Mathematics

ALLEN
Similarity
When working on a new sign, a
designer will usually use scale
drawings instead of full-side
drawings. The person who builds "Two geometrical objects
the sign will use these drawings are called similar if they
to make sure that the sign looks both have the same shape.
More precisely, On e is
exactly as planned.
congruent to the result of a
Lengths in the scale drawing are uniform scaling (enlarging
different from corresponding or shrinking) of the other."
lengths on the actual sign, but all
angles in the drawing are congruent
to corresponding angles on the
sign. You can use the scale of the drawing to find the size of a shape in the sign.
The scale of the drawing is 1 : 4. Therefore, an object that is 1 in. tall on the
drawing will be 4 in. tall on the sign.

12.1 Similar figures

Two figures are similar if these two conditions are true :

(i) Corresponding angles are congruent.

(ii) The lengths of corresponding sides are in proportion.

A proportion is an equation that shows that two ratios are equal. The

a c
proportions = and a : b = c : d can be read as "a is to b as c is to d".
b d

The symbol ~ means "is similar to." (see figure 1)

P Q

PQRS ~ TUVW R
S
When you name similar figures, be sure to name corresponding vertices T U
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in the same order. For example, if PQRS ~ TUVW, then : V

W
(i) ÐP @ ÐT, ÐQ @ ÐU, ÐR @ ÐV and ÐS @ ÐW Fig.1

PQ QR RS SP
(ii) = = =
TU UV VW WT

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ICSE : Class IX
ALLEN
NUMERICAL ABILITY 12.1
Tell whether the shapes in each pair are similar.

A B J
88° 5 P
9 10
THE K
SPOT P 12
F G
4.5
L
48°
6.7
42° Q

LIGHT E H 48°
13.
5
When you write a proportion, the D C R
ratios must compare corresponding 6
lengths. (i) (ii)

Solution
(i) Step-1 : The angles are all right angles, so corresponding angles are
congruent.
Step-2 : Check the ratios of corresponding sides.
You need to check only one proportion,
AB BC
? because opposite sides of a rectangle are
EF FG
congruent.
6 12
?
4.5 9
6 × 9 ? 4.5 × 12 Find the cross products

54 = 54
Because corresponding angles are congruent and corresponding sides
are in proportion, ABCD ~ EFGH.
(ii) Step-1 : Are the angles congruent?
Find m Ð K and m Ð P.
m Ð K = 180° – (88° + 48°) = 44°
m Ð P = 180° – (42° + 48°) = 90°
Corresponding angles are not congruent. The triangles are not similar.

BUILDING CONCEPTS 12.1

GRAPHIC DESIGN : The hiking symbol in the scale drawing in fig.2 is

3 inch. wide and 2.5 in. tall. The symbol will be 10 in. tall on the sign.
Find the width of the symbol on the sign.
Explanation
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Set up a proportion. Let w = width of symbol in inches.

height of symbol in drawing width of symbol in drawing

=
height of symbol on sign width of symbol on sign

2.5 3
Fig.2 = Þ 2.5w = 10 × 3
10 w

30
w= Þ w = 12
2.5

The hiking symbol will be 12 inch. wide on the sign.

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CHECK YOUR CONCEPTS 12.1
1. The scale of the drawing to the park sign is 1 : 4. What is the scale of
the park sign to the drawing of the sign?
AB RQ
2. In figure 3, DABC ~ DPRQ. Is = ?
PR BC P
A
Explain why or why not. Give a proportion that is true.
3. If two polygons are congruent, must they be similar? B
C Q
R
4. If two figures are similar but not congruent, how are they alike? How are
Fig.3
they different?
5. Is the following statement true ? Why ?
"Two quadrilaterals are similar, if their corresponding angles are equal".

NUMERICAL ABILITY 12.2

Tell whether the two triangles are similar or not.

E B

D C
x
O
Fig. 4

Solution
Step-1 : Are the angles congruent?
ÐA @ ÐA, by the Reflexive Property.
Because ÐADC and ÐAEB are right angles, ÐADC @ ÐAEB.

EB P DC , so ÐABE @ ÐACD.
Corresponding angles of the triangle are congruent.
THE
Step-2 : Are the sides in proportion? SPOT P
Use the distance formula or count to find AE, AD, EB and DC. LIGHT
AE = 2, AD = 4, EB = 3, DC = 6. Two figures are congruent if they have
Use the Pythagoras theorem to find AC and AB. same shape & size, whereas two
AC2 = AD2 + DC2 AB2 = AE2 + EB2 figures are called similar if they just
have same shape, they may differ in
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size.
AC = AD2 + DC2 AB = AE2 + EB2

= 42 + 62 = 52 = 22 + 32 = 13

= 4 ´13 = 2 13

AC = 2 13 and AB = 13
Check the proportion :

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ICSE : Class IX
ALLEN
short leg of DABE long leg of DABE hypotenuse of DABE
= =
short leg of DACD long leg of DACD hypotenuse of DACD

AE EB AB
= =
AD DC AC

2 3 13
= =
4 6 2 13

1 1 1
= =
2 2 2
All angles are congruent and all sides are in proportion. By the definition
of similar figures, DABE ~ DACD

CHECK YOUR ANSWERS 12.1

1. 4:1
2. Yes
3. Yes
4. They are equiangular but sides are different.
5. They are similar, if sides are proportional.

CHECK YOUR CONCEPTS 12.2

THE
SPOT P 1. Tell whether the polygons in each pair are similar. Explain your reasoning.

LIGHT
Can you sketch two quadrilaterals 15
112° 30°
that are not similar but whose
corresponding sides are in 12
proportion? 22.5 3 8
10
30°
8 5
5
38° 15

(i) (ii)

2. If the ratio of one pair of corresponding sides of similar triangles is

1/4, what are the ratio of other pairs of corresponding sides?
12.2 Similar triangles
You know several shortcuts for proving that two triangles are congruent
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without checking each angle and side. In this lesson you will learn some
shortcuts for proving that triangles are similar.
When two triangles have two pairs of congruent
angles, the third pair must be congruent, too.
If you experiment with two triangles in which all
three pairs of angles are congruent, you will find
that the lengths of their sides are in proportion.
Angle-Angle (AA) similarity postulate
If two angles of a triangle are congruent to two angles of another triangle,
then the triangles are similar.

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ALLEN
BUILDING CONCEPTS 12.2
In the following figure QT P RS . Prove that DPRS ~ DPQT

Q R

P
T S

Fig. 5

Explanation

Given : QT P RS
To Prove : DPRS ~ DPQT
Proof :
QT||RS (Given)

ÐPQT @ ÐPRS (If two || lines are intersected by a

transversal, then corresponding
angles are congruent)
ÐP @ ÐP (Reflexive Property)
\ DPRS ~ DPQT (By AA Similarity)

CHECK YOUR ANSWERS 12.2

1. (i) Yes (ii) No

1
2.
4

CHECK YOUR CONCEPTS 12.3

1. Describe another way to prove that DPRS ~ DPQT in building concepts
13.2
2. Sketch two isosceles right triangles. Are they similar? Why?
B
As with congruent triangles, there are several ways to prove that two
triangles are similar.
A C
Side-Angle-Side (SAS) similarity theorem E
If an angle of one triangle is congruent to an angle of another triangle,
and the sides including these angles are in proportion, then the triangles
D F
are similar.
Fig. 6
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AB AC
If ÐA @ ÐD and = , (see figure 6)
DE DF
B
then DABC ~ DDEF.
Side-Side-Side (SSS) similarity theorem C
A
If all corresponding sides of two triangles are in proportion, then the
E
triangles are similar.
AB BC AC
If = = , (see figure 7)
DE EF DF D F
then DABC ~ DDEF. Fig. 7

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ICSE : Class IX
ALLEN
BUILDING CONCEPTS 12.3
Is it possible to prove that the triangles in each pair are similar? Explain
why or why not.
THE
SPOT P P J
LIGHT A
B
Are all regular polygons with the
E 39 36
same number of sides similar ?
Discuss. (i) (ii)
D Q R K L
C
26 24

Explanation
(i) Yes. ÐAED @ ÐCEB because they are vertical angles. ÐA @ ÐC because
they are alternate interior angles formed by two parallel lines and a
transversal. So DAED ~ DCEB by the AA Similarity Postulate.
(ii) No. The congruent angles are not included between the given sides.

BUILDING CONCEPTS 12.4

Tell whether the triangles in each pair are similar. Explain your reasoning.

A 5.75
(i) (ii)
D 7.5
4 B 9.5
3 19
C 15
8.5 E
5.5 11.5

Explanation
(i) You know that ÐC @ ÐF. Check whether the sides that include the
angles are in proportion.
DF EF
?
AC BC

8.5 5.5
?
4 3
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2.125 ¹ 1.8 3
THE
SPOT P The sides are not in proportion, so the triangles are not similar.

LIGHT (ii) Are the corresponding sides in proportion?

Which similarity relationship is most 5.75 7.5 9.5
closely related to the ASA Theorem ? , ?
11.5 15 19
for congruent triangles ? Explain
your choice.
1 1 1
= =
2 2 2
By the SSS Similarity Theorem, the triangles are similar.

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CHECK YOUR ANSWERS 12.3
PQ PT
1. In DPQT and DPRS = (by corollary of BPT)
PR PS
ÐP = ÐP (common)
DPQT ~ DPRS (By SAS similarity)

A P

2.

Q R 15 B
B C A
53°
AB PQ 14 13 J
Yes, because = =1
BC QR 7.5
ÐB = ÐQ = 90° C
L 53° K
DABC ~ DPQR (by SAS similarity) 7
CHECK YOUR CONCEPTS 12.4 Fig. 8

1. Explain why DABC ~ DLJK. Find the length JK. (see figure 8)
2. Two isosceles triangles each have a vertex angle of 50°. Must the triangles
be similar? Explain your reasoning. E
3. Explain why the triangles in each pair are similar.
cm
B 5c 12
(i) A (ii) P m
X
20
D 6 P
7 12 6
C m 10
Q
9
Z C 6c c m
10 8 4.5 D
B 14
RY
E
Fig. 9
A
4. Is it possible to prove that the triangles in each pair are similar? Explain
why or why not.

A 24 C 12 D E
A E
P
5 8 26
5
8 R B C
(i) B C
(ii) B 39
5 8
Q Fig. 10
D

5. If two angles of a triangle are congruent to two angles of another triangle,

what can you conclude about the triangles?
6. The length of each side of DABC is one third the length of the
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corresponding side in DQRS. What can you conclude about the triangles?
THE
7.
Why?
It is given that DDEF ~ DRPQ. Is it true to say that ÐD = ÐR and
SPOT P
ÐF = ÐP ? Why ? LIGHT
If one angle of an isosceles triangle
8. In figure, BD and CE intersect each other at the point P. Is DPBC ~ DPDE ? is congruent to one angle of another
Why ? (see figure 9) isosceles triangle, then the triangles
are similar.
9. In figure10, if ÐD = ÐC, then is it true that DADE ~ DACB ? Why ?
10. D is a point on side QR of DPQR such that PD ^ QR. Will it be correct
to say that DPQD ~ DRPD ? Why ?

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ICSE : Class IX
ALLEN
12.3 Basic Proportionality theorem
Theorem (Thales theorem) : If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a
triangle intersecting the other two sides, then the other two sides are divided
in the same ratio.
THE
SPOT P Given : A DABC in which line l parallel to BC (DE P BC) intersecting AB at
D and AC at E. (fig.11)
LIGHT AD AE
The symbol for congruence @ is a To prove : =
DB EC
combination of the symbol for Construction : Join D to C and E to B. Through E drawn EF perpendicular
equality, =, and the symbol for
to AB i.e., EF ^ AB and through D draw DG ^ AC.
similarity, ~. Do you think this makes
Proof :
sense ? Explain why or why not ?
1 1
Area of (DADE) = (AD × EF) (Area of D = base ´ altitude )
2 2
1
Area of (DBDE) = (BD × EF)
2
1
AD ´ EF
Area (DADE) 2 AD
= =
Area ( DBDE) 1 DB .........(i)
BD ´ EF
2
1
AE ´ DG
A Area (DADE) 2 AE
= =
Area (DCDE) 1 EC ........(ii)
EC ´ DG
F G 2
Area (DBDE) = Area (DCDE) (Q Ds BDE and CDE are on
l D E the same base DE and between
the same parallel lines DE and
BC.)
Area ( DADE) AE
B C Þ =
Area (DBDE) EC
Fig.11 AD AE
\ =
DB EC
Hence proved.
Theorem (Converse of basic proportionality theorem) : If a line
divides any two sides of a triangle proportionally, the line is parallel to the
third side.
Given : A DABC and DE is a line meeting AB and AC at D and E
AD AE
respectively such that = (fig.12)
DB EC
To prove : DE P BC
Proof :
If possible, let DE be not parallel to BC. Then, draw DF P BC
node05\B0B0-BA\CBSE\9th\ICSE Part-2\Maths-2\12_Similarity.p65

A
AD AF
Þ = (By Basic Proportionality theorem.)
F DB FC
D E
AD AE
Also, = (Given)
DB EC
B C
AF AE AF AE
Fig.12 \ = Þ +1 = + 1 (Adding 1 on both sides)
FC EC FC EC
AF + FC AE + EC AC AC
Þ = Þ =
FC EC FC EC
Þ FC = EC Þ E and F coincide.
But, DF P BC.
\ DE P BC.
Hence proved
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ALLEN
BUILDING CONCEPTS 12.5
In the given figure, DABC is right-angled at B and BD ] AC.
Prove that :
(i) DADB ~ DBDC.
(ii) DADB ~ DABC.
(iii) DBDC ~ DABC.
(iv) BD2 =AD × DC.
Explanation
We have ÐABD + ÐDBC = ÐDBC + ÐBCD = 90°.
\ ÐABD = ÐBCD [Each = 90° – ÐDBC]
(i) In DADB and DBDC, we have
ÐABD = ÐBCD [Proved]
ÐADB = ÐBDC = 90°
\ DABD ~ DBDC [By AA - similarity]

B C
Fig. 13
(ii) In DADB and DABC, we have
ÐA = ÐA and ÐADB = ÐABC = 90°
\ DADB ~ DABC [By AA - similarity]
(iii) In DBDC and DABC, we have:
ÐC = ÐC and ÐBDC = ÐABC = 90°.
\DBDC ~ DABC [By AA - Similarity]
(iv) DADB ~ DBDC [By (i)]

AD BD
Þ < [Corresponding sides of similar Ds are proportional]
BD DC
Þ BD2 = AD × DC.

NUMERICAL ABILITY 12.3

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In the figure 14, PQ || XY, ZQ = 2.4 cm, QY = 3.6 cm and XY = 7.2 cm.
X
Find.
3
ZP
(i) (ii) PQ P
PX
1 4
(iii) If XP = p, find value of XZ in terms of p. 2 Z
Y Q
Solution
Fig.14
(i) Given PQ || XY

ZQ ZP
\ < [by Basic Proportionality Theorem]
QY PX

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ICSE : Class IX
ALLEN
But ZQ = 2.4cm, YQ = 3.6 cm

2.4 ZP ZP 24 2
\ < Þ < <
3.6 PX PX 36 3
(ii) In Ds XYZ and PQZ [ Q XY || PQ and YZ is transversal]
Ð1 = Ð2 [Corrsponding angles]
Ð3 = Ð4 [Corresponding angles]
\ ÐZ = ÐZ [Common]
\ DXYZ ~ DPQZ [by A.A. similarity]
XZ YZ XY
\ < < [ Q corresponding sides of similar
PZ QZ PQ
triangles are proportional]
6 7.2
But < [ZY = 2.4 + 3.6 = 6.0 cm]
2.4 PQ
X

3 cm E 7.2 ≥ 2.4
PQ < < 2.88 cm
m

\
7 .2 c

Z 6
4 cm

XZ 6 XZ 6
F (iii) from (i), < Þ <
Y D PZ 2.4 XZ , XP 2.4
Fig.15 XZ - p 2.4 p 2.4
Þ = Þ 1– =
XZ 6 XZ 6

p 2.4 3.6
Þ =1– =
XZ 6 6

XZ 6 6 6 ´ 10 10 5
Þ = Þ XZ = p= .p = p= p
p 3.6 3.6 36 6 3

NUMERICAL ABILITY 12.4

In the given figure 15, XY, ZD and EF are parallel lines. Given XY = 7.2
cm, DZ = b cm, EF = 4 cm, and YZ = a cm and ZE = 3 cm. Calculate the
values of a and b.
Solution
In DYEF and DYZD (fig.16)
As ZD || EF
E
\ Ð1 = Ð2, Ð3 = Ð4 [ Q corresponding angles]
3 cm 4
\ ÐY = ÐY [common]
4 cm

Z
a 3 \ DYEF ~ DYZD [by A.A. similarity]
b 2
Y 1
F
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D YF YE EF
\ < < [corresponding sides of similar Ds are proportional]
YD YZ ZD
Fig.16

YF a∗3 4
Þ < < ....(i)
YD a b
In Ds XYF and DZDF, ZD || XY (fig.17)
Ð5 = Ð6, Ð7 = Ð8 [corresponding angles]
ÐF = ÐF [common]
\ DXYF ~ DZDF [by A.A. similarity]
XF YF XY
Þ < <
ZF DF ZD
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 Mathematics
ALLEN
XF YF 7.2
Þ < <
ZF DF b
YF DF YF , DF YD YF 7.2
Þ < < < Þ < .....(ii)
7.2 b 7.2 , b 7.2 , b YD 7.2 , b
7.2 4
\ From (i) and (ii) < Þ 7.2b < 7.2 ≥ 4 , 4b
7.2 , b b X
7.2 ≥ 4 7

7.2 cm
11.2b < 7.2 ≥ 4 Þ b < < 2.57or b < 2.57cm
11.2 Z
a ∗3 4 3 4 3 4 1.43 5 b 8
[ From (i) < Þ 1∗ < Þ < ,1 < 6 F
a b a 2.57 a 2.57 2.57 Y D
Þ 1.43 a < 3 ≥ 2.57 Þ a < 5.39 cm Fig.17

NUMERICAL ABILITY 12.5

In the adjoining figure 18, DABE ? DACD. Show that DADE ~ DABC.
Solution
Given : DABE ? DACD
To prove : DADE ~ DABC.
A
\ AE = AD (c.p.c.t.)
and AB = AC (c.p.c.t.) D E
AD AE
Þ <
AB AC
B C
Now, in DADE and DABC,
Fig.18
AD AE
< and ÐADE < ÐABC
AB AC
\ DADE ~ DABC (By S.A.S. similarity)
NUMERICAL ABILITY 12.6
In the adjoining figure 19, MP,LR and NQ are perpendiculars to the straight
1 1 1
line MLN. If MP = x, LR = z and NQ = y, prove that ∗ < .
x y z
P
Solution
Let ML = a and LN = b (say).
In DMPN, MP || LR (MP ] MN, LR ] MN, so corres. Ðs are equal, Q
x
each = 90°). By basic proportionality theorem, we get R
y
LR LN z b
< Þ < ........(i) z
x a∗b
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MP MN
M L N
In DMNQ, NQ || LR (NQ ] MN, LR ] MN, so corres. Ðs as equal) Fig.19

LR ML z a
[ < Þ < ........(ii)
NQ MN y a∗b
On adding (i) and (ii), we get
z z b a z z b∗a
∗ < ∗ Þ ∗ < <1
x y a∗b a∗b x y a∗b

1 1 1
Þ ∗ < (dividing both sides by z)
x y z

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ALLEN
NUMERICAL ABILITY 12.7
If two transversals intersect three parallel lines, prove that the intercepts
made by the two transversals on parallel lines, are proportional.
Solution
Given : Three lines l, m and n such that l || m || n. Two transversals PQ
and RS interesect them at the points A, B, C and D, E, F respectively.
(fig.20)

AB DE
To prove : < .
BC EF
P R
Construction : Join AF. Let it meet m at H.
A D
l Proof.
In DACF, BH ||CF.
B H E
m
AB AH
\ < ...(i) (By Basic Proportionality Theorem)
BC HF
n
C F In DAFD, HE || AD.
Q S DF AH
\ < ...(ii) (By Basic Proportionality Theorem.)
Fig.20 EF HF

AB DE
\ < From (i) and (ii).
BC EF
Hence proved

NUMERICAL ABILITY 12.8

Prove that the internal bisector of an angle of a triangle divides the opposite
side in the ratio of the sides containing the angle.
Given: A DABC in which AD is the internal bisector of ÐA. (fig. 21)

BD AB
To prove: <
DC AC
Construction: Draw CE || DA, meeting BA produced at E.
E
Ð1 = Ð2 (AD is the bisector of ÐA.)
4 Ð2 = Ð3 (Alt. Ðs are equal, as CE || DA and AC
A
is the transversal.)
1 2 Ð1 = Ð4 (Corres. Ðs equal, as CE || DA and BE
3
is the transversal.)
C
node05\B0B0-BA\CBSE\9th\ICSE Part-2\Maths-2\12_Similarity.p65

B D \ Ð3 = Ð4
Fig.21 AE = AC (Sides opposite to equal angles are equal.)
In DBCE, DA || CE

BD BA
Þ < (By Basic Proportionality Theorem.)
DC AE

BD AB
\ <
DC AC

Hence proved

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NUMERICAL ABILITY 12.9
A girl of height 1.2 m is walking away from the base of a lamp-post at a
speed of 1.5 m/sec. If the lamp is 3.6 m above the ground, find the
length of her shadow after 4 seconds. (fig.22)
Solution
Let AB be the lamp-post and CD the girl after walking for 4 seconds away A
from the base of the lamp-post. Then DE is the shadow of the girl. Let DE
be x metres, then BD = distance covered by the girl in 4 seconds

3.6 cm
= (1.5 × 4) m = 6 m E
In Ds ABE and CDE 1.2 cm
ÐB = ÐD B E
D
( Q each angle = 90° because lamp-post as well as girl are standing vertical
to the ground) Fig.22
ÐE = ÐE (Common)
\ DABE ~ DCDE (By A.A. similarity)
BE AB BD ∗ DE AB 6 ∗ x 3.6
[ < Þ < Þ <
DE CD DE CD x 1.2

6∗x
Þ < 3 Þ 3x < x ∗ 6 Þ 2x < 6 Þ x < 3.
x
Hence, the length of the shadow of the girl = 3 m.
P
12.4 Similarity as a size transformation
Consider the following examples:
(i) Enlargement: Let a DABC be given (fig.23). With the help of this A C
triangle we shall construct a similar triangle, each of whose sides is twice B A'
the corresponding sides of DABC.
C'
Method: Mark a point P outside DABC. Join PA, PB and PC.
Produce them to A', B', and C' such that
B'
PA' = 2PA, PB' = 2PB and PC' = 2PC. Join A'B', B'C' and C'A'.
Then D A'B'C' is called the image of DABC. Fig.23
On measurement, we find that :
A'B' = 2AB, B'C' = 2BC and C'A' = 2CA.
We say that:
Object DABC has been enlarged by a scale factor 2 about the centre of
enlargement P to give the image D A'B'C'.
(ii) Reduction: Let a DABC be given (fig. 24). With the help of this triangle,
P
we shall construct a similar triangle, each of whose sides is equal to half of
the corresponding sides of DABC.
Method: Take a point P outside DABC. A'
Join PA, PB and PC.
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B' C'
Mark points A', B' and C' such that
1 1 1 A
PA ' < PA,PB ' < PB and PC ' < PC.
2 2 2
Join A'B', B'C', and C'A'.
On measurment, it will be found that: B C
1 1 1 Fig.24
A 'B'< AB, B ' C ' < BC and A ' C ' < AC.
2 2 2
1
Thus, DABC has been reduced by a scale factor about the centre of
2
reduction P to give the image DA'B'C'.

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ICSE : Class IX
ALLEN
Size Transformation
It is the process in which a given figure is enlarged or reduced by the scale
factor k, such that the resulting figure is similar to the given figure.
The given figure is called an object or the pre-image and the resulting
figure is called its image.
Properties of Size Transformation
(i) In a size transformation, the shape of the given figure is preserved.
Thus, angle, perpendicularity, parallelism, etc., are preserved.
(ii) Let k be the scale factor of a given size transformation. Then,
(a) k > 1 Þ The transformation is enlargement.
(b) k < 1 Þ The tranformation is reduction.
THE
SPOT P (c) k = 1 Þ The transformation is an identity transormation.
(iii) Each side of resulting image = k times the corresponding side of given
LIGHT object.
Congruent triangles are necessarily (iv) Area of resulting image = k2 × (Area of given object).
similar but the similar triangles may
(v ) Volume of resulting image = k3 × (Volume of given object).
not be congruent.
Model
The model of a plane figure and the actual figure are similar to one another.
Let the model of a plane figure be drawn to the scale 1 : p.
1
Then, Scale Factor, k < .
p
(i) Length of Model = k × (Length of actual object).
(ii) Area of Model = k3 × (Volume of actual object).
(iii) Volume of Model = k3 × (Volume of actual object).
Map
Let the map of a plane figure be drawn to the scale 1 : p.
1
Then, Scale Factor, k < .
p
(i) Length in the map = k × (Actual Length).
(ii) Area in the map = k2 × (Actual Area).
BUILDING CONCEPTS 12.6
A model of a car is made to a scale of 1 : 30. Calculate:
(i) the length in cm, of the model, if the length of the car is 60 m.
(ii) the length in cm, of the car, if length of its model is 15 cm.
Explanation
1
Here the scale factor, k <
30
(i) length of the model = k times the length of the car
= k × 60 m
node05\B0B0-BA\CBSE\9th\ICSE Part-2\Maths-2\12_Similarity.p65

1
< ≥ 60 m < 2m < 2 ≥100 < 200cm
30
( Q 1m = 100 cm)
(ii) Also, if length of the model = 15 cm
from (i) 15 cm = k times length of car
1
= ≥ length of car
30
Þ length of car = 15 × 30 cm
450
< 450cm < m < 4.50m
100

108
 Mathematics
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NUMERICAL ABILITY 12.10
A triangle XYZ has been enlarged by a scalar factor k = 2.5 to the triangle
X'Y'Z'. Calculate
(i) the length of XY, if X'Y' = 8 cm. (ii) the length of Z'X', if ZX = 6 cm.
Solution
Here scale factor k = 2.5
If scale factor is k, then each side of the resulting figure = k times the
corresponding side of given figure.
\ X'Y' = kXY and Z'X' = k ZX
(i) When X'Y' = 8 cm.
\ 8 cm = kXY = 2.5 XY

8
Þ XY < < 3.20cm.
2.5

(ii) When ZX = 6 cm, Z'X' = k × 6 cm = 2.5 × 6 cm = 15 cm.

NUMERICAL ABILITY 12.11

The scale of a map is 1 : 200000. A plot of land of area 20 km 2 is to be
represented on the map.
Find
(i) the number of km on the ground represented by 1 cm on the map.
(ii) the area in km2 that can be represented by 1 cm2.
(iii) the area on the map that represents the plot of land.
Solution
1
The map is made to the scale 1 : 200000. So, k < .
200000
(i) Length on the Map = k × (Actual Length)
1
Þ (Actual Length) = ≥ (Length on the Map)
k
\ When length on the Map = 1 cm, we have
æ 200000 ÷ö
çç ÷ km < 2 km.
Actual length = (200000 × 1 cm) = çè100 ≥1000 ÷ø

(ii) Area on the Map = k2 × (Area on the Map)

1
Þ (Actual Area) = ≥ (Area on the Map)
k
node05\B0B0-BA\CBSE\9th\ICSE Part-2\Maths-2\12_Similarity.p65

\ When area on the Map is 1 cm2, we have

Actual Area = 200000 × 200000 × 1 cm2
æ 200000 ≥ 200000 ö÷ 2
< çç ÷ km
çè100 ≥100 ≥1000 ≥1000 ø÷

= 4 km2.
(iii) 20 km2 = (20 × 1000 × 1000 × 100 × 100) cm2.
Area on the Map = k2 × Actual Area
æ 1 1 ö
< çç ≥ ≥ 20 ≥1000 ≥1000 ≥100 ≥100÷÷÷ cm 2
çè 200000 200000 ø
= 5 cm2.
109
ICSE : Class IX
ALLEN
CHECK YOUR ANSWERS 12.4
AB LJ
1. In DABC and DLKJ =
AC LK
ÐA = ÐL
DABC ~ DJKL (by SAS similarity)
JK 7 1
Þ = =
BC 14 2
Þ JK = 6.5
2. Yes
A P

50° 50°

B C Q R
In triangle ABC and PQR
AB PQ
= =1
AC PR
ÐA = ÐP
DABC ~ DPQR (by SAS similarity)
3. (i) In DABC and DECD
AC BC
=
CE CD
ÐACB = ÐDCE (vertically opposite angles)
DABC ~ DECD (by SAS similarity)
(ii) In DPQR and DXYZ
YZ ZX XY
= =
PQ QR PR
DPQR ~ DXYZ (by SSS similarity)
4. (i) Yes, as sides are proportional
(ii) No, as only two sides are proportional
5. Triangles are similar
6. Triangles are similar as sides are proportional
7. ÐD = ÐR is true but ÐF ¹ ÐP as they are not corresponding to each other
8. Yes, in DPBC and DPDE
PB PC
=
PD PE
ÐP =ÐP
node05\B0B0-BA\CBSE\9th\ICSE Part-2\Maths-2\12_Similarity.p65

DPBC ~ DPDE (by SAS similarity)

9. Yes, in DADE and DABC
ÐA =ÐA
ÐD = ÐC
DADE ~ DACB (by AA similarity)
P

10.

Q R
D
No

110
 Mathematics
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EXERCISE # 1
Multiple choice questions
AB BC CA
1. The line segments joining the mid points of the sides 8. If in two triangles ABC and PQR, = = ,
QR PR PQ
of a triangle form four triangles each of which is :
(1) similar to the original triangle. then
(2) congruent to the original triangle. (1) DPQR ~ DCAB (2) DPQR ~ DABC
(3) an equilateral triangle. (3) DCBA ~ DPQR (4) DBCA ~ DPQR
(4) an isosceles triangle. 9. In figure, two lines segments AC and BD intersect
2. In DABC and DDEF , ÐA = 50°, ÐB = 70°, each other at the point P such that PA = 6 cm,
ÐC = 60°, ÐD = 60°, ÐE = 70°, ÐF = 50°, then PB = 3 cm, PC = 2.5 cm, PD = 5 cm, ÐAPB = 50°
DABC is similar to : and ÐCDP = 30°. Then, ÐPBA is equal to :-
(1) DDEF (2) DEDF (1) 50° A
6 D
cm
(3) DDFE (4) DFED 5cm30°
(2) 30° P
3. D, E, F are the mid points of the sides BC, CA and 50°
(3) 60° 2.5
AB respectively of DABC. Then DDEF is congruent cm cm C
(4) 100° B 3
to triangle
10. If in two triangles DEF and PQR, ÐD = ÐQ and
(1) ABC (2) AEF
ÐR = ÐE, then which of the following is not true?
(3) BFD, CDE (4) AFE, BFD, CDE
4. If in the triangles ABC and DEF, angle A is equal to EF DF DE EF
(1) = (2) =
angle E, both are equal to 40°, AB : ED = AC : EF PR PQ PQ RP
and angle F is 65°, then angle B is :- DE DF EF DE
(1) 35° (2) 65° (3) 75° (4) 85° (3) = (4) =
QR PQ RP QR
5. Consider the following statements :
11. In triangles ABC and DEF, ÐB = ÐE, ÐF = ÐC and
1. If three sides of a triangle are equal to three
AB = 3 DE. Then, the two triangles are :-
sides of another triangle, then the triangles are
(1) Congruent but not similar
congruent.
(2) Similar but not congruent
2. If three angles of a triangle are respectively
(3) Neither congruent nor similar
equal to three angles of another triangle, then
(4) Congruent as well as similar
the two triangles are congruent.
Of these statements, AB BC
12. If in triangles ABC and DEF, = , then they
(1) 1 is correct and 2 is false DE FD
(2) Both 1 and 2 are false will be similar, when :-
(3) Both 1 and 2 are correct (1) ÐB = ÐE (2) ÐA = ÐD
(4) 1 is false and 2 is correct (3) ÐB = ÐD (4) ÐA = ÐF
6. If in figure, O is the point of intersection of two chords 13. Triangle ABC is such that AB = 3 cm, BC = 2 cm
AB and CD such that OB = OD, then triangles OAC and CA = 2.5 cm. Triangle DEF is similar to DABC.
and ODB are :- If EF = 4 cm, then the perimeter of DDEF is :
(1) 7.5 cm (2) 15 cm (3) 22.5 cm (4) 30 cm
14. ABC is a triangle and DE is drawn parallel to BC
A D cutting the other sides at D and E. If AB = 3.6 cm,
node05\B0B0-BA\CBSE\9th\ICSE Part-2\Maths-2\12_Similarity.p65

45°
O AC = 2.4 cm and AD = 2.1 cm, then AE is equal
C B to
(1) 1.4 cm (2) 1.8 cm (3) 1.2 cm (4) 1.05 cm
(1) Equilateral but not similar 15. In the adjoining figure, XY is parallel to AC. If XY
(2) Isosceles but not similar divides the triangle into equal parts, then the value
(3) Equilateral and similar AX
of =
(4) Isosceles and similar AB A
7. If DABC ~ DEDF and DABC is not similar to DDEF, 1 1
(1) (2) X
then which of the following is not true? 2 2
(1) BC . EF = AC . FD (2) AB . EF = AC . DE 2 +1 2 -1
(3) BC . DE = AB . EF (4) BC . DE = AB . FD (3) (4) B Y C
2 2
111
ICSE : Class IX
ALLEN
16. In DABC, D and E are points on AB and AC Fill in the blanks
respectively such that DE ||BC. If AE = 2 cm, 1. Two figures are said to be similar, if they have
EC = 3 cm and BC = 10 cm, then DE is equal to : same_______.
20 2. If two triangles have three pairs of corresponding
(1) 5 cm (2) 4 cm (3) 15 cm cm (4) sides proportional, the triangles are similar
3
17. The ratio of the corresponding sides of two similar by________similarity.
triangles is 1 : 3. The ratio of their corresponding 3. All_______triangles are similar.
heights is : 4. All circles are_________ figures.
(1) 1 : 3 (2) 3 : 1 (3) 1 : 9 (4) 9 : 1 5. If scale factor is greater than 1, then size
18. In DABC, AB = 3 cm, AC = 4 cm and AD is the transformation is called _______.
bisector of ÐA. Then, BD : DC is : Crossword puzzle
(1) 9 : 16 (2) 16 : 9 (3) 3 : 4 (4) 4 : 3 3®

19. In the given figure, ÐABC = 90° and BM is a 4¯

median, AB = 8 cm and BC = 6 cm. Then, length

1®
BM is equal to :
A

M 2®

B C
(1) 3 cm (2) 4 cm (3) 5 cm (4) 7cm
20. In the adjoining figure, AD : DC = 2 : 3, then ÐABC Across
is equal to :
AB BC AC
A 1. In two Ds ABC and DDEF = = ,
DE EF DF
then triangles are ____.
D
m

2. In two Ds ABC and DDEF, AB = DE, AC = DF,

0c
=1

130° ÐA = ÐD, then triangles are ____.

AB

30° 3. B.P.T. is also known as ____ theorem.

B C Down
BC=15cm
(1) 30° (2) 40° (3) 45° (4) 110° 4. A closed figure of three sides is called a ___.

EXERCISE # 1 ANSWER KEY

Multiple choice questions
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 1 4 4 3 1 4 3 1 4 2 2 3 2 1 4 2 1 3 3 2

Fill in the blanks

1. Shape 2. S. S. S. 3. Equilateral 4. Similar 5. Enlargement
node05\B0B0-BA\CBSE\9th\ICSE Part-2\Maths-2\12_Similarity.p65

Crossword puzzle
T H A L E S
R
S I M I L A R
A
N
C O N G R U E N T
L
E
S

112
 Mathematics
ALLEN
EXERCISE # 2
Very short answer type questions 7. In the adjoining figure (not drawn to scale),
PS = 4 cm, SR = 2 cm, PT = 3 cm and
1. In the given figure, XY P BC.
QT = 5 cm.
Given that AX = 3 cm, XB = 1.5 cm and
(i) Show that DPQR ~ DPST.
BC = 6 cm. A (ii) Calculate ST, if QR = 5·8 cm.
Calculate :
R
AY S
(i) X Y
YC
(ii) XY. B C
Q P
2. D and E are points on the sides AB and AC T
respectively of DABC. For each of the following 8. In the given figure, AB and DE are perpendicular
to BC. If AB = 9 cm, DE = 3 cm and
cases, state whether DE P BC: AC = 24 cm, calculate AD.
(i) AD = 5.7 cm, BD = 9.5 cm, AE = 3.6 cm and
EC = 6 cm A
D
(ii) AB = 5.6 cm, AD = 1.4 cm, AC = 9.6 cm and
EC = 2.4 cm.
B C
(iii) AB = 11.7 cm, BD = 5.2 cm, AE = 4.4 cm E
and AC = 9.9 cm. 9. A triangle XYZ has been reduced by scalar factor
(iv) AB = 10.8 cm, BD = 4.5 cm, AC = 4.8 cm 0.8 to the triangle X'Y'Z'. Calculate:
and AE = 2.8 cm. (i) the length of Y'Z' if YZ = 8 cm.
3. The areas of two similar triangles are 48 cm2 and (ii) the length of XY, if X'Y' = 5.4 cm.
75 cm2 respectively. If the altitude of the first 10. A triangle XYZ is enlarged about a point P as the
triangle be 3.6 cm, find the corresponding altitude centre of enlargement, and the scalar factor is 4.
of the other.
Find: (i) X'Y', if XY = 6 cm (ii) YZ, if Y'Z' = 12 cm
4. In DABC, AD is the bisector of ÐA. If BC = 10 cm, (iii) PX, if P'X' = 8 cm.
BD = 6 cm and AC = 6 cm, find AB.
11. In the given fig, DE P BC.
A
A

D E
B C B C
D
(i) If AD = 3.6 cm, AB = 9 cm and
5. A model of a house is made to scale 1 : 100. If the AE = 2.4 cm, find EC.
height of the model is 8 m. Calculate the height of AD 3
(ii) If = and AC = 5.6 cm, find AE.
the house. DB 5
node05\B0B0-BA\CBSE\9th\ICSE Part-2\Maths-2\12_Similarity.p65

Short answer type questions (iii) If AD = x cm, DB = (x – 2) cm, AE = (x + 2)

cm and EC = (x – 1) cm, find the value of x.
6. In the given figure, BA P DC. Sho w th at
DOAB ~ DODC. If AB = 4 cm, CD = 3 cm, 12. In the given figure, AB P PQ and AC P PR. Prove
OC = 5·7 cm and OD = 3·6 cm, find OA and OB. that BC P QR.
A R
C
O
C A P
B O
B
D
Q

113
ICSE : Class IX
ALLEN
13. Draw a line segment AB = 4.5 cm. Locate a point 18. In the adjoining figure, ABCD is a parallelogram
P outside AB such that PA = 2.4 cm and PB = 3 cm. in which AB = 16 cm, BC = 10 cm and L is a
Produce PA to A' and PB to B' such that PA' = 3 PA point on AC such that CL : LA = 2 : 3. If BL
produced meets CD at M and AD produced at N,
A'B' prove that:
and PB' = 3PB. Join A'B'. Find the ratio .
AB (i) DCLB ~ DALN
14. In the given figure, DABC ~ DPQR and AM, PN (ii) DCLM ~ DALB
are altitudes, whereas AX and PY are medians. C B
AM AX L
Prove that =
PN PY
M
P
A N A
D
19. In the given figure, medians AD and BE of DABC
meet at G and DF P BE. Prove that
(i) EF = FC
B C R (ii) AG : GD = 2 : 1.
M X Q N Y
15. In the given figure, ÐABC = 90° and BD ^ AC. A
If AB = 5·7 cm, BD = 3·8 cm and CD = 5·4 cm,
find BC. E
G
A
F
B C
D
D
20. In the given figure, DE P BC and BD = DC.
A
B C
Long answer type questions
D E
16. In the given figure, it is given that ÐABD = ÐCDB
= ÐPQB = 90°. If AB = x units, CD = y units and
B C
1 1 1 (i) Prove that DE bisects ÐADC.
PQ = z units, prove that + =
x y z (ii) If AD = 4·5 cm, AE = 3·9 cm and
DC = 7.5 cm, find CE.
(iii) Find the ratio AD : DB.
A C
21. The dimension of the model of multistorey building
are 1.3 m × 70 m × 3 m. If the scalar factor is
P 1 : 25, find the actual dimensions of the building.
x y
22. On a map drawn to scale of 1 : 250000, a triangular
z
plot of land has the following measurements :
B Q D AB = 3 cm, BC = 4 cm, ÐABC = 90°.
node05\B0B0-BA\CBSE\9th\ICSE Part-2\Maths-2\12_Similarity.p65

Calculate : (i) the actual length of AB in km.

(ii) the actual length of AC in km.
17. In the given figure, ABCD is a parallelogram, E (iii) the actual area of the plot in km2.
is a point on BC and the diagonal BD intersects 23. In the adjoining figure, ABCD is a parallelogram,
AE at F. Prove that: DF × FE = FB × FA. P is a point on side BC and DP when produced
meets AB produced at L. Prove that:
D C (i) DP : PL = DC : BL
E (ii) DL : DP = AL : DC.
F D C
A B
P
L
A B
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 Mathematics
ALLEN
24. O is any point inside a DABC. The bisectors of 28. In the figure given below, AB || CR and LM || QR.
ÐAOB, ÐBOC and ÐCOA meet the sides AB, BC
and CA in points D, E and F respectively. Prove BM AL
(i) Prove that < .
that AD·BE·CF = DB·EC·FA. MC LQ
A
F (ii) Calculate LM : QR, given that BM : MC = 1 : 2.
D
O
B C A
E
25. In the given figure, the medians BE and CF of B
DABC meet at G. Prove that: L
M C
(i) DGEF ~ DGBC and therefore, BG = 2GE. d
(ii) AB × AE = AF × AC.
R Q
A

29. Construct a rectangle XYZT with XY = 16 cm, and

F E YZ = 12 cm.

G (i) Find the image X'Y'Z'T' of rectangle XYZT ob-

B C tained by reducing it by a scalar factor 0.5.
26. (i) In the figure (i) given below, AD is the external (ii) Find the length of side X'Y' and Y'Z' of the im-
bisector of ÐA, prove that BD : DC = AB : AC. age obtained.
(ii) In the figure (ii) given below, AD is the external
bisector of ÐA, find the value of x. (iii) By finding the areas of given rectangle XYZT

A X'Y'Z'T'
A and its image X'Y'Z'T, state the ratio .
XYZT
cm

5 cm
7

B C D x 30. A model of an aeroplane is made to a scale

B 6 cm C D
(i) (ii) 2 : 1500.
27. Constuct a triangle XYZ with XY = 3.0 cm, Calculate:
YZ = 3.5 cm and ZX = 4 cm. Enlarge the triangle
XYZ with enlargement factor k = 3 and label its (i) the length in cm of the model, if the length of
image as X'Y'Z'. By measuring the sides of image the aeroplane is 50 m.

(ii) the length in metres of the aeroplane, if the

X ' Y' Y 'Z' X 'Z'
X'Y'Z'. Show that < < . length of its model is 18 cm.
XY YZ XZ
node05\B0B0-BA\CBSE\9th\ICSE Part-2\Maths-2\12_Similarity.p65

EXERCISE # 2 ANSWER KEY

Very short answer type questions
1. (i) 2 : 1 (ii) 4 cm 2. (i) Yes (ii) No (iii) No (iv) Yes 3. 4.5 cm 4. 9 cm 5. 800 m
Short answer type questions
6. OA = 4.8 cm, OB = 7.6 cm 7. 2.9 cm 8. 16 cm 9. (i) 6.4 cm (ii) 6.75 cm
10. (i) 24 cm (ii) 3 cm (iii) 2 cm 11. (i) 3.6 cm (ii) 2.1 cm (iii) x = 4 13. 3 : 1 15. 8.1 cm
Long answer type questions
20. (ii) 6.5 cm (iii) 3 : 5 21. 32.5 m × 1750 m × 75 m 22. (i) 7.5 km (ii) 12.5 km (iii) 37.5 km2
26. (ii) 15 cm 28. (ii) 1 : 3 29. (ii) 8 cm, 6 cm (iii) 0.25
30. (i) 10 cm (ii) 90 m

115
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ICSE : Class IX

Important Notes
ALLEN

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 node05\B0B0-BA\CBSE\9th\ICSE Part-2\Maths-2\12_Similarity.p65

ALLEN
Important Notes

117
Mathematics