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6 Data and Signals

The document discusses different types of data and signals including analog and digital data and signals. It compares periodic analog signals to digital signals and describes how digital signals are encoded. It also discusses how data is transmitted over channels and the impairment issues of attenuation, distortion, and noise. Different digital line coding schemes are described as well as multiplexing techniques including frequency-division multiplexing, wavelength-division multiplexing, and time-division multiplexing.

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6 views

6 Data and Signals

The document discusses different types of data and signals including analog and digital data and signals. It compares periodic analog signals to digital signals and describes how digital signals are encoded. It also discusses how data is transmitted over channels and the impairment issues of attenuation, distortion, and noise. Different digital line coding schemes are described as well as multiplexing techniques including frequency-division multiplexing, wavelength-division multiplexing, and time-division multiplexing.

Uploaded by

advanceshifa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Data and Signals

Data and Signals

• To be transmitted, data must be transformed to electromagnetic


signals.
• Data can be analog or digital.
• Analog data are continuous and take continuous values.
• Digital data have discrete states and take discrete values.
• Signals can be analog or digital.
• Analog signals can have an infinite number of values in a range.
• Digital signals can have only a limited number of values.
• In data communications, we commonly use periodic analog
signals and nonperiodic digital signals.
Comparison of analog and digital signals
PERIODIC ANALOG SIGNALS

• Periodic analog signals can be classified as simple or composite.


• A simple periodic analog signal, a sine wave, cannot be
decomposed into simpler signals.
• A composite periodic analog signal is composed of multiple sine
waves.
• The power in your house can be represented by a sine wave with
a peak amplitude of 155 to 170 V.
• The voltage of a battery is a constant; this constant value can be
considered a sine wave.
A sine wave
Two signals with the same phase and frequency, but different amplitudes
DIGITAL SIGNALS

• In addition to being represented by an analog signal, information


can also be represented by a digital signal.
• For example, a 1 can be encoded as a positive voltage and a 0 as
zero voltage.
• A digital signal can have more than two levels. In this case, we
can send more than 1 bit for each level.
A digital signal has eight levels. How many bits are needed per
level? We calculate the number of bits from the formula
TRANSMISSION IMPAIRMENT

• Signals travel through transmission media, which are not perfect.


• The imperfection causes signal impairment.
• This means that the signal at the beginning of the medium is not
the same as the signal at the end of the medium.
• What is sent is not what is received.
• Three causes of impairment are attenuation, distortion, and
noise.
Causes of impairment
Attenuation
Distortion
Noise
DATA RATE LIMITS

• A very important consideration in data communications is how


fast we can send data, in bits per second, over a channel.
• Data rate depends on three factors:
1. The bandwidth available
2. The level of the signals we use
3. The quality of the channel (the level of noise)
Digital Transmission
DIGITAL-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION

• How we can represent digital data by using digital signals.


• The conversion involves three techniques: line coding, block
coding, and scrambling.
• Line coding is always needed; block coding and scrambling
may or may not be needed.
Line coding and decoding
Line coding schemes
Unipolar NRZ scheme
Polar NRZ-L and NRZ-I schemes

• In NRZ-L the level of the voltage determines the value of the bit.
• In NRZ-I the inversion or the lack of inversion determines the value of the bit.
Polar RZ scheme
Polar biphase: Manchester and differential Manchester schemes
• In Manchester and differential Manchester encoding,
the transition at the middle of the bit is used for
synchronization.
• The minimum bandwidth of Manchester and differential
Manchester is 2 times that of NRZ.
Bipolar schemes

In bipolar encoding, we use three levels:


positive, zero, and negative.
Summary of line coding schemes
Bandwidth Utilization:
Multiplexing
MULTIPLEXING

• Whenever the bandwidth of a medium linking two


devices is greater than the bandwidth needs of the
devices, the link can be shared.
• Multiplexing is the set of techniques that allows the
simultaneous transmission of multiple signals across
a single data link.
Dividing a link into channels
Categories of multiplexing
Frequency-division multiplexing

FDM is an analog multiplexing technique that combines analog signals


FDM process
FDM demultiplexing example
Wavelength-division multiplexing

WDM is an analog multiplexing technique to combine optical signals.


Prisms in wavelength-division multiplexing and demultiplexing
TDM

TDM is a digital multiplexing technique for combining several low-


rate channels into one high-rate one.

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