A.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
TERM WEEK TOPIC SUBTOPIC/SECTION PAGE
1 Vectors in two dimensions 4
2 Vectors in two dimensions

MACHENICS
3 Newton’s laws 11
4 Newton’s laws
5 Newton’s laws
ONE

6 Newton’s laws
7 Newton’s laws
8 Newton’s laws
MATTER&
MATERIA

9 Atomic combinations 19
LS

10 Atomic combinations
TERM WEEK TOPIC SUBTOPIC/SECTION PAGE

1 Intermolecular Forces 30
MATTER &MATERIAL

2 Intermolecular Forces
3 Qualitative aspects 45
4 Qualitative aspects
5 Qualitative aspects
TWO

6 Qualitative aspects
7 Qualitative aspects
8 Electrostatics 54
&MAGNE

ELECTRI
TISM

CITY

9 Electrostatics
10 Electrostatics
TERM WEEK TOPIC SUBTOPIC/SECTION PAGE

Week 1 -4 Electricity
term 3
TRHEE & FOUR

Term 3- Matter & Material 65

week 5-8
Term 3& 4 Chemical change 73

2
B. INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE OF THE RELAB
The pandemic has forced schools to resort to the implementation of rotational
timetables-where learners who are at home during normal schooling must continue
learning. Hence RELAB as a strategy towards the deployment of remote learning.
The RELAB is underpinned by the following Legislative demands:
a) Responding to GDE Strategic goal 2 promoting quality education across all
classrooms and schools
b) DBE Circular S13 of 2020 the requires the GDE to support the implementation of
the Recovery Annual Teaching Plan (RATP)
c) GDE Circular 11 of 2020 requiring districts to issue Learning Activity Packs to
support schools for lockdown learning. Understanding learning constraints at home
as majority of learners do not have access to devices or data to use for online
learning. Many households are depending on schools to provide them with learning
resources packs.

RELAB is designed in a study guide format, where the content is briefly explained with
related concepts as revision, in the form of e.g. notes, mind-maps, concept
progression from the previous grade/s followed by exemplar exercises then practice
exercises/problems. The exercises are pitched at different cognitive levels to expose
learners at Grade 10 & 11 to these different cognitive levels of questioning. The NSC
diagnostic reports in different subjects have revealed that learners fail to analyse
questions and as a result fail to respond accordingly.

The RELAB is intended to ensure that learners work on exercises as per topics taught
while at school. These exercises must be completed at home, fully and learners will
receive feedback as groups or individually at school. It is therefore of paramount
importance that teachers mark the work with learners in class, as a way of providing
feedback. Educators must diagnose learner responses, remediate where necessary
and plan further intervention.

Educators are encouraged to create whatsapp groups to remind learners on what is

expected of them in a particular week/ day(s). There shouldn’t be a backlog on
curriculum coverage as content will be covered simultaneously. Feedback from
learners at home will confirm usage of the RELAB material.

RELAB further prepares learners for formal assessment.

3
ELABORATION OF THE CONTENT FOR GRADE 11 (CAPS)

The final examination in Physical Sciences will cover the topics outlined below.

Paper 1: Physics

Vectors in two dimensions

(This section must be read in conjunction with the CAPS, p. 61.)

Resultant of vectors

• Define a resultant as the vector sum of two or more vectors, i.e. a single vector having
the same effect as two or more vectors together.
• Determine the resultant of vectors (maximum four) on a Cartesian plane, using the
component method, i.e. find the vertical and horizontal components of each vector and
then add co-linear vertical components and co-linear horizontal components to obtain
the resultant vertical vector (Ry) and resultant horizontal vector (Rx).
• Sketch the resultant vertical vector (Ry) and the resultant horizontal vector (Rx) on a
Cartesian plane.
• Calculate the magnitude of the resultant using the theorem of Pythagoras.
• Determine the direction of the resultant using simple trigonometric ratios.
• Determine the resultant (R) of two vectors graphically using either the tail-to-head or
tail-to-tail method (parallelogram method) as well as by calculation (component
method) for a maximum of four vectors in both 1-dimension and 2-dimensions.
• Explain the meaning of a closed vector diagram.

Resolution of a vector into its horizontal and vertical components

• Use Rx = Rcosθ for the resultant x component if θ is the angle between R and the x-
axis.
• Use Ry = Rsinθ for the resultant y component if θ is the angle between R and the x-
axis.

4
TERM 1 WEEK 1&2

CLASS WORK 1; VECTORS IN TWO DIMENSIONS

1.1 Define the term resultant vector.

1.2 Draw the following force vectors (not necessarily to scale) in the cartesian plane
acting from the origin:
- F1 = 10 N to the East in the horizontal plane.
- F2 = 40 N acts Northwards in the vertical plane.
- F3 = 70 N acts Westwards in the horizontal plane.
- F4 = 80 N acts Southwards in the vertical plane.
1.3 Consider the four forces above in question 1.2:
1.3.1 Determine the resultant (net) horizontal force.
1.3.2 Determine the resultant(net) vertical force.
1.4 Draw a tail to head diagram and determine the resultant of the two forces.

Total = 14 marks

HOMEWORK 1

Force vectors P and Q were drawn to scale on a cartesian plane as shown below.

1.1 Use a calculation to determine each of the following:

1.1.1 The magnitude of vector P
1.1.2 The direction of vector Q measured clockwise from the positive y-axis.
1.2 . Use component method to calculate the resultant of vectors P and Q
1.3 Calculate the direction measured (clockwise from the positive y-axis) of the
resultant of the vectors P and Q
Total = 10 marks

5
CLASSWORK 2: MULTIPLE CHOICE

1.1 Two vectors have a magnitude of 9 N and 6 N. Which of the following is not a
possible value of the resultant of these two vectors?
A 2N
B 3N
C 5N
D 15 N (2)
1.2 Choose the set of physical quantities which are only vectors.
A Force , mass , time , power
B Work , energy , weight , distance
C Force , distance , speed , acceleration
D Force , displacement , velocity , acceleration (2)
1.3 Which of the following is Incorrect?
N

30°

The direction QA can be written as:

A 210°
B 30° West of South
C S 30° W
D W 30° S (2)
1.4 Consider the following vector diagram:

The vector which represents the resultant of the other two is…
A AB
B AC
C CB
D BA (2)

1.5

6
 The resultant of vectors R and P is …
A 0N
B 4 N to the right and 2 N down
C 2 N up
D 2 N down
Total = 10 marks

HOMEWORK 2

Three forces T, F and W act on an object as shown below.

2.1 Calculate:
2.1.1 Horizontal components of the forces T and F.
2.1.2 Vertical Components of T and F.
2.2 Determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant horizontal force.
2.3 Determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant vertical force.
2.4 Using the tail –to-tail method, draw a neat, labelled force diagram and determine the
magnitude and direction of the of the resultant force acting on the object.
Total = 18 marks

FORCES IN EQUILIBRIUM
Homework 3
3.1 Three forces acting on an object are in equilibrium. Which ONE of the vector
diagrams below indicates the forces in equilibrium?

7
3.2 Two vectors act at the same point on an object. A maximum resultant vector is
obtained when the angle between the two vectors is…
A 0°
B 180°
C 90°
D 45°
3.3 At point P, is kept in equilibrium by three forces, F, G and H as shown in the diagram
below.

Which ONE of the following statements is NOT TRUE with reference to the three forces?
A All three forces lie in the same plane
B The resultant of the three forces is zero
C H is resultant of G and F acting together
D The sum of the components of all the three forces in any chosen direction is
zero.
3.4. The structure below shows a system that is in a state of equilibrium. The strings with
forces T1, T2 and T3 are joined at point O. The weight of the block suspended from T3 is 2000
N.

8
3.4.1 Draw a labelled CLOSED VECTOR DIAGRAM OF FORCES showing all the forces
acting on point O. (Indicate TWO angles in your diagram)
3.4.2 Determine, by means of calculation, the magnitude of forces T1 and T2 .
TOTAL MARKS = 14

Classwork 3
An object is pulled by two forces as shown below.

3.1 Define a vector quantity.

3.2 Determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant forces acting in the object.
Total marks = 8

9
Homework 4

A 5 kg mass-piece is suspended by a rope which has a tension T. A force F pulls the mass-
piece horizontally as shown.

30°

T
F

4.1 Explain the concepts of FORCES IN EQUILIBRIUM.

4.2 Draw a triangle of forces in equilibrium and indicate at least one angle.
4.3 Determine the magnitude of T and F.
Total marks = 12

10
TERM 1: WEEK 3-8

Newton's laws and application of Newton's laws

(This section must be read in conjunction with the CAPS, p. 62–66.)

Different kinds of forces: weight, normal force, frictional force, applied force (push,
pull), tension (strings or cables)
• Define normal force, N, as the force or the component of a force which a surface exerts on
an object in contact with it, and which is perpendicular to the surface.
NOTE: The normal force acts perpendicular to the surface irrespective of whether the plane is
horizontal or inclined. For horizontal planes the only forces perpendicular to the plane should
be the weight, w, and the normal force, N. All other forces should be parallel to the plane. For
inclined planes the only forces perpendicular to the plane is the component of weight, wcosθ,
and the normal, N. All other forces should be parallel to the plane.
• Define frictional force, f, as the force that opposes the motion of an object and
which acts parallel to the surface.
Know that a frictional force:
o Is proportional to the normal force.
o Is independent of the area of the surfaces that are in contact with each
other.
• Define the static frictional force, fs, as the force that opposes the tendency of
motion of a stationary object relative to a surface. The static frictional force can
have a range of values from zero up to a maximum value, μsN. If a force, F,
applied to an object parallel to the surface, does not cause the object to move, F
is equal in magnitude to the static frictional force.

max
• State that the static frictional force is a maximum, f s , just before the object
max
starts to move across the surface. The maximum static frictional force, f s , is
equal to the magnitude of the maximum horizontal force that can be applied to
the object without it starting to move across the surface.
max max
• Solve problems using f s = μsN where f s is the maximum static frictional
max
force and μs is the coefficient of static friction. If the applied force exceeds f s ,
a net force accelerates the object.
Define the kinetic frictional force, fk, as the force that opposes the motion of a moving object
relative to a surface. The kinetic frictional force on an object is constant for a given surface
and equals μkN.
Solve problems using fk = μkN, where fk is the kinetic frictional force and μk the coefficient of
kinetic friction.

Force diagrams, free-body diagrams

• Draw force diagrams. In a force diagram the force is represented by an arrow. The
direction of the arrow indicates the direction of the force and the length of the arrow
indicates the magnitude of the force.
• Draw free-body diagrams. Such a diagram shows the relative magnitudes and directions
of forces acting on an object that has been isolated from its surroundings. The object is
drawn as a dot and all the forces acting on it are drawn as arrows pointing away from the
dot. The length of the arrows is proportional to the magnitude of the respective forces.

11
• Resolve a two-dimensional force, e.g., the weight of an object on an inclined plane, into
its parallel (F ) and perpendicular ( F^ ) components.
//
• Determine the resultant/net force of two or more forces.

Newton's first, second and third laws of motion

• State Newton's first law of motion: A body will remain in its state of rest or motion at
constant velocity unless a non-zero resultant/net force acts on it.
• Define inertia as the resistance of an object to any change in its state of motion. The
mass of an object is a quantitative measure of its inertia.
• Discuss why it is important to wear seatbelts using Newton's first law of motion.
• State Newton's second law of motion: When a resultant/net force acts on an object, the
object will accelerate in the direction of the force at an acceleration directly proportional
to the force and inversely proportional to the mass of the object.
1
In symbols: a a Fnet, constant m and a a m , constant Fnet, and therefore Fnet = ma
• Draw force diagrams and free-body diagrams for objects that are in equilibrium or
accelerating.
• Apply Newton's second law of motion, and therefore, to a variety of equilibrium and non-
equilibrium problems including:
o A single object:
- Moving in a horizontal plane with or without friction
- Moving on an inclined plane with or without friction
- Moving in the vertical plane (lifts, rockets, etc.)
o Two-body systems (joined by a light inextensible string):
- Both on a flat horizontal plane with or without friction
- One in a horizontal plane with or without friction, and a second hanging
vertically from a string over a frictionless pulley
- Both on an inclined plane with or without friction
- Both hanging vertically from a string over a frictionless pulley.

NOTE: When an object accelerates, the equation Fnet = ma must be applied separately in
the x and y directions. If there is more than one object, a free-body diagram must be drawn
for each object and Newton's second law must be applied to each object separately.
• State Newton's third law of motion: When object A exerts a force on object B, object B
SIMULTANEOUSLY exerts an oppositely directed force of equal magnitude on object A.
(The forces are therefore an interaction between two bodies.)
• Identify Newton III force pairs (action-reaction pairs) and list the properties of the force
pairs (action-reaction pairs). When identifying the forces, it must be clearly stated which
body exerts a force on which body, and what kind of force it is, e.g., the earth exerts a
downward gravitational force on the object, and the object exerts an upward gravitational
force of equal magnitude on the earth.

Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation

• State Newton's law of universal gravitation: Each particle in the universe attracts every
other particle with a gravitational force that is directly proportional to the product of their
masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centres.
Gm1m 2
F=
• Solve problems using r2 .

12
 GM
g=
• Calculate acceleration due to gravity on the Earth using rE2 , and on another planet
GMp
g= 2
rp
using where Mp is the mass of the planet and rp is the radius of the planet.
• Describe weight as the gravitational force, in newton (N), exerted by the Earth on an
object. Describe mass as the amount of matter in a body measured in kilogram (kg).
• Calculate weight using the expression w = mg.
• Calculate the weight of an object on other planets with different values of gravitational
acceleration.
• Explain weightlessness as the sensation experienced when all contact forces are
removed, i.e. no external objects touch one's body. For example, when in free fall, the
only force acting on your body is the force of gravity that is a non-contact force. Since the
force of gravity cannot be felt without any other opposing forces, you would have no
sensation of it and you would feel weightless when in free fall.

13
CLASSWORK 4 (NEWTON’S LAWS)

A block of mass 8 kg resting on a rough horizontal table is connected by a light.

inextensible string which passes over a light frictionless pulley to another block of mass
5 kg. The 5 kg block hangs vertically as shown in the diagram below.
A 15 N force is applied to the 8 kg block at an angle of 30o to the horizontal, causing.
the block to slide to the left.

The coefficient of kinetic friction between the 8 kg block and the surface of the table is
0,25. Ignore the effects of air friction.

1.1 Draw a free-body diagram showing ALL the forces acting on the 8 kg block. (5)
1.2 Write down Newton's second law of motion in words. (2)
Calculate the magnitude of the:
1.3 Normal force acting on the 8 kg block (3)
1.4 Tension in the string connecting the two blocks (6)
[16]

HOMEWORK 5 (NEWTON’S LAWS)

1.1 Write down Newton's law of universal gravitation in words. (2)

An object weighing 140 N on the surface of the earth is moved to a position which is 6,7 × 10! m
above the surface of the earth.
1.2 Calculate the percentage by which its weight will change. (8)
[10]

HOMEWORK 6 (NEWTON’S LAWS)

In the diagram below, a 2 kg block is connected to a 1 kg block by means of a light
inextensible string. The blocks are pulled up an inclined plane, which forms an angle of 28o
to the horizontal. The sides of the blocks which touch the inclined plane have the same area.

14
The kinetic frictional force between the 1 kg block and the inclined plane is 4 N while the
kinetic frictional force between the 2 kg block and the inclined plane is 8 N.

1.1.1 Draw a free-body diagram showing ALL forces acting on 1 Kg Block.

1.1.2 State Newton’s Second Law of motion in words

1.1.3 Calculate the magnitude of tension in the string connecting the blocks.

The two blocks are interchanged so that the SAME 30 N force is now acting on the 2 kg
block along the inclined plane, as shown in the diagram below.

1.1.4 How will the acceleration of the system change? Write down only INCREASE,
DECREASE or REMAIN THE SAME.

1.1.5 How will the tension in the string connecting the two blocks change? Write down only
INCREASE, DECREASE or REMAIN THE SAME.

In the diagram below, a 1 kg mass and a 2 kg mass are connected by an inextensible string
of negligible mass. The string is passed over a light frictionless pulley so that the masses
hang down as shown. Initially the system is held stationary.

15
1.2.1 Draw a labelled free-body diagram showing ALL the forces acting on the 2 kg mass.

1.2.2 Calculate the time it will take the 1 kg mass to move 1 m distance when the system is
released.

CLASSWORK 5 (NEWTON’S LAWS)

Gravitational force exists between the sun and the Earth.

1.1 State Newton's law of Universal Gravitation in words.
1.2 The mass of the sun is 330 000 times greater than that of the Earth. The distance
between the centres of the sun and the Earth is 1,38 x 109 m. Calculate the gravitational
force that the sun exerts on the Earth.

1.3 How will the gravitational force that the Earth exerts on the Sun compared to the answer
to QUESTION 1.2? Write only GREATER THAN, LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO. Give a
reason for the answer.

[8]
CLASSWORK 6 (NEWTON’S LAWS)

A hovering rescue helicopter has a container of supplies, with a weight of 1 960 N, hanging
from a cable. The tension in the cable is 2 100 N.

16
1.1 State Newton's First Law of Motion in words. (2)
1.2 Draw a labelled force-diagram of ALL the forces acting on the container. (3)
1.3 Why does the container remain stationary despite the tension being greater than the weight? (2)

Now the winch inside the helicopter starts to pull the container upwards with an acceleration of 0,13 m.s-2,
while the helicopter remains in its position.

1.4 Calculate the mass of the container. (2)

1.5 Calculate the magnitude of the tension in the cable while the container is being pulled (4)
upwards.

After an acceleration of a few metres the container is pulled up at a constant velocity of 0,8 m.s-1.

1.6 What will be the magnitude of the tension in the cable while the container moves upwards at a
constant velocity? (1)

[14]

HOMEWORK 7 (NEWTON’S LAWS)

Two blocks of mass 8 kg and 4 kg respectively, are joined with an inelastic string of
negligible mass. The string runs over a frictionless pulley. The 8 kg block is on a horizontal
surface while the 4 kg block is on an inclined plane of 40° with the horizontal. The coefficient
of kinetic friction for both blocks is 0,2. The 4 kg block accelerates down the slope.

1.1 State Newton's Second Law of Motion in words. (2)

17
1.2 Draw a labelled free-body diagram of ALL the forces acting on the 4 kg block. (4)
1.3 Calculate the frictional force between the surface and the 4 kg block. (4)
1.4 Calculate the magnitude of the acceleration of the system. (6)
1.5 How will the acceleration compare if the positions of the 8 kg block and 4 kg block are (4)
switched? Choose from GREATER THAN, LESS THAN or THE SAME. Explain the answer.
[20]

CLASSWORK 7

Two satellites orbiting the Earth are situated on opposite sides of the Earth. Satellite A has a
mass of 3 800 kg and Satellite B has a mass of 4 500 kg. Satellite A is at a height of 25 000
km above the surface of the Earth.

1.1 State Newton's Universal Gravitational Law in words. (2)

1.2 Explain the term weightlessness. (2)
1.3 Calculate the force between the Earth and Satellite A. (4)
1.4 What distance above the surface of the Earth should Satellite B be to experience the same
force towards the Earth as Satellite A?
Choose from: GREATER THAN, LESS THAN or EQUAL TO the distance above the Earth. (4)
Explain how you arrived at the answer.
[12]

CLASSWORK 8 (NEWTON’S LAWS)

Learners investigate the relationship between net force and acceleration by pulling a trolley
across a surface which is slightly inclined to compensate for friction. The trolley is connected
to different masses by a string of negligible mass. The string passes over a frictionless
pulley. Refer to the diagram below.

Tickertape attached to the trolley passes through the ticker-timer. The acceleration of the
trolley is determined by analyzing the tickertape. The results of the net force produced by the
different masses and the acceleration of the trolley were recorded in the table below.

18
1.1 Write down a hypothesis for this experiment. (2)
1.2.1 Identify the independent variable (1)
1.2.2 Identify the controlled variable. (1)
1.3 Use the graph paper on the ANSWER SHEET and draw a graph of the acceleration versus (4)
net force.
1.4 Calculate the gradient of the graph. (3)
1.5 Use the gradient of the graph calculated in QUESTION 3.4 to determine the mass of the (2)
trolley.
[13]

HOMEWORK 8 (NEWTON’S LAWS)

A tow truck pulls a car along a gravel road.

The force applied by the engine of the tow truck is 9 000 N. The mass of the tow truck is 1
300 kg and the mass of the car is 950 kg. The vehicles are connected to each other by an
inelastic tow bar of negligible mass. See the diagram below.

The tow truck and car move at a CONSTANT VELOCITY.

1.1 Define the term frictional force. (2)

1.2 NAME AND STATE the law that explains why the force exerted by the tow truck on the car (3)
is the same as the force exerted by the car on the tow truck.
1.3 Draw a labelled free-body diagram indicating all the forces acting on the tow truck. (5)
1.4 If the coefficient of kinetic friction between the tow-truck tyres and the road surface is 0,45,
calculate the:
1.4.1 Magnitude of the tension in the tow bar (5)
1.4.2 Coefficient of kinetic friction between the CAR tyres and the road surface (5)

Suddenly the tow bar between the car and the tow truck disconnects and the car comes.
loose.
1.5 Using a relevant law of motion, explain why the car continues moving forward for a short (3)
distance.
1.6 Calculate the acceleration of the car as it comes to a stop after a short distance. (3)
[26]

19
CLASSWORK 9 (NEWTON’S LAWS)

The acceleration due to gravity on planet X is 2,7 m∙s-2. The radius of this planet is a third
(⅓) of the radius of Earth.
1.1 Explain the difference between weight and mass. (2)
1.2 Calculate the mass of planet X. (4)
1.3 Determine the factor by which the weight of an object on planet X will differ from the weight of (2)
the same object on Earth.
[8]
HOMEWORK 9 (NEWTON’S LAWS)

Two boxes A and B having masses 2kg and 8kg respectively are placed in contact next to
each other on a horizontal rough surface as shown below.

A horizontal force of magnitude F is applied to box A and the system accelerates uniformly
to the right. The net force acting on block B during its motion is 12,5N and coefficient of
kinetic friction is 0,2. Take the motion of the system to the right as positive.
1.1 State Newton’s Second Law of motion in words (2)

1.2 Draw a labelled free-body diagram to show all horizontal forces acting on (2)
block B
1.3 Calculate:
1.3.1 acceleration of the system (3)
1.3.2 magnitude of kinetic frictional force acting on block B (3)
1.3.3 magnitude of force that block A exerts on block B (3)
[13]

CLASSWORK 10 (NEWTONS LAWS)

1.1 State Newton’s Law of universal gravitation in words (2)

1.2 A man of mass 90kg is standing on the surface of the earth
1.2.2 Calculate the force the earth exerts on the man (3)
1.2.3 Use your answer in 1.2.2 above to calculate mass of the earth if the
radius of the earth is 6,38 x 106m. (4)
[9]

20
TERM 1 WEEK 9&10

Paper 2: Chemistry

Atomic combinations: molecular structure

(This section must be read in conjunction with the CAPS, p. 67–71.)

A chemical bond
• Define a chemical bond as a mutual attraction between two atoms resulting from
the simultaneous attraction between their nuclei and the outer electrons. (NOTE:
The energy of the combined atoms is lower than that of the individual atoms
resulting in higher stability.)
• Draw Lewis dot diagrams of elements.
A Lewis dot diagram is a structural formula in which valence electrons are represented by
dots or crosses. It is also known as an electron dot formula, a Lewis formula, or an
electron diagram.
• Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of an element.
Valence electrons or outer electrons are the electrons in the highest energy level of an
atom in which there are electrons.
• Explain, in terms of electrostatic forces between protons and electrons, and in
terms of energy considerations, why:
o Two H atoms form an H2 molecule.
o He does not form He2
Interpret the graph of potential energy versus the distance between nuclei for two
approaching hydrogen atoms.
• Define a covalent bond as the sharing of electrons between two atoms to form a
molecule.
Molecule: A group of two or more atoms covalently bonded and that function as a
unit.
• Draw Lewis diagrams, given the formula and using electron configurations, for
simple molecules, e.g. H2, F2, H2O, NH3, HF, OF2, HOCℓ and molecules with
multiple bonds, e.g. N2, O2 and HCN.
• Describe rules for bond formation:
o Different atoms, each with an unpaired valence electron, can share
these electrons to form a chemical bond, e.g. two H atoms form a H2
molecule by sharing an electron pair.
o Different atoms with paired valence electrons, called lone pairs, cannot
share these four electrons and cannot form a chemical bond, e.g. no bond
forms between two He atoms.
o Different atoms, with unpaired valence electrons, can share these electrons
and form a chemical bond for each electron pair shared. The two atoms can
form multiple bonds between them. If two pairs of electrons are shared, a
double bond is formed, e.g. between two O atoms to form O2.
o Atoms with an empty valence shell can share a lone pair of electrons from
another atom to form a coordinate covalent or dative covalent bond, e.g. in
NH+4 the lone pair of nitrogen is shared with H+ and in H3O+ the lone pair of
oxygen is shared with H+.
• Define a bonding pair as a pair of electrons that is shared between two atoms in a
covalent bond.
Define a lone pair as a pair of electrons in the valence shell of an atom that is not shared
with another atom.

21
 • Describe the formation of the dative covalent (or coordinate covalent)
+
bond by means of electron diagrams using NH4 and H3O+ as
examples.

Electronegativity of atoms to explain the polarity of bonds.

• Define electronegativity as a measure of the tendency of an atom in a molecule to
attract bonding electrons.
• Describe a non-polar covalent bond as a bond in which the electron density is
shared equally between the two atoms. An example is the bond between two H
atoms.
• Describe a polar covalent bond as a bond in which the electron density is shared
unequally between the two atoms. An example is the bond between an H atom and
a Cℓ atom.
• Show polarity of bonds using partial charges, e.g. δ+ H - Cℓ δ-
• Compare the polarity of chemical bonds using a table of electronegativities:
o With an electronegativity difference ∆EN > 2,1 electron transfer will take
place and the bond will be ionic.
o With an electronegativity difference ∆EN > 1 the bond will be polar
covalent.
o With an electronegativity difference ∆EN < 1 the bond will be very
weakly polar covalent.
o With an electronegativity difference ∆EN = 0 the bond will be
nonpolar. covalent
• Explain that the character of a bond varies from purely covalent (when ∆EN = 0) to
almost purely ionic (when ∆EN > 3). The above difference in electronegativity is
only a guideline, many bonds have both ionic and covalent character.
• Use difference in electronegativity and molecular shape to explain that polar bonds
do not always lead to polar molecules.

Bond energy and bond length

• Define bond energy of a compound as the energy needed to break one mole of its
molecules into separate atoms.
• Define bond length as the average distance between the nuclei of two bonded
atoms.
• Explain the relationship between bond energy and bond length, i.e. bonds with a
shorter bond length require more energy to break than bonds with a longer bond
length.
• Explain the relationship between the strength of a chemical bond between two
atoms and the:
o Length of the bond between them
If the force of attraction between two atoms is strong, the nuclei come very close
together resulting in a short bond length.
o Size of the bonded atoms
The bond length between larger atoms is longer than the bond length between
smaller atoms.
o Number of bonds (single, double, triple) between the atoms
Bond strength increases as the number of bonds between atoms increases, i.e.
triple bonds are stronger than double bonds, which are stronger than single bonds.

22
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Four options are given as possible answers to the following questions. Each question has only
ONE correct answer. Write only the letter (A–D) next to the question number (1.1–1.10) in the
ANSWER BOOK.

1.1 The tendency of an atom to attract bonding pair of electrons is referred to as…
A Electron Affinity
B Electronegativity
C Polarity
D Valency (2)

1.2 The number of valence electrons in a Phosphorus atom is

A 5
B 7
C 15
D 30 (2)

1.3 In which one of the following molecules is the covalent bond the most polar?

A H2
B O2
C Cl2
D HCl (2)

1.4 In a non-polar covalent bond…

A The difference in electronegativity between the bonding atoms is zero.

B Electrons are shared unequally between the bonding atoms.
C Electrons are transferred from the more negative atom to the less negative
atom.
D Delocalized electrons are shared between bonding atoms. (2)

1.5 Which one of the following compounds contain ionic bonds?

A CH4
B CO2
C MgCl2
D O3 (2)

1.6 Two Hydrogen atoms combine to form a molecule because…

A two atoms of the same element will always combine.

B the energy state of the molecules is lower than that of the individual atoms.
C a molecule of hydrogen is smaller than its individual atoms.

23
 D hydrogen can only exist as a gas. (2)

1.7 The type of intermolecular forces that exist in a water molecule is…

A London forces
B Ion-Ion
C Ion-Dipole
D Hydrogen bonds (2)

1.8 Which one of the following molecules represents angular molecular shape?

A CO2
B H2O
C NH3
D CH4 (2)

1.9 The reason why NaCl is soluble in water (H2O) but is insoluble in
tetrachloromethane (CCl4) is because…

A NaCl is non- polar and water contains polar bonds.

B NaCl is non-polar and CCl4 contains polar bonds.
C Both NaCl and water contain polar bonds.
D NaCl is polar and can only be soluble in a non-polar solvent. (2)

1.10 For a fixed mass of gas at constant temperature, if the volume of the gas (V)
increases to twice its original amount, the pressure of the gas (P) will be

A 2P
B ½P
C P
D 4P (2)
[20]

QUESTION 2
Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) is a very poisonous compound used in the manufacturing of
plastics, mining of gold and as a poison.

2.1 Define the term chemical bond. (2)

_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
__________________________________________
2.2 Draw Lewis structures for:
2.2.1 HCN (2)

_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

24
 _______________________________________________________________
__
2.2.2 H2O (2)
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
___________________________________
2.3 What is the shape of the HCN molecule? (2)
________________________________________________________
2.4 Calculate the electronegativity difference for the CN bond. (1) (2)
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
___________________________________
2.5 What is polarity of the HCN molecule? Write only POLAR or NON-POLAR. (2) (1)

The table below indicates the values of the bond length and bond energy of the different
bonds in HCN.

BOND BOND LENGTH BOND ENERGY

(nm) (kJ·mol-1)
CH 0,109 413
CN 0,116 890

2.6 Explain why the bond energy of the CN bond is more than the bond energy of
the CH bond. (2)
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
__________________________________________
2.7 Explain the difference between the bond length of the CH bond and the bond
length of the CN bond. (2)
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
___________________________________
2.8 Will HCN be soluble in water? Write only YES or NO. (1)
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
__________________________________________
2.9 Explain the answer to QUESTION 2.8 by referring to the polarity and (3)
intermolecular forces of the compounds.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
____________________________
[20]

QUESTION 3
The reaction below is used in the Haber process to manufacture ammonia.

N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g)

25
The boiling points of the substances in the reaction are as follows:

SUBSTANCE BOILING POINT (ºC)

H2 -252,9
N2 -195,8
NH3 -33,3

3.1 Refer to the intermolecular forces and explain the difference in boiling point
between NH3 and N2.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
___________________________________ (3)
3.2 Write down the FORMULA of the substance in the table that will have the lowest
melting point. (1)
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
__________________________________________
3.3 Explain why H2 will evaporate faster than N2. Refer to the type and relative
strength of the intermolecular forces. (3)
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
___________________________________
3.4 Write down the FORMULA of the substance in the table that will have the (3)
highest vapour pressure. Explain your answer.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
____________________________
[10]

QUESTION 4
Consider the following compounds:

CO2, H2O, NH3, H2S, NaCl, CH4, N2, HCl, H2SO4

4.1 Explain what is meant by the term electronegativity?

_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
___________________________________ (2)
4.2 Using electronegativity values, explain why NaCl has ionic bonding whereas
HCl has covalent bonding?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
____________________________ (4)

26
4.3 The chemical bonds within the methane molecule (CH4) are polar and yet
methane is known to be a non-polar molecule. Explain how this phenomenon
comes about.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
____________________________ (2)
4.4 Besides methane, choose two other molecules from the list that is classified
non-polar
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
___________________________________ (2)
4.5 What are the oxidation numbers of S in H2S and H2SO4 respectively?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
___________________________________ (2)
4.6 Draw lewis diagrams for
4.6.1 N2 ____________________________________________ (2)
4.6.2 CO2 ____________________________________________ (2)
4.6.3 NH3 ___________________________________________________________________ (2)
4.6.4 CH4 ___________________________________________________________________ (2)
Copy the table below in your answer book and complete molecular shape of each
molecule

Molecule Molecular Shape

CO2 4.7.1
NH3 4.7.2
H2S 4.7.3
CH4 4.7.4 (4)
[24]

QUESTION 5
Consider the substances listed below:
H2O C KCℓ CH4 CO2 HCℓ
Which substance or substances matches each of the statements below?
(Each substance may be used more than once in your answer or not at all).

5.1 Made up of polar molecules.

________________________________________________________ (2)
5.2 Is made up of non-polar molecules.
________________________________________________________ (2)
5.3 Has mainly hydrogen bonding between the particles in the solid and liquid
phases.
________________________________________________________ (2)
5.4 Will form a network solid.
________________________________________________________ (2)
5.5 Made up of an ionic crystal lattice.
________________________________________________________
5.6 Is a poor conductor of electricity in the solid phase,but conducts well in (2)

27
 aqueous solution.
________________________________________________________
(12)
QUESTION 6
6.1 Use Lewis structures to represent the following:
6.1.1 F2
________________________________________________ (2)
6.1.2 HCl
_________________________________________________ (2)
6.1.3 MgO
_________________________________________________ (2)
6.2 The following table provides the symbols of some elements on the Periodic
Table, with their electronegativities:

H He
2,1
Li Be B C N O F Ne
1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
0,9 1,2 1,5 1,8 2,1 2,5 3,0

Use the Electronegativity Table to complete the following table: (8)

Elements in bond Difference in Type of bond
electronegativity
Example:
H – Cl 3,0 – 2,1 = 0,9 Polar covalent bond
F–F
C–H
Na – Cl
H–O (14)

[14]
QUESTION 7
7.1 Ammonia NH3(g) and hypochlorous acid HOCℓ(ℓ) are both examples of
covalent compounds.
7.1.1 Define the term bonding pair.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
___________________________________ (2)
7.1.2 Draw Lewis structures for the following molecules:
a) NH3 (2)

b) HOCℓ (2)

7.1.3 Write down the:

(a) Number of bonding pairs in NH3 (2)

28
 ____________________________________________
(b) Number of lone pairs on the oxygen atom in HOCℓ
____________________________________________ (2)
(c) Shape of an ammonia molecule
____________________________________________ (2)
7.1.4 Which bond, N-H or O-H, is more polar? Give a reason for the
answer. (2)
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
___________________________________
7.1.5 Write down the type of intermolecular forces present in BOTH
ammonia and hypochlorous acid. (2)
________________________________________________________
__________________________________________
7.1.6 When ammonia dissolves in water, the ammonium ion (NH+4 ) is
formed. What type of bond forms between the ammonia molecule and
the hydrogen ion? (2)
_________________________________________________
7.2 The graph of potential energy versus distance between the nuclei of two oxygen
atoms:

7.2.1 Define the term bond energy. (2)

________________________________________________________
__________________________________________
7.2.2 Which curve, A or B, represents the formation of the double bond
(O=O) between oxygen atoms? Briefly explain the answer.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
______________________________________ (3)
7.2.3 Write down the bond length of the bond represented by curve B.
_________________________________________________ (1)

29
TERM 2

Representing Chemical Change

(This section must be read in conjunction with the CAPS, p. 37.)

Quantitative aspects of chemical change

(This section must be read in conjunction with the CAPS, p. 50–52 and 82–83.)
The mole concepts.
• Describe the mole as the SI unit for amount of substance.

• Define one mole as the amount of substance having the same number of particles as
there are atoms in 12 g carbon-12.

• Describe Avogadro's number, NA, as the number of particles (atoms, molecules,

formula-units) present in one mole (NA = 6,023 x 1023 particles∙mol-1).

• Define molar mass as the mass of one mole of a substance measured in g·mol-1.

• Calculate the molar mass of a substance given its formula.

Molar volume of gases

• State Avogadro's Law, i.e. one mole of any gas occupies the same volume at the
same temperature and pressure.

• At STP: 1 mole of any gas occupies 22,4 dm3 at 0 °C (273 K) and 1 atmosphere
(101,3 kPa). Thus the molar gas volume, VM, at STP = 22,4 dm3∙mol-1.

Volume relationships in gaseous reactions

• Interpret balanced equations in terms of volume relationships for gases, i.e. under the
same conditions of temperature and pressure, equal amounts (in mole) of all gases
occupy the same volume.

Concentration of solutions
• Define concentration as the amount of solute per litre of solution.
n
• Calculate concentration in mol·ℓ-1 (or mol·dm-3) using c = .
V

More complex stoichiometric calculations

• Determine the empirical formula and molecular formula of compounds.

• Determine the percentage yield of a chemical reaction.

• Determine percentage purity or percentage composition, e.g. the percentage CaCO3
in an impure sample of seashells.
• Perform stoichiometric calculations based on balanced equations that may include
limiting reagents.

30
The Mole: The amount of substance that contains 6,02 x 10 23 particles. This number
is also called Avogadro ’s number.
One MOLE has 6.022x 1023 items or there are 6.022 x 1023 items/mole.
Quick Activity
1. How many atoms of potassium make up one MOLE ? _____
2. How many atoms of potassium make up 2 MOLES? _____
3. How many formula units of salt make up 10 MOLES? _____
4. How many molecules of water make up 1 MOLE? _____
5. How many molecules of water make up 5 MOLES? _____
6. How many moles are 6.022 x 1023 atoms of sodium? _____
7. How many moles are 12.04 x 1023 atoms of carbon? _____
8. How many moles are 18.06 x 1023 atoms of sodium? _____
9. How many moles are 60.22 x 1023 atoms of sodium? _____
10. How many moles are 6.022 x 1023 molecules of water? _____
11. How many moles are 12.04 x 1023 molecules of water? _____
12. How many moles are 30.10 x 1023 molecules of water? _____
All Chemistry calculations require an understanding of the mole concept. When we
carry out calculations on reactions in chemistry we always use the moles that
reacted NEVER the mass that reacted. If you are given the mass, you must always
workout the number of moles contained in the mass!

The masses that react in a chemical will almost always have one or more of the
reactants having a larger than necessary number of moles of fewer that necessary
number of moles and the reactions will almost always leave some unreacted
reactant that we call an excess reactant and the reactant that gets used up while
there is still an excess is called a limiting reactant

How to calculate the mole of a given mass of sample

31
4.2 Excess and Limiting reagents: Concrete Models.

If you have 6 cars and 48 tyres, how many cars with tyres can you produce

See how many tyres you are able to use in this example. The remaining tyres are
in excess. The cars are said to be limiting.

Which of the two reactants is in excess and which is the limiting reagent in the
following diagrams?

32
 Which of the two molecules, H2, N2, is limiting?

4.3 Worked out examples from Grade 10

Reminder:
At STP: 1 mole of any gas occupies 22,4 dm3 at 0 °C (273 K) and 1 atmosphere
1. Find the number of moles of ions in
(a) 2 moles of Fe2(SO4) 3
(b) 0.2 moles of Al(NO3) 3
Given 1.6 g of methane (CH4), find
(c) number of moles of CH4
(d) number of molecules of CH4
(e) number of H atoms.

33
2. Find the mass of

(a) 1 H2O molecule (b) 1 Cu atom

(c) 1 Na+ ion (d) 1 OH- ion

(e) 1 neutron (f) 1 electron

3. Find the mass of

6.02 ´ 1022 lead atoms 3.01 ´ 1024 carbon 3.01 ´ 1023sulphate ions
dioxide molecules

5. (a) How many molecules are there in 3.00 moles of oxygen molecules?

(b) How many ions are there in 0.600 moles of potassium ions?
Number of potassium ion

6. Calculate the number of moles of atoms in

(a) 127 g of copper

Number of moles of copper

(b) 12.8 g of sulphur.
7. How many atoms are there in
(a) 2.50 moles of oxygen atoms?
Number of oxygen atoms
(b) 6.00 g of magnesium atoms?
8. What is the mass of 2.50 moles of magnesium atoms?

4. Worked examples:
1. What is the empirical formula of a compound containing 40.0% C, 6.71% H, and
53.28% O?

34
2. Determine the molecular formula of the compound in QUESTION 1, if its molar
mass is 180g.mol-1.

3. Nicotine, an alkaloid in the nightshade family of plants that is mainly responsible

for the addictive nature of cigarettes, contains 74.02% C, 8.710% H, and 17.27%
N. If 40.57 g of nicotine contains 0.25 mol nicotine, what is the molecular
formula?

4. A metal M ionizes to give Mn+ ions. If atomic mass of M is 24, and 1.2 g of M
ionize to give 6.02 ´ 1022 electrons, calculate n (the charge on each ion of M).
5. Complete the table below:

Substance Molar mass of Mass of Number of Number of

substance substance moles of molecules/
present substance formula units
present present
Sulphuric acid
(H2SO4)

Sodium
hydroxide
(NaOH)
Potassium
carbonate
(K2CO3)

6. If we breathed in 3913 ´ 1018 molecules of air pollutant, nitrogen dioxide (NO2),

how many grams of NO2would we breathe in?

7. (I) How many moles of calcium fluoride (CaF2) are present in 16.5 g of it?

(II) How many calcium and fluoride ions are present?

35
8. What mass of water contains the same number of molecules as 2.20 g of
carbon dioxide?

1. Identity the substance which contains the greater number of molecules from
each set:
(a) 2 moles of carbon dioxide molecules (CO2) or 8.40 g of sulphuric acid (H2SO4)
(b) 88.0 g 0f carbon dioxide (CO2) or 84.0 g of nitrogen (N2)
(c) 5 ´ 1024 ammonia molecules (NH3) or 8.00 g of sulphuric acid (H2SO4)

10. Calculate the molarity of each of the following solutions:

(a) 23.4 g of sodium chloride (NaCl) solid in 1.0 dm3 solution.
(b) 17.0 g of silver nitrate (AgNO3) solid in 200.0 cm3 solution.

11. Complete the table below:

Mass of solute
Concentratio required to
Molar mass Molarity
Substance n prepare 250.0
(g mol-1) (M)
(g dm-3) cm3 of solution
(g)
KOH
CuSO4
(COOH) 2˙2H2O

12. Calculate the molarity of each of the following solutions

(a) 500.0 cm3 of 0.10 M sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3) solution.
(b) 100.0 cm3 of 3.00 M potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) solution.
13. 5.6 g of a metal M combine with 2.4 g of oxygen to form an oxide with the
formula M2O3. What is the atomic mass of M?
14. A crystalline salt of formula M2S2O3 . 5H2O is found to contain 36.3% by mass
of water of crystallization. Calculate
(a) the formula mass of the hydrated salt
(b) the atomic mass of the metal M.

36
 15. 10.0 g of hydrated iron(II) sulphate, Fe2SO4.nH2O, on strong heating, gave
4.53 g of water. Find the value of n.
16. A metal M forms two chlorides A and B which contains 55.9% and 65.5% by
mass of chloride respectively. The empirical formula of A is found to be MCl2.
Determine the empirical formula of B(without having to find the atomic mass
of M).

Exercises 1

Hydrogen peroxide decomposes at room temperature according to the following

balanced chemical equation:

2H2O2(aq) → O2(g) + 2H2O(ℓ)

1.1 What does the (aq) represent in the equation above? (1)

1.2 Identify the type of reaction above. Choose between PRECIPITATION and (2)
REDOX. Give a reason for the answer

1.3 Is the reaction an example of a physical or a chemical change? (1)

1.4 Define the term one mole of a substance. (2)

1.5 If 4 moles of hydrogen peroxide decompose, calculate the volume of gas

formed at STP. (4)

1.6 Calculate the number of oxygen atoms in H2O2 if 17 g of H2O2 decomposes. (4)

[14]

37
 Exercises 2
2.1 The empirical formula of a certain compound is to be determined. On
analysis of a sample of the compound it was found to contain 40% C, 6,6% H
and 53,3% O

2.1.1 Define the term empirical formula. (2)

2.1.2 Determine the empirical formula of the compound. Show ALL

calculations. (5)

2.1.3 If the molecular mass of the compound is 60 g·mol-1, calculate the

molecular formula of the compound. (3)

2.2 The molar mass of hydrated sodium carbonate is found to be 268 g∙mol-1.
The formula of the hydrated sodium carbonate is Na2CO3.xH 2O.

Calculate the number of moles of water of crystallisation (x) in the compound. (4)

[14]

Exercises 3
Calcium carbonate, CaCO3, reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid, HCℓ, according to
the following balanced equation:

CaCO3(s) + 2HCℓ(aq) → CaCℓ2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(ℓ)

3.1 The above reaction is an example of an acid-base reaction. Define the term
acid-base reaction. (2)

The graph below shows the relationship between the volume of carbon dioxide
gas, CO2(g) formed and the mass of PURE calcium carbonate.

38
3.2 From the graph, determine the volume of CO 2(g) produced when 0,072 g of (1)
PURE CaCO3(s) reacts.

3.3 A certain antacid tablet, with a mass of 0,25 g, contains mainly calcium
carbonate which reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid in the stomach to produce
carbon dioxide gas.

The concentration of hydrochloric acid in the stomach is 0,1 mol·dm-3

3.3.1 Define the term concentration of a solution. (2)

3.3.2 It is found that 25 cm3 of CO2(g) is formed when one antacid tablet
completely reacts.

Use the information in the graph and calculate the percentage

CaCO3(s) in one antacid tablet. (3)

39
 3.3.3 Calculate the volume of hydrochloric acid that will be neutralised by
ONE antacid tablet (5)

[13]
Exercises 4
Study the balanced chemical equation of the reaction between sodium
4.1 carbonate (Na2CO3) and hydrochloric acid (HCℓ) and answer the questions
that follow.

Na2CO3 + 2HCℓ → 2NaCℓ + CO2 + H2O

Identify the type of reaction above. Choose between REDOX and GAS (1)
FORMING.

4.2 In a reaction, 10,6 g of sodium carbonate reacts completely with excess

hydrochloric acid.

4.2.1 Calculate the molar mass of sodium carbonate. (2)

4.2.2 Calculate the initial number of moles of sodium carbonate. (2)

4.2.3 Calculate the mass of CO2 produced during this reaction. (4)

4.2.4 Calculate the mass of sodium chloride produced if 4,87 dm3 of

carbon dioxide was produced at STP. (6)

4.3 4,2 g of a sample of hydrated sodium carbonate, Na2CO3•xH2O, was strongly

heated until no further change in mass was recorded. On heating, all the water
of crystallisation evaporated as follows:

Na2CO3•xH2O → Na2CO3+ x H2O

40
 If 4 moles of hydrogen peroxide decompose, calculate the volume of gas
formed at STP.

Calculate the number of oxygen atoms in H2O if 17 g of H2O2 decomposes. (5)

[20]
Exercises 5
The reaction between sodium and water is represented by the following balanced
chemical equation:

2Na(s) + 2H2O(ℓ) → 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g)

5.1 Write down the values of temperature and pressure at STP (2)

5.2 Calculate the following:

5.2.1 Mass (in gram) of hydrogen gas produced (5)

5.2.2 Volume (in dm3) of hydrogen gas produced at STP (3)

5.2.3 Mass (in gram) of NaOH produced (4)

5.2.4 Concentration of the sodium hydroxide solution (3)

[17]
Exercises 6

Hydrogen, H2(g), and nitrogen, N2(g), react to form ammonia, NH3(g). The reaction
that takes place is represented by the following equation:

N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g)

6.1.1 Define the term 1 mole. (2)

41
 6.1.2 How many moles of ammonia will be produced from 1 mole of hydrogen
gas? (1)

6.1.3 Initially 10 cm3 of nitrogen and 24 cm3 of hydrogen are mixed in a

container. The temperature and pressure remain constant.

Calculate the volume of gas that will remain in the container after the
reaction is completed. (4)

In another experiment, 80 g of hydrogen gas reacts with nitrogen gas to form

ammonia.

Calculate the:

6.1.4 Number of moles of hydrogen gas reacted (2)

6.1.5 Volume of the nitrogen gas used at STP (2)

6.2 When 207 g of lead, Pb, combines with oxygen, 239 g of a certain oxide of (5)
lead is formed. Use a calculation to determine the formula of this oxide of
lead.

[16]

1.1. Nitric acid (𝐻𝑁𝑂" ), an important acid used in industry, is a strong acid.
1.1.1. Give a reason why nitric acid is classified as a strong acid. (1)
1.1.2. Write down the NAME or FORMULA of the conjugate base of nitric acid.
(1)
1.2. A laboratory technician wants to determine the percentage purity of
magnesium oxide. He dissolves a 4,5 𝑔 sample of the magnesium oxide in
100 𝑐𝑚" hydrochloric acid of concentration 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 ∙ 𝑑𝑚#" .

42
1.2.1. Calculate the number of moles of hydrochloric acid added to the magnesium
oxide. (3)

He then uses the apparatus below to titrate the EXCESS hydrochloric acid in
the above solution against hydroxide solution.

1.2.2. Write down the name of the apparatus Q in the above diagram.
(1)

1.2.3. The following indicators are available for the titration:

INDICATOR pH RANGE
A 3,1 – 4,4
B 6,0 – 7,6
C 8,3 – 10,0

Which ONE of the above indicators (A, B or C) is most suitable to indicate

the exact endpoint in this titration? Give a reason for the answer. (3)
1.2.4. During the titration, the technician uses distilled water to wash any sodium
hydroxide spilled against the sides of the Erlenmeyer flask into the solution.
Give a reason why the addition of distilled water to the Erlenmeyer flask will
not influence the results. (1)

43
1.2.5. At the endpoint of the titration, he finds that 21 𝑐𝑚" of a 0,2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 ∙ 𝑑𝑚#" sodium
hydroxide solution has neutralised the EXCESS hydrochloric acid.
Calculate the number of moles hydrochloric acid in excess. (3)

1.2.6. The balanced equation for the reaction between hydrochloric acid and
magnesium oxide is:
𝑀𝑔𝑂(%) + 2𝐻𝐶!('() → 𝑀𝑔𝐶!)('() + 2𝐻) 𝑂(!)

Calculate the percentage purity of the magnesium oxide. Assume that only
the magnesium oxide in the 4,5 𝑔 sample reacted with the acid.
(5)

44
Term 2-3

ELECTROSTATICS

(This section must be read in conjunction with the CAPS, p. 84–85.)

Coulomb's law
• State Coulomb's law: The magnitude of the electrostatic force exerted by two-point
charges (Q1 and Q2) on each other is directly proportional to the product of the
magnitudes of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance (r)
between them.

kQ1Q 2
• Solve problems using the equation F = for charges in one dimension (1D) – restrict
r2
to three charges.

kQ1Q 2
• Solve problems using the equation F = for charges in two dimensions (2D) – for
r2
three charges in a right-angled formation (limit to charges at the 'vertices of a right- angled
triangle').

Electric field
• Describe an electric field as a region in space in which an electric charge experiences a
force. The direction of the electric field at a point is the direction that a positive test charge
would move if placed at that point.

• Draw electric field patterns for the following configurations:

o A single point charges.

o Two-point charges (one negative, one positive OR both positive OR both negative)

o A charged sphere

NOTE: Restrict to situations in which the charges are identical in magnitude.

• Define the electric field strength at a point: The electric field strength at a point is the
electrostatic force experienced per unit positive charge placed at that point.

F
In symbols: E =
Q
F
• Solve problems using the equation E = .
Q

• Calculate the electric field strength at a point due to a number of point charges, using the
kQ
equation E = 2 to determine the contribution to the field due to each charge. Restrict to
r
three charges in a straight line.

45
QUESTION 1: MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS

Four options are given as possible answers to the following questions. Each question has only
ONE correct answer. Write only the letter (A–D) next to the question number (1.1–1.10) in the
ANSWER BOOK.

1.1 In the formula generated from Coulomb’s Law, the unit for F is…

A N
B NC2.m-2
C N.m2.C-2
D N.C (2)

1.2 The sketch below shows two small metal spheres, A and B, on insulated
stands carrying charges of magnitude q and 2q respectively.

The distance between the centres of the two spheres is r.

r

A q 2 B
q

Sphere A exerts a force of magnitude F on sphere B. What is the magnitude

of the force that sphere B exerts on sphere A?
A 1
2F
B F
C 2F
D 4F (2)

1.3 Three identical positive point charges, Q1, Q2 and Q3 are initially situated on a smooth flat
table at a corner of the right-angled triangle. The diagram below shows the charges as
viewed from above.

Which one of the following diagrams shows the direction in which Q2 will move as a
result of the electrostatic forces exerted by Q1 and Q3 on it?

46
 A

(2)

1.4 The diagram below represents the electric field pattern around a negative
point charge. R, S and T are points at different distances from the negative
point charge.

The magnitude of the electric field of the point charge is …

A greatest at point R
B greatest at point S
C greatest at point T
D the same at points R, S and T (2)

1.5 A small test charge +q is placed exactly halfway between two

identical negatively charges, X and Y, each with a charge + Q, as
shown below.

+Q +q +Q

X d d 47
Y
 The test charge +q will

A remain where it is
B move towards X
C move towards Y
D move vertically downwards. (2)

1.6 Which one of the following graphs best represents the relationship between
the magnitude of the electric field (E) and the charge (Q) at a distance r from
the charge?

(2)

1.7 In the diagram below a straight, copper conductor G, carries a current out of the page
towards the observer. It experiences a force when placed in a magnetic field that is

48
 produced by two permanent bar magnets. N represents the north pole and S the south
pole of the magnets.

Study the diagram below.

In which direction does the conductor experience a force due to the magnetic field?

A Towards K
B Towards L
C Towards M
D Towards J (2)

1.8 Study the diagram below

Which of ONE the following graphs is correct for the induced emf vs time.

A B

C D

49
 (2)

1.9 Which ONE of the circuits below can be used to measure the current in a
conductor X and the potential difference across its ends?

(2)

1.10 Three light bulbs, X, Y and Z with resistances R, 2R and R respectively, are connected in
a circuit as shown below. The battery has negligible internal resistance.

When switch S is closed, all the bulbs light up. The reading on ammeter A is
2,5 A.

Which ONE of the following correctly describes the readings on the

ammeters (in amperes) when bulb Z burns out?

50
 [20]

QUESTION 2
2. Three-point charges, Q1, Q2 and Q3 carrying charges of +6µC, -3µC and +5µC
respectively, are arranged in space as shown in the diagram below. The distance
between Q3 and Q1 is 30cm and that between Q3 and Q2 is 10cm.

2.1 State Coulomb’s Law in words. (2)

2.2 Calculate the net force acting on charge Q3 due to the presence of
Q1 and Q2. (7)
[9]

QUESTION 3

3. The diagram below shows a small metal sphere P on an insulated stand. The sphere
carries a charge of -4 x 10-9 C, as shown in the diagram.

3.1 Draw the electric field pattern around sphere P. Assume that no
other charges affect this pattern. (3)
3.2 Calculate the number of electrons in excess on sphere P. (2)

A second metal sphere T carrying a charge of +2 x 10-9 C is placed 1 cm from

sphere P, as shown in the diagram below.

51
 1 cm

-4 x 10-9 C - P +2 x 10-9 C + T

3.3 Calculate the magnitude of the electrostatic force that sphere P

exerts on sphere T. (4)
The spheres are now brought into contact with each other and
returned to their original positions.
3.4 Calculate the new charge on each sphere. (3)
[12]

QUESTION 4

4.1 A small sphere, Q1, with a charge of +32 x 10-9 C, is suspended from a light string
secured to a support. A second, identical sphere, Q2, with a charge of – 55 x 10-9 C, is
placed in a narrow, cylindrical glass tube vertically below Q1. Each sphere has a mass
of 7 g. Both spheres come to equilibrium when Q2 is 2,5 cm from Q1, as shown in the
diagram. Ignore the effects of air friction.

4.1 State Coulomb’s Law in words. (2)

52
 4.2 Calculate the number of electrons that were removed from Q1 to give
it a charge of + 32 x 10-9 C. Assume that the sphere was neutral
before being charged. (3)
4.3 Draw a labelled free-body diagram showing all the forces acting on
sphere Q1. (3)
4.4 Calculate the magnitude of the tension in the string. (5)
[13]

QUESTION 5

5. Two metal spheres on insulated stands carry charges of +4µC and -6µC respectively.

5.1 Define the electric field at a point. (2)

5.2 Calculate the magnitude of the force exerted by each sphere on the
other. (4)
5.3 By what factor will the magnitude of the force in Question 5.2 change
if the distance between spheres is halved? (Do not calculate the new
value of the force) (1)
5.4 Determine the net electric field at point P as shown in the diagram
above. (6)
[13]
QUESTION 6
6.1 Two small identical spheres, A and B, each carrying a charge +5µC are placed 2m
apart. Point P is in the electric field due to the charged spheres and is located 1,25 m
from sphere A.
Study the diagram below.

6.1 Define the term electric field in words. (2)

6.2 Draw the resultant electric field pattern due to the two charged
spheres. (3)
6.3 Calculate the magnitude of the net electric field at point P. (5)
[10]

53
TERM 3 &4
ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM

QUESTION 1

There are four possible options for each answer in the following questions. Each question
has only ONE correct answer. Choose the correct answer and write only A, B, C or D next to
the question number.

1.1 In the following circuit diagram, the internal resistance of the battery is so small that
you can ignore it.

How do the readings on the ammeter and voltmeter change if you close the switch? (2)

Ammeter reading Voltmeter reading

A decreases decreases

B increases increases
C decreases increases

D increases decreases

54
1.2 The following electric circuit contains three light bulbs and a battery. The battery has
very little internal resistance, so you can ignore its effects.

The filament of light bulb R breaks. Therefore, light bulbs P and Q will …

Light bulb P Light bulb Q

A burn more brightly burn less brightly

B burn unchanged burn more brightly

C burn less brightly burn more brightly

D burn less brightly burn less brightly

(2)

1.3 You push the south pole of a bar magnet into end X of a long solenoid. The ammeter
that is connected to the solenoid shows a deflection to the left.

Which additional movement of the bar magnet will produce the same deflection on the
ammeter?

55
A pushing the north pole of the magnet into end X of the solenoid
B pulling the north pole of the magnet out of end X of the solenoid
C pulling the south pole of the magnet out of end Y of the solenoid
D pushing the south pole of the magnet into end X of the solenoid (2)

1.4 he following diagram shows a beam of electrons entering a magnetic field.

In which direction will the electrons be deflected?

A out of the plane of the diagram

B into the plane of the diagram
C towards the top of the diagram
D towards the bottom of the diagram (2)
[8]

56
QUESTION 2

Indicate whether the following statements are TRUE or FALSE. Write only ‘True’ or ‘False’
next to the question number. If the statement is FALSE, write down the correct statement.

2.1 Electric field lines can only cross if several charges are present. (2)

2.2 Electric field lines start on negative charges and end on positive charges. (2)

2.3 The force exerted by a point charge on another is unchanged if a third point charge is
brought closer to the first two charges. (2)

2.4 The electric field at the midpoint between equal and opposite point charges is zero.
(2)
2.5 Electric potential is the electrostatic potential energy per unit charge. (2)
2.6 Electric field strength is a scalar quantity. (2)
[12]
QUESTION 3

Zayn sets up the following circuit. He uses a battery with an emf of 12 V. The internal
resistance of the battery is so small that he can ignore its effects. His circuit contains four
resistors, an ammeter and a switch. The diagram shows the values of the resistors. He then
closes the switch, S.

57
3.1 Calculate the total resistance of the circuit. (4)
3.2 Calculate the reading on the ammeter. (4)
3.3 He then connects a voltmeter across various points in the circuit. Calculate the
reading he gets on the voltmeter when he connects it across the following points.

a) P and Q (2)
b) W and X (2)
[12]
QUESTION 4

A 2 Ω resistor is connected in series with a switch, an ammeter, a battery of negligible

internal resistance and two resistors of 5 Ω and 20 Ω connected in parallel.

4.1 State Ohm’s law in words. (3)

4.2 Draw the circuit diagram of the above situation. (4)
4.3 Calculate the total resistance of the circuit. (4)
4.4 The reading on the ammeter is 2 A. Calculate the potential difference across the
terminals of the battery. (3)
[14]
QUESTION 5

Susan wants to determine the resistance of a length of nichrome wire. She sets up the circuit
shown in the following diagram.

5.1 Give the name and purpose of the apparatus labelled Q. (2)

58
5.2 Explain why Susan places the nichrome wire in water. (2)
5.3 In five steps, explain the method Susan needs to follow to obtain a set of results for
this experiment. (3)
5.4 Susan forgets to keep the temperature of the water constant during her experiment.
Use your science knowledge to explain what happens to the resistance of the nichrome wire.
(1)
The following table gives readings of potential difference and current through the
nichrome wire.

Potential difference (V) Current (A)

3 1

6 2

9 3
12 4

5.5 Use the data in this table to draw a graph of potential difference (V) versus current
(A). Label your graph clearly. (4)

5.6 Use your graph to determine the resistance of the nichrome wire. (1)

5.7 Write a conclusion to the experiment. (2)

[15]
QUESTION 6

Aaron presented the following graph as part of his practical investigation on electricity.

59
6.1 Aaron lost his original table of results that he recorded during the investigation. Draw
up a table of results that represents the values plotted on the graph. (4)

6.2 Write a hypothesis for this investigation. (2)

6.3 Draw a neat circuit diagram that Aaron can use to perform this investigation. (3)

6.4 Describe the method that Aaron should follow. (4)

6.5 State a conclusion to this investigation. (2)

[15]
QUESTION 7

The lamps in the following circuit are all identical. The reading on ammeter A1 is 2 A and the
reading on voltmeter V is 4,5 V. The battery has an internal resistance of 1 Ω.

60
7.1 Explain why the reading on A2 is 3A . (3)

7.2 Calculate the resistance of lamp L2. (4)

7.3 Calculate the emf of the battery. (9)

7.4 The filament in L3 burns out. State which of the following REMAINS THE SAME,
BECOMES ZERO, INCREASES NOTICEABLY or DECREASES NOTICEABLY (but not to
zero).

a) the effective resistance of the whole circuit (2)

b) the reading on ammeter A2 (2)
c) the reading on voltmeter V (2)
[22]

61
QUESTION 8

A circuit is set up as shown in the following circuit diagram.

8.1 When switches P and Q are open, voltmeter V1 reads 18,0 V. You then close switch
P. Voltmeter V1 now reads 16,2 V and ammeter A reads 3,0 A. Calculate the internal
resistance of each cell in the battery. (6)

8.2 You then close switch Q. Explain why the reading on ammeter A does not change
noticeably. (3)

8.3 Calculate the reading on voltmeter V2. (7)

8.4 Calculate the resistance of resistor R. (6)

[22]

62
QUESTION 9

A small point charge carries a charge of +4 ´ 10–10 C.

9.1 Calculate the magnitude of the electric field strength at a distance of 30 mm from the
point charge. (4)

9.2 A second point charge of –8 ´ 10–10 C is placed at position X. Calculate the

magnitude of the force between the charges. (4)

9. 3 Identify whether this is a force of attraction or repulsion. (1)

[9]

QUESTION 10

Two spheres, Q1 and Q2, are 40 cm apart. The charge on Q1 is 8 ´ 10–9 C and the charge on
Q2 is –6 ´ 10–9 C.

10.1 State Coulomb’s law in words. (3)

10.2 Calculate the magnitude of the electrostatic force between charges Q1 and Q2. (5)

10.3 Calculate the electric field strength at a distance of 40 cm from the 8 ´ 10–9 C charge.
(4)
[12]

63
QUESTION 11

Consider a positive point charge of +5 ´ 10–9 C.

11.1 Draw a neat sketch of the electric field pattern around this point charge. (3)

11.2 Calculate the magnitude and direction of the force exerted on a negatively charged
particle of –3 ´ 10–9 C placed 0,5 m from the point charge of +5 ´ 10–9 C. (6)

11.3 The negative charge moves toward the positive charge. Explain how the force
experienced by each charge will change. (Only use the words DECREASE, REMAIN THE
SAME or INCREASE as an answer.) (2)

11.4 The two charges come into contact and then separate again. Calculate the charge on
each after they have separated. (4)
[15]

64
Grade 11 PHYSICAL SCIENCES
MATTER AND MATERIALS

QUESTION 1

The following diagram represents the apparatus Thabang used to investigate a fixed mass of
air.
Thabang pumped air from a bicycle pump into the pressure gauge on the right. When he did
this, the air from the pump pushed the level of oil in the oil reservoir downwards. The oil in
the glass tube then moved upwards. This reduced the volume of air trapped at the top of the
glass tube. Thabang used the volume scale to measure the change in the volume of trapped
air.

Thabang obtained the following results.

Pressure (kPa) Volume (cm3)

105,0 30

126,0 25

157,5 20

210 15

1.1 Write a hypothesis for Thabang’s experiment. (2)

65
1.2 Draw sketch graphs of the following relationships.

a) pressure versus volume (3)

1
b) pressure versus volume (3)

1.3 Name the factor that Thabang keeps constant in his experiment. (1)

1.4 State ONE experimental procedure that Thabang must remember so that he obtains
reliable readings. (1)

1.5 State a conclusion for Thabang’s experiment. (2)

1.6 Name and state the law that Thabang verified in his experiment. (2)
[14]
QUESTION 2
Mrs Kgopa demonstrates an experiment about gases to her Grade 11 class. The following
diagram represents the apparatus she used. She attaches a bicycle pump to the apparatus.
She then increases the pressure on the liquid when she applies pressure to the bicycle
pump.

66
2.1 Write an investigative question for Mrs Kgopa’s experiment. (2)

2.2 Identify the independent variable in this experiment . (1)

2.3 After each increase in pressure, explain why Mrs Kgopa should leave the apparatus
alone for a few seconds before she measures the volume of the gas. (2)

1
2.4 Copy the following table. Calculate the values of V to complete the table.

1
p (kPa) V (cm3)
V (cm–3)

105,0 30

126,0 25

157,5 20

210,0 15

(4)

1
2.5 Draw a graph of V versus p. (4)

2.6 State a conclusion to the experiment. (2)

[15]

QUESTION 3

3.1 A cylinder contains 10 mol of gas at STP.

a) Calculate the temperature and pressure of the gas. (2)

b) Calculate the volume of the gas. (5)
c) Determine how many molecules of gas there are in the cylinder. (3)

3.2 An air bubble on the ocean bed has a volume of 1,5 cm3. The temperature of the
water on the ocean bed is 5 °C. The air bubble rises towards the surface of the ocean. The
temperature of the water at the surface is 15 °C and the pressure is 101,3 kPa. The volume

67
of the air bubble increases to 4,5 cm3 at the instant the bubble reaches the surface of the
water.

Calculate the pressure that the water exerts on the air bubble on the ocean bed. (6)
[16]
QUESTION 4

4.1 Give THREE statements on which the ‘kinetic molecular theory’ of gases is based.(6)

4.2 Rachel measured the mass of an empty 250 cm3 flask. She then filled the flask with a
gas of unknown molar mass at an atmospheric pressure of 100 kPa and a temperature of
27 °C. She found that the mass of the flask and contents increased by 0,44 g.

a) Calculate the molar mass of the gas Rachel used to fill the flask. (7)
b) Assume that the gas molecules are only made up of carbon and oxygen. Determine
the molecular formula of this gas. (3)
4.3 Copy the following set of axes onto your page. Draw a line to show the relationship
between the pressure and the inverse of the volume of an ideal gas.

(2)
4.4 On your graph, draw a line for the same ideal gas, but at a lower temperature. Use a
broken line to represent this line. (2)
[20]

68
QUESTION 5

The following diagram represents the apparatus that Tyrone used to investigate a fixed mass
of dry air. The round-bottomed glass flask has a fixed volume of 1,0 dm3. This flask traps the
air as Tyrone increases the temperature in steps by heating the water. He then measures
the pressure on the gauge to obtain his results.

Tyrone obtained the following results during his experiment.

Pressure (kPa) Temperature (°C)

175 77

225 177

275 277

325 377

5.1 Write a hypothesis for Tyrone’s experiment. (2)

69
5 .2 Draw a graph of pressure versus temperature (in °C). (5)
5.3 State the relationship between pressure and temperature for the fixed mass of air.
(2)

5.4 Explain what Tyrone needs to do to the graph so that he can find the temperature
when the pressure is 0 kPa. (2)

5.5 In terms of the kinetic molecular theory, explain why the pressure increases when the
temperature increases. (3)

5.6 Assume that the molar mass of air is approximately 28 g•mol–1. Calculate the mass
of the air in the 1,0 dm3 round-bottomed flask. (6)
[20]

QUESTION 6

6.1 State Boyle’s law in words. (4)

6.2 Explain why the pressure of an enclosed gas increases as the volume decreases. (4)

6.3 Calculate the pressure of 0,12 g of helium if the gas is enclosed in a 10,0 dm3
container at a temperature of 100 °C. (7)

6.4 The calculated value of pressure in question 18.3 is almost exactly the same as the
value measured under these conditions experimentally. Give THREE reasons why this is so.
(6)

6.5 Copy the following diagram onto your page. Draw the line that shows the relationship
between volume and absolute temperature for an ideal gas.

70
 (2)

6.6 On your graph, draw a line for the same ideal gas at a higher pressure. Use a broken
line to represent this graph. Label the two lines clearly. (2)
[25]

QUESTION 7

Study the equation 2Al + 6HCl ® 2AlCl3 + 3H2.

7.1 Copy the equation and fill in the oxidation number of each atom above the symbol of
the atom. (6)

7.2 Write the oxidation half reaction. (3)

7 .3 Write the reduction half reaction. (3)

7.4 Identify the spectator ion. (2)

7 .5 Write the formula of the substance that acts as the oxidising agent. (2)
[16]

71
QUESTION 8

Consider the equation for the reaction between zinc metal and a copper (II) sulfate solution.

Zn + CuSO4 ® Cu + ZnSO4

8.1 Write the equation for the oxidation half reaction. (2)

8.2 Write the equation of the half reaction for the reducing agent. (2)
8 .3 Identify the oxidising agent. (2)
[6]
QUESTION 9

In the compound KMnO4, the oxidation number of Mn is +7.

9.1 Define oxidation number. (2)

9.2 Apply of the rules for oxidation numbers to prove that the oxidation number of Mn in
KMnO4 is +7. 2)
9.3 Rui dissolved 20 g KMnO4 in 300 cm3 of distilled water. Calculate the concentration of
the solution that he made. (4)
[8]
QUESTION 10
10.1 A volume of 1 dm3 of a diatomic gas has a mass of 1,26 g at STP.

a) Calculate the molar mass of the gas. (5)

b) Identify the gas. (2)
10.2 Claire analyses a sample of an iron compound. Her sample contains 42,5%
potassium, 15,1% iron, 19,6% carbon and 22,8% nitrogen. Determine the empirical formula
of the compound. (7)

10.3 Calculate the mass of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) present in 200 cm3 of a 0,25 mol•dm–3
solution of sulfuric acid. (6)
[20]

72
Grade 11
PHYSICAL SCIENCES
CHEMICAL CHANGE

QUESTION 1

There are four possible options for each answer in the following questions. Each question
has only ONE correct answer. Choose the correct answer and write only A, B, C or D next to
the question number.
1.1 The number of particles in 22,4 dm3 of helium at STP is equal to …

A 0,5 mol of He atoms

B 1 mol of He atoms
C 1,5 mol of He atoms
D 2 mol of He atoms (2)

1.2 The stronger the base, the greater its ability to …

A combine with protons

B donate protons
C combines with electrons
D donate electrons (2)

1.3 Consider the following two balanced chemical equations.

SO2 (g) + 2H2S (g) ® 3S (s) + 2H2O (l)

SO2 (g) + Mg (s) ® S (s) + 2MgO (s)

The reducing agent(s) in these two reactions is (are) …

A only SO2
B SO2 and Mg

73
C H2S and Mg
D SO2 and H2S (2)

1.4 A molecule has an empirical formula of C2H7. So, its true formula could be …

A C3H8
B C4H9
C C6H21
D CH3,5 (2)

1.5 In the equation H2CO3 + H2O HCO3–+H3O+, the Lowry–Brfnsted bases are …

A H2O and H3O+

B HCO3– and H3O+
C H2CO3 and HCO3–
D HCO3– and H2O (2)
[10]

74
QUESTION 2

Indicate whether the following statements are TRUE or FALSE. Write only ‘True’ or ‘False’
next to the question number. If the statement is FALSE, write down the correct statement.

2.1 One mole of water has a mass of 10 g. (2)

2.2 The following equation shows the reaction between water and hydrochloric acid. In
this reaction, the chloride ion acts as a base.

H2O + HCl H3O+ + Cl–

(2)

2.3 Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid. (2)

2.4 In a chemical reaction, a base donates protons, and an acid donates electrons. (2)

2.5 Reduction is the loss of electrons by a particle during a chemical reaction . (2)

2.6 The HSO4– ion is the conjugate base of the sulfate ion. (2)

2.7 The equation CuO + H2® Cu + H2O represents a neutralisation reaction because
protons are transferred. (2)

2.8 A Lewis base is a substance that can donate a pair of electrons. (2)

2.9 The conjugate acid of water is H3O+. (2)

2.10 The conjugate acid of CO32– is HCO3–. (2)

2.11 Water is an amphiprotic substance. (2)

75
2.12 H2O is an ampholyte. (2)

2.13 According to the Lowry–Brfnsted theory, acid–base reactions involve the transfer of
electrons. (2)
[26]
QUESTION 3

When methane gas burns in oxygen, the products are carbon dioxide and water. The
following balanced chemical equation represents this reaction.

CH4 + 2O2 ® CO2 + 2H2O

The following equation represents the structural formula of each substance in the reaction.

H
|
H — C — H + 2 O = O ® O = C = O + 2 O — H
| |
H H

3.1 Use this table of average bond energies to calculate the total energy needed to break
all the bonds in the reactant molecules.

Bond Energy (kJ•mol–1)

H–H 436

C–H 414
O–H 460

C–C 347

C=O 799
O=O 499

N≡N 946

76
 (2)

3.2 Calculate the total energy released when all the bonds in the product molecules form.
(2)

3.3 Decide whether the reaction between methane and oxygen is exothermic or
endothermic. Give a reason for your answer. (3)

3.4 Draw an energy profile diagram for this reaction. Indicate DH on your sketch. (3)
[10]

QUESTION 4

The following equation represents the reaction for the combustion of propane in oxygen.

C3H8 + 5O2 ® 3CO2 + 4H2O

The following equation represents the structural formula of each substance in the reaction.

H H H
| | |

H —C —C —C —H + 5 O = O ® 3 O = C = O + 4 O —H
| | | |
H H H H

4.1 Use the table of average bond energies to calculate the enthalpy change for the
combustion of propane.

Bond Energy (kJ•mol–1)

H–H 436

77
 C–H 414

O–H 460
C–C 347

C=O 799

O=O 499

N≡N 946

(8)

4.2 Decide whether the reaction for the combustion between propane and oxygen is
exothermic or endothermic. (2)

4.3 Butane is a compound that belongs to the same homologous series of compounds as
propane. We use butane as a fuel in cigarette lighters.

Write a balanced equation for the reaction between butane and oxygen. (4)

4.4 Propane gas does not burn in air unless you apply a spark or flame to it. Explain why
you need a spark or flame to activate the reaction. (3)
[17]
QUESTION 5

When hydrogen burns in oxygen, the reaction produces water. 2H2 + O2® 2H2O is the
balanced equation that represents this reaction.

The following equation represents the structural formula of each substance in the reaction.

2 H —H + O = O ® 2 O —H

|
H

5.1 Calculate the total energy needed to break all the bonds in the reactant molecules.
Use the table of average bond energies to perform your calculations.

78
 Bond Energy (kJ•mol–1)

H–H 436

C–H 414
O–H 460

C–C 347

C=O 799

O=O 499
N≡N 946

(3)

5.2 Calculate the total energy released once all the bonds in the product molecules have
formed. (2)

5.3 Draw an energy profile diagram for this reaction. Clearly indicate the reactants,
products, activation energy and change in enthalpy on your diagram. Decide whether the
reaction is exothermic or endothermic. (6)

5.4 We need to add a large amount of energy to water for the reverse reaction to take
place. Use your knowledge of DH to prove that this statement is true. (3)

5.5 The forward reaction of H2 burning in O2 to produce H2O gives off a lot of energy. We
can use this energy to fuel spacecraft. Explain why the use of the energy from this reaction
is environmentally friendly. (2)

5.6 To store large volumes of hydrogen gas, we need large storage tanks. In light of this,
explain why it is impractical to use hydrogen as a fuel for cars. (2)
[18]
QUESTION 6

6.1 You want to make a 2 mol·dm–3 solution of ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) in a 250 cm3
volumetric flask.

Calculate the mass of ammonium nitrate that you need to make this solution. (6)

79
6.2 Andile heated up a sample of mercury oxide to try to collect a sample of oxygen gas.
He obtained the following results.

• 50 g mercury (II) oxide heated in a test tube

• 46,31 g oxygen gas collected.

a) Calculate the mass of oxygen in 50 g mercury oxide. (2)

b) Determine how many moles of oxygen atoms this mass represents. (3)
c) Calculate how many moles of mercury atoms there are in 46,31 g mercury. (3)
d) Find the empirical formula of mercury (II) oxide. (3)
[17]
QUESTION 7

7.1 At a temperature of 0 °C and standard pressure, 0,3 g of a gas occupies a volume of

100 cm3. Calculate the molar formula mass of the gas. (6)

7.2 Calculate the percentage composition of sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) . (4)

7.3 Determine the empirical formula of a compound that consists of 40,0% carbon,
53,33% oxygen and 6,67% hydrogen. (8)
[18]

QUESTION 8

8.1 Calculate the mass of ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) that equals 0,75 mol of NH4Cl.
(3)

8.2 Determine the percentage composition by mass of the elements that make up NH4Cl.
(6)

8.3 The percentage composition by mass of an unknown compound is given in the

following table.

Element Percentage composition by mass (%)

80
 Na 17,03

S 47,41

O 35,56

a) Prove that the empirical formula of the unknown compound is NaS2O3. (6)

b) You know that the formula mass of the unknown compound is 270 g•mol–1.
Determine the true formula of the compound. (3)
[18]
QUESTION 9

9.1 A mass of 5,4 g aluminium reacts with excess hydrochloric acid to produce hydrogen
gas. The following equation describes this reaction.

2Al + 6HCl 2AlCl3 + 3H2

a) Determine how many moles of aluminium reacted with hydrochloric acid. (4)
b) Calculate the mass of aluminium chloride produced by the reaction. (5)
c) Find the volume of hydrogen gas that is produced in this reaction at STP. (5)

9.2 The chemical composition of a compound is 36,5% sodium, 25,4% sulfur and 38,1%
oxygen. Determine the empirical formula of this compound. (8)
[22]
QUESTION 10
Michael dissolves 1,4 g potassium hydroxide (KOH) in water. He makes up the solution to a
final volume of 250 cm3.

10.1 Calculate the concentration of the KOH solution in units of mol•dm–3. (4)
10.2 An amount of 25 cm3 of Michael’s KOH solution neutralises 30 cm3 of a diluted
hydrochloric acid solution. The balanced equation for the reaction is as follows.

KOH + HCl ® KCl + H2O

Calculate the concentration of the hydrochloric acid solution. (4)

[8]

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QUESTION 11

Jakob prepares a standard basic solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH). He dissolves 12g
NaOH powder in 500 cm3of water.

11.1 Use the Lowry-Brfnsted theory to define a base. (2)

11.2 Explain what a standard solution is. (2)

11.3 Name the type of glassware that Jakob should use to prepare the standard solution.
(2)

11.4 Calculate the concentration of Jakob’s NaOH solution. (6)

[12]
QUESTION 12

Methane gas reacts with chlorine gas in the presence of light. The following equation
describes the reaction.

CH4 + Cl2 ® CH3Cl + HCl DH = –99,5 kJ

12.1 Decide whether this reaction is endothermic or exothermic. (1)

12.2 Explain how you reached your decision in question 21.1. (2)

12.3 Draw an energy profile diagram for this reaction. On your diagram, clearly indicate
the reactants and products, the activation energy, the enthalpy changes and the activated
complex. (6)

12.4 Describe how methane gas in the atmosphere negatively affects life on Earth.
(2)
[11]

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