE: Solubility Curve

AIM: To determine the effect of temperature on the solubility of potassium nitrate

APPARATUS: beaker, clamp stand, boiling tube, electric balance, measuring cylinder, wire
gauze, tripod, Bunsen burner, spatula

REAGENTS: KNO3, water

PROCEDURE

1. Weigh out a given mass of potassium nitrate and place it into a boiling tube

3
2. Add 20 cm of water to the boiling tube
3. Fill a beaker with water and clamp the boiling tube into the beaker of water

4. Warm the beaker and stir the contents of the boiling tube until all the solid dissolves

5. Once the solid has dissolved remove the boiling tube form the beaker and re-clamp it.

6. Insert the thermometer into the boiling tube stirring continuously and note the
temperature at which the solid starts to crystallise.

7. Plot a graph of solubility against temperature for potassium nitrate

Use the equation below to calculate the solubility:

mass of KNO3 × 100


Solubility =
Vs
Where Vs is the volume of solvent (water) used

RESULTS

Temperature / °C Mass of KNO3/ g Solubility/ g of solute per


100g of water
26 8
33 10
44 15
57 20
65 25
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73 30
83 35

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DISCUSSION

1. From your graph how does the solubility of potassium nitrate vary with temperature
2. From your solubility curve predict:

a. The solubility of KNO3 at 80 °C.

b. The solubility of KNO3 at 30 °C.

c. The mass of KNO3 that will crystallize out when its saturated solution at 80 °C is
cooled to 30 °C.

d. At what temperature is the solubility of the salt 65 g per 100g of water?

CONCLUSION:

Write a short statement about the experiment and relate this to the aim of the experiment.

Mark Scheme:

Title: Solubility Curve


Skill assessed: MM
Criteria Marks allocated Teacher’s mark
Apparatus set up correctly
- Hold tube away from 1
others
Measuring Cylinder
- Read at eye level 1
- Place on a flat surface 1
Balance
- Correct use of balance 1
Thermometer
- Held upright for reading 1
- Bulb fully emerge not 1
touching sides
Bunsen Burner
- Strikes match before 1
turning on gas
- Adjust flame 1
- Close air hole 1
- Lighting burner 1

Total 10

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DATE: Lab #: 7

TITLE: Acids, Bases and Salts

AIM: To investigate the chemical properties of acids

APPARATUS: test tube, test tube rack, test tube holder, spatula, splint, Bunsen burner,
rubber bung, glass tube

REAGENTS: litmus paper, hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid, magnesium ribbon,


calcium carbonate, copper (II) oxide, lime water

Title of table – Must be detailed

Method Observation Inference


1. Place red and blue litmus
paper in a test tube
containing dil. HCl
2. Place a strip of - Write balanced equation
magnesium ribbon in a test
tube followed by dil. HCl.

b) Test for any gas using -Identify the gas present


a lit split

3. Place a small sample of Write balanced equation


-
CaCO3 in a test tube
followed by dil. HCl.

Identify the gas present


- Bubble any gas formed -
through lime water

4. Place a sample of CuO in Write balanced equation


a test tube followed by dil.
H2SO4 and warm.

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CONCLUSION:

Write a short statement about the experiment and relate this to the aim of the experiment.

Mark Scheme:

Title: Acid, Bases and Salt


Skill Assessed: ORR
Criteria Marks Teacher’s mark
allotted

Neatly constructed with correct heading 2

Test 1- Blue litmus changed 1

Red litmus did not 1

Test 2 – Appearance of Mg before experiment 1

Effervescence 1

Popping sound 1

Solution was colourless 1

Tube felt warm 1

Test 3- Calcium Carbonate white powdery/ granular solid 1

Effervescence 1

Colourless solution was formed 1

Lime water turned milky 1

Test 4- Copper oxide Black powder 1

A blue solution formed on warming 1

Total 15

Sub-heading in logical order (aim, apparatus, etc) 1


Method
Logical sequence of steps 1
Grammar and spelling 2
: correct - 2
: Only one or two errors - 1
: Many errors - 0
Written in past tense 1

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Table
- Headings appropriate 1
- Appropriate title (detailed/descriptive) 2
- Complete table 1

Date: Lab #: 8

Title: Mixtures and their separation (Plan and Design lab)

Problem Statement:
A chemistry student was provided with a mixture of two (2) purple crystalline
solids and was told by the teacher that the mixture was that of iodine and potassium
permanganate.
Plan and design an experiment to separate the two (2) purple solids.

Hypothesis: This is an intelligent guess that is related to your problem statements. It should
be testable and feasible

Aim: This is what to plan to do in your experiment. It must be related to your hypothesis
and problem statement.

Apparatus and Reagents: What are the materials and reagents will you be using?

Method: This is where you write in a step by step format how you plan to carry out the
experiment. The method should be written in the present tense or the present continuous tense

Variables: There are 3 types of variables when looking at a planning and design experiment

1. Controlled variable – these are the things which are being kept constant throughout the
experiment from one run to the next eg volume and/or concentration of liquid being used

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or the time interval in taking readings.

2. Manipulated variable/ Independent variable – these are the things which are
intentionally changed during an experiment to find out particular effects.

3. Responding variable/ Dependent variable – the results which are collected due to
the interaction of the controlled and manipulated variable

Data to be collected: Based on the method how you would present your data eg using a table a
graph etc.

- Please note you cannot have any result in the table or graph as you have not done
the experiment and thus would have no values

Use of data: How would you use the data collected to answer your aim

Expected results: Should be linked to the method and hypothesis. It’s not possible for you to
predict the exact outcome of your study, therefore, your expected results need not be accurate.
But you can define the overall outcome
Treatment of results: based on the data how would the result match up with the hypothesis.
Eg If the volume of acid used to neutralize the substance A is greater than the volume used on
substance B then the hypothesis is true. If the volume used to neutralize both substance is the
same then the hypothesis is false. If the volume used to neutralize B is greater than A then the
hypothesis is also false.

Limitation/ assumption/sources of error – you need to state one for each.

THERE IS NO CONCLUSION IN A PLANNING AND DESIGN EXPERIMENT

Title: Mixtures and their separation


Skill assessed: PD
Criteria Marks Teacher’s
allocated mark
Hypothesis
- Testable 1
- Feasible 1
Aim
- related to hypothesis 1
Apparatus /Materials
- All the essential materials (2) 2
- 1 or 2 missing essential materials (1)

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- More than half of the materials missing (0)
Method
- Logical 1
- Feasible 1
- Tense 1
Variables
- Control 1
- Manipulated 1
- Responding 1
Expected results
- Linked to method 1
Treatment of Results
- State the conditions that supports the hypothesis 1
- State the conditions that refutes to the hypothesis 1
Limitations / sources of errors/assumptions (at least 2 sound ideas) 2
Total 16

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DATE: Lab#: 9

TITLE: Heating of Compounds

AIM: To observe the effect of heat on copper sulphate, copper carbonate, copper nitrate,
potassium nitrate

APPARATUS test tube, Bunsen burner, test tube holder, rubber bung, glass tube, splint, litmus
paper.

REAGENTS: copper sulphate, copper carbonate, copper nitrate, potassium nitrate

Title of table: Must be detailed

Test Observation Inference


Place a small sample of Write an equation for reaction that took place
copper carbonate in a test when the copper carbonate was heated
tube and heat strongly

Test for any gas given off


Identify the gas
with lime water

Write an equation for the reaction between the


gas and the lime water

Place a small sample of Identify the substance that was produced in the
copper sulphate in a test tube end
and heat strongly.

Test for any gas given of


with cobalt chloride paper

Place a small sample of Write the equation for the reaction taking place
copper nitrate in a test tube
and heat strongly
- Test for any gas given Identify the gas present
off
with a glowing splint
- Test for any gas given Identify the gas present
off
with litmus paper
- Place a small sample of State if it is acidic or alkaline

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copper nitrate in a test tube
and heat strongly

CONCLUSION
Write a short statement about the experiment and relate this to the aim of the experiment.

Mark Scheme
Title: Heating Compounds
Skill assessed: ORR
Criteria Marks allocated Teacher’s mark
Sub-heading in logical order (aim, apparatus, etc) 1
Method
Logical sequence of steps 1
Grammar and spelling 2
: correct - 2
: Only one or two errors - 1
: Many errors - 0
Written in past tense 1
Table
- Headings appropriate 1
- Appropriate title (detailed/descriptive) 2
- Complete table 1
Observation
- Test for carbonate (initial & final color) 2
- Test for gas 1
- Test for Copper Sulphate (initial & final colour) 2
- Test for gas 1
- Test for Nitrate (initial & final color) 2
- Test for gas 1
- Use of litmus paper 1
Overall presentation/neatness 1
Total 20

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DATE: Lab #: 10

TITLE: Preparation of Soluble Salts

AIM: To prepare a sample of copper (II) sulphate salt from copper (II) oxide

APPARATUS: beaker, measuring cylinder, conical flask, spatula, wire guaze, Bunsen burner,
stirring rod, tripod, filter funnel, filter paper.

REAGENTS: copper (II) oxide and sulphuric acid

PROCEDURE:

1. Add 20 cm3 of the 0.5 M sulfuric acid to the 100 cm 3 beaker. Heat carefully on the tripod
with a gentle blue flame until nearly boiling.

2. When the acid is hot enough (just before it starts to boil), use a spatula to add small
portions of copper(II) oxide to the beaker. Stir the mixture gently for up to half a
minute after each addition.

SAFETY: When adding the solid to the beaker, take care to avoid knocking the beaker.

3. When all the copper(II) oxide has been added, continue to heat gently for 1 to 2 minutes
to ensure reaction is complete.

4. Allow the beaker to cool before filtering the mixture.

5. Gently swirl the contents to mix and then filter

6. Pour the filtrate into another beaker and warm gently until most of the liquid has
evaporated.

7. Remove from the heat and allow to mixture cool for the formation of crystal.

8. Filter the remaining mixture and collect the residue.

OBSERVATION

- Write what you observed throughout the experiment

CALCULATIONS
1. Ionic equations
2. Write the net ionic equation
3. Number of mol of H2SO4 used in the experiment
4. Number of mol of CuSO4 formed in the experiment

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DISCUSSION

- Write a balanced equation to represent what is taking place in the experiment.

- State the type of reaction taking place

- Comment on the suitability of the method i.e. why wasn’t copper metal reacted directly
with sulphuric acid.

- Give one source of error and a precaution in the experiment.

CONCLUSION

Write a short statement about the experiment and relate this to the aim of the experiment.

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Mark Scheme:

Title: Preparation of Soluble salt


Skill assessed: A & I
Criteria Marks allocated Teacher’s mark
Balance equation with state symbols 2
Type of reaction 1
Comment on the suitability of the method 1
Ionic equations 2
# of mol of H2SO4 used in the experiment 1
# of mol of CuSO4 formed in the experiment 1
Identified one (1) source of error 1
Identified one (1) precaution 1
Total 10

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DATE: Lab #: 11

TITLE: Acids, Bases and Salts

Problem statement: It is known that the red Hibiscus flower can be used as an acid base
indicator. Some students suggest that the white yellow and pink hibiscus can be used as
well. Plan and design an experiment to investigate this claim.

Hypothesis: This is an intelligent guess that is related to your problem statements. It should
be testable and feasible

Aim: This is what to plan to do in your experiment. It must be related to your hypothesis
and problem statement.

Apparatus and Reagents: What are the materials and reagents will you be using?

Method: This is where you write in a step by step format how you plan to carry out the
experiment. The method should be written in the present tense or the present continuous tense

Variables: There are 3 types of variables when looking at a planning and design experiment

4. Controlled variable – these are the things which are being kept constant throughout the
experiment from one run to the next eg volume and/or concentration of liquid being used
or the time interval in taking readings.

5. Manipulated variable/ Independent variable – these are the things which are
intentionally changed during an experiment to find out particular effects.

6. Responding variable/ Dependent variable – the results which are collected due to
the interaction of the controlled and manipulated variable and state it that way.

Expected results: Based on the method how you would present your data eg using a table a
graph etc.
- Please note you cannot have any result in the table or graph as you have not done
the experiment and thus would have no values
Should be linked to the method and hypothesis. It’s not possible for you to predict the exact
outcome of your study, therefore, your expected results need not be accurate. But you can define
the overall outcome
Treatment of results: How would you use the data collected to answer your aim
based on the data how would the result match up with the hypothesis.
Eg If the volume of acid used to neutralize the substance A is greater than the volume used on
substance B then the hypothesis is true. If the volume used to neutralize both substance is the
same then the hypothesis is false. If the volume used to neutralize B is greater than A then the

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hypothesis is also false.

Limitation/ assumption/sources of error – you need to state one for each.

THERE IS NO CONCLUSION IN A PLANNING AND DESIGN EXPERIMENT

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Mark Scheme

Title: Acid, Bases and Salts


Skill assessed: PD
Criteria Marks Teacher’s
allocated mark
Hypothesis
- Testable 1
- Feasible 1
Aim
- related to hypothesis 1
Apparatus /Materials
- All the essential materials (2) 2
- 1 or 2 missing essential materials (1)
- More than half of the materials missing (0)
Method
- Logical 1
- Feasible 1
- Tense 1
Variables
- Control 1
- Manipulated 1
- Responding 1
Expected results
- Linked to method 1
Treatment of Results
- State the conditions that supports the hypothesis 1
- State the conditions that refutes to the hypothesis 1
Limitations / sources of errors/assumptions (at least 2 sound ideas) 2
Total 16

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DATE: Lab #: 12

TITLE: Volumetric Analysis

AIM: To determine the concentration of a sodium hydroxide solution using a standardized


hydrochloric solution

APPARATUS: beaker, conical flask, burette, pipette, pipette filler, clamp stand, dropping
pipette, filter funnel, white tile

REAGENTS: hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide, screened methyl orange

PROCEDURE :
1. Condition the burette with hydrochloric acid and then fill it up

3
2. Pipette out 25 cm of the sodium hydroxide solution into the conical flask and add 2 -3
drops of the indicator to the flask

3. Record the initial volume of HCl in the burette and titrate against the NaOH solution
until the first permanent pink colour is obtained

4. Repeat steps 2- 3 two more times for accuracy

RESULTS

1 2 3
3
Final volume of acid/ cm
3
Initial volume of acid/ cm
3
Volume of acid used/ cm
Title required

CALCULATIONS:

1. Write the balanced equation for the reaction taking place

2. Calculate the average volume of acid used

3. Calculate the number of moles of HCl used

4. Calculate the number of moles of NaOH that reacted

5. Calculate the molar concentration of NaOH

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6. Calculate the mass concentration of the NaOH

DISCUSSION

1. Define a standard solution

2. Define titration and explain the principle.

3. Comment on the value obtained for the concentration of the HCl

4. State the limitations and sources of errors.

CONCLUSION

Write a short statement about the experiment and relate this to the aim of the experiment.
Mark Scheme

Title: Volumetric Analysis

Skill assessed: A & I

Criteria Marks allotted Teacher’s mark


Calculations
- Write balanced equation with state 1
symbols
- Deduce average volume of acid used 1
- Calculate moles of HCl 1
- Calculate moles of NaOH 1
- Calculate conc (mass and molar) of NaOH 2
Discussion
- Define standard solution 1
- Explain the principle of titration 2
- Limitation 1
Total 10

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DATE: Lab #: 13

TITLE: Thermometric Titration

AIM: To determine the concentration of HCl using thermometric titration

APPARATUS: Pipette, pipette filler, burette, clamp stand, polystyrene cup, filter
funnel, thermometer, test tube

-3 -3
REAGENTS: 2 moldm NaOH , 2moldm HCl

METHOD:

3
1. Use a pipette to transfer 25 cm of sodium hydroxide into a polystyrene cup. Let
the solution stand until it has a stead temperature. Record this temperature.

3
2. Using the burette run 5 cm of HCl into a test tube. Transfer all of the acid into the
cup with the NaOH. Stir well and record the highest temperature reached.

3 3
3. Repeat the procedure with a further 5 cm until a total of 40.0 cm of acid is added to
the NaOH, recording the highest temperature reached after each addition

RESULTS

Record the data in the table below

3
Volume of HCl added/ cm Temperature reading/ °C
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Plot a graph of the volume of hydrochloric acid added against temperature

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CALCULATIONS

- From the graph determine the exact volume of acid that was needed for neutralization

-3
- Using the fact that the concentration of the NaOH is 2 moldm NaOH, determine
the concentration of the HCl in:
-3
o moldm
-3
o gdm

DISCUSSION

1. Explain the principle on which a thermometric titration is based.

2. Comment on the equivalence volume obtained from your graph.

3. Identify sources of errors and possible limitations

CONCLUSION

Write a short statement about the experiment and relate this to the aim of the experiment.

Mark Scheme

Title: Thermometric Titration

Skill assessed: Analysis and Interpretation

Criteria Marks allocated Teacher’s mark


Volume of acid used from the graph 1
Balance equation with state symbol 2
Mols of NaOH 1
Mols of HCl 2
Molar concentration of HCl 2
Mass concentration of HCl 1
Conclusion related to the aim 1
Total 10

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The Implementation Project

This project is divided into 2 parts, the proposal and the actual implementation or execution of

the proposal made. The first part is the proposal, this is a simple planning and design experiment

based on a problem statement devised by your teacher. This proposal MUST be done in year 1

and it will be assessed for planning and designing skill, your teacher will check this proposal and

ensure that it is a feasible plan. The second part is the implementation, wherein each student

will be required to individually implement the proposal that was drafted and will be submitted as

a formal lab report. This will be conducted in year 2 and will be assessed for Analysis and

interpretation and will be the only A/I grade for year 2.

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DATE: Lab #:14

TITLE: Implementation Project Proposal


Problem Statements
1. Tim and John are currently learning about rates of reaction in Chemistry class. After class
they started discussing whether dibasic acids like sulphuric acid will have the same effect on
the reaction rate as monobasic acids like hydrochloric acid of the same concentration.
Plan and design an experiment to test this idea.

2. Mr. Lawrence a local lime farmer in your area wanted to know if the acidity of the lime
was different if he picked it when it was green versus when it was yellow. Plan and
design and experiment to investigate.

3. Your grandmother currently suffers from a serious case of acid reflux. The doctor has
prescribed that she takes an over the counter antacid before each meal. You are sent
to the pharmacy to purchase an antacid but upon arrival you recognize there are
several types. The pharmacist has suggested that antacids A, B and C are the best
based on customer reviews. Plan and design an experiment to see which of the tablets
would be best for your grandmother condition.

4. Vanessa is a food and nutrition student who is trying to work on a sauce that includes
orange juice. She thinks it is a good way to add vitamin c to dishes while cooking.
While reading she came across information that suggests heating of fruits will reduce
the vitamin c content. Plan and design an experiment to test this claim.

5. Three brands of vinegar all claim to be 5% solutions. Mother wants to know if this is
really so, plan and design an experiment to test this claim.

6. Three brands of baking powder (Josephs’, Mary’s and Brown’s) all are claiming to be the
best raising agent for baking. Plan and design an experiment to determine which is best.

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Students will randomly select a problem statement from the list and plan and design the
experiment using the format below.

Hypothesis: This is an intelligent guess that is related to your problem statements. It should be
testable and feasible

Aim: This is what to plan to do in your experiment. It must be related to your hypothesis and
problem statement.

Apparatus and Reagents:

Method: This is where you write in a step by step format how you plan to carry out the
experiment. The method should be written in the present tense or the present continuous tense

Variables: There are 3 types of variables when looking at a planning and design experiment

7. Controlled variable – these are the things which are being kept constant throughout the
experiment from one run to the next eg volume and/or concentration of liquid being used
or the time interval in taking readings.

8. Manipulated variable/ Independent variable – these are the things which are intentionally
changed during an experiment to find out particular effects.

9. Responding variable/ Dependent variable – the results which are collected due to the
interaction of the controlled and manipulated variable

Expected results:
Based on the method how you would present your data eg using a table a graph etc.

- Please note you cannot have any result in the table or graph as you have not done the
experiment and thus would have no values
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Treatment of results: How would you use the data collected to answer your aim based on the
data how would the result match up with the hypothesis.
If statements to written at the end of the treatment of results.
Eg. If the volume of acid used to neutralize the substance A is greater than the volume used on
substance B then the hypothesis is true. If the volume used to neutralize both substance is the
same then the hypothesis is false. If the volume used to neutralize B is greater than A then the
hypothesis is also false.

Limitation: state one. Things in the lab that you cannot control.
Assumption: state one. IS NOT REWRITING THE HYPOTHESIS
Sources of error –state one.
THERE IS NO CONCLUSION IN A PLANNING AND DESIGN EXPERIMENT

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DATE: Lab #: 15

TITLE : Redox Reactions

AIM ; To investigate Redox Reactions

APPARATUS: ?

YEAR 2
Test Observation Inference

1. Add acidified K2Cr2O7


(potassium dichromate) to
the KI (potassium iodide)

2. Add acidified KMnO4


(potassium permanganate) to
KI (potassium iodide)
solution

3. Add acidified KMnO4 to a


solution of H2O2 (hydrogen
peroxide)
4. a) Add KI to a solution of
H2O2

b) test for any given using a


glowing splint

5. Add a few drops of

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acidified K2Cr2O7 to a test
tube containing FeSO4 and
NaOH and observe

Test Observation Inference

6. Add a few drops of


acidified K2Cr2O7 to a test
tube with H2O2

7. Add a few drops of


NaClO (bleach) to a solution
of KI and observe.

CONCLUSION
Write a short statement about the experiment and relate this to the aim of the experiment.

Title: Redox
Skilled assessed: ORR
Criteria Mark(s) Teacher’s
mark
Sub-heading in logical order (aim, apparatus, etc) 1
Method
Logical sequence of steps 1
Grammar and spelling 2
: correct - 2
: Only one or two errors - 1
: Many errors - 0
Written in past tense 1
Table
- Headings appropriate 1
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- Appropriate title (detailed/descriptive) 2
- Complete table 1
Test 1
Stating the initial colour of the reagents 1
Final colour after reagents 1
Test 2
Stating the initial colour of the reagents 1
Final colour after reagents 1
Solid Precipitate 1
Test 3
Stating the initial colour of the reagents 1
Final colour after reagents 1
Effervescence 1
Test 4
Stating the initial colour of the reagents 1
Final colour after reagents 1
Effervescence 1
Splint was relit or it glowed brighter 1
Test 5
Stating the initial colour of the reagents 1
Stating the intermediate colour 1
Final colour after the reaction 1
Test 6
Stating the initial colour of the reagents 1
Final colour after reagents 1
Test 7
Stating the initial colour of the reagents 1
Final colour after reagents 1
Total 28

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DATE: Lab #: 16

TITLE: Rusting

AIM: To determine the factors that affect rusting

APPARATUS: test tubes, beakers, iron nails, cotton wool, rubber bung

REAGENTS : water, lubricating oil

PROCEDURE:

1. Collect 8 iron nails and follow the procedure below

2. Place two in a test tube with water and do not cover the test tube

3. Place two in a test tube without water and do not cover the test tube

4. Place two in a test tube with water and cover with rubber bung

5. Place two in a test tube without water and cover with a rubber bung.

6. Leave the test tubes for 1week and then make observations

OBSERVATIONS

Record the observations in a suitable table

DISCUSSION:

1. Define rusting and state the conditions which favour the process

2. Based on the observations made identify the conditions under which rusting occurred.

3. State possible sources of errors and limitations

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CONCLUSION

Write a short statement about the experiment and relate this to the aim of the experiment.

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DATE: Lab #: 17

TITLE: FACTORS AFFECTING RATES OF REACTIONS

AIM: To investigate the effect of change in concentration of reactants on the


rate of reaction between sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid

APPARATUS: stop watch, 5 small beakers, measuring cylinder, paper wit8h


Cross.

CHEMICALS: 0.1moldm-3 sodium thiosulphate solution, 0.5 moldm-3


hydrochloric acid, distilled water.

PROCEDURE:

1. Measure the following amounts of sodium thiosulphate and distilled water into
five small beakers.

Volume of HCl
Volume of Sodium
Volume of distilled water
3
thiosulphate (cm ) 3
(cm )
50 50 0
40 50 10
30 50 20
20 50 30
10 50 40

1. Place one beaker on the paper with the cross and add 50cm3 of hydrochloric acid.

2. Start the stop watch immediately the acid is added

3. Observe the cross from above the beaker and stop timing as soon as the cross is no
longer visible

4. Repeat step 2-5 with the other mixtures of sodium thiosulphate and water

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5. Repeat steps 1-5 using hydrochloric acid instead of sodium thiosulphate and adding
50cm3 of sodium thiosulphate to the diluted hydrochloric acid.

RESULTS:
Record results time taken for cross to disappear with different concentration of i)
sodium thiosulphate, ii) hydrochloric acid in suitable tables.

CALCULATIONS:

1. Determine the concentration (moldm-3) of each solution of sodium thiosulphate,


and plot a graph of concentration of sodium thiosulphate against time for cross to
disappear.
2. Determine the concentration (moldm -3) of each solution of
hydrochloric acid against time for cross to disappear

DISCUSSION

1. What are the factors that affects the rate of reaction?

2. Why the concentration of the reactants changed?

3. What does the shape of the graph tell us?

4. Why did the cross disappear?

CONCLUSION

Write a short statement about the experiment and relate this to the aim of the experiment.

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Date : Lab #: 18

Title: Energy and Energetics

Aim: To determine the heat of solution of sodium hydroxide

Apparatus:

Method:

1. Weight out 4g of NaOH pellets on the top loading balance

2. Measure out 100cm3 of water and pour it into the styrofoam cup and record the initial
temperature of the water in the table below

3. Add all of the NaOH to the water at the same time and stir the solution gently. Record the
highest temperature reading attained by the system in the table below

Mass of NaOH/g
Initial temperature of water / °C
Final temperature after the NaOH was added
to
the water/ °C
Final temp – initial
Temperature change / °C temp

Calculations:

1. Using the volume of water only as the total mass of the reacting system, calculate
the heat change using the equation below
ℎ ℎ = × ℎ × . ℎ

-1 -1
specific heat capacity of water = 4.2kJK kg

2. Calculate the number of moles of NaOH used in the experiment


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3. Calculate the heat of solution of the compound used

4. Sketch an energy profile diagram to show what was taking place in the experiment
DISCUSSION:

1. Was this an endothermic or exothermic reaction? Explain

2. What is the literature value for the heat of solution for sodium hydroxide and how does
your value from the experiment compare to it.

3. Give one possible source of error that could have accounted for the difference in the two

values

CONCLUSION

Write a short statement about the experiment and relate this to the aim of the experiment.

Title: Energy and Energetics- Heat of solution


Skill assessed: MM
Criteria Mark(s) Teacher’s
Mark
Measuring Cylinder
Flat Surface 1
Read at eye level 1
Read bottom of the meniscus 1
Thermometer
Read at eye level 1
Bulb fully immersed 1
Constant stirring of solution 1
Bulb not touching the side or bottom of cup 1
Ensure thermometer not removed during the 1
experiment
Balance
Allow balance to settle before recording 1
Transfer of solid
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Complete transfer of solid to cup 1
Total 10

Title: Energy and Energetics


Skill assessed: A&I

Criteria Marks Marks


Allotted Obtained
Calculation done accurately for:
1
● Temperature change giving
units
1
● Stating the total mass of the
reacting system using volume
1
● The heat change giving correct
units
1
● Calculating the # of moles of
NaOH/KOH
1
● Heat of solution
Energy profile diagram for the reaction 2
occuring
Stating that the reaction is exothermic 2
and explain why.
Stating the literature value for the heat 2
of solution for sodium/potassium
hydroxide and comparing it to what
was calculated.
Stating 1 possible sources of error. 1
Total 12

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Date: Lab #: 19

TOPIC: Qualitative Analysis

AIM: To identify the cations and anions present in Solid X.

APPARATUS AND MATERIALS: test tubes, acidified silver nitrate solution, acidified
barium chloride solution, aqueous sodium hydroxide, distilled water, Solid X.

TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1 Add a few drops of List the cations that may be present


aqueous sodium in each case.
hydroxide to a test tube
containing Solid X.

Place moist red litmus


over the test tube if a gas
is seen.

2 Make a solution of X in
distilled water. Divide the
solution into five parts.

3 To one part add silver


nitrate solution.

4 To another add barium -


chloride solution.

Add a few drops of


hydrochloric acid to the
mixture.

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5 To another add sodium -
hydroxide until in excess.

6 To another add -
ammonium hydroxide

(aqueous ammonia) until


in excess.

7 To another add KI -
solution to confirm the
cation.

CONCLUSION:

Write a short statement about the experiment and relate this to the aim of the experiment.

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DATE: Lab #: 20

TITLE: Organic Solvents/ Compounds

Problem Statement: Andre’s ball point pen leaked an organic dye onto his shirt. His
friends gave him 4 suggestions for removing the stain. They are;

 Suggestion 1- soak the stain in nail polish remover

 Suggestion 2 – soak the stain in methylated spirits

 Suggestion 3 – soak the stain in a mixture of nail polish remover and methylated

spirits

 Suggestions 4- soak the stain in soap and water. Water is a universal solvent.

As a good science student, plan and design an experiment to help Andre remove the stain
from his shirt.

MARK SCHEME
Title: Organic Solvents
Skill assessed: PD
Criteria Marks Teacher’s
allocated mark
Hypothesis
- Testable 1
- Feasible 1
Aim
- related to hypothesis 1
Apparatus /Materials
- All the essential materials (2) 2
- 1 or 2 missing essential materials (1)
- More than half of the materials missing (0)
Method

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- Logical 1
- Feasible 1
- Tense 1
Variables
- Control 1
- Manipulated 1
- Responding 1
Expected results
- Linked to method 1
Treatment of Results
- State the conditions that supports the hypothesis 1
- State the conditions that refutes to the hypothesis 1
Limitations / sources of errors/assumptions (at least 2 sound ideas) 2
Total 16

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DATE: Lab #: 21

TITLE: Saturated and Unsaturated compounds


AIM: To compare an Alkane and an Alkene

REAGENTS: hexane, cyclohexene, acidified potassium permanganate, bromine


water, Apparatus: test tubes, droppers,

PROCEDURE:

1. Measure 5ml of dilute potassium permanganate into two test tubes.

2. Add 2 drops of hexane to one test tube, and 2 drops of alkene to the other.

3. Shake the test tubes, mix the contents and observe any changes

4. Repeat steps 1-3 using bromine water instead of acidified potassium permanganate

OBSERVATIONS
Construct a table and record the results

DISCUSSION

1. Write short notes on alkanes and alkenes

2. State what would be observed if both the alkane and alkene were heated separately

3. Which is more reactive- the alkane or alkene?

4. What type of reaction occurred with the acidified potassium permanganate? Write the
ionic equation for this reaction.

5. Draw the structure of the alkane and alkene and write the formula of the alkene with

Bromine water.

CONCLUSION:

Write a short statement about the experiment and relate this to the aim of the experiment.
Title: Saturated and Unsaturated compounds
Skill assessed: ORR
Criteria Marks Teacher’s mark
allotted (s)

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PROCEDURE
Clearly written in the past tense 1
Correct grammar/ spelling4 and punctuation 2
RESULTS
TABLE
Properly constructed with appropriate title and headings 2
Colour change of Alkane with KMnO4 1
Colour change Alkene with KMnO4 2
Colour change of Alkane with bromine water 1
Colour change of Alkene with bromine water 2
Overall format of report/ neatness/ headings underlined 2
Total 13

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DATE Lab #: 22

TITLE : Saponification

AIM : To prepare a sample of soap using vegetable oil

APPARATUS: beaker, Bunsen burner, tripod stand, wire gauze, electronic balance, weighing
bottle, spatula, measuring cylinder, fliter funnel, conical flask

REAGENTS: sodium hydroxide, cooking oil, sodium chloride

PROCEDURE:

3
1. Measure 10cm of cooking oil and pour into a 600ml beaker
2. Place the beaker on a tripod stand and heat the beaker

3
3. Weigh 6.4g of sodium hydroxide into 40cm of distilled water
3
4. Add the 40cm of the prepared sodium hydroxide to the cooking oil in the beaker, place the
mixture in a water bath, bring to boil for 20 minutes .

5. Allow the mixture to cool , then add 3 spatulafulls of salt to the beaker and stir

6. Filter off the solid

7. Wash the solid with cold distilled water, dry the solid and discard the filtrate.

OBSERVATIONS

Record your observations

DISCUSSION

1. Define saponification

2. Write an equation for the reaction of the cooking oil and the sodium hydroxide

3. Define soapy and soapless detergents and state the type of soap produced

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CONCLUSION

Write a short statement about the experiment and relate this to the aim of the experiment.

Title: Saponification
Skill assessed: MM
Criteria Mark(s) Teacher’s Mark

Measuring Cylinder

Flat Surface 1

Read at eye level 1

Read bottom of the meniscus 1

Bunsen Burner

Airhole closed before lighting 1

Strike match before turning on gas 1

Adjust airhole after lighting Bunsen 1

Adjust flame size 1

Ensure thermometer not removed during the experiment 1

Balance

Allow balance to settle before recording 1

Filter paper

Fold the filter paper properly before filtering 1

Pouring moderate amount of the mixture into filter paper at a time 1

Filtrate has no solid particles 1

Total 12

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DATE: ` Lab #: 23

Title: The Implementation


ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
METHOD 1
Linked to Proposal, Change of tense
RESULTS 4
- Correct formulae and equations: 2
Accurate (2)
Acceptable (1)
- Accuracy of data: Accurate (2) 2
Acceptable (1)
DISCUSSION 5
- Explanation 2
Development of points:
Thorough (2)
Partial(1)
- Interpretation 2
Fully supported by data (2)
Partially supported by data (1)
- Trends 1
Stated
LIMITATIONS 3
-Sources of error identified (1)
-Precautions stated (1)
-Limitation stated (1)
REFLECTIONS 5
- Relevance between the experiment and real life (Self, 1
Society or Environment)
- Impact of knowledge gain from experiment on self 1
- Justification for any adjustment made during experiment 1
- Communication of information 2
(Use of appropriate scientific language, grammar and
clarity of expression all of the time (2); some of the time (1)
CONCLUSION 2
- Stated (1)
- Related to the aim (1)
TOTAL (20)

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