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DM Online Lecture 4

The document discusses functions, including defining the sum and product of two functions, determining if a function is one-to-one or onto, inverse functions, and function composition. It provides examples like finding the sum and product of two functions f1 and f2, determining if specific functions are one-to-one, and calculating the compositions of given functions.

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Shohidul Islam Sovon
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45 views5 pages

DM Online Lecture 4

The document discusses functions, including defining the sum and product of two functions, determining if a function is one-to-one or onto, inverse functions, and function composition. It provides examples like finding the sum and product of two functions f1 and f2, determining if specific functions are one-to-one, and calculating the compositions of given functions.

Uploaded by

Shohidul Islam Sovon
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DM_Online_Lecture 4

Let f1 and f2 be functions from A to R. Then f1 + f2 and f1f2 are also functions from A
to R defined for all x ∈ A by(f1 + f2)(x) = f1(x) + f2(x),(f1f2)(x) = f1(x)f2(x).

EXAMPLE 1 Let f1 and f2 be functions from R to R such that f1(x) = x2 and f2(x) = x - x2. What
are the functions f1 + f2 and f1f2?.

Solution: From the definition of the sum and product of functions, it follows that
(f1 + f2)(x) = f1(x) + f2(x) = x2 + (x - x2) = x and (f1f2)(x) = x2(x - x2) = x3 - x4. ▲

EXAMPLE 2 Let A = {a, b, c, d, e} and B = {1, 2, 3, 4} with f (a) = 2, f (b) = 1, f (c) = 4, f (d) = 1,
and f (e) = 1. The image of the subset S = {b, c, d} is the set f (S) = {1, 4}.

One-to-One and Onto Functions:


One-to-one Function:
A function f is said to be one-to-one, or an injunction, if and only if f (a) = f (b) implies that
a = b for all a and b in the domain of f. A function is said to be injective if it is one-to-one.

Figure 1: An one-to-one Function.

EXAMPLE 3 Determine whether the function f from {a, b, c, d} to {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} with f (a) = 4, f
(b) = 5, f (c) = 1, and f (d) = 3 is one-to-one.

Solution: The function f is one-to-one because f takes on different values at the four elements
of its domain. This is illustrated in Figure 1.

EXAMPLE 4 Determine whether the function f (x) = x2 from the set of integers to the set of

integers is one-to-one.

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Onto Function:
A function f from A to B is called onto, or a surjection, if and only if for every element
b ∈ B there is an element a ∈ A with f (a) = b. A function f is called surjective if it is onto.

Figure 2: An Onto Function.

Remark: A function f is onto if ∀y∃x(f (x) = y), where the domain for x is the domain of the
function and the domain for y is the codomain of the function.

EXAMPLE 5 Is the function f (x) = x2 from the set of integers to the set of integers onto?

Solution: The function f is not onto because there is no integer x with x2 = -1, for instance.

Figure 3: Examples of Different Types of Functions.

 The function f is a one-to-one correspondence, or a bijection, if it is both one-to-one and


onto.

Inverse Functions and Compositions of Functions:

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Figure 4: The Function f-1 Is the Inverse of Function f.

 Figure 4 illustrates the concept of an inverse function.

 If a function f is not a one-to-one correspondence or bijection, we cannot define an


inverse function of f . That means, When f is not a bijection, either it is not one-to-one or it is
not onto, it is nor possible to define an inverse function.

EXAMPLE 6 Let f be the function from {a, b, c} to {1, 2, 3} such that f (a) = 2, f (b) = 3, and f (c)
= 1. Is f invertible, and if it is, what is its inverse?

EXAMPLE 7 Let f be the function from R to R with f (x) = x2 Is f invertible?

Solution: Because f (-2) = f (2) = 4, f is not one-to-one. If an inverse function were defined,
it would have to assign two elements to 4. Hence, f is not invertible.
 Let g be a function from the set A to the set B and let f be a function from the set B to
the set C. The composition of the functions f and g, denoted for all a ∈ A by f ◦ g, is
defined by (f ◦ g)(a) = f (g(a)).

In other words, f ◦ g is the function that assigns to the element a of A the element assigned
by f to g(a). That is, to find (f ◦ g)(a) we first apply the function g to a to obtain g(a) and
then we apply the function f to the result g(a) to obtain (f ◦ g)(a) = f (g(a)). Note that the
composition f ◦ g cannot be defined unless the range of g is a subset of the domain of f . In
Figure 5 the composition of functions is shown.

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Figure 5: The Composition of the Functions f and g.

EXAMPLE 8 Let g be the function from the set {a, b, c} to itself such that g(a) = b, g(b) = c, and
g(c) = a. Let f be the function from the set {a, b, c} to the set {1, 2, 3} such that f (a) = 3, f (b) = 2,
and f (c) = 1. What is the composition of f and g, and what is the composition of g and f ?

Solution: The composition f ◦ g is defined by

(f ◦ g)(a) = f (g(a)) = f (b) = 2, (f ◦ g) (b) = f (g(b)) = f (c) = 1, and (f ◦ g)(c) = f (g(c)) = f (a) = 3.

Note that g ◦ f is not defined, because the range of f is not a subset of the domain of g. ▲

EXAMPLE 9 Let f and g be the functions from the set of integers to the set of integers defined
by f (x) = 2x + 3 and g(x) = 3x + 2. What is the composition of f and g? What is the composition
of g and f ?

Solution: Both the compositions f ◦ g and g ◦ f are defined.

(f ◦ g)(x) = f (g(x)) = f (3x + 2) = 2(3x + 2) + 3 = 6x + 7 and

(g ◦ f )(x) = g(f (x)) = g(2x + 3) = 3(2x + 3) + 2 = 6x + 11. ▲

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Lecture Prepared by

Md. Javed Hossain


Associate Professor
CSTE, NSTU.

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