Module 07

CITATION STYLE FOR

REFERENCES
(APA Style 7th Edition)
Research Methodology:
Complete Research
Project
 At the end of this module, students should be
able to;
• Understanding meaning and most popular
citation styles.
• Learning what APA style is and why it is
important.
Module • Learning basic rules of page and

Objectives •
numbering format.
Describing about the standard APA title
page format.
• Differentiating the levels of headings .
• Distinguishing the differences between
methods of source integration and
borrowing ideas.
• Understanding importance, types and
basic rules of documentation and
references.
 ● A citation style is a set of rules on how to
cite sources in academic writing.

What is a citation ● Whenever you refer to someone else's

work, a citation is required to avoid
style? plagiarism.

● Citation style guidelines are often

published in an official handbook
containing explanations, examples, and
instructions.
 Popular
Citation Styles
 ● APA = American Psychological
Association
● APA format originated in a 1929.

What is a APA ● Every 10 years updates its publication

manual.
style? ● The 7th edition is the latest, published in
Oct 2019
● Used widely, especially in the social
sciences
● Provides guidelines for language,
formatting, and citations
 ● Rules for student papers are slightly
different than a professional paper.
APA ● This PowerPoint will focus on formatting
student papers, including
for Student
Title page,
Papers
○

○ Headings,

○ Methods of source integration

○ Documentation.
 • Citation Style: APA style 7th edition
• Page Margins: One inch in each sides
• Line Space: Double-spaced in all situations.
• Font Type: Times New Roman 12 pt, Calibri 11 pt,
Arial 11 pt, etc.

General formatting •
•
Font Size: 12-point size
Text Alignment: Justification
• Title page: is not numbered.
• Preliminaries pages: are numbered with lowercase
Roman numerals placing in bottom center.
• Content pages: (chapters. references and
appendices) are numbered with Arabic numerals
placing in the header in the top right corner of the
page.
 • Running head (Upper Left
Corner)
• Full Title (Center of Page,

Title Page Format Double Spaced)

• Author(s) Name(s)
• Institution (ex. Ilays National
University
• Date (Month date, year format)
– ASK YOUR SUPERVISOR
 BUSINESS SUCCESS

Effects of Managerial Skills on

Business Success in Lasanod,

Title Page Format Somalia

Saed Abdirahman Mohamed

Ilays National University

LOGO

April, 2022
 • There are five levels of heading in
APA.
• It describes headings, subheadings,
and sub- subheadings as levels 1, 2, 3,
Level of Headings 4, or 5.
• Level 1 - headings
• Level 2 - subheadings
•Level 3 - sub- subheadings
• APA uses a system of five heading

levels
 ● Quoting means copying a passage of
someone else’s words and crediting the
source.
● To quote a source, you must ensure:

Methods of ○ The quoted text is enclosed

in quotation marks or formatted as

source integration a block quote

○ The original author is correctly cited

Quoting
○ The text is identical to the original
● The exact format of a quote depends on
its length and on which citation style you
are using.
● Quoting and citing correctly is essential
to avoid plagiarism which is easy to
detect with a good plagiarism checker.
 ● Paraphrasing means putting someone
else’s ideas into your own words.
● Paraphrasing a source involves
changing the wording while preserving
Methods of ●
the original meaning.
Paraphrasing is an alternative
source integration to quoting (copying someone’s exact
words).
Paraphrasing ● In academic writing, it’s usually better
to integrate sources by paraphrasing
instead of quoting.
● It shows that you have understood the
source, reads more smoothly, and keeps
your own voice front and center.
 ● Summarizing, or writing a
summary, means giving a concise
overview of a text’s main points in your
own words.
● A summary is always much shorter
than the original text.
Methods of ● Five key steps to write a summary:
source integration 1. Read the text

Summarizing 2. Break it down into sections

3. Identify the key points in each

section

4. Write the summary

5. Check the summary against the

article
 If you have put someone else's ideas or information
in your own words, you still need to show where the
original idea or information came from.

There are two types of references in report writing/

paper writing.

References In text citation:

● The first indicating within your thesis sources of
the information you have used to write your
thesis.
● This demonstrates support for your ideas,
arguments and views.
References List:
• The reference list shows the complete details of
everything you cited and appears in an
alphabetical list on a separate page, at the end
of your thesis.
 ● Parenthetical citations enclose the whole citation
within parentheses,
● Narrative citations treat the author’s name as
part of your sentence.
● Both are equally valid choices;

Basic Formats of ○ You might want to use narrative citations

when it’s important to emphasize whose

In-text Citation research you’re engaging with

○ Parenthetical citations when you’re citing a

variety of sources in quick succession.

Parenthetical citation
It is important to avoid plagiarism in academic writing (Smith,
2020, p. 15).

Narrative citation
Smith (2020, p. 15) states that it is important to avoid
plagiarism in academic writing.
 ● Single Author Example:

○ (Richards, 2020)

Basic Formats of
Two Authors Example:
In-text Citation ●

○ (Richards & Trentham, 2020)

● Three or More Authors Example:

○ (Richards et al., 2020)

 ● Who – the author responsible for the
content

○ Can be a person or an organization

● When – when the content was created
● What – the title of the content
References list ● Where – where the content can be
found

○ Books need: City/state of

publication and Publisher

○ Articles need: journal title,

volume/issue numbers, pages, and
DOI

○ Websites need: URL

 One author Anderson, B.

Multiple Andreff, W.,

authors Staudohar, P. D., &
Author LaBrode, M.

Components Corporate
author
Scribbr.

With Obama, B.
username [@BarackObama].

With specific Scott, R. (Director).

role
 ● The author element of a reference is listed with
the surname first, followed by the initials and
ending with a period.

● When a source has multiple authors, up to 20 are

listed in the reference, so in most cases you’ll list

Author
all of them.

Some sources don’t list a specific individual

Components
●

author; in this case, you can usually list a

corporate author, i.e. the name of the organization
responsible for the source.

● Users on social media sites often have usernames

in addition to their real names; these can be listed
in square brackets.

● Finally, in certain types of citation the author

component might list someone in a different role,
like the director for a film. This can be specified in
parentheses.
 Year only (books and (2020).
journals)

Date Full date (web pages,

newspapers, online
(2020, November
20).

Components videos)

No publication date (n.d.).

available

Retrieval date for Retrieved

online sources that December 3,
are continually 2020, from …
updated
 ● The date component always appears in
parentheses, followed by a period.
● The level of detail varies depending on the
source type.
● For most source types, you’ll just list the
year.
Date ● For sources like newspapers or blogs that
are more frequently published, the full
Components date is included in your reference.
● When the publication date is unknown,
replace this component with the
abbreviation “n.d.”, standing for “no date.”
● For online resources that are designed to
be continually updated, you’ll use “n.d.”
and add a retrieval date indicating the
exact day when you accessed the source.
This appears after the title in your
reference.
 Italics for Statistical methods for
standalone psychology.
sources (books,
Title films)
Plain text for The evolving European
Components sources within
sources
model of sports finance.

(articles,
chapters, web
pages)
Square brackets [Photograph of a wren].
to describe
untitled sources
 ● Titles in APA Style are written in
sentence case (meaning only the
first word and any proper nouns are
capitalized). They end with a period.
The titles of sources that stand on
Title
●

their own, like a book or movie, are

written in italics.
Components ● The title of a source contained
within a larger work, like an article
in a journal or an essay in a
collection, is written without italics.
● In the case that a source you use
doesn’t have a title, you can write a
short description of it in square
brackets in the title position.
 Book Verso.
publisher
Source Journal
Journal of Sports Economics,
1(3), 257–276.
Components volume,
issue
https://doi.org./10.1177/152
700250000100304
BBC News.
Website https://www.bbc.com/news/h
ealth-54531075
Physical Museo del Prado, Madrid,
location Spain.
 The source component specifies where the source
can be found.
This part varies a lot depending on what you’re
citing.
• You might list the source’s publisher,
• the website where it was found,
Source •

•
its physical location,
its page range within a larger work …

Components Only some of this information will apply in each

case; for example, for a journal article (the final
example here) you’ll include
• the name of the journal in italics,
• the volume and issue number,
• the page range of the article, and a
• DOI if available.
A DOI is a digital object identifier; it’s a very stable
link to an online resource, often available for
academic publications, which you should use if
available.
The full reference entry
Book citation article

Anderson, B. (1983). Imagined communities: Reflections on the origins and

spread of nationalism. Verso.

Journal citation article

Andreff, W., & Staudohar, P. D. (2000). The evolving European model of
professional sports finance. Journal of Sports Economics, 1(3), 257–276.
https://doi.org./10.1177/152700250000100304

Website citation article

Rowlatt, J. (2020, October 19). Could cold water hold a clue to a

dementia cure? BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/health-54531075
 Book citation article
Anderson, B. (1983). Imagined communities: Reflections on the origins and
spread of nationalism. Verso.

Journal citation article

The full Andreff, W., & Staudohar, P. D. (2000). The evolving European model of
reference professional sports finance. Journal of Sports Economics, 1(3),
entry 257–276. https://doi.org./10.1177/152700250000100304

Website citation article

Rowlatt, J. (2020, October 19). Could cold water hold a clue to a

dementia cure? BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/health-
54531075
 The correct form of abbreviation must be used in
reference lists:
1. chap. 1. chapter
2. ed. 2. edition
3. Rev. ed. 3. Revised edition
4. 2nd ed. 4. second edition
5. Ed. (Eds.) 5. Editor (Editors)
6. Trans. 6. Translators
ABBREVIATIONS 7. n.d. 7. no date
8. p. (pp.) 8. Page (pages)
9. Vol. 9. Volume (as in Vol. 4)
10. Vols. 10. Volumes (as in 4 vols.)
11. No. 11. Number
12. Pt. 12. Part
13. Tech. Rep. 13. Technical Report
14. Suppl. 14. supplement
THANK
YOU