1

Introduction

Germany's complex historical narrative encompasses moments of both

profound achievement and harrowing darkness. The shadow of the Nazi era looms
large in the annals of German history, serving as a stark reminder of the atrocities
committed during World War II. This period stands as a testament to the
importance of vigilance in safeguarding democratic values and human rights.
Germany's meticulous efforts towards remembrance, reconciliation, and education
about this painful chapter demonstrate a collective commitment to never forget and
to ensure that such horrors are never repeated. However, it is crucial to
acknowledge that Germany's history extends far beyond this grim period. It is a
story of resilience and transformation. The post-war era witnessed the astonishing
reconstruction of the nation, known as the Wirtschaftswunder, or "economic
miracle," which catapulted Germany into an economic powerhouse. The
subsequent decades were marked by a dedication to democratic principles, as
West Germany emerged as a beacon of stability and prosperity, while East
Germany grappled with the challenges of division and reunification. Moreover,
Germany's role in the European Union has been instrumental in shaping the
continent's political and economic landscape. Its commitment to cooperation and
integration has not only contributed to the stability of the region but has also
fostered a sense of shared identity among European nations.

By acknowledging the complexities of Germany's history, from the darkest

chapters to its remarkable post-war resurgence and its role in a united Europe, we
gain a more comprehensive understanding of the nation's cultural, social, and
political fabric. This holistic perspective allows us to appreciate the strides made
towards reconciliation and the lessons learned from the past, while also celebrating
the nation's ongoing contributions to global peace and prosperity.

In the midst of this cultural kaleidoscope, Germany's artistic contributions

stand as a testament to its creative spirit. From the influential works of the Bauhaus
movement to the groundbreaking films of the German New Wave, the nation has
been a crucible of innovation in the arts. This artistic fervor is not confined to the
past; contemporary Germany continues to be a vibrant hub for both established
and emerging talents, pushing boundaries in fields as diverse as visual arts,
literature, music, and cinema.Moreover, as we delve into the gastronomic
landscape, we uncover not only a treasure trove of delectable flavors but also a
reflection of Germany's regional diversity. From the hearty fare of Bavaria to the
delicate creations of the Black Forest, each dish tells a story of tradition,
innovation, and a deep connection to the land. Additionally, Germany's dedication
 2
to sustainability and organic farming practices adds an eco-conscious layer to its
culinary narrative, showcasing a nation that cherishes both its culinary heritage
and the environment.

Beyond the tangible aspects of culture and tradition, Germany's

technological prowess has propelled it to the forefront of global innovation. With a
legacy of groundbreaking inventions and a robust commitment to research and
development, Germany stands as a beacon of progress in fields ranging from
automotive engineering to renewable energy solutions. This juxtaposition of
tradition and innovation forms the cornerstone of Germany's unique identity, where
ancient castles and cutting-edge research centers coexist in a seamless tapestry
of past and future.

In exploring Germany's intricate tapestry, we embark on a journey that

transcends mere observation, inviting us to unravel the threads that bind history,
culture, and innovation into a captivating narrative. Through this exploration, we
come to understand not only the essence of Germany, but also gain insights into
the broader dynamics that shape the cultural landscape of Europe and beyond.

Historical Events

This section focuses on the events that took place in Germany's history.
From ancient times to modern conflicts, we'll explore the important moments that
shaped the country's story.

These are the historical events that happened on Germany from thirty-five
thousand years (35000) years ago to 1530 AD:

35,000 years ago

According to Darvill (2008) on his book “The Concise Oxford Dictionary of

Archaeology”, 35,000 years ago in Germany are commonly known as "Venus
figurines" , small stylized female statuettes sculptured in the round of Upper
Palaeolithic date, representing women with, in many cases, exaggerated sexual
characteristics such as breasts, hips, and stomach. The faces are generally
featureless and the arms and legs little emphasized. Found from southern France
through Siberia and made in stone, bone, ivory, steatite, and clay.
 3
9 AD

As stated in “The Oxford Companion to Military History” by Homes et al

(2001), one of the most significant events in Germanic history occurred in what is
now modern-day Germany, in the form of the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest. This
battle marked a pivotal moment in the relationship between the Roman Empire and
the Germanic tribes inhabiting the region. Led by the chieftain Arminius, also
known as Hermann, the battle resulted in the devastating defeat of three Roman
legions under the command of Publius Quinctilius Varus. Arminius, a former
Roman officer, turned against his former allies and united various Germanic tribes
to ambush and defeat the Roman forces. The consequences of this battle were
profound, leading to a shift in Roman policy. Instead of further eastern expansion
into Germania, the Romans established the Rhine River as a natural boundary and
fortified their position along its banks. This decision marked the end of Roman
ambitions to conquer the vast territory east of the Rhine. The Battle of the
Teutoburg Forest is celebrated as a symbol of Germanic resistance against
Roman imperialism, and Arminius is regarded as a national hero in German
history. Its legacy played a crucial role in shaping the cultural and historical
development of the Germanic peoples and the eventual formation of the German
nation, highlighting the significance of the Rhine River as a historical and cultural
boundary with lasting implications for European history.

98 AD

As explained by Knowles (2005), the period in Germany's history from

approximately 53 to 117 AD corresponds with the reign of the Roman Emperor
Trajan, who ruled from 98 to 117 AD. Trajan is widely hailed as one of the most
successful and accomplished Roman emperors, and his tenure is renowned for its
far-reaching impact on both the Roman Empire and the provinces it governed.

A hallmark of Trajan's rule was his ambitious program of public works. He

initiated a multitude of construction projects across the vast Roman Empire,
including in what is now modern-day Germany. These endeavors encompassed
the building of roads, bridges, aqueducts, and various infrastructure
improvements, greatly enhancing communication and transportation within the
empire. These developments not only spurred economic growth but also facilitated
the movement of Roman legions and goods, thereby contributing to the stability
and prosperity of the Roman provinces.
 4
Another prominent feature of Trajan's reign was the Dacian Wars. These
military campaigns took place in the early 2nd century AD and involved the Roman
Empire's efforts to subdue the Dacian Kingdom, located in parts of present-day
Romania and Moldova. Trajan's triumphant outcomes in these conflicts,
particularly during the two Dacian Wars in 101-102 and 105-106 AD, led to the
incorporation of Dacia into the Roman Empire. This expansion significantly
broadened the empire's reach and added valuable resources and wealth to its
dominion.

Trajan's reign is often regarded as a zenith of Roman expansion and

influence. It left a lasting legacy marked by territorial acquisitions and monumental
constructions. His accomplishments in Germany and throughout the empire
profoundly impacted the regions he governed, fostering the overall strength and
prosperity of the Roman Empire during his tenure.

687 AD

Based on “The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military

Technology” Rogers (2010), he stated that during the Battle of Tertry in the 680s,
the Germany we know today did not exist; instead, it was part of the broader
Frankish realm, encompassing modern-day France, Belgium, the Netherlands,
and parts of western Germany. This battle held immense significance in the
Carolingian dynasty's quest to consolidate authority within the Frankish territories.
The Carolingians, led by figures like Pepin of Herstal, were engaged in a struggle
against the local nobility and aristocracy, who aimed to preserve regional
autonomy and restrict centralized royal power. The Carolingians achieved a
resounding victory in the Battle of Tertry, solidifying their influence and displaying
their military prowess, paving the way for their political resurgence within the
Frankish realm. Although Germany, as a modern nation-state, had no distinct role
in this conflict, the battle's repercussions profoundly shaped the historical and
political landscape within the region that would eventually evolve into modern
Germany, contributing to the rise of the Carolingian Empire under Charlemagne.

743 AD

Per Darvill (2008), St. Boniface, born around 680 AD in Devon, England,
emerged as a pivotal figure in the Christianization of Germany and broader
Europe. His education at renowned institutions like Exeter and Winchester
prepared him for his missionary vocation. In 716, he embarked on a transformative
journey to Frisia, an area encompassing parts of the Netherlands and Belgium,
 5
with the primary mission of converting pagan populations to Christianity. Boniface's
early mission in Frisia marked the commencement of his influential missionary
work. Over his lifetime, he played a central role in Christianizing the Germanic
peoples, particularly in what is now modern Germany. He founded churches,
monasteries, and centers of learning, contributing to the Christianization and
cultural development of these regions and participating in the reform of the
Frankish Church. Notably, in 723 AD, he boldly felled the sacred oak tree, "Donar's
Oak," symbolizing the pagan god Thor in Geismar, Hesse, exemplifying his
unwavering dedication to Christianity. St. Boniface's missionary endeavors earned
him esteem and eventually led to his appointment as the Archbishop of Mainz, a
position of profound authority within the Church. His life and legacy have
established him as a venerated figure in Christian history, often referred to as the
"Apostle of Germany" for his pivotal role in the Christianization of the Germanic
peoples.

771 AD

As mentioned by Wright (2006), the succession of Charlemagne to the

Frankish kingdom upon the death of his brother marked a pivotal moment in the
formation of what would later become Germany. As King of the Franks from 768
AD and subsequently Emperor of the Carolingian Empire from 800 AD until his
death in 814 AD, Charlemagne's inheritance of the Frankish realm, which
encompassed significant portions of modern Germany, carried profound
consequences for the territory and its people. Under Charlemagne's rule, the
Frankish kingdom underwent a period of expansive territorial growth and
centralization, often referred to as the Carolingian Renaissance. His vigorous
campaigns, such as the Saxon Wars, sought to both conquer and convert the
diverse Germanic tribes residing in the region, extending Frankish influence deep
into what would later be Germany. Charlemagne's reign also left a lasting impact
on the administrative and legal systems, introducing reforms and institutions that
would lay the groundwork for future governance and administration. His efforts to
foster culture and learning contributed to the Carolingian Renaissance, which
featured educational and literary achievements, including the preservation of
manuscripts and the Carolingian minuscule script. This era of Carolingian rule,
initiated by Charlemagne's ascension to the Frankish kingdom, played a pivotal
role in shaping the historical and cultural landscape of Germany, providing the
foundation for the emergence of the Holy Roman Empire, which would encompass
significant parts of modern Germany. The legacy of Charlemagne's reign and its
effects on the regions he governed, including the German territories, hold a crucial
place in German history and the broader European history of the early medieval
 6
period.

772 AD

As indicated by Cotterell (1997) in his book “A Dictionary of World

Mythology”,Charlemagne's destruction of the Irminsul, a significant Saxon pagan
shrine, in the late 8th century, served as a critical turning point in the intricate
relationship between the Frankish Empire and the Germanic tribes residing in what
is now Germany during the early medieval period. This act of demolishing the
Irminsul symbolized Charlemagne's determination to establish Frankish dominion
over the Germanic territories, particularly the Saxons, by challenging their religious
and cultural foundations and advocating Christianization. Following the destruction
of the shrine, Charlemagne initiated a protracted three-decade campaign known
as the Saxon Wars, marked by military conflicts and efforts to convert and integrate
the pagan Germanic tribes into the Frankish Empire. This series of events not only
significantly contributed to the spread of Christianity throughout what is modern
Germany but also played a pivotal role in shaping the region's early medieval
political, social, and religious landscape, laying the groundwork for the eventual
formation of the Holy Roman Empire. Charlemagne's actions and the ensuing
Saxon Wars left a lasting legacy on the cultural and political development of the
region that later evolved into modern Germany.

800 AD

As said by Simpson et al (2003), "Beowulf," often regarded as the first great

work of Germanic literature, is a literary masterpiece that skillfully weaves together
the legends of Scandinavia with the historical and cultural experiences of the
Angles and Saxons in England. Composed in Old English, "Beowulf" is an epic
poem that provides a captivating window into the early medieval world and the rich
tapestry of Germanic culture and heritage. The poem's narrative is set in the heroic
world of the Geats and the Danes, peoples from the Scandinavian region, telling
the tale of Beowulf, a courageous warrior who embarks on a series of epic
adventures to defeat monstrous foes and protect his people, rooted in the heroic
and legendary traditions of the Germanic peoples. However, "Beowulf" also
incorporates elements from the historical context of the Angles and Saxons in
England, showcasing the fusion of Germanic linguistic heritage with their
experiences in England. This fusion reflects the dynamic and evolving nature of
Germanic culture as it encountered new landscapes and people in the British Isles,
serving as a remarkable literary work and a cultural bridge connecting the ancestral
heritage of the Germanic peoples with their experiences in England. It stands as a
 7
foundational piece of Germanic literature, reflecting the enduring influence of these
ancient cultures on the development of literature and language in the region.

In the book “The Oxford Companion to Chaucer” by Gray (2003), it has been
mentioned that in the year 800 AD, a remarkable historical and cultural landscape
unfolded as Jewish communities prospered within the realms of the Muslim and
Carolingian empires. This era was marked by significant achievements and cultural
exchanges in both empires, presenting an environment that allowed Jews to not
only establish themselves but also thrive within resilient communities, notably in
the region that would later become modern-day Germany. The Carolingian Empire,
under the rule of Charlemagne, saw a desire for consolidation and coexistence
among diverse religious and ethnic groups, creating opportunities for Jewish
communities to grow and contribute significantly to various facets of society,
including finance, trade, and diplomacy. Simultaneously, the Islamic world
experienced its Golden Age, with Jewish scholars and intellectuals playing pivotal
roles in the translation and preservation of classical works and engaging in
philosophical and scientific debates. The geographical position of Germany, at the
crossroads of these influential empires, enabled Jewish communities in the region
to benefit from the economic, intellectual, and cultural exchanges taking place,
particularly in the city of Mainz, which emerged as a notable center for Jewish
scholarship and commerce. Despite occasional discrimination and persecution,
the resilience, adaptability, and contributions of these Jewish communities in this
dynamic and diverse cultural landscape left a lasting imprint on the Jewish
presence in Europe and enriched the tapestry of cultural exchange and
development during this period.

1096 AD

According to Livingstone (2006), in 1096 AD, a dark chapter in European

history unfolded as the German Crusade, also known as the People's Crusade,
began, marking the initial wave of enthusiasm for the First Crusade aimed at
recapturing the Holy Land from Muslim control. However, the German Crusade
took a horrifying turn, commencing with a series of massacres targeting Jewish
communities in various cities. Fuelled by fervent religious zeal, these attacks were
motivated by anti-Semitic sentiment, viewing Jews as convenient scapegoats. The
violence was widespread, resulting in forced conversions, massacres, and the
burning of synagogues in cities across the region. The trauma inflicted on Jewish
communities was profound, leading many to flee their homes. These tragic events
remain a somber reminder of the perils of religious fervor and intolerance,
underscoring the importance of addressing prejudice and hatred, both historically
 8
and in the modern world.

1147 AD

As mentioned by Oxford University (2004), in 1147 AD, the Second

Crusade, a significant chapter in the history of the Crusades, commenced under
the leadership of two influential European monarchs, King Louis VII of France and
King Conrad III of Germany. This Crusade aimed to reclaim the Holy Land from
Muslim control, paralleling the objectives of the earlier First Crusade. Triggered by
the fall of the County of Edessa to the Muslim forces in 1144, the Second Crusade
garnered considerable attention and religious fervour. Louis VII, recognized for his
devoutness, led a substantial force from France, symbolizing the continued
involvement of the French monarchy in the Crusades. Concurrently, Conrad III led
the German contingent, representing the Holy Roman Empire's commitment to this
religious and military endeavour. While both leaders encountered numerous
challenges, including treacherous terrains, diseases, and hostile encounters, the
Crusade ultimately faced several setbacks and failed to achieve its objectives. A
notable failure was the unsuccessful Siege of Damascus in 1148. These
adversities underscored the complexities and challenges of launching large-scale
military campaigns in distant and unfamiliar regions and the difficulty of maintaining
unity among the Crusader forces. Despite these setbacks, the Crusades persisted
for several decades, with continued efforts to reclaim the Holy Land, leaving the
Second Crusade as a pivotal moment in the history of these religious and military
campaigns, reflecting the determination of European leaders like Louis VII and
Conrad III to partake in holy warfare and the intricate reality of Crusader
endeavours during the medieval period.

1500 AD

Based on “The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance” by Campbell (2003),

in 16th century Germany, a groundbreaking advancement in timekeeping emerged
with the creation of the first watches, crafted in Nuremberg. These innovative
timepieces departed from the era's prominent stationary clocks, taking on the form
of small spherical devices, approximately three inches in diameter, designed to be
worn around the neck, suspended from a ribbon or cord, much like a pendant. This
revolutionary design allowed individuals to carry time with them wherever they
went, fundamentally altering personal timekeeping. Crafted by skilled artisans in
Nuremberg, these early watches, often referred to as "Nuremberg eggs" due to
their rounded shape, featured intricate internal mechanisms, typically spring-
driven, resulting in greater accuracy compared to their predecessors, such as
 9
sundials and weight-driven clocks. This transition from large public clocks to
portable, personal timepieces had a profound societal impact, enabling more
effective time management, particularly in professional and social contexts.
Considered luxury items, these watches were mainly owned by the affluent,
nobility, and the emerging middle class, boasting elaborate designs and
engravings that showcased the artisans' expertise. The birth of these early
watches in Nuremberg set the stage for further watchmaking innovations and laid
the foundation for the globally renowned Swiss watchmaking industry, known for
precision and craftsmanship. Over the centuries, watches evolved in design,
accuracy, and functionality, transcending their role as mere timekeepers to
become fashion accessories and status symbols.

1517 AD

Per Livingstone (2006), in 1517 AD, in the town of Wittenberg in Germany,

a momentous event took place that would profoundly shape the course of Western
Christianity and European history. Martin Luther, a devout Augustinian monk and
professor of theology at the University of Wittenberg, posted his famous 95 Theses
on the door of the Castle Church. This seemingly routine act of nailing a list of
theological propositions to a church door, a common method for initiating academic
debates in the 16th century, would ultimately unleash a tidal wave of religious,
social, and political transformation. At the time, the Roman Catholic Church was a
powerful and unifying force in Europe, and its authority was deeply ingrained in the
daily lives of people. However, Luther's 95 Theses challenged some of the
Church's practices, most notably its sale of indulgences. Indulgences were
certificates that believers could purchase to allegedly reduce their time in
purgatory, a place of purification after death. Luther's central argument was that
this practice had deviated from the core teachings of Christianity and undermined
the true meaning of faith and salvation. Little did Luther know that his act of
defiance would lead to a seismic shift in Christianity, ultimately resulting in the
Protestant Reformation and the fragmentation of Western Christianity, leading to
the establishment of various Protestant denominations and a significant shift in the
balance of religious power and authority. In summary, Martin Luther's nailing of the
95 Theses to the Castle Church door in Wittenberg in 1517 was a pivotal moment
in history, reshaping the religious, social, and political landscape of Europe and
leaving an indelible mark on the history of Christianity.

1530 AD

As mentioned in Campbell’s (2003) book entitled “The Oxford Dictionary of

 10
the Renaissance”, in 1530 AD, the German botanist Otto Brunfels made a
groundbreaking contribution to the world of natural history with the publication of
"Living images of plants" (in German, "Herbarum vivae eicones"). This seminal
work holds a place of distinction as the first serious botanical publication to include
printed illustrations, marking a pivotal moment in the history of botany and scientific
illustration. Before Brunfels's publication, botanical knowledge was primarily
conveyed through written descriptions and was often fraught with inaccuracies due
to the limitations of verbal descriptions alone. The use of detailed, accurate visual
representations of plants was a transformative innovation that allowed botanists
and naturalists to communicate their findings more effectively and share a common
understanding of the plants they were studying. "Living images of plants" featured
intricate woodcut illustrations of various plant species, including detailed depictions
of their leaves, stems, flowers, and roots. These illustrations were not only
aesthetically pleasing but also served as valuable tools for the identification and
classification of plants, making them accessible to a broader audience of scholars,
students, and plant enthusiasts. Brunfels's work was part of a larger movement
during the Renaissance period, where scholars began to emphasize the
importance of direct observation and empirical study in the natural sciences. By
incorporating images alongside descriptions, "Living images of plants"
emphasized the need for a more systematic and accurate approach to the study
of the plant world. This publication set a precedent for subsequent botanical works
and laid the foundation for the development of botanical illustration as a discipline.
It paved the way for other renowned botanical artists and authors, such as
Leonhart Fuchs and Hieronymus Bock, to further advance the field of botanical
illustration and taxonomy. Otto Brunfels's "Living images of plants" not only made
a lasting impact on the world of botany but also contributed to the broader scientific
and intellectual advancements of the Renaissance. It promoted the use of accurate
visual representations in the natural sciences and played a crucial role in the
development of the botanical field as we know it today.

Next are the historical events and their impact on German research from
medieval Germany to present according to Batsondl (2023):

Medieval Germany

Medieval Germany, under Charlemagne's rule, saw the establishment of

the First Reich of the German Empire, marked by his military prowess that halted
the westward expansion of Slavic tribes, extending Germanic territories. This
division was not only geographical but also cultural, reflected in dialects and
naming practices. By the 16th century, a consonant shift in the German dialect
 11
occurred, with Plattdeutsch (Low German) in the North and Hochdeutsch (High
German) in the South.

Germany during this period was a patchwork of nobility areas, comprising

kingdoms, provinces, duchies, and principalities, with over 1,700 independent
German states in 1789. The concept of a unified German nation did not emerge
until 1871. Social status played a critical role in pre-1900 German society, dictating
rights and obligations. The belief was that nobles were protectors, clergy were
devoted to prayer, and peasants were meant to toil. Social mobility was nearly non-
existent, as one's station in life was perceived as God-ordained and unalterable.
Farmers were typically tenants, not landowners, and feudalism favored those who
owned the land, primarily the nobility and the clergy. Serfs, bound to their lords,
were obligated to provide labor, produce, military service, and taxes in exchange
for cultivating the land. Their lives were tightly controlled; they could not marry,
change occupations, or move without their lords' permission. Feudalism persisted
in parts of Germany until World War I.

The Protestant Reformation (1517-1648)

The Protestant Reformation, spanning from 1517 to 1648, had its roots in
the groundwork of many, but it truly ignited in 1517 when Martin Luther famously
posted his 95 Theses on the doors of the Castle Church in Wittenberg. This
religious upheaval led to numerous conflicts and wars as various rulers adopted
differing religious stances. The tumultuous period finally found resolution in 1648
with the conclusion of the Thirty Years' War through the Peace of Westphalia.
Notably, around 1540, numerous Lutheran parishes began the practice of keeping
records, marking a significant development during this era.

The Council of Trent and Counter Reformation (1545-1563)

The Protestant Reformation, a transformative period from 1517 to 1648,

found its genesis in the efforts of many, but it burst into full force when Martin
Luther boldly affixed his 95 Theses to the Castle Church doors in Wittenberg in
1517. This seismic religious shift ushered in a turbulent era marked by conflicts
and wars driven by the differing religious convictions of various rulers. The
protracted turmoil eventually gave way to resolution in 1648, as the Thirty Years'
War concluded with the Peace of Westphalia. A noteworthy development within
this period was the adoption of record-keeping practices by numerous Lutheran
parishes, which carried historical significance.
 12

The Peace of Augsburg (1555)

In 1555, the Peace of Augsburg marked a significant historical event,

representing a treaty between Charles V and an alliance of Lutheran Princes that
conferred legal recognition to the Lutheran religion within the Holy Roman Empire.
This accord introduced the principle of "Cuius regio, eius religio," meaning "Whose
realm, his religion," whereby the religion of a ruler determined the religious faith of
their subjects. Those who dissented from their ruler's choice were given a limited
period to relocate to another jurisdiction under a different nobility's rule, where they
could practice their preferred faith. However, for Calvinist and Anabaptist
communities residing within territories governed by Lutheran or Catholic Princes,
this arrangement posed a threat of being charged with heresy. "Cuius regio, eius
religio" represented a subtle shift in power dynamics, contrasting previous Catholic
teachings that emphasized the king's allegiance to the Pope. Instead, this decree
placed religious leaders to some extent under the authority of secular rulers.
Regrettably, the Peace of Augsburg's fragile stability was ultimately shattered by
the devastating conflicts of the Thirty Years' War.

The Thirty Years’ War of Westphalia (1618-1648)

The Thirty Years' War, spanning from 1618 to 1648, stands as one of the
most devastating conflicts in European history, leaving a trail of destruction and
suffering in its wake. The war brought widespread devastation, with homes,
churches, and crops laid to waste. In Baden, half of the buildings were reduced to
rubble, forcing its inhabitants to seek shelter in caves. The aftermath of the conflict
was marked by famine and disease, claiming the lives of nearly one-third of
Germany's population. In the Palatinate region, it is estimated that only 50,000
survivors remained out of the original one million residents. These cataclysmic
events triggered significant population shifts, with Swiss immigrants settling in the
war-ravaged areas of Baden and the Pfalz. To facilitate recovery, the younger
generation was encouraged to marry early and partake in the essential task of land
cultivation and repopulation. Ultimately, the Peace of Westphalia brought a formal
end to the Thirty Years' War, and it notably granted legal status to the Reformed
Church (Calvinism) as a state religion.

Napoleonic Wars (1799-1815)

The Napoleonic Wars left a significant imprint on German governance and

record-keeping, albeit most changes were temporary and tied to Napoleon's rule.
 13
Under his authority, Napoleon enforced the separation of Church and State and,
by 1806, had dissolved the Holy Roman Empire. Serfdom was abolished in the
regions he conquered, and civil registration systems were implemented, firmly
dividing the realms of Church and State. Notably, the French Republican Calendar
was in use from 1792 to 1805. However, many of these reforms were rolled back
following Napoleon's defeat. Serfdom was reinstated in numerous areas of
Germany, and it was not until 1876 that civil registration was mandated on a
national level, though many local governments recognized the importance of
maintaining birth, marriage, and death records and required clerics to submit
annual copies of their church registers. By 1806, the Gregorian calendar had
replaced the French Republican Calendar. Napoleon's reign came to an end
during the Congress of Vienna in 1815.

Emigration Prior to 1800

Emigration prior to 1800 was profoundly shaped by a variety of factors.

These included religious persecution, economic hardships, adverse environmental
conditions such as wartime destruction, severe weather, droughts, and famines,
as well as political circumstances. The promise of America, offering opportunities
like land, wealth, and freedom, served as a powerful magnet for emigrants. In
1762, Empress Catherina II of Russia opened regions within Russia for German
colonization. Notably, during the American Revolution, Hessians fought for
England while Palatines fought for the Colonies; many of these soldiers opted to
stay in America or received land grants in Canada. In 1781, Joseph II of Austria
extended an invitation to German colonists, specifically from the Palatinate, to
settle in the newly opened area of Galicia. He also instituted religious tolerance for
Protestants, resulting in the immigration of thousands of families who established
German-speaking communities in the region or pursued trades in the cities.

Emigration After 1800 and the Industrial Revolution

Emigration after 1800 was influenced by several key factors, including mass
production and overpopulation. The Industrial Revolution, which began in
Germany in the 1830s but truly flourished in the 1870s and 1880s, triggered a
significant demographic shift within the country. Many who had previously made
their livelihood from the land now flocked to the burgeoning cities to seek
employment in factories. The rise of mass manufacturing posed a threat to
traditionally handcrafted goods. Political changes also played a role in both internal
emigration and immigration. Calls for freedom, democracy, and unity from the
middle and upper classes culminated in the unsuccessful Revolution of 1848.
 14
Faced with the grim choices of imprisonment or death, numerous educated and
skilled individuals from the middle class emigrated from Germany to the United
States and other nations. In the 1700s, immigration was often illegal in many
German states, but by the 1820s, it had been legalized. In the 1840s and 1850s,
some regions, at the governmental level, actively encouraged the emigration of the
impoverished. The ease, cost, and means of travel saw marked improvements,
making the journey to America more accessible and affordable. However, by the
mid-1890s, the number of immigrants dwindled, giving way to internal mass
migrations within Germany. Of all the ports used by German emigrants, only the
Hamburg Passenger List, post-1850, has survived, with only fragments of records
from other ports remaining.

World War I and Treaty of Versailles (1914-1918)

The outbreak of World War I in 1914 was triggered by the assassination of

Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife Sophia Duchess of Hohenberg
by a young Serbian nationalist. This event led Kaiser Wilhelm II to align with
Austria-Hungary in a retaliatory alliance, igniting the First World War. Following
Germany's defeat in 1919, the nation was compelled to attend the Treaty of
Versailles to sign a peace agreement. The treaty contained a total of 440 clauses,
with 414 clauses outlining the punitive measures imposed on Germany. These
stringent terms ultimately led to a severe economic crisis in Germany,
exacerbating the post-war challenges the nation faced.

Weimar Republic (1919-1933)

The Weimar Republic, spanning from 1919 to 1933, emerged in the

aftermath of the German Revolution of 1918-1919, marking the end of serfdom
and feudalism in Germany. It established a parliamentary republic, but faced
significant challenges from the outset. The burdensome debt imposed by the
Treaty of Versailles, coupled with hyperinflation between 1921 and 1923, placed
immense strain on the nation. The early 1930s brought the Great Depression,
further deepening economic woes, with over three million Germans unemployed
by 1932. These dire economic conditions provided fertile ground for Adolf Hitler's
rise to power, as he promised a stronger and brighter future for Germany.

The Third Reich/ World War II/ The Holocaust (1933-1945)

From 1933 to 1945, the era of the Third Reich, World War II, and the
Holocaust unfolded, marking one of the darkest and most devastating periods in
 15
history. In 1933, Adolf Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany marked the
beginning of a radical transformation. He swiftly removed his government partners
and consolidated power, establishing a totalitarian regime with himself as the
dictator. Defying the Treaty of Versailles, Hitler embarked on a campaign to rebuild
the German military and pursued global dominance through military might.
Concurrently, his ideology drove him to purge Germany of those he deemed
"undesirable."

As tensions escalated, a nationwide census in 1939 took a particularly

ominous turn, focusing predominantly on Jews and other minority groups. The term
"Holocaust" now serves as a haunting reminder of the systematic genocide that
unfolded during World War II, resulting in the death of approximately six million
European Jews. However, this tragedy extended beyond the Jewish community,
encompassing the systematic murder of various other groups targeted by the
Nazis, with estimates indicating a staggering death toll between 11 and 17 million.
The impact of these dark years on humanity's collective memory remains profound,
underscoring the importance of remembrance and vigilance against the horrors of
prejudice and totalitarianism.

Post World War II and Reunification of Germany (1945-1990-PRESENT)

The period after World War II, from 1945 to the present, marked a complex
journey for Germany. In 1945, Germany signed The Instrument of German
Surrender, leading to its division into Occupation Zones controlled by the Allied
Forces, including France, Britain, Russia, and the United States. As World War II
concluded, a significant portion of the German population either fled or was
expelled from regions outside the post-war Germany and post-war Austria,
resulting in the displacement of an estimated 12 to 14 million ethnic Germans and
their descendants. By 1949, the Allied forces ceded control of the United Zones to
the parliamentary democracy of West Germany, while East Germany remained
under Soviet control, led by Stalin's regime.

In 1961, the infamous Berlin Wall, a concrete barrier, was erected,

separating East Berlin from West Berlin. Subsequent protests within East Germany
led to the Peaceful Revolution and the Fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, a pivotal
moment in history. The path to reunification took shape with the negotiation of the
"Two Plus Four" Treaty in 1990, involving the German Democratic Republic, the
Federal Republic of Germany, and the Four Powers occupying Germany. Through
this treaty, the Four Powers relinquished any previous rights they held over
Germany, while Germany agreed not to seek to regain its pre-World War I
 16
boundaries. Official reunification of Germany was achieved on October 13, 1990,
marking a significant milestone in the nation's history.

Language and Communication

This section provides a comprehensive overview of language and

communication in Germany. Delving into the linguistic landscape and
communication dynamics of this culturally rich nation, we will explore various
aspects including the German language itself, its dialects, regional variations, and
the role of communication in different spheres of German society. Additionally,
we'll touch on the significance of multilingualism, the impact of technology on
communication, and offer insights into the cultural nuances that shape interactions
in Germany. By the end of this section, you'll have gained a deeper understanding
of how language functions as a cornerstone of German culture and society.

Goethe-Institut (2014) offers a fascinating glimpse into the evolution of the

German language. Beginning around the 6th century with Old High German, it
traces the language's progression through Middle High German and Early New
High German, culminating in the modern form we know today. This linguistic
journey mirrors the dynamic history of the German-speaking peoples, with
influences from neighboring regions and historical events shaping its development.
Notably, the advent of the printing press in the 15th century, courtesy of Johannes
Gutenberg, played a pivotal role in standardizing German, facilitating its
widespread use. As also stated by Goethe-Institut (2014), The German language,
which serves as the standard in Germany, Austria, and parts of Switzerland, has
a rich historical background. It evolved over centuries, with the process of
standardization encompassing not only linguistic forms but also its status and
usage contexts. This journey began in the 15th and 16th centuries, when efforts
were made to standardize the language based on specific regional variants. The
written form of German was further refined during the era of Weimar Classicism,
culminating in what we recognize today as "standard German" in the 19th century.

Unlike France, where a centralized body governs the standard language,

German's standardization is not overseen by a single authorized entity. While
regulatory authorities do exist, such as educational ministers' conferences in
Germany, Austria, and Switzerland, their influence in the public sphere and among
non-governmental institutions is limited. Nevertheless, recognized dictionaries and
institutions define norms for standard German. For example, the Duden dictionary
held authority for official German orthography in Germany from 1955 to 1996.
 17
Additionally, there is a preferred pronunciation and a constitutionally recognized
status as the official language in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. Moreover,
there are specific regulations regarding the use of "official high German" in official
capacities and a defined literary canon. As furthermore mentioned by Goethe-
Institut (2014), language standardization is driven by practicality, ensuring mutual
understanding over wider areas. Additionally, it often carries ideological weight. In
the case of German, this ties back to the concept of a unified nation being
intricately linked with a particular language. This notion emerged alongside the
displacement of dialects by standard German and was reinforced during the
French Revolution's era of unified republics. However, as globalization advances,
regional languages and cultures are gaining importance, providing individuals with
a distinct sense of identity. This shift is also visible in German, where regional
variants like Low German or Plattdeutsch are on the rise, challenging the notion of
a single, homogeneous standard. This dynamic landscape necessitates a nuanced
approach to teaching standard German, which can vary across German-speaking
regions. For example, the debate in French-speaking Switzerland over whether to
teach Swiss High German or "standard German" highlights the complexities of
language education in pluricentric contexts.

As mentioned by Matthias of Britannica (2023), the German language,

known as Deutsch, serves as the official language in both Germany and Austria
and is one of the official languages in Switzerland. It falls under the West Germanic
branch of the Indo-European language family, alongside English, Frisian, and
Dutch. The recorded history of Germanic languages dates back to their interaction
with the Romans in the 1st century BCE. During this time and for several centuries
after, there existed a single "Germanic" language with minor dialectical variations.
Only around the 6th century CE did a distinct "German" language, specifically High
German, begin to take form. German is an inflected language with four cases and
three genders for nouns, pronouns, and adjectives. It possesses strong and weak
verbs. With over 90 million native speakers, German is among the most widely
spoken languages globally. It is also extensively studied as a foreign language and
holds a prominent position as a cultural language in the Western world. While
written German remains relatively uniform across Germany, Austria, and
Switzerland, spoken German encompasses numerous dialects, primarily falling
into the High German and Low German groups. The distinction between the two
lies predominantly in the sound system, particularly in consonants. High German,
originating from the southern highlands of Germany, serves as the official written
language.

Old High German, a collection of dialects without a standardized literary

 18
form, was spoken until roughly 1100 in the highlands of southern Germany. During
the Middle High German period (post 1100), a standardized language based on
Upper German dialects emerged. This Middle High German became the language
of a substantial literary corpus, including the renowned 13th-century epic
Nibelungenlied. Modern standard High German descends from these Middle High
German dialects and is spoken in central and southern Germany, Austria, and
Switzerland. It is employed in administration, higher education, literature, and
mass media in the Low German regions as well. Standard High German finds its
roots in the Middle German dialect utilized by Martin Luther in his 16th-century
Bible translation. Within the modern High German sphere, distinctions between
Middle and Upper German dialect groups persist, with the latter encompassing
Austro-Bavarian, Alemannic (Swiss German), and High Franconian.

Religious Practices and Beliefs

This section is dedicated to elucidating Germany's rich tapestry of religious

practices and beliefs and aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the major
religious currents that have shaped the spiritual fabric of this nation, shedding light
on their historical significance and contemporary relevance. By delving into the
multifaceted expressions of faith within Germany, we gain insight into the beliefs,
rituals, and communal experiences that have not only influenced its cultural identity
but continue to play a pivotal role in shaping its societal dynamics today.

Germany, a nation steeped in history, showcases a diverse religious

landscape. As stated by Evason (2017), that Germany is a predominantly secular
nation, views religion as a personal matter despite a substantial portion of the
population identifying with religious affiliations. Christianity, encompassing Roman
Catholicism and Protestantism, stands as the dominant faith, with 27.7% and
25.5% of the population respectively. Approximately 37.8% of Germans identify as
not religious, while 9% adhere to other faiths, including various Christian sects.
Islam constitutes the largest non-Christian minority, representing 5.1% of the
population, primarily due to migration from Muslim-majority countries. However,
active religious practitioners are fewer in number, with only 21% of Germans
attributing significant importance to religion according to a study by the Pew
Research Center. Germany's religious landscape bears the historical imprint of
Martin Luther's Protestant Reformation in the 16th century, leading to a territorial
distribution of religious practices that still endures. The south and west
predominantly adhere to Catholicism, while Protestantism thrives in the north and
east, a distinction often discernible through architectural cues. In East Germany, a
considerable portion identifies as non-religious, a legacy of communist rule from
 19
1945 to 1990, which viewed religious affiliation as incompatible with loyalty to the
Communist Party. This led to active suppression and surveillance of church
activities, resulting in a decline in religious adherence from 98% to 31% between
1950 and 1989.

Islam

The history of Islam in Germany spans back to the 8th century, leaving
indelible marks on German culture. From Charlemagne's diplomatic ties with
Caliph Harun al-Rashid to the enduring influence of Moorish rule in Spain, the
Muslim faith has been woven into the fabric of German society. The arrival of
Turkish guest workers in the 1950s and 60s further solidified Islam's presence, as
indicated by Stegemann (2008).

The study "Muslim Life in Germany 2020" by Pfündel et al (2020) provides

crucial insights into the Muslim population in the country. It reveals that there are
approximately 5.3 to 5.6 million Muslims with a migration background from
predominantly Muslim countries residing in Germany. In 2019, this accounted for
6.4% to 6.7% of the total population, demonstrating an increase from previous
years. Notably, the majority of Muslims belong to the Sunni faith, with around 2.5
million originating from Turkey. This group constitutes 45% of the total Muslim
population. Additionally, diversity in regional origins has grown, with a significant
portion hailing from Arabic-speaking regions and South-East European countries.
In terms of religious denomination, 74% identify as Sunni, while 8% follow the Alevi
faith. A substantial portion, 47%, are German nationals, with children and
adolescents under 18 having an even higher percentage of 68%. These findings
paint a comprehensive picture of the dynamic and diverse Muslim community in
Germany.

According to Grieshaber (2023), a comprehensive report on Muslim hostility

in Germany, presented at the interior ministry in Berlin, reveals the widespread
racism, hatred, and violence faced by the country's 5.5 million Muslims. The
Independent Group of Experts on Muslim Hostility conducted an extensive three-
year study, analyzing scientific research, police crime statistics, and incident
documentation from anti-discrimination agencies and NGOs. The report finds that
at least one-third of Germany's Muslim population has experienced hostility due to
their religion. However, the actual figures are likely much higher, as only 10% of
these incidents are reported. Interior Minister Nancy Faeser emphasized that
Muslim life is an integral part of Germany, underscoring the report's bitter findings.
Muslims face not only direct racism but also daily stereotyping, beginning from
 20
early childhood to later stages of life. The study also reveals that negative
prejudices against Muslims encompass attributions of backwardness, intractability,
and perceived threats. These stereotypes lead to exclusion and discrimination
within mainstream German society, where Muslims are often viewed as "the
others," despite 50% of them holding German passports. Germany's Muslim
community is diverse, with a majority having Turkish roots, and others originating
from Arabic countries like Morocco and Lebanon. Many arrived over 60 years ago
as "guest workers" and subsequently decided to settle permanently, contributing
to the nation's economic development.

Open Mosque Day in Germany, an annual event since 1997, sees around
1,000 mosques welcoming both Muslim and non-Muslim visitors. Germany hosts
thousands of mosques, many discreetly situated in backyards or industrial areas.
Estimates place their numbers between 2,350 to 2,750. In 2019, 24% of the 5.5
million Muslims in Germany frequented these places of worship weekly. Notably,
the Wünsdorf Mosque, constructed in 1915, marked the first Islamic building in
Germany and Central Europe, serving both as a place of prayer and a tool for
political influence during World War I. The oldest standing mosque, located in
Berlin's Wilmersdorf district, mirrors the Taj Mahal's design, while the Ibn Rushd-
Goethe Mosque, established in 2017, advocates progressive and inclusive
practices. Mosque associations, like the Turkish-Islamic Union for Religious Affairs
(Ditib), manage these institutions, with Ditib drawing criticism for its ties to the
Turkish government. Despite their significance, most mosques in Germany blend
into their surroundings, earning them the moniker "backyard mosques." One
exception is Cologne Central Mosque, an architectural marvel by Paul Böhm, while
the practice of the muezzin call to prayer is limited, heard regularly at only about
30 mosques in the country.

Based on Welle’s (2022) article entitled “Six facts you did not know about
mosques in Germany”, an annual event since 1997 called open mosque day in
Germany, sees around 1,000 mosques welcoming both Muslim and non-Muslim
visitors. Germany hosts thousands of mosques, many discreetly situated in
backyards or industrial areas. Estimates place their numbers between 2,350 to
2,750. In 2019, 24% of the 5.5 million Muslims in Germany frequented these places
of worship weekly. Notably, the Wünsdorf Mosque, constructed in 1915, marked
the first Islamic building in Germany and Central Europe, serving both as a place
of prayer and a tool for political influence during World War I. The oldest standing
mosque, located in Berlin's Wilmersdorf district, mirrors the Taj Mahal's design,
while the Ibn Rushd-Goethe Mosque, established in 2017, advocates progressive
and inclusive practices. Mosque associations, like the Turkish-Islamic Union for
 21
Religious Affairs (Ditib), manage these institutions, with Ditib drawing criticism for
its ties to the Turkish government. Despite their significance, most mosques in
Germany blend into their surroundings, earning them the moniker "backyard
mosques." One exception is Cologne Central Mosque, an architectural marvel by
Paul Böhm, while the practice of the muezzin call to prayer is limited, heard
regularly at only about 30 mosques in the country.

The book “Identity and (Muslim) Integration in Germany” by Foroutan

(2013), delves into the prevalent anti-Muslim sentiments found in German public
opinion, which are among the strongest in Europe. It examines the connection
between German national identity and immigration, offering insights into
demographics, trends, and ongoing discussions. The report concludes with
recommendations on how to challenge existing stereotypes about Muslims and
ensure fair opportunities for immigrants and their descendants. Despite the fact
that one out of every five Germans today has a migratory background, the
prevailing perception remains that of a uniform German society. Discrimination and
negative behavior towards those perceived as "outsiders" persist. Particularly,
biased attitudes towards Muslims are prevalent across various social, economic,
and educational contexts. Policymakers began addressing these integration
issues around 2006, marking a significant shift in German policy that
acknowledged anti-Muslim racism as a parallel concern to Islamic
fundamentalism, posing a threat to social unity.

Foroutan (2013) also argues that this top-down approach has not resulted
in a corresponding grassroots effort to reconcile Germany's national identity with
its current demographics. The figure of the Muslim, it is suggested, may serve as
the conflicting "other" against which a contentious German national identity is
defined and distinguished. Nonetheless, the report proposes that a new narrative
of collective identity could be constructed by reinforcing the concept of national
identity based on shared adherence to the principles and values outlined in the
constitution. Additionally, promoting a foundational myth of a post-war Germany
that acknowledges the contributions of both immigrants and natives to its economic
prosperity could further this endeavor.

Regarding the Islamic education in German schools, a report by Alukah

(2011) states that the German Interior Minister Thomas de Maiziere has urged
federal states to actively pursue the implementation of a comprehensive Islamic
curriculum in schools across the country. During a meeting with over a hundred
experts at the Federal Office for Migration and Refugees in Nuremberg, German
officials and representatives from Muslim communities worked together to address
 22
legal challenges obstructing this initiative, as reported by Press TV correspondent
Wolfgang Karg on Tuesday. The German minister emphasized the immediate
need for Islamic education within German schools, underscoring the importance
of moving beyond pilot projects.

While most German states have introduced trial programs for Muslim students,
only a small fraction of them have access to such classes. Our correspondent
notes that not all families or communities consistently provide young Muslims in
Germany with the necessary moral and practical guidance. This often leads to
conflicts, a sense of disconnection from their faith, and identity struggles. Despite
the challenges, the government supports the introduction of Islamic education in
schools for the well-being of the children. As an interim measure, the government
is urging local authorities to collaborate with councils featuring Muslim members in
developing the curriculum for Islamic courses. De Maiziere stressed that waiting
for religious associations to gain recognition by federal states is not an option. He
argued that lawmakers should approach Muslim communities as diverse and
voluntary entities, rather than expecting them to conform to the model of Christian
churches. There appears to be a newfound willingness among lawmakers and
Muslim groups in Germany to find practical solutions for the nationwide
introduction of Islamic education. The stalled German Islam Conference is
scheduled to reconvene at the end of March of 2011. Muslim groups in Germany
are hopeful that progress can be achieved this time around.

Christianity

Christianity is the dominant religion in Germany, with about two-thirds of the

population affiliating with the faith as stated by Expatrio (2023). However, active
church attendance is notably lower. Germany stands out from many European
countries by having a nearly equal split between Protestants and Catholics among
its Christian population. Roughly half of German Christians belong to the
Evangelical Church of Germany, a Protestant union encompassing Lutheranism
and Protestant Calvinism, while the other half adhere to Roman Catholicism.
Approximately 2% of the population follows other Christian denominations,
primarily Orthodoxy, which includes both Eastern and Oriental Orthodoxy. While
both Catholicism and Protestantism have a presence throughout Germany, their
concentrations are more pronounced in specific regions. Generally, regions in the
South and West, such as Bavaria, Rhineland, Westphalia, and Saarland, have a
higher Catholic population, while the North and East of the country have a higher
proportion of Protestants.
 23
The Catholic Church in Germany, also known as the Roman Catholic
Church in Germany, is a branch of the global Roman Catholic Church that is in
communion with the Pope and overseen by the German bishops. The current head
of the episcopal conference is Bishop Georg Bätzing of the Diocese of Limburg. It
is organized into 27 dioceses, with seven having the status of metropolitan sees.
All archbishops and bishops are part of the Conference of German Bishops. The
Church's substantial wealth, approximately $26 billion, is derived from sources
including the church tax, mandatory for registered Roman Catholics in Germany,
as well as real estate holdings.

As demonstrated by Wikiwand (2023), despite a declining trend in

adherence, about 28.5% of Germany's population, or approximately 23.9 million
people as of December 2022, still identify as Roman Catholic. Before the
reunification of Germany in 1990, Roman Catholics comprised 42% of West
Germany's population. The German law mandates the declaration of religious
affiliation for tax purposes, allowing the state to collect the church tax and allocate
it to the respective church.

The Catholic Church in Germany also boasts a rich religious and cultural
history, tracing back to Saint Boniface and Charlemagne. Notable religious sites
range from Carolingian-era structures to modern buildings, including cathedrals
like Cologne Cathedral. The Church plays a significant role in German history,
especially during the Holy Roman Empire, where it held substantial power. The
Protestant Reformation led to a division between Catholics and Protestants, and
later, the Kulturkampf period saw tensions between the Church and the state.
During the Nazi era, the Catholic Church denounced Nazism, but its stance faced
internal divisions. After World War II, the Catholic Church in East Germany
grappled with an atheist government. Presently, the Catholic Church in Germany
faces challenges such as declining attendance, interfaith marriages, and retaining
registered members who fund the church through taxes. The 'Tebartz effect' in
2013, prompted by financial corruption scandals, led to widespread disillusionment
and increased de-registrations. The Synodal Path, initiated in 2019, aims to
address issues such as power structures, relationships, priestly existence, and
women's roles in the Church. However, it has been met with criticism both
domestically and internationally for potentially straying from traditional Church
teachings. Additionally, seven popes have been of German origin, with Pope
Benedict XVI being the most recent before his retirement in 2013.

According to Mclintock (2023), the information available on the ancient

religion of Germanic tribes, like the Alemans, Saxons, and Franks, is fragmented
 24
and incomplete. Their belief system was influenced by various deities, and there
was a mix of Celtic, Slavonic, Lithuanic, and Finnic myths. Among the deities they
worshiped were the Sun, Vulcan, and the Moon. Christianity gradually made its
way to the German tribes, particularly in regions like Cologne where Christian
bishops were established. The conversion to Catholicism gained momentum,
especially with the influence of Clovis, the Frankish king who embraced the
Catholic Church, marking a shift away from Arianism. Notably, figures like Winfred,
also known as Boniface, played a crucial role in aligning the German Church with
Rome and integrating it into the broader Christian community. The period of the
Holy Roman Empire saw the emperor considered as the political leader of
Christendom in the West, though the relationship between the pope and the
emperor often led to conflicts. The 16th century brought about the Protestant
Reformation, spearheaded by Martin Luther, leading to the establishment of
Lutheran and Reformed churches and challenging the authority of the Roman
Catholic Church in a significant part of Germany. The subsequent centuries
witnessed the dissolution of the old German Empire in 1806 and various changes
in the German nation, including the unification of North German states under
Prussia's leadership.

The proclamation of the Second German Empire in 1871 marked a pivotal

moment in German history, and the words of future Prussian court preacher Adolf
Stoecker reflected the profound influence of Christianity on the nation's
construction. Stoecker's jubilation at the establishment of the "holy, Protestant
empire of the German nation" underscored the significance of religion in this
process. This phrase not only harkened back to the defunct Holy Roman Empire
of the German Nation, emphasizing its enduring resonance, but it also emphasized
that the formation of this new Germany went beyond mere military might or
constitutional arrangements. As mentioned in Gilley et al’s (2008) book “The
Cambridge History of Christianity”. Furthermore, christianity played a crucial role
in shaping modern Germany. Following the upheaval of 1815, religious diversity
prevailed in major German states, compelling them to adapt legal and social
policies to accommodate this coexistence. The redrawing of state boundaries
further required adjustments in ecclesiastical structures and the definition of
church-state relationships. While these measures aimed to foster interconfessional
harmony, resurgences of religious fervor rekindled distinct identities among
Catholics and Protestants, leading state policies to inadvertently ignite dissent and
socio-political discord. By the mid-19th century, these heightened confessional
differences became a political minefield, influencing domestic politics, church-state
dynamics, and, most notably, public discourse surrounding the "German question."
 25
Judaism

Prior to the Nazi ascension to power in 1933, Germany harbored a

flourishing Jewish community supported by robust organizational structures.
Jewish presence in Germany dated back to the era of the Romans, and they were
deeply assimilated into the fabric of German society. They were proficient in the
language, shared a sense of national identity, and collaborated harmoniously with
their non-Jewish counterparts. According to the United States Holocaust Memorial
Museum (2023), In January of 1933, Germany was home to approximately
522,000 individuals classified as Jews by religious affiliation. Within the first six
years of the Nazi regime's rise to power, a significant portion, about 304,000 Jews,
chose to emigrate, leaving roughly 214,000 Jews within Germany's pre-World War
II borders by 1937. Between 1933 and 1939, the Nazi government instituted far-
reaching and impactful changes that profoundly affected the German Jewish
community. Through a series of laws and regulations, Jews were marginalized and
excluded from various aspects of society, including professions and commercial
activities. By early 1939, only around 16 percent of Jewish breadwinners held
steady employment. Following the violent events of Kristallnacht (Night of the
Broken Glass) in November 1938, many Jews were interned in concentration
camps.

The outbreak of World War II brought even more drastic alterations for the
German Jewish population. Led by prominent Jewish theologian Leo Baeck, the
Reich Association of Jews in Germany, though subject to Nazi authorities, worked
to facilitate Jewish emigration, support educational initiatives, and help the
community cope with escalating discriminatory measures. As of September 1,
1939, the government enforced additional restrictions on Jews who remained in
Germany, including curfews and limitations on movement within cities. Rationing
measures disproportionately affected Jews, leading to shortages of essential
goods. Jews were also compelled to surrender valuable possessions deemed
crucial to the war effort. A decree in September 1941 mandated the wearing of the
yellow Jewish Star by Jews over the age of six. Although ghettos were not
established in Germany, strict residence regulations concentrated Jews in specific
areas of cities, known as "Jewish houses" or "Judenhäuser". Additionally, Jews
deemed fit for labor were obliged to perform forced labor under German authority.

After the Holocaust claimed the lives of six million Jews, the future of
Germany's remaining Jewish community was uncertain. However, in a surprising
turn of events, Germany's Jewish population, now exceeding 200,000, is the only
one in Europe experiencing significant growth. This stands as a remarkable feat
 26
considering the near-total annihilation of Jews within Germany during the
Holocaust. Back in 1945, the idea of rebuilding their communities on the very soil
where the genocide was plotted by Hitler seemed inconceivable to most of the
world's Jewish population.

As eloquently stated by Rozanes (2021), around 15,000 German Jews were

liberated by allied forces after the war, many having survived in hiding or in
concentration camps. Some who chose to stay had non-Jewish family connections
in Germany, which may have aided their recovery and integration to some extent.
The World Jewish Congress, even supported by prominent German Jews like Leo
Baeck, declared their resolve to never settle on the bloodstained soil of Germany.
Despite this sentiment, Baeck, while based in London, actively supported the
rebuilding of Jewish communities in Germany and received a distinguished
German honor for his efforts. The Leo Baeck Institute, dedicated to the history and
culture of German-speaking Jews, was established in his honor in 1955, with
Baeck serving as its inaugural president. The rebuilding efforts began soon after
the war's end, resulting in the formation of over 100 Jewish communities across
Germany by 1948. These communities comprised two distinct groups: German-
born Jews, who were deeply integrated into their surroundings, and displaced
Jewish refugees from Eastern European countries who found themselves in
Germany against their will. The majority of these refugees, over 90%, eventually
left Germany within a few years, resettling in the US or Israel. Those who
remained, about 15,000, faced the challenge of adapting to life in a foreign land
with limited resources and knowledge of the German language. Despite the initial
adversity, their persistence led to lasting settlement. In 1950, these diverse
communities united under the Central Council of Jews in Germany, establishing a
representative body. Despite lingering anti-Semitism, the West German
government's official stance against it provided a newfound sense of security for
the Jewish community. This marked a significant shift from the pre-war and
immediate post-war eras, where anti-Semitic sentiments were widespread and
often went unchallenged.

In the wake of the recent Hamas terrorist attacks in Israel, German Jewish
communities are experiencing heightened concern. Added by Stehkämper (2023),
Esther K., a real estate agent in Berlin, received distressing news from a friend
about the sudden and unexpected Hamas assault on Israel. The attack, which led
to casualties and hostages, deeply shook her. Esther K. vividly describes the
haunting images of parents and children, lifeless amidst the backdrop of active
Playstations. The shock and disbelief among German Jews were palpable, with
many wondering why such a well-protected nation like Israel could not prevent the
 27
attack.

Germany, now home to over 100,000 Jews, stands as a stark contrast to its
dark history of the Holocaust, where 6 million Jews were systematically murdered.
Despite this progress, Jewish institutions in Germany have reinforced security
measures, including police guards and protective fences. Due to the rising attacks
on Jewish communities across Europe, these security measures have become a
necessity. However, the recent attacks by Hamas have led many in the Jewish
community to question the efficacy of these security measures. Parents, in
particular, are gripped with fear for their children's safety, with some choosing to
keep them at home. Leo Latasch, head of security for Frankfurt's Jewish
community, has been working tirelessly to reassure parents, emphasizing that the
conflict is centered in Israel, not Frankfurt. Yet, he acknowledges that this situation
is unprecedented and the uncertainty is hard to alleviate.

Hinduism

The presence of Hinduism in Germany can be traced back to the late 19th
century when Indian philosophy and religious thought began to gain traction in
academic circles. This was primarily due to the efforts of scholars and intellectuals
who were interested in the study of Indian religions, languages, and cultures. One
of the key figures in the introduction of Hinduism to Germany was Max Müller, a
prominent German-born philologist and Orientalist. He played a pivotal role in
translating and interpreting Indian sacred texts, particularly the Rigveda, into
European languages. His work helped make Hindu religious and philosophical
ideas accessible to Western audiences.

Furthermore stated by Adluri et al (2020) in his book “German Indology and

Hinduism”, that the Theosophical Society, founded by Helena Blavatsky and Henry
Olcott in the late 19th century, played a significant role in popularizing Eastern
spiritual traditions, including Hinduism, in Germany. The society promoted the idea
of a universal spiritual wisdom that transcended cultural and religious boundaries,
and it drew upon Hindu teachings to support its philosophy. While in the early 20th
century, various Indian gurus and spiritual teachers, such as Swami Vivekananda
and Paramahansa Yogananda, made visits to Germany, attracting followers and
generating interest in Hindu philosophy and practices. Their teachings on Vedanta,
yoga, and meditation found receptive audiences among Germans seeking spiritual
alternatives.
 28
Today, Hinduism in Germany continues to thrive, with numerous temples,
yoga centers, and spiritual organizations spread across the country. These centers
serve both the Indian diaspora and a growing number of Germans who have
adopted Hindu practices and philosophy as part of their spiritual journey. The study
of Indology and South Asian studies in German universities also contributes to the
ongoing interest and understanding of Hinduism in the country.

Sikhism

Sikhism is practiced as a religion in Germany, where the Sikh community

constitutes a minority. The majority of German Sikhs have ancestral ties to Punjab,
while some have roots in Afghanistan. Estimates of their population vary, with
figures ranging from 13,000 to 20,000 reported by different sources. After the
United Kingdom, Germany had the second-largest Sikh population in Europe.
However, in recent times, a substantial migration of Sikhs to Italy has resulted in a
flourishing Sikh community of approximately 70,000, causing the previously
sizable German Sikh community to fall to third place in terms of population size.

According to Wikiwand (2020), Gurdwaras, sacred places of worship for

Sikhs, have established a significant presence in Germany, serving as pivotal
institutions for religious practices and community cohesion. Among the prominent
Gurdwaras dotting the German landscape are the Gurdwara Sri Guru Nanak
Sabha in Munich, the Gurdwara Singh Sabha in Augsburg, and the Gurdwara
Singh Sabha in Berlin, to name but a few. These centers provide a haven for Sikhs
to engage in worship, reflection, and communal activities. Noteworthy is the
diverse geographical spread of these Gurdwaras, extending from major cities like
Frankfurt and Hamburg to smaller locales such as Goslar and Ulm. Additionally,
these institutions play a crucial role in preserving and promoting Sikh culture and
heritage, acting as focal points for both spiritual and social pursuits.

A notable figure within the German Sikh community is Harmanjot Singh, a

cricketer who has represented the German National Team. His accomplishments
serve as a testament to the contributions of the Sikh diaspora in Germany,
highlighting their impact in various spheres of society. However, it is important to
acknowledge the challenges faced by the Sikh community, exemplified by the
tragic incident that transpired in April 2016. Two individuals, identified as Muslims,
targeted a Gurdwara in the city of Essen, employing improvised explosive devices
crafted from fire extinguishers. The explosion, which occurred after a wedding
party had vacated the premises for the reception, resulted in severe damage to the
Gurdwara. Tragically, a Gurdwara priest was gravely injured, while two others
 29
sustained minor injuries. This act of violence, though disavowed by the
perpetrators as religiously motivated, raises concerns about the safety and security
of religious minorities in Germany.

In conclusion, Gurdwaras in Germany stand as vital institutions, providing a

sanctuary for religious devotion, cultural preservation, and community bonding for
Sikhs. The Essen Gurdwara bombing serves as a stark reminder of the challenges
faced by this community, emphasizing the importance of safeguarding the rights
and security of religious minorities within the nation. Through these centers, Sikhs
in Germany continue to enrich the cultural tapestry of the country, contributing to
its pluralistic and diverse society.

Buddhism

Buddhism, although present on the fringes for decades, has recently begun
to integrate itself into mainstream German society. This shift is evident at
Hamburg's Buddhist Center, one of the largest in Germany, where each evening,
a diverse group of around a hundred individuals, including professionals like
doctors, architects, and busy advertising executives, gather to meditate. In this
serene environment, adorned with images of the Buddha, participants shed their
shoes, power down their mobile phones, and settle onto cushions arranged across
the room's sunlit expanse. In recent years, Buddhism, though a presence for
decades, has begun to integrate into mainstream German society, garnering a
favorable response from an increasing number of individuals. While an exact count
of German Buddhists is challenging, the German Buddhist Union (DBU) estimates
their number to be around 130,000 practitioners, signifying a growing interest even
within the traditionally Christian population of the nation. Helge Latenza of the DBU
acknowledges this upward trajectory, albeit characterized as a gradual one. This
shift toward Buddhism is notable, particularly in comparison to conversions to
Islam, which has been a topic of discussion in Germany recently. According to the
Federal Interior Ministry, there were between 15,000 and 40,000 converts to Islam
residing in Germany last month, mentioned by Walker (2007).

As furthermore explained by Walker (2007), the attraction to Buddhism can

be attributed to its inherent tolerance and openness. Unlike some other religions,
Buddhism has never been associated with conflicts or extremist ideologies. David
Schneider, a senior teacher in the Shambala Buddhist tradition, emphasizes this
aspect, asserting that Buddhism stands against extremism by nature. The
increasing prominence of Buddhism globally can be attributed in part to the
influence of the Dalai Lama, the spiritual leader of the faith, who serves as a
 30
prominent advocate for its principles. The media's interest in Buddhism has been
greatly piqued by his Holiness, and Schneider underscores that while he may be
seen in the company of world leaders and celebrities, he remains a devout monk
dedicated to his practice and compassionate ideals. Inken Prohl, a theologist at
Heidelberg University, agrees that the fascination with Asia and Buddhism in
Germany is closely linked to the work and profile of the Dalai Lama. However, she
contends that people are also seeking care, compassion, and answers to
questions that their Christian upbringing may not have adequately addressed. The
traditional churches, she notes, do not emphasize the physical and sensory
aspects in the same way that Buddhism does through practices like meditation,
physical exercise, and simplicity in aesthetics.

While there is certainly a trendy element to the current interest in Buddhism in

Germany, Latenza stresses that this does not diminish its legitimacy. He asserts
that while some may be drawn on a surface level, Buddhism genuinely offers
solutions to contemporary issues, as people are keen to learn how to lead happier
lives. For fledgling practitioner Volker Wieprecht, Buddhism offers a profound gift
of self-reflection. After years of seeking fulfillment through various avenues, he
realized that he could find what he sought in what he describes as a "dependable
philosophical system." For Wieprecht, Buddhism brings "less drama and more joy,"
yet he acknowledges that adhering to the Buddhist path is an ongoing endeavor.
While Buddhism accommodates individuals of varying levels of commitment, its
long-term impact in Germany remains uncertain. Schneider believes that the trend
might taper off once people recognize the dedication required to follow the
Buddhist path. He emphasizes that trends alone are insufficient, as, ultimately,
each person must navigate the path independently. Nevertheless, given the
demands of modern life, Buddhism has much to offer in terms of a more fulfilling
existence.

As eloquently stated by DW (2007), Juliane, a 43-year-old meditation

leader, explained that attendees come seeking reflections on cause and effect,
and the realization that personal choices significantly shape their lives. Many, she
noted, have turned to Buddhism after feeling disillusioned by Christianity,
searching for a deeper sense of purpose beyond material pursuits. This resonance
with inner fulfillment over external acquisition is a central tenet of Buddhist
philosophy, as Juliane emphasized.

Germany has witnessed a surge in interest and engagement with Buddhism

in recent years, reflected not only in the flourishing of centers like Hamburg's but
also in the appearance of Buddhist-themed bestsellers and the incorporation of
 31
Buddhist teachings into mainstream media. Notable German figures, such as
singer Nina Hagen, actor Ralf Bauer, and soccer player Mehmet Scholl, have also
embraced Buddhism, further elevating its visibility. This surge in interest can be
attributed, in part, to Buddhism's emphasis on inner peace and introspection,
especially pertinent in a society facing economic uncertainties and questions about
its social welfare systems. According to the German Buddhist Union, an estimated
100,000 individuals of German origin practice Buddhism, while an additional
120,000 foreigners, primarily of Vietnamese and Thai descent, are practicing
Buddhists residing in the country. The number of Buddhist communities has
steadily risen from 15 groups in the early 1970s to over 600 today. While Buddhism
has deep historical roots in Germany, it was initially confined to intellectual circles.
However, the countercultural movements of the late 1960s transformed it into a
more accessible and widely practiced religion, with incense-filled rooms becoming
a familiar sight in German suburbs. Today, Buddhist communities are purchasing
former monasteries and establishing new meditation halls, illustrating the religion's
expanding presence. It is now a subject of formal study in schools in Berlin, and
resorts in Allgäu and Eifel offer Buddhism seminars and retreats, providing
urbanites respite from their hectic lives. Christoph Bochinger, a professor
specializing in religious social studies, notes that Buddhism's focus on empathy,
wisdom, and the universal "love your neighbor" principle resonates profoundly with
Germans seeking a spiritually enriching experience. This sentiment aligns closely
with the values cherished even by traditional churchgoers, as Bochinger aptly
observes.

The connection between 'Australia' and 'Buddhism' with Buddhism and

monastic communities in Germany is notable. There were at least two German
Buddhist monastics who exerted influence on Buddhism not only within Germany
but also in Australia. This influence stemmed from their translations, publications,
and personal interactions.

However, before delving into these connections, it is essential to introduce

the topic at hand: Buddhist monasticism in the Western world, particularly in
Germany, reveals a certain ambivalence. While Asian and German Buddhist
monks and nuns have individually played pivotal roles in the broader history of
Buddhism, both within and outside of Germany, the establishment of a Buddhist
monastery, in the strict sense of housing a complete saṅgha of four fully ordained
monks or nuns, is yet to materialize. This observation leads to an attempt to
analyze the potential reasons for this phenomenon, which forms a key aspect of
this discourse.
 32
As stated by Roloff (2012), the discussion encompasses four crucial
aspects. Firstly, the inception of Buddhism in Germany spans over a century and
a half, marked by milestones such as Albrecht Weber's 1860 translation of the
Dhamma-padam, followed by significant contributions from scholars like Karl
Eugen Neumann and Hermann Hesse, who left an indelible influence through their
translations of Pāli canon texts. Secondly, the impact and relevance of Buddhist
monks and nuns are exemplified by figures like Nyānatiloka Mahāthera, the first
German Buddhist monk, whose translations and writings, alongside those of his
disciples, profoundly shaped the understanding and dissemination of Buddhism.
Similarly, Bhikkhu Nyānaponika and Lama Anagarika Govinda played pivotal roles
in spreading Buddhist teachings worldwide, notably in Australia. Thirdly, while
German monastic communities are in varying stages of development, the
establishment of a complete saṅgha-based monastery remains a yet unrealized
endeavor. The initial German bhikṣu and bhikṣuṇī saṅghas, established within
Tibetan Buddhism, persist as significant centers for practice. Lastly, the analysis
of the weaknesses in German monastic communities reveals a multifaceted
challenge. Factors such as a shortage of experienced native teachers, insufficient
resources, conservative elements within the Buddhist community, and the struggle
to adapt to modern societal norms all contribute to this complexity. Moreover, the
diverse array of Buddhist traditions further complicates the establishment of
cohesive monastic communities, compounded by a prevailing inclination towards
Buddhist centers rather than traditional monasteries, which poses a long-term
sustainability challenge for Buddhism in the Western context.

Cuisine and Food Culture

This section is dedicated to showcasing Germany's rich culinary heritage

and food culture. It delves into the diverse and flavorful gastronomic traditions that
have shaped the country's reputation as a hub for distinctive and hearty cuisine.
From iconic dishes to regional specialties, Germany's culinary landscape offers a
delectable journey through its history, culture, and vibrant flavors. This exploration
aims to provide insight into the unique blend of ingredients, techniques, and
culinary customs that have come to define Germany's esteemed position in the
global culinary sphere.

German Cuisine Over Time

Per Drzazgowski (2021), German cuisine mostly focuses on meat and

potatoes. These are the ingredients that will be seen in most of the German foods.
Before, the biggest meal of the day in Germany was lunchtime because German
 33
families tend to eat their main meal during lunch. It typically consists of a selection
of whole grain bread, cheese, deli meats and sausages, and mustards and pickles.
In modern days, both parents are working during the day, because of this the
dinner is starting to become the larger meal as it is only the time the whole German
family can eat together. Lunch normally includes a large meal including meats and
vegetables. In a rush, a hot pastry filled with cheese will be enough. Dinner will
include sausage, as well as some potato salad, and a bowl of soup. Germany is
popular for many foods, but, arguably, the most popular and notable is its
sausages which are called wurst in German. It is said that Germany has over 1200
kinds of sausages. Besides sausages, Germany is also known for pretzels,
obatzda or the beer cheese dip, spaetzle, hamburgers, gingerbread, sauerkraut,
black forest cake, pumpernickel, and so much more. Beer is, of course, a German
cultural phenomenon with some of the world’s most popular beers coming out of
Germany. There are over 1,300 breweries and 5,000 varieties of beer in the
country.

The cuisine of Germany consists of many different local or regional cuisines,

reflecting the country's federal history. Germany itself is part of the larger cultural
region of Central Europe, sharing many culinary traditions with neighboring
countries such as Poland and the Czech Republic. In Northern Europe, in Denmark
more specifically, the traditional Danish cuisine had also been influenced by
German cuisine in the past, hence several dishes being common between the two
countries. At the same time, German cuisine also shares many similar
characteristics with the Western European cuisine, as is reflected by some
common traditional dishes served in the Low Countries like Netherlands, Belgium,
and, most notably, Luxembourg. Southern German regions, such as Bavaria and
Swabia, share dishes with Austrian cuisine and parts of Swiss cuisine as well.
German cuisine has also influenced other European cuisines from Central-Eastern
Europe such as those of Hungary or Romania, both countries sharing past and
current German heritage in general, through their ethnic German minorities.

German food has a reputation for being uninspired and boring. The early
Germanic tribes, who mostly consumed barley, wheat, dairy products, and various
meats, may have believed this to be the case. However, the German diet
expanded in variety and added additional components over time. These comprised
various fruits and vegetables, as well as items like grapes, which were used to
make wine. Later, more likely by the Romans, other grains like rye were also
added. Spelt and rye are currently also very well-liked grains that are mostly used
to manufacture a wide range of German bread. Whilst there are regional variations
in food culture, most German recipes focus heavily on bread, potatoes, and meat,
 34
especially pork, as well as plenty of greens such as types of cabbage and kale.
Cake, coffee, and beer are all highly popular elements of German cuisine.

As stated by Radisson Hotels (2023), the German cuisine has a rich and
varied history that has been cultivated over many centuries. The development of
this was influenced mainly by regional cultures within Germany and neighboring
countries, as well as historical events and economic factors. Regional culture had
a great impact on the progression of German cuisine now and even in the ancient
times, which resulted in a diverse culinary landscape and a wide variety of food
flavors that reflects the country’s rich history and geographical variations. Every
region in Germany has and boasts its own unique food traditions, ingredients used,
and how the food is prepared, which are deeply ingrained in the region’s local
culture and history. These regional differences have brought about a wide range
of distinctive dishes and flavors that were thoroughly enjoyed by the locals as well
as the tourists. Each regional cuisine has its own ingredients and traditions that
set them apart. For example, Bavaria is known for its hearty and meat-centric
cuisine, with dishes like sausages and pretzels, influenced by the region's
agricultural heritage and beer culture. In contrast, northern coastal areas like
Schleswig-Holstein are characterized by a strong maritime influence, leading to a
preference for seafood, including herring and cod.

Continued by Darlene (2015) of the International Cuisine, the influence of

neighboring countries is particularly evident especially those who are along
Germany’s borders.Germany's neighboring nations, including Russia and Turkey,
have left their mark on German cuisine, particularly in the eastern parts of the
country. In the 1960s, Germany was experiencing a strong economic boom, but it
faced a significant shortage of workers. To address this, Germany struck a labor
agreement with Turkey, leading to the Turkish community becoming the second-
largest ethnic group in the country. Eastern European neighbors like Poland have
introduced dishes such as pierogi and sauerkraut to the German culinary
repertoire, especially in the eastern parts of the country. Italy's proximity has led to
a preference for Mediterranean flavors and pasta dishes in southern Germany.
These culinary exchanges shows the nature of food culture, where no border
cannot confine the expansion of culinary traditions. This has led to German cuisine
becoming a dynamic blend of local and global influences which creates an
interesting and constantly changing culinary scene.

The following are information about German cuisine from an article made
by McGavin (2020) entitled “Introduction to German Food”:
 35
Oldest German Foods

In prehistoric times, the food in Germany was more likely plain and focused
on simple ingredients. Unlike the mediterranean countries like Albania, Algeria,
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Cyprus, Egypt, France, Greece, Israel, Italy,
Spain and Turkey, the weather in Germany limited the people and could only grow
early types of wheat, barley, and pasture land for livestock. The animals like sheep,
cows, and goats were used for making milk, butter, and cheese and occasionally
meat products, which were served mostly on special occasions like Saint
Walpurga’s eve, New Year’s Day, Oktoberfest, and etc. The first spices used in
German cooking were things like parsley, celery, and dill, and these are still used
today. Later on, the Romans introduced the fruit tree cultivation and grapevines,
and taught the Germans how to grow fruit trees and grapes which are used for
making wine. As time passed, the Germans started growing oats and rye as
agricultural methods became more sophisticated. The areas around Cologne were
especially rich in fragrant spices and food due to its location and status as a trading
city.

Modern Day German Foods

Modern German cuisine is a delightful blend of hearty and diverse flavors

that reflect the country's rich culinary heritage and global influences. While
traditional German dishes such as sausages, schnitzel, and sauerkraut remain
popular, modern German cooking has evolved. It emphasizes the use of fresh,
locally sourced ingredients and seasonal preparations. Core ingredients such as
potatoes, bread, and various meats, particularly pork, remain prominent. As a
result of globalization, German gastronomy has embraced international dishes,
with a variety of flavors and inspirations from neighboring countries. Each region
boasts its own distinctive culinary specialties, illustrating regional diversity, which
is still a defining characteristic. Germany is surely dedicated to providing high-
quality food because of its strict food laws and standards. Germany has a large
selection of beer styles to choose from, and the country is well known for its beer.
Additionally, wine is widely produced in areas like the Rhine and Moselle. Overall,
modern German cuisine offers food lovers a delightful dining experience because
it skillfully combines tradition and innovation.

The upcoming selection comprises a variety of the best distinctive German

culinary offerings as mentioned by Krueger (2023) of CNN.
 36

German Dishes

● Königsberger klopse

Photo Taken from jungleinn-bukitlawang.com

This is a tasty dish of meatballs in a creamy white sauce with capers.

These meatballs are usually prepared by mincing veal and mixing it with
onions, eggs, anchovies, pepper, and various spices. This satisfying dish is
given an unexpectedly elegant touch by the capers and lemon juice in the
sauce. To avoid any association with the dish's original name, which was
connected to a region that had been taken over by the Soviet Union,
authorities decided to rename the dish "kochklopse," which translates to
"boiled meatballs," during the German Democratic Republic era. The
majority of German restaurants still list these meatballs by their traditional
name, "königsberger klopse," on their menus today. This dish is particularly
beloved in Berlin and Brandenburg.

● Maultaschen

Stock Photo Taken from istockphoto.com

 37
This dish is from Swabia in southwestern Germany, which are similar
to ravioli but larger in size. These frequently square-shaped dough pockets
are filled with different kinds of savory, sweet, meat-based, and vegetarian
fillings. Minced meat, breadcrumbs, onions, and spinach are a classic
combination that is seasoned with salt, pepper, and parsley. The result is a
tender and creamy delicacy that is frequently gently simmered and served
with broth rather than sauce. For an added layer of richness, they can also
be pan-fried and covered in butter. Maultaschen are still popular in Germany
now in modern times, and some versions are even sold frozen in
supermarkets. Nevertheless, the southern regions are where they are
commonly found.

● Labskaus

Stock Photo Taken from istockphoto.com

Despite not being particularly attractive, Labskaus is a delicious

culinary creation that far exceeds any other maritime heritage of northern
Germany. It is typically served with pickled gherkins and rollmops and is
made of salted beef, onions, potatoes, and pickled beets. For a very long
time, sailors from the Baltic and North Sea have preferred this dish. Today,
Labskaus is a common dish served throughout northern Germany, but it is
especially well-liked in Bremen, Kiel, and Hamburg.
 38
● Sausages

Photo Taken from edition.cnn.com

Germany simply wouldn't be the same without its sausages. In

sausage-loving Germany, you'll find a vast array of cured, smoked, and
other types of sausages. The country boasts over 40 different varieties of
German bratwurst. These can be grilled on a barbecue or cooked in a pan,
then conveniently served in a white bread roll with mustard for a quick meal
on the move, or enjoyed with potato salad or sauerkraut, making them the
ideal complement to a refreshing German beer.

● Currywurst

Photo Taken from wenywonderswhy.blogspot.com

Herta Heuwer, a Berlin resident who created the first currywurst in

1949 by cleverly combining ketchup and curry powder she obtained from
British soldiers, is frequently credited with creating the dish. Her application
of this mixture to grilled sausages resulted in the creation of a beloved
German street food staple. Currywurst continues to be one of Germany's
most popular sausage-based street foods even though it now frequently
contains boiled or fried sausages. It is particularly well-liked in the Rhine-
 39
Ruhr region and cities like Berlin, Cologne, and the Rhine-Ruhr region,
where it is frequently served with French fries and your choice of ketchup,
mayonnaise, or in a bread roll.

● Döner kebab

Stock Photo Taken from vecteezy.com

Turkish immigrant workers who came to Germany in the 1960s and

1970s are responsible for the creation of the Döner kebab. Kadir Nurman,
one of the first street vendors, started selling Döner kebab sandwiches at
West Berlin's Zoo Station in 1972. The popularity of this dish then quickly
spread to both West and East Berlin and eventually to the rest of Germany.
A Döner kebab originally only included meat, onions, and a small amount
of salad. It changed over time into a dish that included a lot of salad,
vegetables which are sometimes grilled, and different sauces of your
choice. The most common meats for the spits are veal, chicken, and lamb,
which is always a favorite. Vegetarian and vegan options are also becoming
more and more popular.

● Schnitzel

Stock Photo Taken from edition.cnn.com

 40
This dish's German adaptation, which uses tenderized pork or
turkey, has become popular on the menus of many luxurious dining
establishments. Germans enjoy pouring various sauces over their
schnitzel, as opposed to the plain serving style of Vienna schnitzel. The
zigeunerschnitzel is served with a flavorful bell pepper sauce, the
jagerschnitzel is served with a delicious mushroom sauce, and the
rahmschnitzel is served with a decadent creamy sauce. The best way to
enjoy these schnitzel variations is with a cold beer or an ice-cold glass
of Franconian apple wine, along with some crispy fried potatoes.

● Käsespätzle

Stock Photo Taken from dreamstime.com

It is a noodle dish where its noodles are a pasta variety made from a
straightforward mixture of eggs, flour, salt, and occasionally a touch of
sparkling water to give the dough some lightness. Traditionally, they are
served as a side dish alongside meat dishes or incorporated into soups. For
a flavorful twist, you can enhance them with cheese, with the käsespätzle
version being a highly favored dish in southern Germany, particularly in
Swabia, Bavaria, and the Allgäu region.

● Spaghettieis
 41
Stock Photo Taken from dreamstime.com

It is a creative ice cream dessert which is shaped like a plate of

spaghetti. A modified noodle press or potato ricer is used for creating vanilla
ice cream, giving it a unique look of spaghetti strands. Then, to give the
appearance of tomato sauce, strawberry sauce and white chocolate
shavings are used to decorate the "spaghetti" by adding them to a bed of
whipped cream. Alternative versions with dark chocolate ice cream and nuts
are available in addition to the traditional version with strawberry sauce,
giving the dessert the appearance of spaghetti carbonara rather than
spaghetti bolognese. Dario Fontanella, an ice cream maker by trade from
Italy who lived in Mannheim, Germany, came up with the idea for spaghetti
ice cream in 1969.

● Schwarzwälder kirschtorte

Photo Taken from baketotheroots.de

One of the most popular cakes in Germany is the Schwarzwälder

kirschtorte, also referred to as the Black Forest gateau. This sweet dessert
is typically made of layers of chocolate sponge cake filled with whipped
cream and tart cherries, drizzled with kirschwasser, and topped with
maraschino cherries, chocolate shavings, and additional whipped cream.
The popularity of this cake in Germany increased quickly and steadily after
World War II, and around this time, the kirschtorte started to appear outside
of Germany, particularly in the British Isles.
 42
● Reibekuchen

Stock Photo Taken from dreamstime.com

Reibekuchen is basically a fried potato pancake which is another

traditional comfort food and street food from Germany. They are frequently
served with treacle, a type of syrup, on dark pumpernickel rye bread, or with
applesauce. Fried potato pancakes are so widely consumed in Germany
that there are over 40 different names for them. Reibekuchen,
kartoffelpuffer, reibeplätzchen, reiberdatschi, grumbeerpannekuche, and
many other names are some of the many names they go by. All throughout
the year, people enjoy these tasty treats. They are a favorite among
partygoers during the springtime Karneval celebrations in Cologne and the
Rhineland, and during the holiday season, German Christmas markets
have reibekuchen vendors who process large amounts of potato dough
each day to meet demand.

● Sauerbraten

Photo Taken from marthastewart.com

It is one of Germany's national dishes, sauerbraten has many

regional variations that can be found in Franconia, Thuringia, the Rhineland,
 43
the Saarland, Silesia, and Swabia. Although making this pot roast takes
some time, the end result, which is frequently enjoyed as a Sunday family
dinner, is well worth the effort. Originally made with horse meat,
sauerbraten, which translates to "sour roast," is now more frequently made
with beef and venison. The meat is marinated in a mixture of red wine
vinegar, herbs, and spices for a number of days prior to cooking. To balance
the tangy notes of the vinegar, it is cooked in a rich gravy made with beetroot
sugar sauce and rye bread after marinating. Traditionally, sauerbraten is
served with side dishes like boiled potatoes, red cabbage, or potato
dumplings.

Tradition

This section aims to showcase the long-standing traditions of Germany.

From its historical roots to present-day customs, these traditions have played a
significant role in shaping the nation's culture. We'll take a journey through time,
exploring the practices that continue to hold meaning and influence in Germany
today.

Germans take great pride in their culture, which can be seen in the way they
celebrate some of the most popular holidays and festivals throughout the year or
even in the way they act daily. From fireworks on New Year's Eve to hanging lost
items in trees, these traditions hold deep-rooted meanings that often reflect
Germany's rich culture.

As per Beata's (2022) article, the following elements represent prevalent

cultural aspects in Germany.

Hanging Lost Items in Trees

In Germany, it is believed that hanging lost items in trees will help people
find them again. This tradition can be seen throughout the country, with people
hanging everything from hats and gloves to keys and wallets in the branches of
trees. You can see Germans doing it everywhere from small towns to big cities,
and it's considered a way of showing gratitude and helping others. While there
might be many theories as to why and when this tradition appeared, it’s really just
a reflection of German society. German people are friendlier to each other than
other northern European nations (even though they might not seem like it). Looking
out for one another is in their character. So, if you ever lose your gloves or hat
 44
during a cold winter, retrace your steps that day – and rest assured that there is a
high chance of finding them on a tree branch somewhere along the road.

Early Christmas Celebrations

Christmas is one of the most celebrated holidays in Germany, with a long

history and many traditions that vary from region to region. The Christmas season
in Germany starts with Advent, which is the four-week period leading up to
Christmas. Advent begins on the fourth Sunday before Christmas, and each week
has a specific focus. The first week is usually focused on hope, the second on love,
the third on joy, and the fourth on peace. Kids often create Advent calendars during
this time and celebrate each day of the Christmas season with sweets or small
presents. Some families put up and decorate their Christmas tree during this
period, even though many opt to do that on Christmas Eve. Christmas markets are
an integral part of Christmas celebrations. You can find them in almost every town
and city. Here, people can buy traditional Christmas gifts, enjoy festive food and
drinks, listen to music, and celebrate the Christmas season.

Another popular tradition during Advent is the Weihnachtskranz (Christmas

wreath), which is often displayed in homes and churches. The wreath is made of
evergreen branches and decorated with candles, ornaments, and ribbons. It
symbolizes the light of Christ coming into the world. Many Germans also begin
celebrating Christmas on December 24th, instead of December 25th. This is often
referred to as die Heilige Nacht (the holy night). Families and friends come together
on Christmas Eve to celebrate, exchange gifts, and eat traditional Christmas foods
like Stollen (fruitcake) and Lebkuchen (gingerbread).

Another popular German Christmas tradition is Krampus Night. Krampus is

a demonic figure who accompanies Saint Nicholas during Christmas and is often
portrayed as a creature with horns, a long tongue, and cloven hooves. Krampus is
known as someone who punishes naughty children by beating them with a stick or
stuffing them into his bag. Krampus Nights are usually held on December 5th and
involve parades, costume contests, and other festive activities. They are a way for
Germans to get into the Christmas spirit and have some fun while also celebrating
one of their most famous holiday characters.

Fireworks and Watching “Dinner for One” on New Year’s Eve

Fireworks are synonymous with New Year’s Eve celebrations around the
world, and Germany is no exception. On December 31st, Germans celebrate
 45
Silvester (New Year’s Eve) by setting off fireworks – but trust us, this is different
from other countries. Germans take their fireworks pretty seriously. A few days
before December 31st, 90% of the German population turns into experienced
pyrotechnics, and almost everyone starts setting fireworks everywhere. If you’re
not used to such celebrations, this New Year’s Eve tradition can seem scary, but
do not worry, Germans usually manage to avoid major hazards.

Another popular New Year’s Eve tradition in Germany is watching “Dinner

For One.” This short British comedy sketch has been aired on German TV every
year since 1963 and has become a cultural phenomenon. The sketch follows an
elderly woman celebrating her 90-th birthday with a dinner party, where her butler
has to fill in for her four absent friends. While the sketch might seem morbid to
some, it’s actually a light-hearted way for Germans to say goodbye to the old year
and ring in the new. “Dinner For One” is typically shown on New Year’s Eve and is
one of the most watched TV programs in Germany each year.

Time Off is Taken Very Seriously

In Germany, time off is taken very seriously. Unlike in the United States
where many people take vacation days but then still work remotely or check in with
the office, Germans completely detach themselves from work during their time off.
This is partly because Germans have a much stronger work-life balance culture
than Americans. In Germany, there is a general expectation that employees will
not check email or take work calls during their time off. And, if they do, they can
expect to be chastised by their colleagues and boss when they return to work. This
focus on disconnecting from work during vacation helps to ensure that Germans
actually enjoy their time off. They are not constantly stressed about work and can
relax and recharge fully. This ultimately makes them more productive when they
are at work.

Germans also take their holidays very seriously in terms of timing. They
often plan trips far in advance and make sure to take the full amount of days
allotted to them. This ensures that they have a real break from work and can fully
enjoy their time away. Overall, Germans view vacation time or time off as an
important part of life, something that should be taken advantage of and enjoyed to
the fullest. This is a mindset that contributes to their strong work-life balance
culture and results in employees who are more productive and happier overall.
 46
Underage Kids Can Drink

In Germany, it is legal for children as young as 16 to drink beer and wine in

public. This might seem like a recipe for disaster, but it’s actually not as bad as you
might think. The reason behind this law is that Germans believe that if children are
taught to drink responsibly from a young age, they will be less likely to abuse
alcohol later in life. And, there is evidence to support this theory. In Germany, rates
of underage drinking and binge-drinking are lower than in many other countries.

Of course, this does not mean that all 16-year-olds in Germany are
chugging beers at the local pub. The legal drinking age is still 18 for hard liquor,
so most kids stick to beer and wine. And even then, they typically drink in
moderation and with food. So, while it might seem surprising at first, the legal
drinking age in Germany is actually a reflection of the country’s beliefs about
alcohol consumption.

Nudity is Something Normal

In many cultures, nudity is seen as something sexual or taboo. But, in

Germany, it’s a much different story. There is no shame in nudity in Germany, and
you can see people of all ages walking around without a stitch of clothing on. This
might seem strange to foreigners at first (especially if they decide to visit a public
sauna one day), but it’s just something that Germans are used to.

One of the reasons for this acceptance of nudity is the fact that Germans
have a history of being a very open and liberal people. They do not believe in hiding
their bodies or sexuality and are comfortable being nude in public. Another reason
for the acceptance of nudity is the fact that Germans do not see being naked as
something sexual. They view nudity as something natural and see no harm in
being naked around others.

German Language is not the Same Everywhere

There are many German accents and it is often said that people from
Eastern Germany might not understand people from the southern part, or that you
will hear two completely different accents in West Germany and Austria. German
people even often make fun of those who speak a different dialect. Even within the
same region, there can be many different accents. This is because there is no one
official German language. This can be confusing for foreigners who are trying to
learn German and discover at some point that there are several completely
 47
different words for one thing, for example, potato.

But, even though there are many different German accents, it is still possible
to understand most Germans when they speak Standard German, which is the
version of German that is taught in schools. And, for those who really want to learn
the accent of a particular region, there are plenty of resources available online.

As outlined by Lingoda's (2022) findings, the following encapsulates the

customary cultural elements of Germany.

Schultüte on the First Day of School

The Schultüte is a traditional German gift that was established during the
19th century. A Schultüte is a paper or plastic bag in the shape of a large cone.
They are given by parents to their children on their very first day of school (after
Kindergarten) to help them overcome the anxiety that is normally associated with
this milestone. Schultüten are usually filled with various small gifts ranging from
candy to items of clothing and teddy bears.

Reinfeiern

In Germany, celebrating birthdays is taken very seriously. A German

tradition regarding this is described by the verb reinfeiern, which literally means
“party into” and is used in the phrase in den Geburtstag reinfeiern. It refers to the
act of celebrating one’s birthday the evening before, considering that the person’s
birthday will start as soon as the clock strikes midnight. That way, the
Geburtstagkind (literally ‘birthday kid’) is surrounded by his or her loved ones for
the first few minutes or hours of his or her birthday.

Tanz in den Mai

Tanz in den Mai, literally “dance into May” is the name of most parties taking
place every year on April 30. This celebration originates from Walpurgisnacht (or
Hexennacht, meaning Witches Night), which was the night to get rid of evil spirits
and celebrate the arrival of spring. Nowadays, most clubs and bars host special
parties and people also often dance around bonfires in parks. May 1 is also highly
celebrated in Germany as it is Labor Day. In Berlin, for example, several
demonstrations take place and the neighborhood of Kreuzberg turns into a big
street festival with open-air stages hosting free concerts.
 48
Tanzverbot

Tanzverbot means “dancing ban” and is a term that is used to describe the
fact that dancing on some holidays is forbidden by state governments. Dancing
bans are mostly linked to Christian holidays such as Good Friday as well as
memorial days like Volkstrauertag, which commemorates those who died during
armed conflicts or from oppression. This dancing ban concerns public dancing
parties but people are free to dance in their homes. In practice, this means that
some places dedicated to dancing such as clubs have to stay shut during the
agreed period. In Berlin for example, clubs are supposed to be closed between 4
am and 9 pm on Good Friday.

Tatort

Tatort is a crime TV series that has been airing since the 1970s and is the
biggest Sunday evening tradition in Germany. The show is based on stories
happening to different police units in different cities (each episode takes place in
one of around 20 German, Swiss and Austrian cities and revolves around a single
crime). Public screenings of the show are often held in bars and people also like
to gather at home to watch the weekly episode.

Festivals and Celebrations

This section aims to showcase the diverse and vibrant festivals and
celebrations that take place in Germany. These events offer a lively glimpse into
the country's rich cultural traditions and the joyous spirit of its people. From the
world-famous Oktoberfest to the enchanting Christmas markets, each festival
brings its own unique flavor to Germany's cultural landscape. Let's explore these
lively festivities and discover the colorful tapestry of celebrations that define this
nation.

Germany is a country that knows how to throw a good festival. From wine
festivals to film festivals, they can be found in cities and villages alike, showcasing
a wide range of diversity. Attending one of these traditional celebrations is like
peering into the heart of the nation, as they carry the very essence of German
culture and identity. These festivals are unique experiences that should not be
missed.

According to Karnam (2020), one of the most renowned is Oktoberfest, a

Bavarian beer festival held in Munich. Here, beer enthusiasts from around the
 49
world come together to celebrate, indulging in the highest-quality Bavarian beer,
alongside a plethora of cultural events and performances. The festival is a lively
spectacle, featuring vibrant parades, thrilling rides, and live music from Munich's
top breweries. Another standout celebration is Karneval, Fasching, or Fastnacht,
a six-day costume extravaganza. Held in February, this festival is known for its
exuberant parties and the consumption of local beer and doughnuts. With different
traditions in various regions, the festivities are particularly vibrant in Franconia in
northern Bavaria. For cinema buffs, the Berlinale, or International Film Festival in
Berlin, is a must-visit. It is a renowned platform for experimental cinema, offering
screenings followed by Q&A sessions with directors and cast members. Opera and
ballet enthusiasts can revel in the month-long Munich Opera Festival, a tradition
since 1876. An exceptional aspect is 'Opera for All,' where performances are
broadcasted live for the audience at Max-Joseph-Platz.

Another festival that Karnam (2020) shares is Wurstmarkt, the world's

largest wine festival, it takes place in Bad Dürkheim in September. This festival,
celebrated for over 600 years, is steeped in ancient winemaking history, dating
back to the Romans. While in Bayreuth, the Richard Wagner Festival celebrates
the works of the famous German composer. The festival, the largest of its kind
globally, is held at the Festspielhaus, an opera house designed by Wagner himself.
One more festival called Rhein in Flammen, or 'Rhine in flames,' is a dazzling
festival filled with fireworks and ship parades along the river Rhine. Taking place
from May to September in various locations, it offers a bright and lively spectacle
for all to enjoy. The Frankfurt Book Fair is a dream come true for bibliophiles, being
the world's largest and oldest book event. Taking place annually in October, it has
been a cornerstone for the book publishing industry and international visitors for
over 500 years.

These festivals, deeply rooted in culture and tradition, provide an authentic

experience of Germany. Many of them, born as local events, have grown to
become some of the largest celebrations worldwide. The locals join in with
enthusiasm, welcoming tourists to partake, creating an inclusive and diverse
atmosphere. Whether you're a beer lover, a wine connoisseur, a music enthusiast,
or a bookworm, Germany offers something for every type of traveler.

Each festival gives us a unique peek into German traditions and brings
people together in a joyful spirit.
 50
Oktoberfest

Based on Britannica (2023), “Oktoberfest” is an annual festival that takes

place in Munich, Germany and spans over two weeks, concluding on the first
Sunday in October. Its roots trace back to October 12, 1810, when it was
established to honor the marriage of Bavaria's crown prince, who later became
King Louis I, to Princess Therese von Sachsen-Hildburghausen. The initial festivity
culminated with a horse race held in an open area that was later named
Theresienwiese or "Therese's green". The following year, the race merged with a
state agricultural fair. In 1818, booths serving food and drink were introduced. Over
time, these booths evolved into sizable beer halls constructed from plywood,
featuring interior balconies and bandstands. Each Munich brewer assembles one
of these temporary structures, accommodating around 6,000 patrons. The opening
of the festival is marked by the mayor of Munich tapping the first keg. Oktoberfest
sees a staggering beer consumption of approximately 75,800 hectoliters (about 2
million gallons). The breweries also participate in parades, showcasing beer
wagons and floats along with people dressed in traditional attire. The festivities
include games, amusement rides, music, and dancing. Drawing more than six
million people annually, many of whom are tourists, Oktoberfest has become a
widely celebrated tradition. In the United States, several cities, especially those
with substantial German American communities, host their own Oktoberfests
inspired by the original Munich celebration. These lively gatherings aim to recreate
the warm and convivial ambiance known as gemütlichkeit, offering beer and
authentic German cuisine.

Per Tiago (2019), these are facts about the Oktoberfest, it actually has
faced cancellation for 24 times, mostly due to wars and cholera outbreaks. Adidas
released vomit-resistant sneakers inspired by the festivities, a hit among
attendees. Locals affectionately call Oktoberfest "Wiesn" after the Theresienwiese
grounds. The event officially kicks off with a gun salute and the mayor's declaration
of "O’ zapft is!" meaning "It is tapped!". Bavarian hats with more tufts of goat hair
signify greater wealth for wearers. Beer prices start at 10.70 euros, making it a
somewhat pricier affair. In 2018, a staggering 7.5 million liters of beer were
consumed, while the specially brewed Oktoberfest beer is particularly potent, akin
to eight shots of Schnapps. Tragically, around 600-800 individuals annually suffer
from alcohol poisoning. A Red Cross tent provides vital medical aid. Oktoberfest
boasts 14 large beer hall tents, with Schottenhamel and Hofbräu-Festhalle being
the most famous and the largest, respectively. A dedicated wine tent offers 15
varieties of wine, champagne, and sparkling wine. With roughly 140 eateries and
food stands, attendees have ample culinary choices. The festival runs from
 51
9:00AM to 10:30PM, with closures between 11:30 PM and midnight. Surprisingly,
it is a family-friendly event, akin to a state fair, featuring over 80 rides. Despite its
global appeal, 81% of Oktoberfest-goers are local. An estimated 6 million people
partake in the festivities yearly, significantly boosting the local economy. Notably,
Albert Einstein once worked there in 1896 as an electrician. A temporary post office
sends out around 130,000 postcards and gifts each year. Glass mugs, introduced
in 1892, replaced stone or metal vessels. Beer mugs, a popular souvenir,
numbered 130,000 in 2010. Hosting a food stall or tent requires up to a 20-year
wait. The phrase "Ein Prosit der Gemütlichkeit!" is commonly heard, though it is
not originally Bavarian. An annual mass is held in the Hippodrome tent on the first
Thursday of Oktoberfest. It is a surprisingly child-friendly affair, offering rides,
games, and traditional Bavarian parades. A lost and found children's office
addresses parental concerns about losing their kids. Lost & Found collects around
5,000 items yearly, including wheelchairs, baby carriages, passports, and even
teeth. Paris Hilton is permanently prohibited from attending due to her provocative
attire during a promotional event.

German Christmas Markets

Germany boasts some of the most enchanting Christmas markets in the

world, each offering its own special holiday experience. The Dresden
Striezelmarkt, established in 1434, stands as the oldest Christmas market in
Germany, featuring a towering Christmas pyramid and a historic Ferris wheel
among its 200 stalls. Düsseldorf's Christmas market is a conglomerate of six
themed markets, turning the city's downtown into a lively Weihnachtsmarkt, with
attractions like vendor huts modeled after historic houses and an inviting ice rink.
After a three-year hiatus due to the pandemic, the Stuttgarter Weihnachtsmarkt
returns, offering not only a rich tradition dating back to 1692 but also a picturesque
backdrop of Stuttgart’s Old Castle. Erfurter Weihnachtsmarkt, nestled in the city's
preserved old quarter, showcases an array of traditional handicrafts, Thuringian
bratwurst, and an assortment of unique items. The Weihnachtsmarkt Schloss
Charlottenburg in Berlin, set against the grand Charlottenburg Palace, provides a
scene as magical as Berlin's Gendarmenmarkt but with a more intimate ambiance.
Cologne Cathedral Christmas Market, located in front of the iconic Cologne
cathedral, entices visitors with classic German fare, glühwein, and a vibrant array
of stage performances. These are just a handful of the remarkable Christmas
markets in Germany, each offering a unique blend of holiday cheer and festive
traditions, as stated by Reid et al (2022).

As Schuetze (2022) mentioned in his article on The New York Times, in

 52
Nuremberg, at the heart of Germany's holiday traditions, the Christkindlesmarkt
comes alive with the warm glow of festivities. Known as one of the country's oldest
and most cherished festive markets, it is a place where wooden nativity scenes,
ornate ornaments, and the inviting aroma of gingerbread cookies fill the air. After
a hiatus due to the Covid-19 pandemic, the market has returned, drawing locals
and visitors back to the city's central square. Since at least 1628, this market has
been a cherished annual tradition, interrupted only by historical events like the
pandemic and the aftermath of World War II. Its absence in 2020 was keenly felt
by locals like Ursula Köbl, for whom the market is an integral part of a traditional
Christmas.

However, this year, even as the market embraces its festive spirit, there's a
noticeable shift. For the first time in recent memory, several vendors have
relinquished their cherished spots, citing high costs and staffing challenges. This
has left gaps in the stalls, like missing teeth in a beaming smile. Despite a return
to relative normalcy, economic uncertainties and an impending energy crisis cast
a shadow of uncertainty over these holiday markets. As Germany grapples with
new energy-saving regulations, Christmas markets, with their energy-efficient LED
lights, face the challenge of sustaining commerce. Initial reports indicate that while
spending at the stalls may be more conservative, the crowds are as enthusiastic
as ever.

The Covid-19 pandemic has left a considerable impact on the city's

finances, as the market plays a pivotal role, along with tourism and business-
related events. Marcus König, Nuremberg's mayor, acknowledges the market's
profound significance, describing it as part of the city's DNA. In 2019, the market
welcomed 2.2 million visitors, contributing an estimated 180 million euros to the
local economy. Although this year's earnings may be more modest, the market
continues to be a magnet for Nurembergers and tourists alike, creating a space for
social interaction and shared festivities.

As prices rise and economic concerns loom, Germans are showing signs of
cautious spending. According to a survey, many anticipate inflation driving up
consumer goods prices, leading to a reevaluation of holiday spending. Yet, for
many Nurembergers, the joy of gathering, sharing stories, and embracing tradition
remains steadfast. The market, with its old-world charm and enduring spirit,
remains a cherished fixture in the city's cultural landscape. As vendors adapt to
changing shopping patterns, the essence of the Christkindlesmarkt endures,
inviting visitors to experience the warmth and camaraderie of the holiday season.
 53
Karneval

Fastnacht or Karneval refers to carnival, which in some parts of Germany is

also dubbed the "fifth season." To provide the reader with a brief overview of what
follows, it is appropriate to offer a quick tutorial on carnival season. Carnival
typically commences on the 11th of November at 11:11 a.m., culminating on "Ash
Wednesday" or "Aschermittwoch." In Christian tradition, "Aschermittwoch"
signifies the commencement of the fasting period that extends until Easter.
However, these appear to be the only shared elements. Terms and customs can
vary significantly among different German carnival regions, sometimes sparking
heated debates. If the reader is curious about delving further into German carnival
traditions, a thorough online exploration is well worth their while.

Pauer (2020 mentioned that it is worth noting that carnival is not celebrated
with equal fervor throughout all of Germany. While the southern and western parts
of the country embrace carnival festivities, the northern and eastern regions tend
to view this tradition with more indifference. For instance, Göttingen is a city where
carnival does not hold much prominence. Members of the BLUG team, each
hailing from diverse carnival backgrounds, offer the reader an exclusive glimpse
behind the scenes in their discussion about carnival.

According to GermanPod101 (2019), the Karneval holds deep historical

roots and is celebrated in various countries as a precursor to Lent fasting. German
Carnival, in particular, is a time of exuberance and festivity, with each region in
Germany having its own distinct way of observing this holiday. This article will
primarily focus on the festivities in Rhineland, as German Carnival costumes
exhibit considerable diversity. Regardless of your location in Germany, common
elements such as Carnival masks, songs, and even games are likely to be present.
At GermanPod101.com, our aim is to facilitate language learning within the context
of the country's culture, all while ensuring an enjoyable experience. The German
Carnival marks a period of celebration leading up to the commencement of Lent.
Should you find yourself in Germany during this season, you might encounter an
array of German Carnival attire and savor delectable treats like Mutzenmandeln,
Berliner, donuts, pancakes, fritters, or carnival Kräppel. This time is meant for
indulgence before the onset of fasting. The commencement of the German
Carnival season fluctuates each year, aligning with the date of Easter. For your
convenience, here are the starting dates for the next ten years: [List of dates
provided]. The pinnacle of Carnival, known as Rose Monday (Rosenmontag), is
celebrated forty-eight days prior to Easter Sunday. Given its extended duration,
Carnival is often referred to as the fifth season of the year.
 54

Central to Carnival are the Carnival associations, established in every city.

Members assemble outside of the Carnival season to construct the floats that will
dispense sweets to the audience during the numerous Carnival processions.
These floats always adopt a particular theme, often reflecting a contentious issue
of the year through oversized, caricatured figures. The Carnival associations also
host "sitzungen," gatherings where participants don their costumes or special attire
and deliver satirical speeches on stage. Following this day, other celebrations
include "Carnation Saturday," "Tulip Sunday," "Viola Tuesday," and "Ash
Wednesday." Each of these days features processions and festivities in numerous
cities. As "Rose Monday" traditionally serves as the pinnacle of Carnival, most
Carnival processions occur on this day. While it may not be an official holiday, in
Carnival regions, many employers observe it as such for their staff.

Walpurgis Night

Walpurgis Night, observed on April 30th, is the eve of the feast day
dedicated to Saint Walpurgis, a recognized figure in the Roman Catholic Church.
This traditional holiday is widely celebrated in northern Europe and Scandinavia,
bearing certain resemblances to Halloween rather than having direct associations
with the saint herself.

To know more about Walpurgis Night’s history, Saint Walpurga, also known
as Valborg, Wealdburg, or Valderburger, was born around 710 AD in the English
Kingdom of Wessex. She later joined the community at Wimborne Abbey, Dorset,
and was eventually called by her brother Winebald to serve as abbess at his
combined monastery of monks and nuns in Heidenheim, Germany. Her passing in
779 AD led to her burial in Heidenheim, with her remains being moved to the
Church of the Holy Cross at Eichstätt around 870 AD. This event further solidified
May 1st as a significant date associated with the saint. As mentioned by Mingren
(2018), despite its Christian context, the celebration of Walpurgis Night is rooted
in pre-Christian rituals of northern Europe, focusing on welcoming spring and
ensuring the fertility of the land. Witches also find a place in the folklore
surrounding Walpurgis Night. German tradition speaks of witches convening for a
grand sabbath atop the Brocken, the highest peak of the Harz mountain range.
This notion gained prominence in the 17th century and later became a popular
theme in art and literature during the 19th and 20th centuries, notably in Goethe’s
play "Faust." The customs of Walpurgis Night reflect the belief that it was a time
when witches and malevolent entities roamed freely. People engaged in practices
like dressing in costumes, creating loud noises, hanging blessed foliage, and
 55
offering bread with butter and honey to ward off phantom hounds. Bonfires were
also lit, a tradition with pre-Christian origins, initially used to protect livestock during
the spring equinox. Though Saint Walpurga's association with Scandinavia is
minimal, the celebration of Walpurgis Night has extended to countries like Sweden
and Finland. In Finland, it is known as Vappu and has become a significant holiday
across all segments of society, originally favored by the upper class but later
adopted by university students and now embraced by all.

As mentioned in an article entitled “The Origins of Walpurgis Night” written

by Sass (2022), the emergence of Walpurgis Night within Asatru communities in
the 1970s saw its connection to Wiccan traditions, influenced by American
founders with Wiccan backgrounds. This led to a divergence between "neo-pagan"
Asatru and English Heathenry, with varying approaches to research and historical
accuracy. Today, certain Asatru organizations continue to celebrate Walpurgis
Night, attributing it to Germanic Heathen origins, despite its roots in Christian
traditions. This highlights the importance of thorough research and scholarly
inquiry in reconstructing and understanding ancient practices, as well as the
evolution of traditions in contemporary contexts. Walpurgis Night remains
celebrated globally, with various regions offering their own unique observances,
such as the "Burning of the Witches" in the Czech Republic, and commemorations
in Finland, Sweden, and Bavaria honoring the transfer of her relics.

St. Martin’s Day

On the occasion of St. Martin's Day, children engage in age-old traditions

that involve dressing up and crafting exquisite paper lanterns. They go from door
to door singing “St Martin ritt durch Schnee und Wind” and receive sweets, fruits,
and other treats in return. To know more about the history of St. Martin’s Day an
article written by Nehra (2019) states that the day of November 11th in Germany
is marked by the glow of lanterns carried by children during the annual Saint
Martin’s Day processions. Town squares across the country come alive with
bonfires, while celebrants savor dishes like goose, red cabbage, and dumplings.
These radiant processions serve to commemorate Saint Martin's life and
symbolize the sacred light that dispels darkness. These festivities embody the
hope and faith inspired by Saint Martin's deeds. However, despite the enduring
celebrations, the narrative and legacy of Saint Martin have gradually faded from
prominence. Saint Martin's life is woven with miracles and extraordinary events
that continue to influence the observance of Saint Martin’s Day. Born in the 4th
century, he hailed from Savaria in Pannonia, modern-day Hungary, and embraced
Christianity at an early age. Unusual for the time, he chose this faith, newly
 56
recognized in the Roman Empire. A soldier by duty, an incident before a battle
prompted his withdrawal from military service, leading to his profound conversion.
Transitioning from a soldier to a follower of Trinitarian Christianity, he faced exile
and later sought solitude as a hermit. Miraculously cured from a near-fatal illness,
he established a hermitage in Gaul, which eventually evolved into the renowned
Ligugè Abbey. Saint Martin's travels and preaching were punctuated by miracles,
including the revival of three individuals.

While in 371 AD, Martin was unexpectedly ordained as a bishop in Tours,

solidifying his role in the Church. Tales of his attempts to evade this position,
including an encounter with geese, have become part of his enduring legacy, and
this is why goose is a customary dish on Saint Martin’s Day. Throughout history,
Saint Martin has been revered as an exemplar of virtuous Christian living. His life
as a soldier, compassionate giving to the destitute, dedication to duty, and respect
for secular authority have made him an icon of righteousness, equity, and piety.
Saint Martin passed away on November 8, 397, and was interred on November
11, giving rise to the celebration of Saint Martin's Day. Venerated widely, his legacy
lives on, with the Latin poet Ventantius Fortunatus declaring, “Wherever Christ is
known, Martin is honored.”

In Germany, Saint Martin's Day, originating in France, is observed with

bonfires and feasts, celebrating the conclusion of the agrarian year and harvest
season. It is also the onset of the Advent season. Traditional festivities involve
masses in honor of Saint Martin, and feasts featuring roasted goose, red cabbage,
dumplings, and Martinshörnchen, a pastry representing Saint Martin's horse's
hooves and mantle. The streets come alive with processions led by a figure
portraying Saint Martin on horseback, followed by children and parents bearing
paper lanterns illuminated by candles, adding to the enchantment of this cherished
occasion.

Tourist Spots

This section is dedicated to showcasing the various tourist spots in

Germany. From its historical landmarks to its picturesque landscapes, Germany
offers a wide range of attractions that cater to a diverse array of travelers. This
curated selection aims to provide a glimpse into the country's rich cultural heritage
and its stunning natural beauty, ensuring an enriching experience for every visitor.
Join us as we embark on a journey through some of Germany's most captivating
destinations.
 57
The following are the top 20 tourist attractions in Germany as said by
Dearsley (2022):

Berlin’s Brandenburg Gate

Photo Taken from Britannica.com

The Brandenburg Gate in Berlin, constructed in 1791, was influenced by the
Acropolis in Athens and is a significant Neoclassical structure in the city. It stands
at an impressive height of 26 meters, inclusive of the Quadriga, a stunning four-
horse chariot bearing the goddess of victory atop the building. The gate features
six large columns on each side, creating five spacious passages. Four were
utilized for regular traffic, while the central one was reserved for royal carriages.
The Gate is flanked by large Doric columns on two adjacent structures, once
manned by toll-collectors and guards. Despite being severely damaged during
WWII, the Brandenburg Gate stands today as Berlin's most iconic structure, having
also played a symbolic role in the division of East and West Berlin.

Cologne Cathedral (Kölner Dom)

Photo Taken from Cologne-tourism.com

The Cologne Cathedral, also known as the Cathedral of St. Peter and St.
Mary, is an imposing High Gothic architectural masterpiece situated along the
 58
Rhine River. It is one of the largest cathedrals in Europe, with construction
commencing in 1248 and taking over 600 years to complete. The interior spans an
impressive 6,166 square meters and is supported by 56 massive pillars. Notable
features include the Reliquary of the Three Kings, an intricately designed gold
artwork from the 12th century, intended to house relics of the Three Kings. Visitors
can also enjoy panoramic views from the South Towers and explore the Treasury
with its valuable artifacts.

The Black Forest

Photo Taken from Britannica.com

The Black Forest, located in southwestern Germany, covers a distance of

160 kilometers from Pforzheim to Waldshut on the High Rhine. Its lush, densely-
wooded hills make it one of the most visited upland regions in Europe, particularly
popular among hikers. The forest descends steeply to the Rhine on the west side,
characterized by verdant valleys, while the eastern slope gently leads to the upper
Neckar and Danube valleys. Notable attractions include Germany's oldest ski area
at Todtnau, the spa facilities of Baden-Baden, and the resort town of Bad
Liebenzell. Triberg is another highlight, known for the Black Forest Railway and
the Black Forest Open Air Museum.

Neuschwanstein Castle
 59
Photo Taken from travelandleisure.com

Neuschwanstein Castle, located near the quaint town of Füssen, is a

renowned royal castle and a source of inspiration for Walt Disney's iconic theme
park castles. Constructed by King Ludwig II of Bavaria from 1869 to 1886, it is
characterized by numerous towers and battlements. Guided tours of the lavish
interior are available, showcasing rooms like the Throne Room and the Singers'
Hall. The castle offers some of Germany's most spectacular views.

The Warehouse District

Photo Taken from viator.com

In the heart of the historic Port of Hamburg lies the Miniatur Wunderland,
the world's largest model railway. This attraction, with over 9.5 miles of model
railway track, encompasses various sections representing regions like the USA,
England, Scandinavia, and Hamburg. It features over 1,300 trains, more than
50,000 tiny lights, and over 400,000 miniature human figures. The meticulously
detailed miniature environments include airports, complete with operational
planes, as well as bustling cities, tranquil rural scenes, and active harbors. Behind-
the-scenes tours offer a unique and engaging experience, particularly enjoyable at
night.

The Rhine Valley

 60
Photo Taken from tripsavvy.com

The Rhine River is not only Europe's most important waterway but also its
most scenic. Stretching 1,320 kilometers from Switzerland to The Netherlands, the
Upper Middle Rhine Valley section is particularly popular among tourists. This
picturesque 65-kilometer stretch of river boasts over 40 castles and approximately
60 medieval towns, accessible by river cruise or by car.

Berlin’s Museum Island

Photo Taken from cntraveler.com

Museum Island, or Museumsinsel, is a historic cultural hub located between

the River Spree and the Kupfergraben canal in Berlin. It houses some of the city's
oldest and most significant museums. The central point of interest is the Old
Museum, built in 1830 to showcase royal treasures. Adjacent to it are the New
Museum, National Gallery, and Bode Museum, which houses antiquities
collections. Notable attractions also include the Pergamon, featuring reconstructed
historic Middle Eastern buildings.

Munich’s Marienplatz
 61
Photo Taken from timesofindia.indiantimes.com

Marienplatz, Munich's central square, has played a pivotal role in the city's
commerce and trade since the 12th century. Today, it draws crowds for
sightseeing, dining at trendy cafes and restaurants, and shopping in boutique
stores. Notable landmarks in the square include the Neues Rathaus (New Town
Hall), Altes Rathaus (Old Town Hall), Mariensäule (Virgin Mary Monument), and
Fischbrunnen (Fish Fountain).

Bamberg and the Bürgerstadt

Photo Taken from planetware.com

Bamberg, situated in the Regnitz valley, is an important town in Upper

Franconia known for its well-preserved old town. The Bürgerstadt, or Citizens'
District, is a particularly charming area to explore on foot.

Gilded cross on the Zugspitze

Photo Taken from ricksteves.com

The Zugspitze massif, part of the Wetterstein mountain range, straddles the
Germany-Austria border and offers stunning alpine scenery. The summit, crowned
 62
by a gilded cross, can be accessed via cog railway or cable car. Another scenic
option is the Tiroler Zugspitzbahn, a railway that takes visitors to the
Zugspitzkamm station at 2,805 meters.

Chalk Cliffs in the Jasmund National Park

Photo Taken from thrillist.com

Rügen Island, the largest and most beautiful of Germany's Baltic islands,
boasts diverse landscapes including farmland, forested hills, sandy beaches,
lagoons, and peninsulas. Jasmund National Park on the Jasmund Peninsula is
popular among nature enthusiasts, known for its wildlife and dramatic chalk cliffs.
Königsstuhl National Park features dense beech forests, culminating in the
dramatic chalk cliff known as the Königsstuhl.

Königssee (King’s Lake)

Photo Taken from viator.com

Königssee, also known as King's Lake, is a scenic Bavarian lake situated

in the Berchtesgadener Land region. It offers an extensive network of hiking and
biking trails. The path along the lake's eastern side leading to Malerwinkel, or
 63
Painters' Corner, is a favored route for its outstanding views. Boat trips to the 17th-
century Pilgrimage Chapel of St. Bartholomew and walks to the Obersee are also
popular activities.

Rothenburg ob der Tauber

Photo Taken from nothingfamiliar.com

Rothenburg ob der Tauber, a Franconian imperial city, is a picturesque stop

on Germany's Romantic Road. Perched on the banks of the River Tauber, its walls
and towers have remained untouched since the Thirty Years War. A walking tour
or self-guided exploration of the well-preserved medieval town is highly
recommended. Notable sites include the 13th-century Town Hall (Rathaus), the
Ratstrinkstube (Council Tavern), St.-Georgs-Brunnen fountain, St. James's
Church, and the Imperial City Museum.

Sanssouci Park and Palace

Photo Taken from visitberlin.de

Sanssouci Park in Potsdam is a splendid example of Rococo design,

featuring a Baroque flower garden, fruit trees, and greenhouses. A straight avenue
 64
lined with trimmed hedges and beautiful gardens adds to the park's charm. Visitors
can explore various park buildings, such as the Picture Gallery and the Chinese
House, along with the Roman Baths complex. The Sanssouci Palace itself, a
single-story Rococo structure with a distinctive dome, houses impressive interiors
including the Marble Hall and sumptuous apartments.

Insel Mainau

Photo Taken from discoverwalks.com

Insel Mainau, also known as Flower Island, is a 110-acre property on Lake

Constance known for its stunning parks and gardens teeming with semi tropical
and tropical flora.

The Berlin Wall

Photo Taken from nationalgeographic.com

The Berlin Wall, though not inherently picturesque, stands as a must-see

attraction for visitors to Berlin. Erected in 1961, it symbolized the Cold War division
post-WWII, stretching over 155 kilometers before its dismantling in 1990. Today,
remnants of the wall, adorned with graffiti, serve as poignant reminders of the more
than 70 lives lost in attempts to escape the East. Preserved sections include a brief
segment at the notorious Checkpoint Charlie, and another at Humboldthafen,
 65
across from the Reichstag Building, bearing the names of the wall's victims.

Reichstag Building

Photo Taken from bundestag.de

The Reichstag, Germany's seat of government, has reclaimed its status as

one of Berlin's most frequented landmarks. Initially constructed in 1894 in Neo-
Renaissance style, it suffered a notorious fire in 1933 and remained in ruins until
post-German reunification, when it was meticulously restored to its former
grandeur. Notably, the building's colossal dome underwent a transformation,
opting for glass instead of traditional wood or metal, rendering it a significant tourist
draw. Visitors are treated to sweeping city views, particularly enchanting at night,
and can aim to catch a captivating sunset from the Rooftop Restaurant on-site.
The Reichstag also provides a splendid backdrop for summer concerts and light
displays, with guided tours available in English.

Tiergarten Park

Photo Taken from theguardian.com

In the old town of Nuremberg, Tiergarten Square stands as a testament to

the city's historical, cultural, and commercial significance. The Altstadt, or Old
Town area, despite extensive destruction in WWII, has been meticulously
 66
reconstructed to mirror its original form. Encircled by five kilometers of city walls,
the Altstadt is a delight to explore on foot, affording ample opportunities for
curiosity-driven discoveries. Dominating the Old Town is Nuremberg Castle, an
imposing medieval fortress constructed in the 11th century, distinguished by its
ancient towers, including the 1040-built Pentagonal Tower. Other notable features
in the Old Town include the centuries-old Hauptmarkt, famed for its intricate old
fountain, as well as the original town hall from the early 1600s, and numerous
historic merchant residences.

Dresden Frauenkirche

Photo Taken from swedishnomad.com

Dresden's Frauenkirche is a testament to resilience and reconstruction
following WWII's devastation. Situated in the heart of the old city, this magnificent
Baroque church, constructed in 1743, once epitomized European architectural
excellence. Despite complete wartime destruction, meticulous cataloging and
storage of salvaged remnants enabled the painstaking reconstruction that ensued
after German reunification. The fully restored interior, including the meticulously
reconstructed high altar, now mirrors its original splendor. A visit to the church's
dome offers breathtaking city vistas. The Frauenkirche's website offers information
on upcoming events, concerts, and regular service schedules, welcoming visitors
to experience its cultural offerings.

Frankfurt’s Main Tower

Photo Taken from sumfinity.com

 67
Frankfurt, a former Imperial City, is emerging as a major financial hub in
Europe, characterized by a striking blend of historic and contemporary
architecture. Affectionately dubbed "Mainhattan" in recognition of its river setting
and towering skyline, the city's business district exudes a distinctly North American
ambiance. The Main Tower, standing at an impressive 240 meters with 56 stories,
reigns as the most notable architectural marvel. Its observation platforms provide
unparalleled panoramic views of the cityscape and the flowing Main River,
underscoring Germany's prowess in modern architectural achievements.

Wildlife and Natural Reserves

In this section, we'll be taking a closer look at Germany's wildlife and the
special places set aside to protect its natural beauty. Germany's landscapes are
home to a wide variety of plants and animals, and there are specific areas
designated to keep them safe. From large parks to carefully managed nature
reserves, these spaces play a crucial role in preserving Germany's natural
heritage. This part of our exploration provides a closer look at the different
environments, notable wildlife, and the efforts made to conserve them in Germany.

Germany boasts a diverse range of wildlife and is home to several protected

natural reserves. Here are some noteworthy examples:

1. Biosphere Reserves

● Schaalsee Biosphere Reserve

As stated by UNESCO (2001), The Schaalsee Biosphere

Reserve received its designation in January 2000 and was officially
inaugurated on May 28, 2000, at Pahlhuus in Zarrentin,
Mecklenburg-West Pomerania. The ceremony was graced by Mr.
Peter Bridgewater, Secretary of UNESCO's MAB Programme, and
Mr. Wolfgang Methling, Federal Minister of the Environment. Mr.
Alfred Walter, Chair of MAB Germany, presented the biosphere
reserve certificate to Mr. Klaus Jarmatz, Director of the Biosphere
Reserve administration. A commemorative plaque was unveiled by
Mr. Peter Bridgewater at the western entrance of the biosphere
reserve. The culmination of these celebrations was marked by
'Biosphere Day', an event that drew participants from local
communities and beyond. The week-long festivities included guided
walks, informative displays, and opportunities for participants to
 68
familiarize themselves with the protected natural features of the
biosphere reserve. Additionally, visitors could engage in activities
such as sampling organic and sustainably farmed food products,
appreciating local craftsmanship, and purchasing locally sourced
goods. A flea market and various children's activities were also
organized, along with a substantial cultural program, including a
choir performance on the Schaalsee shoreline. The success of these
events has led to plans for their repetition in the coming years. The
Federal Minister of Environment emphasized the vital role of the
biosphere reserve in generating local employment opportunities and
awarded a prize, generously donated by a local enterprise, to the
Horeca—an area adjacent to the former internal German border that
has become a model site for balancing nature conservation and
economic progress. The proposed demonstration project for the
Volga Basin/Caspian Sea region, discussed during a meeting of
UNESCO's environmental science programs, aims to integrate the
efforts of various programs, including MAB, through joint projects
focused on large river basins. Experts convened in Nhizny
Novograd, Russian Federation, from May 3-6, 2000, to define the
scope, framework, and future directions of the project, which is likely
to include the Astrakhanskiy Biosphere Reserve in the lower Volga
Delta. This project envisions the Astrakhanskiy Biosphere Reserve
as a potential model site for effectively balancing nature conservation
with economic development.

A study made by König (2021), aimed to assess whether wild

boars adapt their spatial and temporal behavior in response to
varying management practices within a biosphere reserve. Using a
network of 53 camera traps over a 14‐ month period, we examined
the circadian activity patterns, activity levels, and occupancy of wild
boars in both the conservation and transition zones, representing
areas with low and high human activity, respectively. The findings
revealed that wild boars predominantly exhibited nocturnal behavior,
with activity levels correlating positively with nighttime duration.
Interestingly, there was minimal disparity in diel activity patterns
between the two zones. Moreover, estimates of occupancy were
consistently high and comparable in both areas. Overall, these
results suggest that different conservation management approaches,
specifically the zoning of a biosphere reserve, exert limited influence
on wild boar behavior. This finding holds relevance for wildlife
 69
management in protected areas and their interface with adjacent
agricultural lands.

● Vessertal-Thuringian Forest Biosphere Reserve

A chapter on Frischbier et al’s (2014) research paper focuses

on assessing the specific climatic needs of defined forest habitat
types, as outlined in the EU Habitat Directive, and examines how
these habitats may be affected by a changing climate. Additionally,
it provides general recommendations for establishing forests in the
Biosphere Reserve Vessertal-Thuringian Forest that mimic natural
conditions, aiming to proactively adapt to climate-related changes.
Forest habitat types characterized by specific local conditions and
those dominated by spruce trees are expected to experience
particularly noticeable transformations due to climate change.
Adaptation measures outside the core protected zone of the
Biosphere Reserve primarily involve the restoration and controlled
water management of bog areas and streamside areas to benefit
specific forest habitat types (91D0 and 91E0). Preserving the
ecological diversity of the mixed mountain forest in the upland zone
can be achieved by strategically introducing or promoting tree
species and structures that are well-suited to the site. Extensive
areas currently dominated by uniform spruce plantations need to be
transformed into varied, intricately structured mixed forests. This
transformation also necessitates the creation and promotion of
structured forest edges, spatial variety, and small patches
representing different stages of forest development.

2. National Parks

● Bavarian Forest National Park

According to EUROPARC Federation (2023), Bavarian Forest

National Park, established in 1970 as Germany's inaugural national
park, owes its inception to the area's remarkable natural state.
Nestled in a middle mountain range along the border with the Czech
Republic, it originally covered an expansive 13,300 hectares of
nearly pristine woodland. Following an expansion in 1997, its total
expanse now spans 24,218 hectares. The woodlands of this park
remained relatively untouched by human activity until the late Middle
 70
Ages, when the burgeoning glass industry spurred the demand for
timber. By the 18th century, urban centers facing a scarcity of
firewood and timber began exploiting these remote forests. Despite
these human influences, pockets of virgin forest persisted, serving
as crucial sanctuaries for numerous endangered species.

Šumava National Park, established in 1991, stands as the

largest national park in the Czech Republic. The uplands within the
park endured a prolonged period without significant human
intervention. Initially, humans ventured into these areas in search of
precious metals. Over time, various human activities began to impact
the condition of the woodlands in the mountainous region, starting
with cattle breeding and later the burgeoning glass industry. Much
like the Bavarian Forest, local inhabitants initiated wood-related
economic activities in the early modern era. Following World War II,
the indigenous German population was displaced, and the
construction of the Iron Curtain led to the transformation of a former
agricultural zone into an expanding natural area.

● Jasmund National Park

As indicated by Poschinger (2023), Jasmund National Park,

situated on Rügen Island in the northeastern region of Mecklenburg-
Western Pomerania, encompasses a total area of 3,100 hectares, of
which 2,400 hectares are land and 700 hectares are water. In
addition to hosting the UNESCO-designated Ancient Beech Forests,
the park features a wide expanse of the Baltic Sea, numerous steep
cliffs, and the impressive 161-meter-high chalk ridge known as
Stubnitz. Notably, the park is distinguished by the soaring chalk cliffs,
some reaching heights of up to 118 meters.

Furthermore, exploring the geological formations and

biodiversity of the national park is facilitated through various means.
Visitors can intimately engage with nature and immerse themselves
in the picturesque reserve through hiking. In the summer, guided
tours led by park rangers commence from Lohme, Hagen, Sassnitz,
or the National Park Centre Königsstuhl. The center offers a diverse
range of activities, including an interactive exhibition, a multi-vision
cinema, a viewing platform, a bistro, and a natural experience area.
 71
The legacy of nature conservation in Jasmund traces back to
the 16th century, marked by the enactment of the earliest laws
pertaining to the woodlands. With the looming threat of chalk
quarrying causing potential harm to the steep cliffs, the area was
initially designated as a natural reserve in 1929. Eventually, in 1990,
Jasmund attained official status as a national park. The Ancient
Beech Forests, shared with other national parks, earned UNESCO
recognition in 2011.

Innovations and Technical Advancements

In this section, we will spotlight the notable innovations and technical

advancements in Germany. This overview aims to provide a comprehensive
insight into the strides and advancements made in various technological domains
within the country.

Emile Berliner and His Invention, the Phonograph

As stated by Britannica (2023), the invention of the phonograph, also known

as a record player, is attributed to the American inventor Thomas Edison in 1877.
It was further refined by Emile Berliner, a German-born American inventor in 1887,
who introduced the concept of tracing sound grooves in a spiral on a flat disc rather
than on a rotating cylinder. This innovation led to the creation of records that could
be reproduced on a machine Berliner named a Gramophone. Over time,
advancements in molding techniques and the introduction of electric loudspeakers
in the early 20th century revolutionized the phonograph industry. The introduction
of the long-playing (LP) record by Columbia Records in 1948 and the 45-RPM disc
by RCA Corporation in the following years marked significant milestones in the
evolution of recorded sound technology. While phonographs remained the primary
means of audio reproduction at home until the 1980s, they eventually gave way to
recorded cassettes and compact discs.

Manfred von Ardenne and the Scanning Electron Microscope

According to Mulvey (2021), Manfred von Ardenne is most notably

recognized for constructing the inaugural scanning electron microscope. This
achievement represents just one facet of his extensive contributions to electron
microscopy innovation, encompassing advancements like stereo imaging, high-
voltage electron microscopy (envisioning up to 1 MV), and microtomy. The
 72
inception of the electron microprobe, foundational to both surface imaging
scanning electron microscopes (SEM) and transmission imaging scanning
transmission electron microscopes (STEM), can be traced back to 1937 through
von Ardenne's work. This development stemmed from a fundamental alteration of
the electron microscope's ray path. Consequently, the early history of scanning
electron microscopy and electron beam microanalysis is closely intertwined.
Furthermore, von Ardenne's early exploration in 1940 emphasized the significance
of specimen imaging using a minute objective aperture, specifically for capturing
spatially extended specimens with a substantial depth of focus. This spurred the
author's pioneering experiments in stereoscopic imaging and achieving a
pronounced depth of focus for three-dimensional micro-objects utilizing an electron
microscope tailored for such investigations.

Robert Bunsen and His Bunsen Burner Invention

As mentioned by FamousScientists.org (2014), Robert Wilhelm Eberhard

Bunsen was born on March 30, 1811, in Göttingen, Germany, and was the
youngest of four sons. His father, Christian Bunsen, held the position of professor
of modern languages and head librarian at the University of Göttingen, while his
mother hailed from a military background. Despite occasional waywardness in his
youth, Bunsen recalled his mother's influence in keeping him disciplined. He
commenced his education in Göttingen, progressing through both elementary and
high school. At the age of 15, he relocated to the grammar school in Holzminden,
approximately 40 miles away. At 17, in 1828, he embarked on his academic
journey at the University of Göttingen, immersing himself in courses spanning
chemistry, physics, mathematics, geology, and botany. Notably, his work on a
humidity meter garnered recognition, culminating in the award of a Ph.D. in
chemistry at the young age of 19. Bunsen continued his academic pursuits at
Göttingen until securing a government scholarship to conduct chemical studies
across Europe. The years 1832 and 1833 saw him refining his chemical techniques
in laboratories throughout Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and France, including a
significant stint in Paris alongside renowned chemist Joseph Gay-Lussac.
Bunsen's innovation arose from the realization that the inherent color of a flame
could potentially distort the results of flame tests used to identify chemical
elements. To address this, he devised a gas burner that, by precisely regulating
the mixture of gas and air, produced a clean, nearly colorless flame. This
revolutionary burner not only transformed substance analysis through flame tests
but also found extensive application in laboratories worldwide, from heating
samples to sterilizing equipment in medical settings. Although Bunsen introduced
the design of his burner in 1857, he opted not to patent it, driven by the belief that
 73
the intellectual rewards of science far outweighed any financial gains. Today, the
Bunsen burner remains an indispensable tool in various laboratory applications
beyond flame tests.

Gottlieb Daimler and the Grandfather Clock Engine

Per Blackstock (2021), On April 3, 1885, a pivotal moment in history

unfolded as Gottlieb Daimler secured a patent for his innovative grandfather clock
engine design, heralding the dawn of one of the earliest motorcycles worldwide.
Daimler and his steadfast collaborator Wilhelm Maybach were inventive minds with
a rich history of creating various combustion engine models throughout their
intertwined careers. Their visionary concepts revolutionized the field of
engineering and, consequently, the production of automobiles. The term
"grandfather clock engine" was coined due to its resemblance to the pendulum of
a grandfather clock. This design was a vertical iteration of an engine Daimler had
previously crafted in 1883. Notably, its specifications were remarkable for its time,
featuring 0.5 horsepower, a single 246 cc cylinder, air cooling, a cast iron flywheel,
cam-operated exhaust valves enabling high-speed operation, a running speed of
600 rpm, weighing 110 lbs, and utilizing a gasoline-powered carburetor. Although
these figures may not be considered impressive by today's standards, they far
surpassed anything witnessed during that era, characterized by reliance on trains
or horses for transportation, with personal motorized vehicles being virtually
nonexistent. However, an engine alone lacks purpose without a vehicle to drive it.
Daimler ingeniously integrated his engine into what was essentially a wooden
bicycle, which he referred to as a "riding car," or "Reitwagen" in German. This
marked the birth of the first internal combustion motorcycle in history. Daimler
successfully rode it for a distance of two miles, achieving a speed of seven miles
per hour in the process.

Karlheinz Brandenburg and the MP3 File Format

As explained by Internet Hall of Fame (2014), Dr. Brandenburg played a

pivotal role in advancing contemporary digital audio technology, particularly in the
development of MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3, commonly known as mp3, as well as the
establishment of MPEG audio standards. A trailblazer in digital audio coding, he
holds nearly 100 patents. In 1989, he achieved his PhD in Electrical Engineering
from the Friedrich-Alexander University in Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany,
focusing on digital audio coding and perceptual measurement techniques. This
research laid the foundation not only for mp3, but also for other modern audio
compression methods like MPEG-2 Advanced Audio Coding (AAC). During his
 74
tenure at AT&T Bell Laboratories in the US from 1989 to 1990, he contributed to
the development of ASPEC, the precursor to mp3. He later returned to Germany
in 1990 to further his research in audio coding, eventually assuming the role of
head of audio and multimedia technology at the Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated
Circuits IIS in Erlangen in 1993. Dr. Brandenburg is recognized as a Fellow of the
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and the Audio Engineering
Society.

His contributions have earned him numerous accolades, including the

Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany in December 2006.
He was also the recipient of the German Internet Award NEO (2001) and the IEEE
Engineering Excellence Award (2000). Dr. Brandenburg was honored by the
International Electrotechnical Commission as one of the most influential inventors
and thinkers in electrical engineering, and was welcomed into the Hall of Fame of
Thinkers Through the Ages. In 2007, he was inducted into the Consumer
Electronics Hall of Fame, and more recently, he was honored with a place in the
German Research Hall of Fame by German Business Journal Manager Magazine.
Since 2000, Dr. Brandenburg has served as a full professor at the Institute of Media
Technology at Ilmenau University of Technology, Germany. Additionally, he holds
the position of director at the Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Media Technology
IDMT in Ilmenau. In recognition of his contributions to audio coding research, he
has been granted honorary PhDs from the universities Koblenz-Landau and
Luneburg in Germany.

Gerd Binnig and His Scanning Tunneling Microscope Invention

As claimed by Brittanica (2023), Gerd Binnig is born on July 20, 1947, in

Frankfurt am Main, West Germany, and is a German physicist who, alongside
Heinrich Rohrer, jointly received half of the 1986 Nobel Prize in Physics for their
groundbreaking development of the scanning tunneling microscope. Binnig
completed his education at Johann Wolfgang Goethe University in Frankfurt and
earned his doctorate from the University of Frankfurt in 1978. He then became a
member of the IBM Research Laboratory in Zürich, where he collaborated with
Rohrer to conceive and construct the inaugural scanning tunneling microscope
(STM). This instrument enabled the generation of highly detailed images of the
surfaces of conductive or semiconductive materials, achieving a level of precision
that allowed for the clear identification of individual atoms.

And, as furthermore stated by Quate (2023) about the scanning tunneling

microscope, he said that it relies on the principle of tunneling, a quantum
 75
mechanical phenomenon wherein electrons exhibit wavelike behavior, permitting
them to traverse the surface of a solid in ways that classical physics deems
impossible. The likelihood of such tunneling diminishes exponentially as the
distance from the surface increases. The STM capitalizes on this remarkable
sensitivity to distance. A fine-tipped tungsten needle is positioned a few angstroms
away from the sample surface. By applying a small voltage between the probe tip
and the surface, electrons tunnel across the gap. As the probe scans over the
surface, it records variations in the tunneling current, which can then be processed
to generate a topographical representation of the surface. The introduction of the
scanning tunneling microscope occurred in 1981 when Swiss physicists Gerd
Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer embarked on the creation of a tool for studying the
local conductivity of surfaces. For their initial image, Binnig and Rohrer selected a
gold surface. Upon viewing the image on a television monitor screen, they
observed precise rows of spaced atoms and identified expansive terraces divided
by one-atom-high steps. In the STM, Binnig and Rohrer had discovered a
straightforward means of directly visualizing the atomic structure of surfaces. Their
breakthrough heralded a new era for surface science, earning them the prestigious
Nobel Prize for Physics in 1986.

Melitta Bentz and Her Invention of Coffee Filter

Strzelichowska (2021) indicated that Amalie Auguste Melitta Liebscher was

born on January 31, 1873, in Dresden, to a family of business owners - her father
was a publisher and bookseller, while her grandparents owned a brewery. In the
late 1890s, she married Johannes Emil Hugo Bentz, a small business proprietor,
though details about her formal education remain scarce. She dedicated herself to
homemaking and caring for her husband and three children: sons Willy and Horst,
and daughter Herta. Each morning, Melitta began her day with a cup of coffee,
only to find it often left a bitter aftertaste or contained coffee grounds. The
prevailing brewing methods of her time, which relied on porcelain percolators or
fabric filters, yielded over-brewed coffee with unsightly grounds floating in the cup.
While this was an accepted norm worldwide, Melitta was not content. She was
convinced there had to be a way to enjoy a clear, flavorful cup of coffee. Thus, she
embarked on a mission to discover it. Through persistent trial and error, she
experimented with various materials and techniques. Eventually, she devised a
method that produced a clean and delicious brew. The key material that allowed
Melitta Bentz to achieve a grit-free brew was blotting paper taken from her eldest
son's school notebook. She punctured holes in the base of a brass pot and placed
the paper over it. This approach yielded coffee with a taste she was pleased with.
Upon sharing her discovery with friends, their enthusiastic response, coupled with
 76
her belief in the potential of her idea, motivated her to introduce her invention to
the market. She subsequently filed for a patent. On June 20, 1908, the Imperial
Patent Office granted her utility model protection for her circular filter utilizing pre-
made filter paper. The patent was officially published in the "Patentblatt" (patent
bulletin) in July of the same year.

Karl Benz, the Inventor of the First Gasoline-powered Automobile

Karl Benz is credited with inventing and patenting the world's inaugural
gasoline-powered automobile in 1886. His car, known as the Patent Motorwagen,
garnered significant recognition when it received a Gold Medal at the 1888 Munich
Engineering Exposition. This accomplishment propelled him into the limelight and
affirmed the potential of his groundbreaking creation. Following this success, Benz
went on to establish Benz & Cie., which ultimately evolved into the largest
automobile manufacturer globally by 1900. Benz's journey to this achievement was
marked by perseverance and support from his wife, Bertha, who played a pivotal
role in sustaining their business through financial challenges. Inspired by the
innovations of Nikolaus Otto in engine technology, Benz developed a commercially
viable 2-stroke engine and subsequently crafted a three-wheeled vehicle powered
by a 4-stroke engine. Though he secured the patent for his car in 1886, Benz
remained committed to refining its design before commencing production. It was
Bertha's conviction that the car was ready, validated by her own test drive, that led
Benz to present it at the Munich Engineering Exposition, where it received the
highest accolade. Subsequently, as Benz took to the streets of Munich with his
acclaimed vehicle, offering test rides, he drew crowds who watched in
astonishment, prompting one newspaper to remark that such a sight had rarely
been seen before in the city's streets, as said by Automotive Hall of Fame (2023).

In conclusion, this term paper provides a comprehensive overview of

Germany's rich cultural heritage, encompassing its history, traditions, religious
practices, cuisine and food culture, wildlife, and notable inventions. By exploring
these facets, one gains a deeper appreciation for the multifaceted tapestry that
shapes this influential nation.
 77
References:

Adluri et al (2020) German Indology and Hinduism. Retrieved October 16, 2023
from https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3685297
Aesu (2020) The History of Cologne Cathedral. Retrieved October 19, 2023 from
https://www.aesu.com/aesu-world-travel/the-history-of-cologne-cathedral/
Alukah (2011) German Schools Ready for Islamic Course. Retrieved October 12,
2023 from https://en.alukah.net/Society_Reform/11/470/
Amondson (2019) Driving Germany's Rhine: Upper Middle Valley. Retrieved
October 20, 2023 from https://www.tripsavvy.com/germanys-rhine-drive-
along-1519854
Automotive Hall of Fame (2023) Karl Benz. Retrieved October 20, 2023 from
https://www.automotivehalloffame.org/honoree/carl-benz/
Baader (2006) Gender, Judaism, and Bourgeois Culture in Germany. 1800-1870.
Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Retrieved October 12, 2023 from
https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/3/oa_monograph/chapter/3628313
Baketotheroots (2019) German Classic: Schwarzwälder Kirschtorte aka. Black
Forest Cake. Retrieved October 20, 2023 from
https://baketotheroots.de/german-classic-schwarzwalder-kirschtorte-aka-
black-forest-cake/
Batsondl (2023) Historical Events and Their Impact on German Research.
Retrieved October 18, 2023 from
https://www.familysearch.org/en/wiki/Historical_Events_and_Their_Impact_
on_German_Research
Beata (2022) Exploring Germany: 6 German Traditions and the Meaning Behind
Them. Retrieved October 20, 2023 from
https://langster.org/en/blog/exploring-germany-6-german-traditions-and-the-
meaning-behind-them
Bing (2023) Königsberger Klopse : A Palate-Pleasing Experience of German
Culinary Tradition. Retrieved October 20, 2023 from https://jungleinn-
bukitlawang.com/food/konigsberger-klopse-a-palate-pleasing-experience-
of-german-culinary-tradition/
Blackstock (2021) This Day In History: Gottlieb Daimler Granted Patent For
Grandfather Clock Engine. Retrieved October 20, 2023 from
https://jalopnik.com/this-day-in-history-gottlieb-daimler-granted-patent-fo-
1846611800
Blakemore (2019) Why the Berlin Wall rose—and how it fell. Retrieved October
20, 2023 from https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/why-
berlin-wall-built-fell
 78
Bonchan (2016) Homemade labskaus, Northern Germany cuisine stock photo.
Retrieved October 20, 2023 from
https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/homemade-labskaus-northern-germany-
cuisine-gm512751842-87306173?phrase=labskaus++german
Britannica (2023) Brandenburg Gate. Retrieved October 20, 2023 from
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Brandenburg-Gate
Britannica (2023) Black Forest. Retrieved October 19, 2023 from
https://www.britannica.com/place/Neckar-River
Britannica (2023) Gerd Binnig. Retrieved October 20, 2023 from
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gerd-Binnig
Britannica (2023) German Language. Retrieved October 12, 2023 from
https://www.britannica.com/topic/German-language
Britannica (2023) Oktoberfest. Retrieved October 18, 2023 from
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Oktoberfest
Britannica (2023) Phonograph. Retrieved October 20, 2023 from
https://www.britannica.com/technology/phonograph
Brzostowski (2023) Explore Dazzling White Cliffs on This German Island.
Retrieved October 20, 2023 from
https://www.thrillist.com/travel/nation/jasmund-national-park-guide
Campbell (2003) The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance. Retrieved October 19,
2023 from
https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780198601753.00
1.0001/acref-9780198601753-e-872
Clegg (2019) Kasespatzle Dish in Austria. Retrieved October 20, 2023 from
https://www.dreamstime.com/kasespatzle-dish-austria-closeup-to-famous-s-
little-like-macaroni-cheese-image164147849
Cotterell (1997) A Dictionary of World Mythology. Retrieved October 19, 2023 from
https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780192177476.00
1.0001/acref-9780192177476
Darvill (2008) The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.). Retrieved
October 19, 2023 from
https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199534043.00
1.0001/acref-9780199534043-e-4491
Dearsley (2023) 12 Top-Rated Attractions & Things to Do in Bamberg, Germany.
Retrieved October 20, 2023 from https://www.planetware.com/tourist-
attractions-/bamberg-d-ba-bam.htm
Dearsley (2022) 20 Top-Rated Tourist Attractions in Germany. Retrieved October
18, 2023 from https://www.planetware.com/tourist-attractions/germany-
d.htm
 79
Deutscher Bundestag (2023) Registering to visit the dome of the Reichstag
Building. Retrieved October 20, 2023 from
https://www.bundestag.de/en/visittheBundestag/dome/registration-245686
Deutsches Informationszentrum für Sikh Religion (2023). Sikhi for You. Retrived
October 17, 2023 from https://www.deutsches-informationszentrum-
sikhreligion.de/
Drzazgowski (2021) Germany: History, Background, Culture, and Food. Retrieved
October 18, 2023 from https://foreignfork.com/german-history-background-
culture-and-food/
DW (2004) Buddhism Enjoys Boom in Germany. Retrieved October 17, 2023 from
https://www.dw.com/en/buddha-enjoys-boom-in-germany/a-1231623
EUROPARC Foundation (2023) Bavarian Forest National Park & Šumava National
Park. Retrieved October 19, 2023 from
https://www.europarc.org/transboundary-cooperation/discover-our-
transboundary-areas/bavarian-forest-sumava-national-parks/
Evason (2017) Religion in Germany. Retrieved October 12, 2023 from
https://culturalatlas.sbs.com.au/german-culture/german-culture-religion
Expatrio (2023) German Food. Retrieved October 18, 2023 from
https://www.expatrio.com/living-germany/german-culture/german-food
Expatrio (2023) Religions in Germany. Retrieved October 12, 2023 from
https://www.expatrio.com/living-germany/german-culture/religions-germany
FamousScientists.org (2014) Robert Bunsen. Retrieved October 20, 2023 from
https://www.famousscientists.org/robert-bunsen/
Foroutan (2013) Identity and (Muslim) Integration in Germany. Retrieved October
12, 2023 from https://www.migrationpolicy.org/research/identity-and-muslim-
integration-germany
GermanPod101 (2019) Karneval in Germany: German Carnival Season. Retrieved
October 18, 2023 from
https://www.germanpod101.com/blog/2019/02/25/german-carnival-season/
Gilley et al (2008) The Cambridge History of Christianity. Retrieved October 12,
2023 from https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/the-cambridge-history-of-
christianity/40DD718B820C2A585F91B7D3754650D7
Goethe-Institut (2014) Germans and its Norms. Retrieved October 12, 2023 from
https://www.goethe.de/en/spr/mag/lld/20456023.html
Gray (2003) The Oxford Companion to Chaucer. Retrieved October 19, 2023 from
https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780198117650.00
1.0001/acref-9780198117650-e-943
Grieshaber (2023) Germany’s 5.5 million Muslims are often exposed to everyday,
structural racism, report finds. Retrieved October 12, 2023 from
 80
https://apnews.com/article/germany-muslims-racism-islam-hostility-
immigration-705155b8da000d2501c5b02f5bec7078
Hakan kaçar (2017) Shawarma doner kebab fresh vegetables and meat kebab
sandwich close-up. Retrieved October 20, 2023 from
https://www.vecteezy.com/photo/14900212-shawarma-doner-kebab-fresh-
vegetables-and-meat-kebab-sandwich-close-up
Holmes et al (2001) The Oxford Companion to Military History. Retrieved October
19, 2023 from
https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780198606963.00
1.0001/acref-9780198606963-e-1273
Internet Hall of Fame (2014) Karlheinz Brandenburg. Retrieved October 20, 2023
from https://www.internethalloffame.org/inductee/karlheinz-brandenburg/
kabVisio (2018) Vegetable broth with stuffed ravioli stock photo. Retrieved October
20, 2023 from https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/vegetable-broth-with-
stuffed-ravioli-gm908027048-250163721?phrase=maultaschen
Karman (2020) 8 German Festivals You Cannot Afford to Miss. Retrieved October
18, 2023 from https://travel.earth/5-traditional-festivals-in-germany/
Kilonzo (2022) Top 10 Amazing Facts about Mainau Island –a baroque palace, a
palm house, orchids and more. Retrieved October 20, 2023 from
https://www.discoverwalks.com/blog/germany/top-10-amazing-facts-about-
mainau-island-a-baroque-palace-a-palm-house-orchids-and-more/
Knowles (2005) The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.). Retrieved
October 19, 2023 from
https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780198609810.00
1.0001/acref-9780198609810
KölnTourismus (2017) Cologne Cathedral. Retrieved October 20, 2023 from
https://www.cologne-tourism.com/arts-culture/sights/detail/cologne-
cathedral
König (2021) Zoning has little impact on the seasonal diel activity and distribution
patterns of wild boar (Sus scrofa) in an UNESCO Biosphere Reserve.
Retrieved October 19, 2023 from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8668749/
Krueger (2023) 20 best German foods. Retrieved October 20, 2023 from
https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/german-food/index.html
Lieberman (2023) 25 Enchanting Facts About Neuschwanstein Castle. Retrieved
October 19, 2023 from https://www.travelandleisure.com/trip-
ideas/neuschwanstein-castle-germany
Lingoda (2022) German traditions you may not know about. Retrieved October 20,
2023 from https://blog.lingoda.com/en/german-traditions/
 81
Livingstone (2006) The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 ed.).
Retrieved October 19, 2023 from
https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780198614425.00
1.0001/acref-9780198614425-e-3077
Martha Stewart Kitchen (2017) Sauerbraten with Potato Dumplings. Retrieved
October 20, 2023 from
https://www.marthastewart.com/1083661/sauerbraten-potato-dumplings
McGavin (2020) Introduction to German Food. Retrieved October 20, 2023 from
https://www.thespruceeats.com/introduction-to-germany-and-german-food-
1446969#:~:text=Oldest%20German%20Foods,-
In%20prehistoric%20times&text=Sheep%2C%20cows%2C%20and%20goa
ts%20were,fruit%20tree%20cultivation%20and%20grapevines
Mclintock et al (2023) Germany. Retrieved October 13, 2023 from
https://www.biblicalcyclopedia.com/G/germany.html
Mecking (2023) German cuisine: food culture, traditions, and popular dishes.
Retrieved October 18, 2023 from https://www.expatica.com/de/lifestyle/food-
drink/german-cuisine-261290/
Mingren (2018) Walpurgis Night: A Saint, Witches, and Pagan Beliefs in a
Springtime Halloween for Scandinavia. Retrieved October 18, 2023 from
https://www.ancient-origins.net/history-ancient-traditions/walpurgis-night-
0010965
Mulvey (2021) Chapter Two - On the history of scanning electron microscopy, of
the electron microprobe, and of early contributions to transmission electron
microscopy. Retrieved October 20, 2023 from
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1076567021000756
Mychko (2016) Reibekuchen. Retrieved October 20, 2023 from
https://www.dreamstime.com/stock-photo-reibekuchen-potato-pancake-
german-traditional-cuisine-image59918238
Nehra (2022) The history of Saint Martin’s Day. Retrieved October 18, 2023 from
https://www.iamexpat.de/expat-info/german-expat-news/history-saint-
martins-day
Nothing Familiar (2018) 8 Top Tips For Your First Visit Rothenburg ob der Tauber
Germany. Retrieved October 20, 2023 from
https://www.nothingfamiliar.com/rothenburg-ob-der-tauber/
Oltermann (2019) Why nightingales are snubbing Berkeley Square for the
Tiergarten. Retrieved October 20, 2023 from
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/apr/13/nightingales-
snubbing-london-for-berlin-tiegarten-germany
 82
Oxford University (2004) World Encyclopedia. Retrieved October 19, 2023 from
https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199546091.00
1.0001/acref-9780199546091-e-6920
Pfündel et al (2020) Muslim Life in Germany 2020. Retrieved October 12, 2023
from
https://www.bamf.de/SharedDocs/Anlagen/EN/Forschung/Forschungsberic
hte/Kurzberichte/fb38-muslimisches-leben-
kurzfassung.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=14
Quate (2023) Scanning Tunneling Microscope. Retrieved October 20, 2023 from
https://www.britannica.com/technology/scanning-tunneling-microscope
Radisson Hotels (2023) Munich's best Bavarian food: 9 delicious dishes. Retrieved
October 20, 2023 from https://www.radissonhotels.com/en-us/blog/food-
drink/best-bavarian-dishes
Reid et al (2022) The Best Christmas Markets in Germany. Retrieved October 18,
2023 from https://www.cntraveler.com/gallery/the-best-christmas-markets-
in-germany
Rogers (2010) The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military
Technology. Retrieved October 19, 2023 from
https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195334036.00
1.0001/acref-9780195334036
Roloff (2012) Buddhism and monastic communities in German. Retrieved October
17, 2023 from
http://tibetanbuddhistencyclopedia.com/en/index.php/Buddhism_and_mona
stic_communities_in_Germany_by_Carola_Roloff
Rozanes (2021) How German Jews rebuilt after the Holocaust. Retrieved October
12, 2023 from https://www.dw.com/en/how-jewish-life-developed-in-
germany-after-the-holocaust/a-56604526
Sass (2022) The Origins of Walpurgis Night. Retrieved October 18 2023 from
https://www.aldsidu.com/post/asatru-s-most-embarrassing-time-of-the-year
Schuetze (2022) At German Christmas Markets, Smiles Shine Bright but Budgets
Are Tight. Retrieved October 18, 2023 from
https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/23/world/europe/christmas-markets-
germany-economy.html
Sikhiwiki (2010) Sikhism in Germany. Retrieved October 17, 2023 from
https://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Germany&action=edit
Simpson et al (2003) A Dictionary of English Folklore. Retrieved October 19, 2023
from
https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780198607663.00
1.0001/acref-9780198607663-e-69
 83
Stegemann (2008) How Islam Came to Germany, Retrieved October 13, 2023
from https://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/allah-and-the-occident-
how-islam-came-to-germany-a-559927.html
Stehkämper (2023) Jewish communities in Germany: 'We are afraid'. Retrieved
October 16, 2023 fromhttps://www.dw.com/en/jewish-communities-in-
germany-we-are-afraid/a-67094833
Stein (2020) Brandenburg Gate. Retrieved October 19, 2023 from
https://www.cntraveler.com/activities/berlin/brandenburg-gate
Stein (2020) Munich’s Marienplatz. Retrieved October 20, 2023 from
https://www.cntraveler.com/activities/berlin/museum-island
Steves (2023) Rising to the Top of Germany at the Zugspitze. Retrieved October
20, 2023 from https://www.ricksteves.com/watch-read-
listen/read/articles/rising-to-the-top-in-germany
Stockcreations (2019) Spaghetti ice cream with raspberry sauce. Retrieved
October 20, 2023 from https://www.dreamstime.com/spaghetti-ice-cream-
raspberry-sauce-dessert-against-blue-table-image113680288
Strzelichowska (2021) Melitta Bentz - the woman who invented the coffee filter.
Retrieved October 20, 2023 from https://www.europeana.eu/en/blog/melitta-
bentz-the-woman-who-invented-the-coffee-filter
Tiago (2019) 31 Fun Facts About Oktoberfest That You Didn’t Know. Retrieved
October 18, 2023 from https://www.edreams.com/blog/fun-facts-oktoberfest/
Trinkhaus (2016) Main Tower | Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Retrieved October
20, 2023 from https://sumfinity.com/photos/germany/frankfurt/main-tower/
UNESCO (2001) Biosphere reserves: bulletin of the world network, no. 9.
Retrieved October 19, 2023 from
https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000139843
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (2023) German Jews during the
Holocaust. Retrieved October 12, 2023 from
https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/german-jews-during-the-
holocaust
Viator (2023) King's Lake (Konigssee). Retrieved October 20, 2023 from
https://www.viator.com/Bavaria-attractions/Kings-Lake-
Konigssee/overview/d5203-a12796
Viator (2023) Warehouse District (Speicherstadt). Retrieved October 19, 2023
from https://www.viator.com/Hamburg-attractions/Warehouse-District-
Speicherstadt/overview/d777-a15377
Visit Berlin (2023) Sanssouci Palace. Retrieved October 20, 2023 from
https://www.visitberlin.de/en/sanssouci-palace
 84
Walker (2007) Buddhism in Germany. Retrieved October 17, 2023 from
https://www.dw.com/en/buddhism-in-germany-finding-new-adherents/a-
2815300
Waltner (2020) Frauenkirche in Dresden – Information for Visitors. Retrieved
October 20, 2023 from https://www.swedishnomad.com/dresden-
frauenkirche/
Welle (2022) Six facts you didn't know about mosques in Germany. Retrieved
October 12, 2023 from https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/art-
culture/six-facts-you-didn-t-know-about-mosques-in-germany-
101664861625356.html
WenY Wonders Why (2016) Berlin: Currywurst at Curry 36 and Kebabs & Doners
at Mustafas!. Retrieved October 20, 2023 from
http://wenywonderswhy.blogspot.com/2016/03/berlin-currywurst-at-curry-
36-and.html
Wikiwand (2023) Catholic Church in Germany, Retrieved October 13, 2023 from
https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Roman_Catholicism_in_Germany
Wikiwand (2023) Sikhism in Germany. Retrieved October 17, 2023 from
https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Sikhism_in_Germany#External_links
Wright (2006) A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.). Retrieved October 19, 2023
from
https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780192807007.00
1.0001/acref-9780192807007-e-751
Zararia (2016) Marienplatz. Retrieved October 20, 2023 from
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/munich/marienplatz/ps54344115.c
ms