Asian Journal of Education and Social Studies

Volume 36, Issue 2, Page 61-66, 2022; Article no.AJESS.93983

ISSN: 2581-6268

The Relationship between Time

Management Skills and Academic
Performance of Working Students in
Open High School Program
Lorryjean A. Mariano a*, Nashra S. Madel a
and Aldwin T. Miranda a
a
Institute of Teacher Education and Information Technology, Southern Philippines
Agri-business and Marine and Aquatic School of Technology (SPAMAST),
Malita, Davao Occidental, Philippines.

Authors’ contributions

This work was carried out in collaboration among all authors. All authors read and approved the final
manuscript.

Article Information
DOI: 10.9734/AJESS/2022/v36i2776

Open Peer Review History:

This journal follows the Advanced Open Peer Review policy. Identity of the Reviewers, Editor(s) and additional Reviewers,
peer review comments, different versions of the manuscript, comments of the editors, etc are available here:
https://www.sdiarticle5.com/review-history/93983

Received: 28/09/2022
Accepted: 30/11/2022
Original Research Article Published: 02/12/2022

ABSTRACT

The study on the relationship between time management skills and academic performance of
students was conducted at Mariano Peralta National High School’s Open High School Program.
Descriptive correlational design was employed and stratified random sampling technique was used.
Data were gathered with the use of adapted survey questionnaire. The data collected were
subjected to statistical analysis using Percentage, Mean and Spearman rank-order correlation.
Results revealed that most of the respondents exhibit good level of time management skills. With
the academic performance, majority of the respondents belonged to approaching proficiency level
which means that most of the respondents have developed fundamental knowledge and skills, with
minimal guidance from the teacher or with peers, and can transfer them through authentic tasks.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

*Corresponding author: Email: [email protected];

Asian J. Educ. Soc. Stud., vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 61-66, 2022
 Mariano et al.; Asian J. Educ. Soc. Stud., vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 61-66, 2022; Article no.AJESS.93983

Correlation analysis revealed that there was a very high positive significant relationship between
time management skills and academic performance of the respondents, which means that
cultivating time management skills among the working students enrolled in open high school
programs can significantly improve their academic performance. Hence, it is recommended that
schools may consider designing relevant programs which will cultivate working students’ time
management skills and thereby enhancing their academic success.

Keywords: Working students; open high school; time management; academic performance.

1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research Objectives

Working while studying clearly requires a lot of As observed, the results of past studies
effort and putting so much of one’s mental and conducted showed the relationship of time
physical energy into this uneasy arrangement, management and academic performance, yet the
and this usually leaves a feeling of fatigue, mentioned studies mostly focused on college
stress, on the students who usually belong to students like in [9] and [10]. With that, the
families with low average income, where survival researchers think about studying the relationship
is a must [1]. Moreover, Wenz & Yu found out between time management skills and academic
that students who study and work for primarily performance on high school working students.
financial reason earn lower grades [2]. However, Thus, we proposes to study the relationship of
Creed & Hood states that working while studying time management with the academic
is related to students’ engagement and well- performance of working students in Open High
being, though in different effects and degree [3]. School Program of Mariano Peralta National
Working students earn to enable them to be able High School.
to meet their needs financially and most
especially in school. Without the job they are 1.2 Research Questions
doing they cannot go to school that is the reason
why time management is very much important for 1. Do the students of Open High School
them to handle both responsibilities. Program of Mariano Peralta National High
School exhibit time management skills?
Time management is the practice of managing 2. What standard of academic performances
and planning how to allocate available time do the students of Open High School
between various activities. Time management is Program of Mariano Peralta National High
crucial, and it can have a significant impact on an School exhibit?
individual's overall performance and 3. Is the time management skills of the
achievements. Razali, S.N.A.M, Rusiman, M.S., students of Open High School Program of
Gan, W.S. & Arbin, N. revealed that all the time Mariano Peralta National High School
management behaviors are significantly related to their academic performances?
positively related to academic achievement of
students [4]. Stoilov defined time management 1.3 Research Hypothesis
as worthy goal of many human activities which
concerns variety problem related to goals The Null hypothesis for this study is presented as
definition, assessment of available resources, follows:
control of management policies and scheduling The time management skills of the students of
of decisions [5]. Lombar & Jager claimed that Open High School Program of Mariano Peralta
there is a meaningful and positive relation National High School is not related to the
between time keepings and academic academic performances of the students.
achievements of the students [6]. Further, Al
Khatib states that higher time management and 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
lower perceived stress were associated with high
levels of academic achievement [7]. It is worthy 2.1 Research Design
therefore to incorporate this variable in
establishing an efficient teaching and learning This study is quantitative in nature and employed a
system intended for working students [8]. descriptive correlational research design.

62
 Mariano et al.; Asian J. Educ. Soc. Stud., vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 61-66, 2022; Article no.AJESS.93983

2.2 Research Instrument 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The researchers used survey questionnaire to 3.1 The Time Management Skills of
gather the data on time management skills of the Working Students
respondents. An adapted survey questionnaire
formulated by Olmstead known as Time The student’s time management skills is shown
Management Self-Assessment Questionnaire in Table 2. The highest frequency is good (59)
[11] is utilized to measure the time management with the percentage of 69.40%. It implies that
skills of the respondents. It will be rated by the most of the working students in Open High
students using 5 point Likert Scale: 5 – Strongly School Program of Mariano Peralta National
Agree, 4 – Agree, 3 –Neither Agree nor High School had good level of time management
Disagree, 2 – Disagree, and 1 – Strongly skills. Average level had the lowest frequency of
Disagree. Academic performance of the students 26 with the percentage of 30.70% of the
was the Grade Point Average (GPA) and respondents. This means that students really had
obtained the respondents’ respective advisers. different level of time management skills. The
overall mean of the time management skills of
2.3 Study Population working students was 77.56 implying that the
respondents exhibited good time management.
The study was conducted at Mariano Peralta This result is similar to the study of Pregoner,
National High School, the only public school that Accion, Buraquit, & Amoguis, where they
offers Open High School Program in the Malita, explored the experiences of working high school
Davao Occidental. The population size of the students, and claimed that the participants had
study is 107. Using the Slovin’s formula, a good time management [13].
sample size of 85 open high school students was
obtained. It was proportionately distributed to Table 1. Distribution of respondents of the
different year levels with a 79.44% distribution study
through stratified random sampling (See Table
1). Grade Population Sample Percentage
Level (N) (n) (%)
2.4 Data Gathering 7 6 5 5.88
8 27 21 24.71
Due to strict implementation of public health 9 33 26 30.59
measures in this time of COVID-19 pandemic 10 41 33 38.82
[12], data were gathered online. After obtaining Total 107 85 100.00
the necessary permissions to conduct the study,
the researchers conducted orientation for the
3.2 The Academic Performance of
respondents through Google Meet. Afterwards,
the instrument – Effective Time Management Working Students
Skills and Practices was administered to the
respondents through Google Form. The The student’s academic performance is shown in
document was opened for responses from June Table 3. The highest frequency is approaching
4, 2021. After 17 days, the researchers were proficiency which has the frequency of 42
able to obtain the necessary number of students and the percentage of 49.41%. It
responses, and hence the instrument was closed implies that most of the working students in Open
on June 21, 2021. The academic performance High School Program of Mariano Peralta
records of the respondents were also obtained National High School had the average range of
from their respective class advisers. 80-84. Developing level has the lowest frequency
which had 15 students with the percentage of
2.5 Statistical Analysis 17.65%. This implies that some of the working
students are still developing their academic
The data gathered were tallied, tabulated, and performance wherein their general point average
prepared in a manner suitable for use in SPSS. was at 75-79. The result shows that the
Descriptive statistics was used to determine the academic performance of the working students
respondents’ time management skills and were also of different levels, just like their time
academic performance. Spearman correlation management skills. The Mean of the academic
analysis was then employed to test the degree of performance of working students was 82.68 and
association between the variables. the standard deviation is 3.06. Lombard, & Jager

63
 Mariano et al.; Asian J. Educ. Soc. Stud., vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 61-66, 2022; Article no.AJESS.93983

Table 2. Time management skills of working students

Score Descriptive Level Frequency Percentage

101-125 Excellent 0 0
76-100 Good 59 69.40
51-75 Average 26 30.70
26-50 Poor 0 0
0-25 Very Poor 0 0
n=85; %=100; Mean=77.56; SD=6.40

Table 3. Academic performance of working students

GPA Description Frequency Percentage

90 and above Advanced 0 0.00
85-89 Proficient 28 32.94
80-84 Approaching Proficiency 42 49.41
75-79 Developing 15 17.65
74 and below Beginning 0 0.00
n=85; %=100; Mean=82.68; SD=3.06
Table 4. Relationship between time management skills and the academic performance of
working students in open high school program

Variables r-value Description p-value Interpretation

Time Management and 0.886 Very High Correlation 0.00 Significant
Academic Performance

claimed that there is a meaningful and positive [14]. In the same manner, Sevari and Kandy
relation between time keepings and academic believed proper time management positively
achievements of the students [6]. Further, Al correlates to better academic performance [15].
Khatib states that higher time management and Likewise, the results substantiated the claims of
lower perceived stress were associated with high Adebayo that there is positive relationship
levels of academic achievement [7]. between time management factors such and
the working students’ academic performance
3.3 Time Management and the Academic [16]. Further implications of the results suggest
Performance of Working Students that students should prioritize their tasks, less
procrastination in responding to deadlines and
The Table 4 shows the relationship between the in taking examinations and moderate
time management skills and the academic socialization activities.
performance of working students in Open High
School Program. The computed r-value is 0.886 4. CONCLUSIONS
which implies very high positive correlation. This
means that as student’s level of time Based on the findings, the following conclusions
management increases, the level of their were formulated:
academic performance also increases. On the
other hand, the computed p-value of 0.00 is less 1. The working students Open High School
than 0.05 level of significance which interpreted Program of Mariano Peralta National High
as significant. Hence, the Null hypothesis is School exhibited time management skills
rejected and we conclude that there is a ranges from average to good level. In the
significant relationship between the level of time overall, their time management skills was
management skills and the academic at good level.
performance of working students in Open High 2. The respondents’ academic performance
School Program. ranges from developing to proficient levels
with a mean grade of 82.68 – approaching
The result of the study corroborated the study proficiency. It shows that the students
conducted by Nashrullah and Khan that time developed fundamental knowledge and
management variables are significantly skills of the subjects and can transfer these
correlated to students’ academic achievement understanding through authentic tasks.

64
 Mariano et al.; Asian J. Educ. Soc. Stud., vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 61-66, 2022; Article no.AJESS.93983

3. The correlation analysis revealed positive feedback. Similarly, heartfelt gratitude to

very high correlation between the Time Southern Philippines Agri-business and Marine
management skills and academic and Aquatic School of Technology (SPAMAST)
performance of working students. This for the opportunity of presenting this study in the
relationship is found to be significant at 5% institutional in-house review, where positive
level of significance. Hence, there is a comments were made.
significant relationship between the level of
time management and the academic COMPETING INTERESTS
performance of the respondents. This
means that cultivating time management Authors have declared that no competing
skills among the working students enrolled interests exist.
in open high school programs can
significantly enhance their academic REFERENCES
performance.
1. Turtle CA. Working and learning: The role
5. RECOMMENDATIONS of involvement for employed
With the results of this study, the following are students. Journal of Student Affairs
recommended: Research and Practice; 2015.
Retrieved on August 6, 2021 Available:
1. The school administrators should https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/82653331.
strengthen intervention programs that will pdf
cultivate working students’ time 2. Wenz M, YU WC. Term-time employment
management skills and thereby enhancing and the academic performance of
their academic performance. undergraduates. Journal of Education
2. The teachers should give prior Finance; 2010.
understanding to the working students and Retrieved on August 6, 2021
guide them how to manage time. This may Available:https://www.divaportal.org/smash
help students to become conscious of the /get/diva2:1078032/FULLTEXT01.pdf
need to manage time appropriately and 3. Creed PA, Hood M. Working while
excellently. studying at university: the relationship
3. The students should focus more on between work benefits and demands and
managing their time properly for better engagement and well-being. Journal of
academic success. They should prioritize Vocational Behavior; 2015.
their tasks, less procrastinating in Retrieved on June 1, 2021
responding to deadlines and in taking Available:http://ejournal.unp.ac.id/index.ph
examinations and moderate socialization p/selt/article/view/6970
activities. 4. Razali SNAM, Rusiman MS, Gan WS,
4. Teachers and school administrators Arbin N. The impact of time management
should help working students in constant on students’ academic achievement. In
monitoring of their time management Journal of Physics: Conference Series;
skills by incorporating meaningful and 2018.
relevant classroom and school activities. Retrieved on March 16, 2021
5. This study concluded that time Available:https://www.researchgate.net/pu
management skills of the working students blication/282599638
is significantly correlated to their academic 5. Stoilov T. Time management. InTech:
performance. However, the researchers Croatia; 2012.
believe that there are still other factors 6. Lombar K, Jager H. Exploring the
which may relate to students’ learning. relationship between time management
Hence, we recommend to explore other skills and the academic achievement of
variables, such as behavioural, biological, African engineering students–a case
social, or psychological factors in future study. Education Research Quarterly;
studies. 2010.
Retrieved on May 1, 2021
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Available:https://www.academypublication.
com/issues2/jltr/vol09/02/26.pdf
The authors would like to thank the anonymous 7. Al Khatib AS. Time management and its
referee for the insightful comments and relation to students’ stress, gender and

65
 Mariano et al.; Asian J. Educ. Soc. Stud., vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 61-66, 2022; Article no.AJESS.93983

academic achievement among sample of law. Philippine e-Journal for Applied

students at Al Ain University of science Research and Development. 2020;10:29-
and technology, UAE. International Journal 34.
of Business and Social Research (IJBSR); 13. Pregoner JM, Accion N, Buraquit D,
2014. Amoguis A. The Experiences of Working
Retrieved on August 6, 2021 While Studying: A Phenomenological
Available:https://www.ccsenet.org/journal/i Study of Senior High School Students;
ndex.php/elt /article/view/15271 2020.
8. Miranda AT. Cognitive ability, psycho- Available:https://doi.org/10.35542/osf.io/w5
sociological characteristics and study t7a
habits of students: A structural model on 14. Nashrullah M, Khan R. Time
mathematics performance. Asian Journal management for assets: chronological
of Multidisciplinary Research. strategies for power system asset
2018;1(3):Special Issue,51-57. management. IEEE Power and Energy
9. Swart AJ, Lombard K, de Jager H. Magazine; 2015.
Exploring the relationship between time Retrieved on March 20, 2021
management skills and the academic Available:http://ijreeonline.com/browse.php
achievement of African engineering ?
students - a case study, European Journal 15. Sevari K, Kandy M. Time management
of Engineering Education. 2010;35:1,79- skills impact on self-efficacy and academic
89. performance. Journal of American
DOI: 10.1080/03043790903480316 Science; 2011.
10. Karakose T. The Relationship Retrieved on March 14, 2021
between Medical Students' Time Available:https://www.researchgate.net/pu
Management Skills and Academic blication /27 2599442
Achievement, Studies on Ethno-Medicine. 16. Adebayo F. Time management and
2015;9:1:19-24, students’ academic performance in higher
DOI: 10.1080/09735070.2015.11905418 institution, Nigeria: a case study of Ekiti
11. Olmstead JW. Effective Time Management state. International Research in Education;
Skills & Practices. LEGAL MANAGEMENT 2015.
CONSULTANTS; 2010. Retrieved on June 6, 2021
12. Miranda AT. The distribution of Covid-19 Available:https://www.researchgate.net/pu
cases in the Philippines and the Benford’s blication/257728289

© 2022 Mariano et al.; This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,
provided the original work is properly cited.

Peer-review history:
The peer review history for this paper can be accessed here:
https://www.sdiarticle5.com/review-history/93983

66