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Lecture No 6 - DNA Structure and Replication - Maha Wizrah

The document discusses the structure and replication of DNA. It describes DNA as being made up of nucleotides, which contain a sugar, phosphate, and one of four nitrogen bases. DNA forms the familiar double helix structure, with the bases on each strand bonding with each other in specific base pairs. The document then explains the process of DNA replication, where the double helix unwinds and each strand serves as a template to make a new complementary strand.

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19 views35 pages

Lecture No 6 - DNA Structure and Replication - Maha Wizrah

The document discusses the structure and replication of DNA. It describes DNA as being made up of nucleotides, which contain a sugar, phosphate, and one of four nitrogen bases. DNA forms the familiar double helix structure, with the bases on each strand bonding with each other in specific base pairs. The document then explains the process of DNA replication, where the double helix unwinds and each strand serves as a template to make a new complementary strand.

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5qntzq6zs9
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lecture no 6

DNA Structure & Replication


NUCLEUS

CHROMOSOME

CHROMATIN

DNA
Essential Questions/Objectives
•What is DNA?

•How does it copy itself before


cells divide?

•Explain the structure of DNA.


Structure of DNA
(DeoxyriboNucleic Acid)
• James Watson &
Francis Crick
made 1st
model of DNA in
1953
• DNA is made up
of small
subunits called:
Nucleotides
What’s a Nucleotide?
What Makes Up DNA?
Each nucleotide is made up of:
•Deoxyribose (sugar)
•Phosphate group (“P”)
•Nitrogen Base (4 types)
Purines •Adenine- A
Pyrimidines •Thymine-T
Pyrimidines •Cytosine- C
Purines •Guanine-G
What Is the “Ladder”?

•2 long chains of
nucleotides
•Joined together in the
form of a ladder
•Ladder is twisted in the
form of a double helix
DNA is double stranded:

Double Hydrogen bond connects


Helix the base pairs.
DNA Components
Backbone components:
.Sugar (deoxyribose)
.Phosphate group
Bases: Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine
Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid (DNA)
Phosphate Group
Adenine
P Thymine

A
deoxyribose
Pentose Sugar Nitrogenous Base

Hydrogen Bonds
P
Cytosine Guanine

C G

Nucleotide
Structure of DNA

Nucleotide

Hydrogen
bonds

Sugar-phosphate
backbone

Key
Adenine (A)
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
Guanine (G)
•Sides of the Ladder =

•Rungs or Steps of
ladder =
•Pairs of Nitrogen Bases
•A-T or C-G
•T-A or G-C
How Do Nitrogen Bases Pair Up?

•Adenine(A) pairs up w/ Thymine(T)


•Guanine(G) pairs up w/ Cytosine(C)

Example:
3’ AGC TAC G C A 5’

5’ T ATG CGT 3’
CG
Why Do Organisms Look So Different?

•All organisms have the same type of


nucleotides
•Nucleotide arrangement provides for all
the different types of organisms
Ex: A mouse and a rosebush have the same nucleotides…but…
Different Nucleotide Order = Different Organism!!!

*This sequence of nucleotides = GENETIC CODE


Replication of DNA
•During cell division a copy of DNA must be
made
•When new cells are formed each new cell gets
an exact copy of the genetic information.

•This copy of DNA


is made through
a process known
as Replication.
Replication of DNA
When and where does replication occur?
DNA replication takes place in the interphase stage, during the
Synthesis (S) phase of cell cycle.
Replication of DNA
When and where does replication occur?

DNA replication occurs in the nucleus in eukaryote.


Let’s see DNA Replication at Work!
Steps of Replication
•During replication, each strand serves as a pattern to
make new DNA molecule.
1. The 2 nucleotide strands separate
at base pairs.
• They unzip like a zipper using
DNA Helicase (enzyme)
2. Each strand then builds its opposite
strand by base pairing with
nucleotides that float freely in the
nucleus.
3. Each new DNA molecule has 1
nucleotide strand from the original
DNA molecule and 1 nucleotide
strand made from
free nucleotides in the nucleus.
Steps of Replication
Step 1: Replication Fork Formation
Before DNA can be replicated, the double stranded molecule must
be “unzipped” into two single strands. DNA has four bases
called adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C) and guanine
(G) that form pairs between the two strands. In order to unwind
DNA, these interactions between base pairs must be broken. This is
performed by an enzyme known as DNA helicase. DNA helicase
disrupts the hydrogen bonding between base pairs to separate the
strands into a Y shape known as the replication fork. This area
will be the template for replication to begin.
Steps of Replication
The replication fork is bi-directional; one strand is oriented in the 3'
to 5' direction (leading strand) while the other is oriented 5' to
3' (lagging strand). The two sides are therefore replicated with two
different processes to accommodate the directional difference.
Steps of Replication

Step 2: Primer Binding

The leading strand is the simplest to replicate. Once the DNA

strands have been separated, a short piece of RNA called

a primer binds to the 3' end of the strand. The primer always

binds as the starting point for replication. Primers are generated

by the enzyme DNA primase.


Steps of Replication
Steps of Replication

Step 3: Elongation
Enzymes known as DNA polymerases are responsible creating the new
strand by a process called elongation

Because replication proceeds in the 5' to 3' direction on the leading strand, the
newly formed strand is continuous.

The lagging strand begins replication by binding with multiple primers. Each
primer is only several bases apart. DNA polymerase then adds pieces of DNA,
called Okazaki fragments, to the strand between primers. This process of
replication is discontinuous as the newly created fragments are disjointed.
Steps of Replication
Steps of Replication
Steps of Replication
Step 4: Termination
Once both the continuous and discontinuous strands are formed, an
enzyme called exonuclease removes all RNA primers from the original
strands. These primers are then replaced with appropriate bases.
Another exonuclease “proofreads” the newly formed DNA to check,
remove and replace any errors.

Another enzyme called DNA ligase joins Okazaki fragments together


forming a single unified strand

Each new DNA molecule has 1 nucleotide strand from the original DNA
molecule and 1 nucleotide strand made from
free nucleotides in the nucleus.
Steps of Replication

DNA replication is described as semi conservative,


because each DNA molecule is mad up from one old ,
conservative strand of DNA. And one new one
Steps of Replication
DNA Replication

Original
strand DNA
New strand polymerase

Growth
DNA
polymerase
Growth

Replication Replication Nitrogenous


fork fork bases

New strand Original


strand
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TNKWgcFPHqw
Any Questions?

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