5-Strength of

Materials and Stability

• Lecturer: Dr. Seyed Reza Omranian
• Email: [email protected]
• Office: Building Z-350
• Class schedule: Monday and Wednesday 10:45-12:45

1
 • 1: Brief overview: shear stresses and bending moment (On campus)
• 2: Analysis of determinate and indeterminate structures double
integration method (On campus)
• 3: Determination of beam deflections using singularity method (On
campus)
• 4: Determination of beam deflections using work and energy method
(On campus)
• 5: Determination of beam deflections using force method (Recorded)
• 6: Influence lines for statically determinate structures (On campus)
• 7: Influence lines for statically indeterminate structures (Recorded)
• 8: Beam on elastic foundation (On campus)
• 9: Examples and review (Slides on BB)

Strength of Materials and Stability 2

 Section 6
• In this section following subjects will be Reviewed

• Quiz

• Introduction

• Direct method and Muller-Breslau Principle

• Influence Lines (reaction, shear, and moment)

• Examples

• Q and A

Strength of Materials and Stability 3

 Quiz
• Find the reactions for this structure using Force method

Strength of Materials and Stability 4

 Solution
• 1: What is the degree of determinacy? 1
• 2: Where should we apply the virtual load? replace support B
with the virtual load
• 3: the displacement at B should be 0 so the summation of
deformations caused by virtual (representing reaction at B), the
distributed, and the point loads should be 0.
• 4: remark using deflection table can sometimes help us solving
the problem without going to all calculation. (lecture 4 last slide)

Strength of Materials and Stability 5

 Quiz
• So
(By*2^3)/3EI = ((10*2^4)/8EI)+((50*2^3)/3EI)
Distributed load

W= 10 kN/m
Applied point load P1= 50 kN
P2= By=? By = 57.5kN

Reaction at B

Equilibrium equations, Ax = 0, Ay = 12.5 kN, Ma = 5 kN.m

Strength of Materials and Stability 6

 Introduction
• What is influence line?

• An influence line is a graphical tool to determine the effect of multiple different loads on a single structure.

• The influence line is normally used to determine the effects of the moving load on a single design element.

Strength of Materials and Stability 7

 Introduction
• Moving loads

• Responses due to moving loads

The influence line represents the variation of the reactions, shear, moment, or deflection at a
specific point in a member as a concentrated load moves over the member.

• Moving Unit load and its response

The graphical unit load and its quantities of interest representations are known as the
influence lines.

Strength of Materials and Stability 8

 Introduction
• Influence lines for determinate beams can be determined for:

• Support reactions (e.g. RAI, RDI)

• Shear force at a particular section (e.g. VCI)
• Bending moment at a particular section (e.g. MCI)
• Deflection at a particular point (e.g. δBI)
• Rotation at a particular point (e.g. θBI)

Note 1: The influences lines of support reactions and internal forces (shear force and bending moment) for
statically determinate beams are always straight-line segments.

Note 2: The influence lines of the deflection and rotation at any points of the statically determinate beam
generally consist of curve segments.

Strength of Materials and Stability 9

Introduction
Direct/quantitative Methods for Constructing Influence Lines:
• Treat a structure subjected to a moving unit load (as function of positions)
• Influence functions are obtained by considering all possible load locations
• Support reactions
• Equilibrium equations of the entire structure
• Internal forces
• Method of sections
• Equilibrium equations of parts of the structure
• Displacement and rotations
• Determining support reactions and internal forces from equilibrium
• Displacement and rotations are obtained from
• Direct integration method
• Moment area and conjugate structure methods
• Energy methods, etc.

Strength of Materials and Stability 10

 Reaction Influence Lines
• How to design the column BG in this bridge:
• What should we do first?
• We need to determine maximum axial force in the column.

• How can we do that?

• By calculation of maximum support reaction at B

• But we know that the support reaction changes by moving load.

• So by drawing influence line we can determine the maximum force.

• Remember the influence line gives us the changes in the state of the structure
members under moving unit load

Strength of Materials and Stability 11

 Equilibrium method
Calculation of reactions:

P = 1 (Unit load)

P = 1 (Unit load)

Strength of Materials and Stability 12

 Equilibrium method
Calculation of Shear:

Strength of Materials and Stability 13

 Equilibrium method
Calculation of bending moment:

Strength of Materials and Stability 14

 Equilibrium method (construction of IF)
Plotting reactions IF:

Strength of Materials and Stability 15

 Equilibrium method (construction of IF)
Plotting Shear IF:

(a)At the left end support (point A), plot an ordinate equal +1 (point A′),

(b)Draw a line joining point A′ and the zero ordinate at point B.

(c)At the right end support (point B), plot an ordinate equal –1 (point B′).

(d)Draw a line joining B′ and the zero ordinate at point A.

(e)Drop a vertical line from the section under consideration to cut lines A′B
and AB′at points N′and N″, respectively.

(f)The diagram ABN′N″ is the influence line of the shear force at the section n.

(g)Use a similar triangle to determine the ordinates n-N’ and n-N,”

Strength of Materials and Stability 16

 Equilibrium method (construction of IF)
Plotting bending moment IF:
(a)At the left end support (point A), plot an ordinate of a value equal to the distance from the left end support to the section n.

(b)Draw a line joining point Y and the zero ordinate at point B at the right end support.

(c)Draw a vertical line passing through section n and intersecting the line AZ at point Q.

(d)Draw a straight line AQ connecting A and Q.

(e)The triangle AQB is the influence line for the moment at section n. Alternatively, ignore steps (b), and (c) and (d) and go to step (f).

(f)At the right end support (point B), plot an ordinate equal +b. For example, the distance from the right end support to the section n (denoted as point
Z).

(g)Draw a line joining Z and the zero ordinate at A (position of the left end support).

(h)At the left end support (point A), plot an ordinate equal +a. For example, the distance from the left end support to the section n (denoted point Y).

(i)Draw a line joining Y and the zero ordinate at B (position of the right end support).

(j)Lines AZ and BY intersect at Q.

(k)The triangle AQB is the influence line for the moment at section n. If accurately drawn, with the right sense of proportionality, the intersection Q
should lie directly on a vertical line passing through the section n.

(l)The value of the ordinate nQ can be obtained using a similar triangle

Strength of Materials and Stability 17

 Example1
Plot reactions, shear, and bending moment IFs (interest point is n)

By

Cy

Vn

Mn

Strength of Materials and Stability 18

 Application
Application of the influence functions (lines):
Let fA be a quantity of interest at a point A within a given structure due to applied
distributed load q and a series of concentrated loads {P1, P2, …, PN} and fAI denote
the influence function of the corresponding quantity at point A. We obtain the
relation of fA and fAI as:

where the integral is to be taken over the region on which distributed load q is applied and xi
indicates the location on which the point load Pi is applied.

Strength of Materials and Stability 19

 Example 2
A: Plot the influence line for support reactions, and shear and bending at point C (structure on the right side).
B: Assume that the influence line of the support reaction at point A (RAI) of the beam is given as shown in the left Figure
Calculate the support reaction at point A (RA) due to applied loads

-Ay*10 +1*7.5 =0
-Ay*10 +1*5 =0
-Ay*10 +1*2.5 =0
-Ay*10 +1*0 =0

Strength of Materials and Stability 20

 Example 2
B: Assume that the influence line of the support reaction at point A (RAI) of the beam is given as shown in the left Figure
Calculate the support reaction at point A (RA) due to applied loads

What should we do?

Let's use the equation from previous slide

Strength of Materials and Stability 21

 Example 3
• Construct influence lines RAI, MAI, VBI, MBI of a cantilever beam using Direct
Methods when the EI is constant.

• What should we do?

• 1st step is: Consider the beam subjected to a moving unit load as shown below

• 2nd step is: Influence lines for reactions at support A (RAI, MAI) using equilibrium equation

Strength of Materials and Stability 22

 Solution
• 3rd step is: Influence lines for shear and bending moment using equilibrium equation at point B

Strength of Materials and Stability 23

 Example 4
• Construct influence lines RAI, RBI, VCI, MCI of a simply supported beam using Direct
Methods when the EI is constant.

• What should we do?

• 1st step is: Consider the beam subjected to a moving unit load as shown below

• 2nd step is: Influence lines for reactions at supports using equilibrium equation

Strength of Materials and Stability 24

 Solution
• 3rd step is: Influence lines for shear and bending moment using equilibrium equation

Strength of Materials and Stability 25

 Solution
• 4th step is: Influence lines for deflection and rotation

• In these cases we use virtual unit load principals So:

The deflection δCI for x <= L/3 can be obtained using the unit load
method along with the actual system and the virtual system: so divide
the beam into segments and write moment equation for real and
virtual loads (refer to sections 4 and 5):

The deflection δCI for x <= L/3:

Strength of Materials and Stability 26

 Solution The rotation θCI for x <= L/3
The deflection δCI for x >= L/3:

The rotation θCI for x >= L/3

Plotting equations give us δCI IL Plotting equations give us θCI IL

Strength of Materials and Stability 27

Strength of Materials and Stability 28
 Influence Lines using the Muller-Breslau Principle
• Muller-Breslau developed a unique technique to rapidly draw
influence line in 1886 which is also called qualitative influence
lines.

• Heinrich Franz Bernhard Müller was born in Wroclaw (Breslau) on

13 May 1851.

• In 1875 he opened a civil engineer's office in Berlin. Around this

time he decided to add the name of his hometown to his surname,
becoming known as Müller-Breslau.

• In 1883 Müller-Breslau became a lecturer and in 1885 a professor

in civil engineering at the Technische Hochschule in Hanover.

Strength of Materials and Stability 29

 Muller-Breslau Principle
• The influence line (IL) can be plotted for reaction, shear, and moment to determine the
deflection shape of the beam.

• This method is normally used for determinate structures.

• Remove the ability for the structure to resist the response quantity (e.g. reaction, internal
shear, internal bending moment at a particular point). For a determinate structure this will
result in an unstable structure.

• Apply the response quantity to the modified unstable structure.

• The rigid body motion of the modified unstable structure is the shape of the influence line for
the response quantity.

Strength of Materials and Stability 30

 Triangles
Review the concept of similar tringles
Two triangles are considered similar triangles if
1. The angles are the same between the two triangles or they have three identical internal angles
2. The sides are in the same proportion between the two triangles
3. Two of the sides are in the same proportion between the two triangles and they share one identical angle

Strength of Materials and Stability 31

 Muller-Breslau Principle

Strength of Materials and Stability 32

 Reaction Influence Lines
• For determinate beam with cantilever support and simply supported beams:

We push both beams upward to simulate

support reactions.
Why the IL is straight for cantilever and inclined
for simply supported beam?
You must always consider the support reaction
at the other end of the structure member

Strength of Materials and Stability 33

 Reaction Influence Lines with Internal Hinges
• Remarks
• We remember that hinge separates the beam into 2 segments
• Hence, we can write equilibrium equation for each segment separately if the side is
determinate structure

• Now draw the influence line for reaction at A, C, and D for the following
beam
• Since we have a hinge, the beam is divided into 2 segments, so the structure is
determinate

Strength of Materials and Stability 34

 Reaction Influence Lines with Internal Hinges
• Determine the reaction IL at A
• What should we do?
• First similar to simply supported beam scenario we push A up
by one unit.

• How to draw the reaction IL?

• Since the hinge divided the beam into 2 segments, we can
consider each segment as 2 straight bars (Bar AB and BD)
• Now let's apply a unit upward load at A and plot the reaction
influence line

• Why B, C and D remained unchanged?

• Remember although hinges are free to move up or down similar
to simply supported beam, BD is a bar and CD is part of this bar.
The supports keep the CD fix, so they prevent the B to move up
as a united bar.

Strength of Materials and Stability 35

 Solution
• let's apply a unit upward load at C to determine the
reaction IL at C

• How will the bar displace?

• Remember the hinge can go up and down if bar AB can move

• We can see that when B goes up the AB can rotate

counterclockwise to accommodate the displacements.

• Remark only pin and roller supports are allowed for rotation.

• We should remember the supports remain at their position

(no displacement)

Strength of Materials and Stability 36

 Solution
• let's apply a unit upward load at D to determine the
reaction IL at D

• How the bar will displace?

• Place a unit load upward at D.
• Can B rotate?
• It can but we should remember there is no displacement at C.
(roller support can rotate but cannot move)
• We can see that when B goes down the AB can rotate
clockwise to accommodate the displacements.

• Now we can plot the reaction IL.

Strength of Materials and Stability 37

 Example 2
• Draw reaction IL at A and B for the following structure
considering C is a hinge
• How should we draw reaction IL at A?
• 1st remember that fix support is not allowed to rotate.
• So C cannot move
• Let's apply the upward unit load at A
• So we can draw the reaction IL
• How should we draw reaction IL at B?
• Let's apply the upward unit load at B
• The C can freely move but A is fixed
• So we can draw the reaction IL

Note1: When we draw IL for determinate structure, we consider the member as rigid
with straight bars which cannot bend.
Note 2: In qualitative approach the changes in reaction forces is always linear for
determinate beams.

Strength of Materials and Stability 38

 Example 3
• Draw the IL for reaction at support B
• How should we do it?
• Apply the upward unit load at B
• Keep supports fix
• Move hinges
• The IL reaction is like

• How can we interpret the results?

• The reaction due to the unit load at support B is 0 at A, 1 at B, 2 at C, 0 at D, 4 at E and 0 at F.
• To understand how I calculated the reactions at C and E go to previous slide and check the concept of similar triangles.
• The positive reaction means the action is upward while the negative means the action is downward.
• Imagine the load is moving so, the maximum reaction at B occur when the load is at E.
• Remember this value is for 1-unit load. Thus if there is a higher amount of load like 3 N, we should multiply 4 by 3 to
determine the maximum reaction at B which results in max negative reaction at B equals 12N and max positive reaction
at B equals 8N. So we should design a beam with compressive force of 8N and tensile force of 12 N.

Strength of Materials and Stability 39

 Example 4
• Determine vertical reactions IL at A and B for the following beam

• What should we do?

• Apply unit load at A,

• B can rotate since the end of the Beam is free
• Apply unit load at B,
• A is fixed but end of the beam is free so it can go upward

Strength of Materials and Stability 40

 Example 5
• Determine vertical reactions IL at A and B for the following beam with 2 hinges

• What should we do?

• Apply unit load at A,

• The first hinges can displace
• The second hinge remain at the same place since end of the Beam is fixed
• Apply unit load at B,
• Similar procedure but reverse

Strength of Materials and Stability 41

 Extra
• Determine vertical reactions IL at supports for following beams with hinges

Strength of Materials and Stability 42

 Shear Influence Line
Find the shape of the influence line for the shear at the mid-point (point C)
• What should we do first?
• We need to determine the maximum shear force equals unit load at C

• We know that the shear force changes by moving load.

• The influence lines for internal shear may be a bit more conceptually complicated compared to reaction IL.

• To determine the IL for internal shear at any point, we must break the beam in shear at that point and displace
the broken ends relative to each other (so one will go up and the other end will go down)

• When the beam is displaced, the slope of the beam on either side of the break must be the same because we
have only removed the beam's ability to take shear at the break, not internal moment.

• In this case we break the beam at point C and displace the broken ends

Strength of Materials and Stability 43

 Shear Influence Line
• In this case imagine we have pair of vertical roller placed at C permitting
vertical movement at point C.

• We must consider sign convention. the convention for positive shear is left
side of the beam up and right side of the beam down (check section 1).

• So, for the section on the left of the break, since the break is on the right
side of this section beam, it will move downwards. Likewise, the other side
of the break will move upwards. The total relative displacement of the two
ends should be equals to unit load (1).

• The deform shape results in a shear IL.

• Remember to find the value of the displacement at each displaced end, we

can use similar triangles.

Strength of Materials and Stability 44

 Shear Influence Line
• Imagine we are designing the resistance of the hinge to shear force at C
when the beam is subjected to moving load

• What should we do?

• We need to break the beam at C.

• We know that A and B are support so they remain at their

position

• The break will go after the hinge with 1-unit load upward

• It can move the hinge E but members will remain fix at D and F
(supports)

• So we can draw the shear IL

• Remember we can determine the shear at E based on similar

triangular

Strength of Materials and Stability 45

 Shear Influence Line
• How can we interpret the results?
• The diagram shows the unit load moving on the bridge

• E.g. at left of C shear is 0 but at the right side it jumps to 1

• But it decrease when moving away from C and become 0 at D

• since we rotate member CE, it keeps decreasing until E when

reaches max

• Once the load passes the hinge it increased and at F again reaches 0

• Remember the maximum shear (3/2) is based on a unit load. We

can calculate a correct shear value by multiplying the maximum
shear by actual load magnitude. (similar to reaction IL)

Strength of Materials and Stability 46

 Example 6
• Determine the shear IL at C and D

• What should we do?

• Let's cut the beam at C and replace it with a pair of vertical roller
• Subject the roller to positive shear
• The roller divided the beam into 2 segments
• Since the bar push down at AC, and we have pin support at A the AC can rotate clockwise
• The C is being push up at its right side so it can rotate clockwise and pushing the free end down
• So we can plot the shear IL like

Note 1: Bar can rotate or move up and down if permitted by boundary conditions
Note 2: Bar cannot bend in Muller-Breslau (qualitative) influence line method
Note 3: The slope of right bar and left bar is the same so we can use similar triangular concept

Strength of Materials and Stability 47

 Solution
• What should we do?
• Let's cut the beam at D and replace it with a pair of vertical roller
• Subject the roller to positive shear
• The roller divided the beam into 2 segments
• The bar push down at left side of the D, but we have roller support at B and pin at A so the AD cannot move
• The D is being push up at its right side so it can move up vertically (the free end)
• So we can plot the shear IL like

Strength of Materials and Stability 48

 Example 7
• Draw shear IL at C for this cantilever beam

• What should we do?

• Let's cut the beam at C and replace it with a pair of vertical roller
• Subject the roller to positive shear
• The roller divided the beam into 2 segments
• The bar push down at left side of the C, but we have fix support at A so the AC cannot move
• The C is being push up at its right side so it can move up vertically (the free end) BC
• So we can plot the shear IL like

Strength of Materials and Stability 49

Example 8
• Draw shear IL at E for this beam with hinge

• What should we do?

• Let's cut the beam at E and replace it with a pair of vertical roller
• Subject the roller to positive shear
• The roller divided the beam into 3 segments (AD, BE, and EC)
• Bar EC is pushed up and rotate clockwise
• The bar DE push down at left side of the E, Although we have roller support at B, hinge at D allow rotation
• However, we should remember DE only rotate if AD rotate counterclockwise
• The AD can rotate since A is pin support
• So we can plot the shear IL like

Strength of Materials and Stability 50

 Example 9
• Draw shear IL at E for this beam with 2 hinges

• What should we do?

• Let's cut the beam at E and replace it with a pair of vertical roller
• Subject the roller to positive shear
• The roller divided the beam into 4 segments (AF, FE, EG, and GD)
• Bar EG is pushed up and rotate clockwise but we should check the boundary conditions
• Since the D is pin and we have hinge G we can rotate it clockwise while GD rotate counterclockwise
• Similarly for the left side the bar FE push down at left side of the E,
• Since the A is pin and we have hinge F we can rotate it clockwise while AF rotate counterclockwise
• So we can plot the shear IL like

Strength of Materials and Stability 51

 Extra
• Draw shear IL at C

Strength of Materials and Stability 52

 Moment Influence Line
• Find the shape of the influence line for the bending moment at point C

• What should we do first?

• We need to determine the moment reaction at point C
• The process of plotting influence line for a moment is very similar to method to detect the vertical reaction
• The difference is the moment restraint at the reaction location is removed instead of the vertical reaction restraint
• To determine the IL for internal moment at any point, we must break the beam in moment at that point and rotate the broken
ends relative to each other
• This is a counter-clockwise rotation on the left because we are considering counter-clockwise rotations and moments to be
positive.
• Remember all of the beam segments must remain straight and rigid as they move.
• This results in the displaced structure shown below with rotations in the internal hinge

Strength of Materials and Stability 53

 Moment Influence Line
• Imagine we are designing the resistance of the beam to moment at member
CD in this bridge when the beam is subjected to moving load

• What should we do?

• We need to find ta place where causes the maximum moment.

• We know that the critical moment location is at mid-span of the

member (point G)

• But we know that the value of moment changes when load is moving

• By plotting moment influence line we can obtain the maximum

bending moment due to moving load

• So, we need to break the beam at G and replace it with hinge instead
of cut

• We must consider sign convention. Then we apply positive bending

moment to the hinge (Check section 1 )

• Finally draw the moment IL by respecting supports and hinges.

Strength of Materials and Stability 54

 Moment Influence Line
• How can we interpret the results?
• The diagram shows bending moment due to unit load at G

• At the beginning moment is 0

• But it decrease when moving away from A to B and moment becomes negative

• At supports moment is 0

• Once the unit load reaches G the moment is maximum

• Since GE is a rigid member, it rotate and bending moment decreases

• Remember the maximum moment at G is when a unit load is on top of G. And at point B
and E the absolute negative moment is maximum

• The Moment influence line can be used to facilitate determination of critical load
pattern for moment in beams

Strength of Materials and Stability 55

 Example 10
• Draw moment IL for this beam at C
What should we do?
• Let's cut the beam at C and replace it with a hinge
• Subject the hinge to positive moment at C
• The hinge divided the beam into 2 segments
• So beam will have counterclockwise moment at
the left and clockwise moment at the right
• So we can plot the moment IL like

Strength of Materials and Stability 56

 Example 11
• Draw Moment IL at B for this beam

• What should we do?

• Let's cut the beam at B and replace it with a hinge
• Subject the roller to positive moment at B
• The hinge divided the beam into 2 segments
• So beam will have counterclockwise moment at the left and clockwise moment at the right
• Remember the segments remain straight so they can move up and down or rotate but cannot bend
• Make sure you consider the supports when you are plotting the IL
• Here A and B are pin and roller supports so the segment AB cannot rotate but BC has free end and can rotate
• So we can plot the moment IL like

It shows the bending at B is 0 when the unit load is at the left side of
B, but it decreases negatively when we are at the right side (max at C)

Strength of Materials and Stability 57

 Example 12
• Draw Moment IL at hinge C for this cantilever beam

• What should we do?

• Note: bending moment at hinge is always 0 no matter where the unit load is located
• Since the 2 support remain in their position
• So we can plot the moment IL like this as a flat line

Strength of Materials and Stability 58

 Example 13
• Draw Moment IL at E for this beam

• What should we do?

• Let's cut the beam at E and replace it with a hinge
• Subject the hinge to positive moment at E
• The imaginary and real hinge divided the beam into 3 segments (AE, EC, and CD)
• So beam will have counterclockwise moment at the left and clockwise moment at the right
• Here AE rotates counterclockwise SO point E moves up
• Now EC rotates clockwise, and C moves down
• Since C moves down segment CD should also rotate
• Remember the supports while plotting the IL
• So we can plot the moment IL like

Strength of Materials and Stability 59

 Example 14
• Draw Moment IL at D for this beam

• What should we do?

• Let's cut the beam at D and replace it with a hinge
• Subject the hinge to positive moment at D
• The imaginary and real hinge divided the beam into 3 segments (AC, CD, and DF)
• So beam will have counterclockwise moment at the left and clockwise moment at the right
• Remember the supports while plotting the IL
• Here DE cannot rotate since E and F are roller and pin supports
• Now CD rotates counterclockwise, and C moves down But it only can displace if supports allow
• Since C moves down segment AC should also rotate
• A is free end so we can rotate AC
• So we can plot the moment IL like

It can be seen moment at D is max when the unit load is at point A

Strength of Materials and Stability 60

 Extra
• Draw Moment IL for red circled points

Strength of Materials and Stability 61

 Section 6
• Introduction
• Direct Method
• Muller-Breslau Principle
• Reaction, shear and moment influence lines
• Examples

Q&A

Strength of Materials and Stability 62

 Learning Checklist

Strength of Materials and Stability 63

 Thank you so much for your time and
consideration

Strength of Materials and Stability 64