SECTION 1

Man: Good morning.

Woman: Good morning. How can I help you?
Man: I understand that the school organises... umm, trips to different...
Woman: Yes, we run five every month: three during weekends and two
Wednesday afternoon trips.
Man: What sort of places?
Woman: Well, obviously it varies, but always places of historical interest and
also which offer a variety of shopping, because our students always ask about
that... and then we go for ones where we know there are guided tours, because this
gives a good focus for the visit.
Man: Do you travel far?
Woman: Well, we're lucky here, obviously, because we're able to say that all our
visits are less than three hours drive.
Man: How much do they cost?

Woman: Again it varies - between five and fifteen pounds a head, depending on
distance.
Man: Ah ha...
Woman: Oh, and we do offer to arrange special trips if, you know, there are more
than twelve people.
Man: Oh right, I'll keep that in mind. And what are the times normally?
Woman: We try to keep it pretty fixed so that, that students get to know the
pattern. We leave at eight-thirty a.m. and return at six p.m. We figure it's best to
keep the day fairly short.
Man: Oh yes. And how do we reserve a place?
Woman: You sign your name on the notice board. Do you know where it is?
Man: Ah ha. I saw it this morning.
Woman: And we do ask that you sign up three days in advance so we know we've
got enough people interested to run it, and we can cancel if necessary, with full
refund of course.
Man: That's fine, thanks.
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Man: And what visits are planned for this term?
Woman: Right, well I'm afraid the schedule hasn't been printed out yet, but we
have confirmed the dates and planned the optional extra visits which you can also
book in advance if you want to.
Man: Oh that's all right. If you can just give some idea of the weekend ones so I
can, you know, work out when to see friends, etcetera.
Woman: Oh sure. Well, the first one is St Ives. That's on the thirteenth of February
and we'll have only sixteen places available 'cos we're going by minibus. And that's
a day in town with the optional extra of visiting the Hepworth Museum.
Man: Oh right ... yeah... that sounds good.
Woman: Then there's a London trip on the sixteenth of February and we'll be
taking a medium-sized coach so there'll be forty-five places on that, and, let's see,
the optional extra is the Tower of London.
Man: Oh, I've already been there.
Woman: After that there's Bristol on the third of March.
Man: Where?
Woman: Bristol... B-R-I-S-T-O-L.
Man: OK...
Woman: That's in a different minibus with eighteen places available, oh, and the
optional extra is a visit to the S.S. Great Britain.
Man: OK...
Woman: We're going to Salisbury on the eighteenth of March and that's always a
popular one because the optional extra is Stonehenge, so we're taking the large
coach with fifty seats...
Man: Oh good.
Woman: And then the last one is to Bath on the twenty-third of March.
Man: Oh yes. Is Bath the Roman city?
Woman: Yes, that's right, and that's in the sixteen-seater minibus.
Man: And where's the optional visit?
Woman: It's to the American Museum - well worth a visit.
Man: OK, well that's great, thanks for all that...
Woman: My pleasure. By the way, if you want more information about any of the
trips, have a look in the student newspaper.
Man: OK.
Woman: Or, have a word with my assistant; her name is Jane Yentob - that's
YEN-T-O-B.
Man: Right, I've got that. Thank you very much for all your help.
Woman: You're very welcome. I hope you enjoy the trips.

SECTION 2
Good afternoon everybody and welcome to Riverside Industrial Village. To start
your visit I'm just going to give you a brief account of the history of the museum
before letting you roam about on your own. I won't keep you long. OK?
Now, from where we're standing you've got a good view of the river over there.
And it was because of this fast-flowing water that this site was a natural place for
manufacturing works. The water and the availability of raw materials in the area,
like minerals and iron ore, and also the abundance of local fuels, like coal and
firewood, all made this site suitable for industry from a very early time.
Water was the main source of power for the early industries and some of the water
wheels were first established in the twelfth century, would you believe? At that
time, local craftsmen first built an iron forge just behind the village here, on the
bend in the river. By the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries the region's rivers
supported more than a hundred and sixty water mills – and many of these
continued to operate well into the nineteenth century. But then the steam engine
was invented and then the railways came and the centres of industry were able to
move away from the rivers and the countryside and into the towns. So, industrial
villages like this one became very rare.
So that's the history for you. If you'd like any more information, you can ask me
some questions, or you can read further in our excellent guide book.
Now I'm going to give you a plan of the site and I'd just like to point out where
everything is and then you can take a look at everything for yourself.
I've already pointed out the river, which is on the left. And of course, running
along the bottom is Woodside Road, got it? OK. Now we're standing at the
entrance, see it at the bottom, and immediately to our right is the Ticket Office.
You won't need that because you've got your group booking, but just past it are the
toilets - always good to know where they are. In front of us is the car park, as you
can see, and to the left, by the entry gate is the Gift Shop. That's where you can get
copies of the guide, like this one here.
Now, beyond the car park all the buildings are arranged in a half circle with a yard
in the middle. The big, stone building at the top is the main Workshop. That's
where the furnace is and where all the metal was smelted and the tools were cast,
as you'll be able to see. Now, in the top right-hand corner, that building with bigger
windows is the Showroom, where samples of all the tools that were made through
the ages are on display. In the top left corner is the Grinding Shop, where the tools
were sharpened and finished. And on one side of that you can see the Engine
Room and on the other is the Café, which isn't an antique, you'll be pleased to
know, though they do serve very nice old-fashioned teas.
The row of buildings you can see on the left are the cottages. These were built for
the workers towards the end of the eighteenth century and they're still furnished
from that period so you can get a good idea of ordinary people's living conditions.
Across the yard from them, you can see the stables where the horses were kept for
transporting the products. And the separate building in front of them is the Works
Office and that still has some of the old accounts on display.
Right, if anyone wants a guided tour then I'm starting at the Engine Room. If you'd
like to come along, this way please, ladies and gentlemen.

SECTION 3
Melanie: Excuse me, Dr Johnson. May I speak to you for a minute?
Dr Johnson: Sure. Come in.
Melanie: I'm Melanie Griffin. I'm taking your course in Population Studies.
Dr Johnson: Right. Well, Melanie, how can I help you?
Melanie: I’m ... having a bit of trouble with the second assignment, and it's due in
twelve days.
Dr Johnson: What sort of trouble are you having? Is the assignment question a
problem?
Melanie: Well, that's part of the problem. I'm also having - been having trouble
getting hold of the books. I've been to the library several times, and all the books
are out.
Dr Johnson: Sounds like you should have started borrowing books a bit earlier.
Melanie: Well, I had a really big assignment due in for another course, and I've
been spending all my time on that, and I thought...
Dr Johnson:... you might get an extension of time to finish your assignment for
me?
Melanie: If that's possible, but I don't know...
Dr Johnson: Well, yes, it is possible, but extensions are normally given only for
medical or compassionate reasons, otherwise it's really a question of organising
your study, and we don't like giving extensions to students who simply didn't plan
their work properly. What did you get for your first assignment?
Melanie: I got eighty-seven per cent.
Dr Johnson: Mmm, yes, you did very well indeed, so obviously you can produce
good work.
Melanie: I don't think I'll need too much extra time, as long as I can get hold of
some of the important references.
Dr Johnson: Well, since you did so well in your first assignment, I'm prepared to
give you an extra two weeks for this one, so that'll mean you'll need to submit it
about a month from now.
Melanie: Thank you.
Dr Johnson: Now, what about the reading materials? Have you checked out the
journal articles in the list?
Melanie: Umm, no, not yet, there were about twenty of them, and I wasn't sure
which ones would be most useful or important.
Dr Johnson: Well, they're all useful, but I don't expect anyone to read them all,
because a number of them deal with the same issues. Let me give you some
suggestions. The article by Anderson and Hawker is really worth reading.
Melanie: Right, I'll read that one.
Dr Johnson: You should also read the article by Jackson, but just look at the part
on the research methodology - how they did it.
Melanie: OK... Jackson, got that...
Dr Johnson: And if you have time, the one by Roberts says very relevant things,
although it's not essential.
Melanie: So, OK, if it's useful, I'll try and read that one...
Dr Johnson: Now, the one by Morris. I wouldn't bother with that at this stage, if I
were you.
Melanie: OK, I won't bother with Morris. Oh, now, someone told me the article by
Cooper is important.
Dr Johnson: Well, yes, in a way, but just look at the last part, where he discusses
the research results. And lastly, there’s Forster - I can't think why I included that
one. It's not bad and could be of some help, but not that much.
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Dr Johnson: Now, let's deal with the assignment question. What's the problem
there?
Melanie: It's the graph on page two.
Dr Johnson: What seems to be the problem? It's just the bar graph showing
reasons why people change where they live.
Melanie: Well, I've got a photocopy but the reasons at the bottom are missing.
Dr Johnson: OK. Look at the first bar on the graph - now that indicates the
number of people who move because they want more space.
Melanie: Oh I see... bar one. OK... Now what about the next bar?
Dr Johnson: Bar two is to do with the people living nearby disturbing them, so
they chose to move away to somewhere quieter. Now let's look at bar number
three... another reason people change their place of living is because they want to
be closer to the city.
Melanie: OK. Proximity to the city is an issue...
Dr Johnson: Now... bar number four refers to problems when the owner of the
property won't help fix things that go wrong. In other words, the owner is not
helpful and so the tenants move out.
Melanie: OK...now what about bar five?
Dr Johnson: Bar five is about those people who move because they need a bus or
train to get them into the city or to go to work.
Melanie: OK... and bar six?
Dr Johnson: Bar number six is interesting. That reason was given quite a lot -
people moving because they wanted to be in a more attractive neighbourhood.
Melanie: Oh, yes, thank you very much.

SECTION 4
Good day, ladies and gentlemen. I have been asked today to talk to you about the
urban landscape. There are two major areas that I will focus on in my talk: how
vegetation can have a significant effect on urban climate, and how we can better
plan our cities using trees to provide a more comfortable environment for us to live
in.
Trees can have a significant impact on our cities. They can make a city, as a whole,
a bit less windy or a bit more windy, if that's what you want. They can make it a bit
cooler if it's a hot summer day in an Australian city, or they can make it a bit more
humid if it's a dry inland city. On the local scale - that is, in particular areas within
the city - trees can make the local area more shady, cooler, more humid and much
less windy. In fact trees and planting of various kinds can be used to make city
streets actually less dangerous in particular areas. How do trees do all that, you
ask?
Well, the main difference between a tree and a building is a tree has got an internal
mechanism to keep the temperature regulated. It evaporates water through its
leaves and that means that the temperature of the leaves is never very far from our
own body temperature. The temperature of a building surface on a hot sunny day
can easily be twenty degrees more than our temperature. Trees, on the other hand,
remain cooler than buildings because they sweat. This means that they can
humidify the air and cool it - a property which can be exploited to improve the
local climate.
Trees can also help break the force of winds. The reason that high buildings make
it windier at ground level that, as the wind goes higher and higher, it goes faster
and faster. When the wind hits the building, it has to go somewhere. Some of it
goes over the top and some goes around the sides of the building, forcing those
high level winds down to ground level. That doesn't happen when you have trees.
Trees filter the wind and considerably reduce it, preventing those very large strong
gusts that you so often find around tall buildings.
Another problem in built-up areas is that traffic noise is intensified by tall
buildings. By planting a belt of trees at the side of the road, you can make things a
little quieter, but much of the vehicle noise still goes through the trees. Trees can
also help reduce the amount of noise in the surroundings, although the effect is not
as large as people like to think. Low- frequency noise, in particular, just goes
through the trees as though they aren't there.
Although trees can significantly improve the local climate, they do however take
up a lot of space. There are root systems to consider and branches blocking
windows and so on. It may therefore be difficult to fit trees into the local
landscape. There is not a great deal you can do if you have what we call a street
canyon - a whole set of high-rises enclosed in a narrow street. Trees need water to
grow. They also need some sunlight to grow and you need room to put them. If
you have the chance of knocking buildings down and replacing them, then
suddenly you can start looking at different ways to design the streets and to
introduce... (fade out)