EViews 13 Getting Started

EViews 13 Getting Started

Copyright © 1994–2022 S&P Global Inc.
All Rights Reserved

This software product, including program code and manual, is copyrighted, and all rights are
reserved by S&P Global Inc. The distribution and sale of this product are intended for the use of
the original purchaser only. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976,
no part of this product may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored
in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of IHS Global Inc.

Disclaimer
The authors and S&P Global Inc. assume no responsibility for any errors that may appear in this
manual or the EViews program. The user assumes all responsibility for the selection of the pro-
gram to achieve intended results, and for the installation, use, and results obtained from the pro-
gram.

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EViews® is a registered trademark of S&P Global Inc. Windows, Excel, PowerPoint, and Access
are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. PostScript is a trademark of Adobe Corpora-
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Third Party Licenses

This section contains third party notices or additional terms and conditions applicable to certain
software technologies which may be used in one or more EViews products and/or services.
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for EViews products released on or after October 1, 2017.
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Notices, terms and conditions pertaining to third party software are located at http://
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S&P Global Inc.

3030 Old Ranch Parkway
2nd Floor
Suite 260
Seal Beach, CA 90740
Telephone: (949) 856-3368
Fax: (949) 856-2044
e-mail: [email protected]
web: www.eviews.com
August 23, 2022
Table of Contents

GETTING STARTED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
Installing EViews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Installing the Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Registering EViews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
What is Registration? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
How Do I Register? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Frequently Asked Questions about Registration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Updating Your Copy of EViews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Where to Go For Help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Online Help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
The Help System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
The EViews Manuals (PDF Files) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Tutorials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
The EViews Forum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

NEW FEATURES IN EVIEWS 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

General EViews Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
New Panes and Tabs User Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
New Window Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Program Debugging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Program Dependency Logging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Jupyter Notebook Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Data Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Daily Data Seasonal Adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
New Excel File Writing Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Holiday Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Updated X-13 Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
SDMX Databases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Trading Economics Databases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
World Health Organization Databases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Simplified Matrix Data Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
New Matrix Import/Export Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
ii—Table of Contents

Matrix Row and Column Labels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43

Graphs and Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45
Graph Line and Shade Transparency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45
Custom Graph Data Labels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49
Customizable Geomap Labels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52
High-Low-Median Colormap Preset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55
Table Search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58
Conditional Table Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60
Fixing Rows and Columns in Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61
Econometrics and Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64
ARDL Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64
Pool Mean Group (PMG) Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66
Difference-in-Difference Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
Enhanced VEC Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70
Bayesian Time-varying Coefficient Vector Autoregression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73
Cointegration Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76
Diagnostics in ARDL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77
Diagnostics in Panel ARDL/PMG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86
Enhanced Impulse Response Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90
Forecast Sample Setting Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98
Command Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100
Updated Command List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Updated Object List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100
Updated Function List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
EViews 12 Compatibility Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110
Getting Started

Congratulations on your purchase of EViews 13, the premier forecasting and analysis package
for Windows-based computers. This guide will lead you step-by-step through the installation
and registration procedure for EViews.

(The following discussion describes the installation and registration process for single user
copies of EViews and seat licenses purchased under a Volume License Program. Setting up
machines to use concurrent use licenses will require a different procedure; for details, please
check with your IT support department.)

Installing EViews
Installing the Program
To begin installation, simply click on the “EViews13Installer(64-bit).exe” executable program
file.
• First, you will be prompted to read and accept the License Agreement, and to designate
a directory into which you wish to install your copy of EViews. If you wish to change
the default installation directory, click on Browse and navigate to the desired directory.
Click on Next to continue.
• Next, you will be asked to enter a name and serial number. You should have been pro-
vided with a 24-character serial number as part of your purchase. Those of you who
have obtained your copy of EViews as part of a Volume License agreement should
obtain a serial number from your license administrator. Enter the serial number and
your name as you wish it to appear in your copy of EViews, and click on Next.
• Select the components you wish to install and click on Next.
• Lastly, you will be asked about setting up a Start Menu folder containing shortcuts to
the EViews example files folder and the EViews program executable. Clicking on Next
starts the actual installation of files onto your computer.

You should note that as part of the installation procedure, EViews will prompt you to register
files with the extensions “.WF1”, “.WF2”, “.PRG”, “.EDB”, “.AIPZ”, and “.UIPZ”.

If these extensions are already registered, possibly by an earlier version of EViews, you will be
prompted to allow EViews 13 to override the existing registration. Registering the extensions is
not required, but doing so will allow you to double-click on files with these extensions to
launch EViews.
2—Getting Started

Once the installation procedure is completed, click on Finish. If you have elected to create
an EViews shortcut, the EViews Start Menu folder will open. To launch EViews, double-click
the EViews 12 icon. Subsequently, you may launch EViews using the shortcut on your desk-
top or by selecting EViews from the Start Menu shortcuts, if present, by double-clicking on
EViews registered file types, or by navigating to the EViews installation directory and dou-
ble-clicking on the EViews icon.

Registering EViews
What is Registration?
To use EViews 13 on a specific computer, you must first register the program using a serial
number. EViews registration is the one-time process of assigning a serial number to a spe-
cific machine, sending a unique machine ID number to S&P Global Inc., and writing some
information to your Windows registry or Mac application support directory. This is a simple
process that can be performed in a few seconds.

Under the terms of the EViews Volume License agreement, “13C” (volume) license serial
numbers may not be used to register multiple machines. Each volume licensed machine run-
ning EViews must be assigned a distinct serial number. Thus, licensing an office computer,
home computer and laptop computer of a single user will require three distinct Volume
License serial numbers.

The copy of EViews may be uninstalled and reinstalled on a registered machine, updated, or
moved to a different directory without re-registering the copy for that machine. In the spe-
cial case where a machine’s hard disk is wiped clean, but no other changes are made to the
system, you may simply re-register your copy of EViews. Note that in this circumstance,
reregistration on the machine will not count as an additional registration.

If an entire machine or a machine’s hard disk is replaced, you should contact our office to
unregister your previous installation prior to re-registering.

How Do I Register?
Before starting the registration process, you should first locate your EViews serial number.
You most likely will need to enter this number into EViews during the registration proce-
dure.
 Registering EViews::—3

If the copy of EViews is not registered,

EViews will display a warning dialog.
The dialog will inform you that EViews
is not registered for this machine and, if
applicable, will indicate the number of
additional days the unregistered copy
will continue to run.

On a Windows machine, if the copy of

EViews is not registered, EViews will
display a warning dialog. The dialog
will inform you that EViews is not regis-
tered for this machine and, if applicable,
will indicate the number of additional
days the unregistered copy will continue
to run.

You may choose to register in one of two ways: you may use the EViews auto registration
features (by clicking on Auto Registration...), or you can manually register (by clicking on
Manual Registration...). Selecting either of the these two options will open a dialog prompt-
ing you for additional information.

Auto Registration
If your computer is connected to the Internet, auto registration makes registering EViews a
snap. Simply click on the Auto Registration... button to display a dialog for entering your
registration information.

EViews will fill out as many fields in this dialog as possible. If you wish to continue with the
auto registration process, make sure that the entries in the Serial # and Name fields are
filled in with the relevant information. When you click on the Register now button, EViews
will attempt to contact one of our registration servers and, if successful, will transmit the
information contained in the dialog to the server. The server will process the information
and the machine will be registered to run EViews.
4—Getting Started

You should see a message indicating that registration was completed successfully, along
with the number of machines that have been registered to the serial number.

If you do not wish to continue with auto registration, click on the Exit without registering
button and you will be returned to the main registration screen.

Note that there are some circumstances in which auto registration will fail. Obviously, auto
registration will not work if the computer is not connected to the Internet. If registration
fails, you should first verify that you have Internet access. Second, your computer may be
behind a firewall which does not allow the required communication between your computer
and our servers. Furthermore, while unlikely, it is possible that all of our registration servers
are temporarily unresponsive.

If you continue to have problems with auto registration, you can choose to register manually
as described in the next section, or you can contact us for assistance.

Manual Registration
If auto registration fails or if you prefer not to use the automatic registration features, you
may elect to register manually. From the main registration page, click on Manual Registra-
tion... to display the manual registration portion of the dialog:

You must fill in the three fields in the dialog: the 24-character serial number, your name, and
a 36-character registration key you must first obtain via online, by phone, or by email.
EViews will help you by filling in as many fields as possible.

The easiest method of retrieving the registration key is online. Go to

http://www.eviews.com/register/
which will direct you to our registration servers. Follow the links to the registration page,
and fill in the form. Enter your name, serial number, and the machine ID number as dis-
 Registering EViews::—5

played in this registration dialog into the form. Click on the Submit the form button. You
will be provided with the 36-character registration key.

Once you have obtained the key, enter it into the registration dialog. If necessary, select
Help/EViews Registration... from the EViews main menu to display the registration page.

Make certain that the listed name, serial number, and registration key in the registration dia-
log matches exactly (this includes spaces and case) that of the registration confirmation
page. Click OK to finish the registration process. Note that you should be able to copy-and-
paste the registration key information from your browser into the dialog edit fields..

If all of the information is entered correctly, you will be informed that your registration is
complete.

If you do not have access to a working web browser, you can contact our office via email or
phone to obtain the key:
S&P Global Inc.
Attn: Registration
3030 Old Ranch Parkway, Suite 260
Seal Beach, CA 90740
Email: [email protected]
Phone: 949-856-3368

Please provide a registration name, full 24-character serial number, and the machine ID
number. We will then provide you with the 36-character registration key.

If you receive the key via email, you should be able to copy-and-paste the key information
into the dialog edit fields.

Contact Information
Once registration is completed, EViews will display an optional contact page form. You may
submit this form to send name, address, phone number, and email information to S&P
Global Inc. This information is for our records only and will not be redistributed to others.

Frequently Asked Questions about Registration

While the registration procedure should be straightforward, we understand that you may
still have questions. The following are answers to the most frequently asked questions:
• How do I find my serial number and other information about my copy of EViews?
Your copy of EViews contains information about your registration status, as well as
the product version and build date of the program. To obtain this information, simply
select Help/About EViews from the main EViews menu.
6—Getting Started

• I contacted you and received a key, but the key doesn’t seem to work. What could be
wrong?
The most common registration problem results from entering a name or serial number
which does not match the key. You should make certain that the name and serial
number both match those provided when obtaining a key. Note that while the name is
not case-sensitive, it should otherwise be entered exactly as originally provided. If you
still experience problems, please contact our office.
• My copy of EViews does not appear to have the features for the edition that I pur-
chased. Do I need to purchase a new copy?
No. Simply contact our office. Once we verify the edition of EViews that you have pur-
chased, you should be able to re-register and upgrade your copy to enable the fea-
tures.
• I've replaced my computers and no longer have available registrations. What should I
do?
If there are special circumstances where you need to register an additional machine,
please contact our office.
• How do I change the name in which my copy is registered?
Your copy of EViews contains the name in which it was first registered. If you wish to
change the registration name, please contact our office.
• What if I have trouble registering?
We do not anticipate that you will have problems registering your copy of EViews
using one of the available methods (auto-registration, manual using our web servers,
or manual using email or phone). Please feel free to contact our office if you encoun-
ter difficulties.

Updating Your Copy of EViews

EViews 12 offers an automatic updating feature that can check for new updates every day,
and install an updated version if available. (The automatic update feature can be enabled or
disabled from the Options/EViews Auto-Update from Web menu item.)

Alternately, you may manually check for updates from within EViews at any time by select-
ing Check now... under the EViews Auto-Update from Web menu item, or by selecting
EViews Update from the Help menu.
 Where to Go For Help::—7

You may also visit the EViews website to check for updates to the EViews program and other
components (documentation, sample data, and sample programs). Go to:
http://www.eviews.com

and navigate to the downloads area. Downloading updates will not require re-registration of
EViews on any previously registered computer. Simply download the update, run the
installer, and you will have the latest shipping copy of your software.

Where to Go For Help

Your EViews installation includes documentation in the form of an interactive Help System
and PDF versions of the manuals. In addition, online documentation and user-provided sup-
port are available.

Online Help
You may also access the EViews documentation online at
https://help.eviews.com

The Help System

All of the EViews documentation may be viewed from within EViews using the help system.
To access the EViews help system, go to the main menu and select Help/EViews Help Top-
ics... or click on Help/Quick Help Reference and select a topic to jump directly to relevant
subsections.

The EViews Manuals (PDF Files)

Your EViews installation includes copies of the EViews manuals in Adobe Portable Docu-
ment Format (.PDF) file format. You may access the PDF files from within EViews by click-
ing on Help in the main EViews menu and selecting the file of interest. Alternately, you may
navigate to the “Docs” subdirectory of your EViews installation directory to access the files
directly.
8—Getting Started

Tutorials
To get you started, we have provided a set of PowerPoint tutorials illustrating the basics of
EViews. These tutorials are a great way to see EViews in action.
http://www.eviews.com/Learning/index.html

The EViews Forum

User-provided online support is available via the EViews Forum.

To supplement the information provided in the manuals and the help system, we encourage
you to visit the EViews Online Forum, where you can find answers to common questions
about installing, using, and getting the most out of EViews. The EViews Forum is an ideal
place to ask questions of and share information with other EViews users.

The forum address is:

https://forums.eviews.com
New Features in EViews 13

EViews 13 features a number of exciting changes and improvements. The following is an

overview of the most important new features in Version 13.

Note that in some cases, entries will appear in more than one section as they might other-
wise be overlooked by those who may find them to be of interest.

General EViews Interface

• Alternative graphical user interface (“New Panes and Tabs User Interface,” on
page 11).
• Dark mode and window positioning options (“New Window Options,” on page 14).
• Debugging tools for EViews programs (“Program Debugging” on page 15).
• Program dependency tracking (“Program Dependency Logging” on page 17).
• Jupyter Notebook Support (“Jupyter Notebook Support” on page 18).

Data Handling
Data Handling
• Daily data seasonal adjustment (“Daily Data Seasonal Adjustment” on page 19).
• New and improved Excel file writing engine (“New Excel File Writing Engine” on
page 21).
• Enhanced holiday family of functions to return the proportion of an annual event
associated with each observation (“Holiday Functions” on page 21).
• Updated X-13 Engine (featuring HTML output) (“Updated X-13 Engine” on page 25).

Data Sources and File Formats

• Australian Bureau of Statistics SDMX (“SDMX Databases,” on page 25).
• Deutsche Bundesbank SDMX (“SDMX Databases,” on page 25).
• Insee SDMX (“SDMX Databases,” on page 25).
• Trading Economics (“Trading Economics Databases,” on page 28).
• World Health Organization (“World Health Organization Databases,” on page 33).

Matrix Language
• Improved data access to matrix object data (“Simplified Matrix Data Access,” on
page 37)
10—New Features in EViews 13

• Improved data import and export from matrix objects (“New Matrix Import/Export
Engine,” on page 40).
• Expanded support for setting and using row and column labeling (“Matrix Row and
Column Labels,” on page 43).

Graphs and Tables

• Line and shade transparency in graphs (“Graph Line and Shade Transparency,” on
page 45).
• Custom graph data labels (“Custom Graph Data Labels,” on page 49).
• Customizable Geomap labels (“Customizable Geomap Labels,” on page 52).
• High-low-median colormap preset (“High-Low-Median Colormap Preset,” on
page 55).

• Searching cells within tables (“Table Search,” on page 58).

• Conditional table cell expressions (“Conditional Table Cells,” on page 60).

• Fixed row and column display in tables (“Fixing Rows and Columns in Tables,” on
page 61).

Econometrics and Statistics

Estimation and Analysis
• Enhanced Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) support featuring estimation of
Nonlinear ARDL models and new diagnostics (Chapter 29. “Linear and Nonlinear
ARDL”).
• Improved Pool Mean Group (PMG) estimation featuring expanded deterministic trend
support, estimation with Nonlinear ARDL terms, and new diagnostics (“Pool Mean
Group (PMG) Estimation” on page 66).
• Difference-in-Difference (DID) estimation and diagnostics (“Difference-in-Difference
Estimation” on page 68).
• Enhanced Vector Error Correction (VEC) estimation, featuring improved support for
deterministic regressors (“Enhanced VEC Estimation” on page 70).
• Bayesian Time-varying Coefficient Vector Autoregression (BTVCVAR) models (“Bayes-
ian Time-varying Coefficient Vector Autoregression” on page 73).

Testing and Diagnostics

• Improved cointegration testing, featuring improved support for deterministic regres-
sors (“Cointegration Testing” on page 76).
• New diagnostics in ARDL equations (“Diagnostics in ARDL” on page 77).
 General EViews Interface—11

• New diagnostics in panel ARDL/PMG equations (“Diagnostics in Panel ARDL/PMG”

on page 86).
• Extended VAR/VEC impulse response confidence interval calculation and display
(“Enhanced Impulse Response Display” on page 90).

Command Language
• List of new and updated global commands (“Updated Command List” on page 100).
• List of new and updated object commands and data members (“Updated Object List”
on page 100).
• List of new and updated functions (“Updated Function List” on page 109).

EViews 12 Compatibility Notes

• Compatibility notes for users of EViews 12 and earlier (“EViews 12 Compatibility
Notes” on page 110).

General EViews Interface

New Panes and Tabs User Interface
The familiar EViews multiple window interface offers users many advantages, especially on
large computer screen displays. In some small screen settings, however, it can be more diffi-
cult to utilize fully the advantages of having multiple windows open at the same time.

EViews 13 offers an alternative user interface mode that employs panes and tabs in places of
multiple windows. To maximize the use of space on smaller screens, the pane and tab mode
offers a more organized way of displaying and grouping windows. The built-in organization
properties of this interface may be ideally suited to smaller display environments.
12—New Features in EViews 13

In the pane and tab UI mode, different types of windows will appear in docked or undocked
panes inside and outside the EViews frame:
• Workfiles, programs, and database windows appear as panes that can be docked in
different locations, grouped together, toggled to automatically hide or display, and
float outside the EViews frame
• Object windows will appear as tabbed windows using all available client area inside
the EViews frame. Multiple object windows appear as different tabs, and these tabs
can be divided and stacked separately to view multiple objects simultaneously.

When you open multiple workfiles or multiple programs, previously opened windows will
appear as tabs in the corresponding docks. You may bring focus to a specific window by
clicking on the corresponding tab.

When you open multiple object windows, the previously opened windows will appear as
tabs in the object pane. You may bring focus to an object by clicking on the down arrow at
the upper right of the object dock and selecting the desired object, or by selecting Window
from the main EViews menu and clicking on the object name in the list of opened objects.
 General EViews Interface—13

To further maximize screen real estate, you may place the workfile/database and the pro-
gram panes in drawers. Placing a pane in a drawer temporarily hides the pane while retain-
ing quick, on-demand access to the pane:
• Click on the pin icon at the top of a docked pane to hide it in a drawer on the side of
the window. The pane window will close and be replaced by a drawer label on the
side of the window.
• Hovering the cursor over the drawer label will open the drawer and display the pane
window. Clicking away from the pane will close the drawer.
• Click again on the pin to remove the pane from the drawer and open the docked pane
window.

In the example screenshot, a workfile window and a database window are grouped together
into a single pane (docked to the left) and the program window is floating outside the
EViews frame on the right. Three object windows are also open in the center, with the X and
RESID object windows grouped together and the X2 window stacked below them.

To enable or disable the pane and tab mode, click on General Options/Environment/
Appearance and select the Use panes & tabs checkbox to enable the new mode:
14—New Features in EViews 13

New Window Options

The General Options/Environment/Appearance dialog offers new settings to change the
background of text and program windows, and to remember window placement between
EViews sessions.

Dark mode
You may use the Enable dark mode checkbox to control the background in program and
text windows.
 General EViews Interface—15

Remember window placement

The layout positions of primary windows (workfiles, programs, and database windows) can
now be remembered between EViews sessions. This is especially useful in Pane & Tab mode
(“New Panes and Tabs User Interface” on page 11) since primary windows may be posi-
tioned outside the EViews frame in that mode.

To remember positions, simply select the Remember positions radio button.

For each primary file, layout settings are stored in a hidden text file using the original name,
but with the extension “.evsettings”. If you share both the primary file and the layout file
with others, the original layout will be restored upon opening the primary file.

Note that when restoring window positions, complicated layouts such as panes grouped
together may not appear exactly as before, especially if the layout is dependent on the exis-
tence of other panes.

Program Debugging
EViews offers tools for debugging to help you locate the source of problems. These tools
allow you to run programs until they hit breakpoints on specific lines and then examine the
state of your workfile at those breakpoints.

Setting and Clearing Breakpoints

Open the EViews program file and set the breakpoint by clicking to the left of the desired
line. A red dot will appear:
16—New Features in EViews 13

Clicking on a red dot clears that breakpoint.

Starting a Debugging Session

To begin debugging the program, click the Debug button in the toolbar and enter any pro-
gram arguments, choose whether to Log dependencies, and if desired change the Maxi-
mum errors before halting. Click on OK.

EViews will start program execution and open the debugging pane. There are three tabs in
the pane: Breakpoints, Watch, and Callstack.

Stopping at a Breakpoint
When the program reaches an active breakpoint, the execution will pause at the red dot,
now highlighted in yellow:

At this point you can look at the Breakpoints, Callstack, or Watch windows for more infor-
mation.
• Breakpoints shows all defined breakpoints. Toggling the checkbox next to a break-
point name inactivates or reactivates it.
• Callstack displays the current line of the active files and subroutines of the program.

• Watch presents the values of program and replacement variables.

Additionally, you may open EViews objects such as series or equations to examine their cur-
rent states.
 General EViews Interface—17

Button Bar
Resume continues program execution until the next breakpoint is reached. Step executes
the current line. Run continues program execution to completion, ignoring any remaining
breakpoints. Stop cancels program execution.

Restrictions during Debugging

During a debugging session, you will not be able to close any windows opened by the pro-
gram since this could negatively affect its execution.

Program Dependency Logging

EViews allows you to automatically log a program’s external dependencies: files (as work-
files, Excel files, CSV files, etc), databases, and other programs (as includes and execs). To
use it, check the Log Dependencies checkbox in the Run Program dialog:

A new Program Dependencies window will appear showing the type, filename, and path of
all the external dependencies detected during the run.
18—New Features in EViews 13

The above image shows the dependence on the external program files “xy.prg,” “wz.prg,”
and “z22.prg,” the workfiles “tq.wf1” and “untitled.wf1,” and the database “dbtest.edb,”
along with the line numbers producing these dependencies.

Jupyter Notebook Support

Jupyter is a popular free, open-source, web-based interactive development environment that
allows users to create notebooks for documenting computational workflow. A notebook con-
sists of an ordered series of input and output cells for the organization of code, explanatory
text, and multimedia in a single document. The chronological, narrative record-keeping a
notebook allows for are useful for analysis, reporting, teaching, documentation, and many
other purposes.

The code in a notebook cell is passed to a programming language specific “kernel” on the
backend that does the code execution. EViews, starting with version 13, can be used as a
Jupyter kernel. Users can run an EViews program and display its results from within a note-
book.
 Data Handling—19

Using the EViews Jupyter Kernel

After Python and Jupyter have been installed (https://jupyter.org/), make the EViews kernel
available to Jupyter by going to the main EViews menu and selecting Options/General
Options/External program interface. Click the Publish Jupyter Notebook button.

A new EViews-specific folder will be created in the Jupyter kernels folder location, usually
found at “%AppData%/Roaming/jupyter/kernels”.

Next, run the notebook server. Depending on your installation, this can be done from a com-
mand prompt or the start menu in Windows or from Anaconda Navigator. Select the EViews
kernel by choosing it from the “New” drop-down menu in the upper-right corner of the
notebook dashboard. This will open the notebook editor, the interface where code and other
input is entered and evaluated. Type EViews commands into the cells and run them with
shift-enter (to run the current cell and select the following cell) or ctrl-enter (to run the cur-
rent cell). More information on using Jupyter can be found in the Jupyter documentation
(https://jupyter-notebook.readthedocs.io/en/stable/notebook.html).

Data Handling
Daily Data Seasonal Adjustment
EViews 13 adds the ability to perform seasonal adjustment on daily data, by featuring an
extended implementation of the seasonal adjustment of daily time series algorithm of Ollech
(2021). Although the original Ollech (2021) algorithm is designed for 7-day week daily data,
EViews’ implementation handles both 7 and 5-day week daily data.
20—New Features in EViews 13

To perform DSA seasonal adjustment in EViews, open the series and select Proc/Seasonal
Adjustment/DSA Daily Seasonal Adjustment… EViews will then open a tree-structured
DSA dialog to allow you to set the options for the DSA procedure:

The branches of the tree, on the left, allow you to specify the Basic Options, the ARIMA
model, and the three STL Seasonal Adjustment components. Click on the node name in the
left to select the node.
 Data Handling—21

• For additional discussion of the new DSA procedure, see “Daily Seasonal Adjust-
ment,” on page 528 in User’s Guide I.

• See Series::dsa (p. 710) for command documentation in the Object Reference.

New Excel File Writing Engine

Previous versions of EViews used the Excel application itself to write Excel 2007 files
(.XLSX) so that exporting data from an EViews workfile to an Excel 2007 file required that
Excel be installed on your machine. Using Excel to write these files was convenient, but
importantly came with performance and capability limitations.

EViews 13 introduces a new Excel 2007 writing engine that no longer requires installation of
the Excel application. Notably, with Excel 2007 writing,
• exporting EViews data to Excel is now much more efficient, especially when perform-
ing a large number of writes,
• you may now write data into an existing Excel file (via command), an operation that
was not permitted in earlier versions,
• you may now choose between using EViews cell formatting, retaining the pre-existing
(in Excel) formats, or removing all formats (colors, font, number formatting, column
widths and row heights) for the written range.

• For the most part, using the new engine will be transparent to users for previous ver-
sions (apart from the performance improvements). Simply perform your Excel 2007
writes in the usual fashion using the option “mode=update”. The command,
tab1.save(t=excelxml, cellfmt=EViews, mode=update) mytable
range=Country!b5

will add the contents of table TAB1 to the preexisting “MyTable.XLSX” Excel file. The data
will be written to the ‘Country’ sheet at cell B5. All preexisting cell formatting in the Excel
file will be overwritten using the cell colors and fonts in TAB1.
• See pagesave (p. 483) and wfsave (p. 583) in the Command and Programming Ref-
erence for updated command documentation.
• See also the object specific save and export commands, Table::save (p. 992),
Matrix::export (p. 517), Vector::export (p. 1123), Sym::export (p. 912),
Rowvector::export (p. 648), and Coef::export (p. 25), in the Object Reference,
for updated documentation.

Holiday Functions
The @holiday and @holidayset functions allow you to analyze and account for different
behavior on holiday days, around the world. These functions may be used to create series
that indicate the proportion of an annual event covered by each observation.
22—New Features in EViews 13

The @holiday function returns the proportion or identifier of an annual event covered by
the observation, for each observation in the workfile.

The basic syntax for the holiday function is

Syntax: @holiday(h[, b][, flag...])
h: string
b: string
flag: (optional) string
Return: series

where h is the holiday event specification, b is a basis specification, and flag is a calculation
scaling flag.

The @holidayset function returns the proportion or identifier of multiple annual events
covered by the observation, for each observation in the workfile.

@holiday is similar to @holidayset, but allows for the specification of holidays using a
range pair of dates, while disallowing multiple holiday event specifications.

The basic syntax for the holiday set function is

Syntax: @holidayset(h[, b][, flag...])
h: string
b: string
flag: (optional) string
Return: series

where h is one or more holiday event specifications, b is a basis specification, and flag is a
calculation scaling flag.
• See “Holiday Functions,” on page 669 of the Command and Programming Reference
for complete syntax and discussion.

@holiday Examples
The command
series jan1 = @holiday("Jan1")

generates a series containing a non-zero value only for those observations associated with
January 1st. For a daily or lower frequency workfile, only a single observation will cover
January 1st each year and that observation will have a value of 1. For a higher frequency
workfile, multiple observations will cover January 1st and thus have a value less than one.
For example, in an intra-day workfile with a frequency of six hours, each of the four obser-
vations for January 1st every year will have the value 0.25.
series jan1early = @holiday("Jan1", "Mon-Sun,9AM-2PM")
 Data Handling—23

generates a series that is non-zero only for those observations associated with January 1st
and between the hours of 9AM (inclusive) and 3PM (exclusive). For an intra-day workfile
with a frequency of six hours, the two observations for January 1st that begin at 6AM and
noon each year will have the value 0.5. Note that the end time of the basis specification, e.g.
2PM, is considered to extend to the last moment of the specified time, thus 2PM is inter-
preted as 2:59:59.999PM (3PM rather than 2PM).
series mondays = @holiday("Nov1Mon(1)")

generates a series that is non-zero only for those observations that fall on the day after the
first Monday in November, i.e. the Tuesday that is US federal Election Day.
series frenchlabor = @holiday("Labour.fr~")

Generates a series that is non-zero only for those observations associated with French Labor
Day (May 1st). Should that day fall on a Saturday, the observation(s) for the preceding Fri-
day will be non-zero instead, or if that day falls on a Sunday, the observation(s) for the fol-
lowing Monday will be non-zero. For example, in a daily workfile covering years 2020
through 2024, the observations for Friday May 1 2020, Friday April 30 2021, Monday May 2
2022, Monday May 1 2023, and Wednesday May 1 2024 would have the value 1.
series canadaday = @holiday("Canada!")

generates a series that is non-zero only for those observations associated with Canada Day
(July 1st). Should that day fall on a Saturday or a Sunday, the observation(s) for the follow-
ing Monday will be non-zero instead. For example, in a daily workfile covering years 2022
through 2024, the observations for Friday July 1 2022, Monday July 3 2023, and Monday
July 1 2024 would have the value 1.
series lunar = @holiday("LNY~(-3)")

generates a series that is non-zero only for those observations occurring three days before
the Lunar New Year, adjusted for weekends. For example, in a daily workfile covering year
2020, while the nominal date for the holiday is Saturday January 25, the observation for
Tuesday January 21 would have the value 1 as a consequence of the weekend modifier and
offset.
series newyears1 = @holiday("NewYears[1,2,0]")

generates a series that is non-zero only for those observations associated with New Year's
Day (January 1st) and the preceding day (December 31st). In the common case where those
two days will be covered by different observations, the observation for December 31st will
have the value 0.33 and the observation for January 1st will have the value 0.67 given the
relative weights specified.
series newyears2 = @holiday("NewYears[1,2,0]","denorm")

generates a series that is non-zero only for those observations associated with New Year's
Day (January 1st) and the preceding day (December 31st). With the use of the “denorm”
24—New Features in EViews 13

option, the observation for December 31st will have the value 1 and the observation for Jan-
uary 1st will have the value 2.
series ukbank = @holiday("Bank.uk!")

generates a series that is non-zero only for those observations associated with United King-
dom bank holidays included in the “bank.uk” named group. The weekend modifier “!” is
applied to each individual holiday in the group.
series postvets = @holiday("Veterans.us(7) Thanksgiving.us")

generates a series that is non-zero only for those observations between a week after US Vet-
erans Day and US Thanksgiving. This range normally covers between five to eleven days,
depending on the year. For example, in 2020 this range covers nine days (November 18
through November 26), thus in daily workfile the observations associated with those days
would have the value 0.111.

@holidayset Examples
The command
series jan1set = @holidayset("Jan1")

generates a series containing a non-zero value only for those observations associated with
January 1st. For a daily or lower frequency workfile, only a single observation will cover
January 1st each year and that observation will have a value of 1. For a higher frequency
workfile, multiple observations will cover January 1st and thus have a value less than one.
For example, in an intra-day workfile with a frequency of six hours, each of the four obser-
vations for January 1st every year will have the value 0.25. Since only a single holiday is
specified, this function behaves identically to @holiday.
series vetsset = @holidayset("Veterans.us(7) Thanksgiving.us")

generates a series that is non-zero only for those observations a week after US Veterans Day
and on US Thanksgiving. For example, in 2020 the two holidays occur on November 18 and
November 26, thus in daily workfile the observations associated with those days would each
have the value 0.5. Note that unlike the @holiday function, the two holidays included are
distinct and do not specify a range.
series easterset = @holidayset("Easter Unity.de[ramp(3)] Oct31~")

generates a series that is non-zero only for those observations associated with Easter, the
five days on and around German Unity Day, and Halloween, adjusted for weekends. For
example, in a daily workfile covering year 2020, the observation for Sunday April 12 will
have the value 0.333, the observations for Thursday October 1 through Monday October 5
will have the values 0.037, 0.074, 0.111, 0.074, and 0.037, respectively, and finally the obser-
vation for Friday October 30 will have the value 0.333.
 Data Handling—25

Updated X-13 Engine

EViews has updated the version of the Census X-13 executable to support HTML output. The
current version will be newer than Version 1.1, Build 59.

The updated X-13 engine allows you to save your X-13 output directly to HTML. Click on the
Output node in the tree, and make sure the Display html checkbox is selected:

Note that the Census Bureau has tested this version of X-13ARIMA-SEATS on Windows 10
and indicates that it may work on previous Windows versions.

SDMX Databases
As part of EViews support for SDMX Databases, EViews 13 now offers access to Australian
Bureau of Statistics (ABS) SDMX, Deutsche Bundesbank (DB) SDMX, and Insee (L’Institut
national de la statistique et des études économiques) SDMX data.

Please note that an internet connection is required to obtain SDMX online data. For more
information on the ABS, DB, or Insee data, see:
http://api.data.abs.gov.au
http://api.statistiken.bundesbank.de
http://www.insee.fr/en/information/2868055
EViews offers a custom browser for navigation to and retrieval of available data from SDMX
databases. To start, open a database window by selecting File/Open Database… from the
26—New Features in EViews 13

main EViews menus, then select Eurostat SDMX Database, ECB SDMX Database, UN
SDMX Database, IMF SDMX Database, OECD SDMX Database, ABS SDMX Database,
Deutsche Bundesbank SDMX Database, or Insee SDMX Database from the Database/File
type dropdown menu. A dialog similar to the one below will be displayed:

Click OK to open the standard EViews database window. Click on Browse or Browse-
Append to open a custom database.

For example, this is the interface to the Eurostat data:

The dialog allows data to be selected from within datasets; alternatively, the browser inter-
face is a way to search through the datasets by typing a keyword in the Filter textbox:
 Data Handling—27

Select a dataset and click Next to display a dialog for viewing and selecting series:
28—New Features in EViews 13

The dialog contains a table with all of the series matching the search. On the left is an inter-
face with a list of dropdown boxes containing additional search filter criteria. Click a box or
boxes to select one or more options. If more filter criteria are selected the results on the right
will be updated to match the new selections. On the bottom right is a graph preview of the
series data selected.

Once the selection process is finished, drag-and-drop or click the Export to workfile button
to export the series directly into a new or existing workfile.
• See “Foreign Format Databases” on page 362 in User’s Guide I.
• See also dbopen (p. 371) in the Command and Programming Reference.

Trading Economics Databases

Trading Economics provides access to a large range of historical and forecast data for eco-
nomic indicators, stock markets, government bonds, exchange rates, and commodity prices.

Please note that an internet connection is required to obtain Trading Economics online data.
For more information on Trading Economics data subscriptions, please see:
https://tradingeconomics.com/analytics/features.aspx

Additionally, direct access to Trading Economics online data is only offered in the EViews
Enterprise Edition.

EViews offers a custom interface to Trading Economics data. To open the database, select
File/Open Database… from the main EViews menu and then select Trading Economics
from the Database/File type dropdown menu:

Click OK to open the standard EViews database window:

 Data Handling—29

Click on Browse in the toolbar to open the custom Trading Economics window:

The dialog interface displays five tabs, or categories, of data: Indicators, Market Curren-
cies, Market Stocks, Market Commodities, and Market Bonds.

Indicators
Under the Indicators tab, choose between picking a country/territory, an indicator category,
or a search:
30—New Features in EViews 13

For Pick Country/Territory, select a country from the drop-down box to see historical and
forecast indicators:

For Pick Indicator Category, select a category from the drop-down box to see historical and
forecast indicators:
 Data Handling—31

For Search, select Term/Keyword or Symbol and enter an expression in the text box:

The user interface provides a way to filter through the results regardless of the method cho-
sen. After picking the country Mexico, for example, the dialog displays a table with the indi-
cator results:
32—New Features in EViews 13

Click the drop-down box next to each column header to show a set of filter checkboxes.
Select one or more of these to display selected values or select All to show all values. Click
Reset Filter to clear all filters.

Markets
If any of the market tabs (Market Currencies, Market Stocks, Market Commodities, Mar-
ket Bonds) are selected, the dialog will display a table with all the stock market symbol
 Data Handling—33

results you have permission to see based on your subscription. For example, the below dia-
log shows the Market Stocks tab:

You may elect to search for a Term/Keyword or a Symbol. Once the series of interest is
found and selected, drag-and-drop or click the Export to workfile button to export the
series directly into a new or existing workfile.

For more information click the Browse Trading Economics Stocks link at the bottom of the
dialog to open the Trading Economics webpage.
• See “Foreign Format Databases” on page 362 in User’s Guide I.
• See also dbopen (p. 371) in the Command and Programming Reference.

World Health Organization Databases

World Health Organization (WHO) provides access to a large range of health-related data
and statistics. An internet connection is required to obtain WHO online data.

For more information on data subscriptions, please see:

https://www.who.int/data/gho

EViews offers a custom interface to World Health Organization data. To open the database,
select File/Open Database… from the main EViews menu and select World Health
Organization from the Database/File type dropdown menu:
34—New Features in EViews 13

Click OK to open the standard EViews database window:

Click on Browse in the toolbar to open the custom WHO window:

 Data Handling—35

Click on the Indicators folder and navigate through the set of nested folders:

Click on a folder to open its subtopics:

36—New Features in EViews 13

The full path of the active folder is shown in the header. Click on any folder within the path
to return to it. For example, clicking on By country will move up a single level to show the
country choices. Similarly, clicking on “..” in the window listing will move up a single level.

Alternately, click on Search By to search for a keyword:

Once the series of interest is selected, drag or copy it into a workfile. For more information,
click the Open Browser link at the bottom of the dialog to open the WHO website.
• See “Foreign Format Databases” on page 362 in User’s Guide I.
• See also dbopen (p. 371) in the Command and Programming Reference.
 Data Handling—37

Simplified Matrix Data Access

EViews 13 offers a useful set of tools for extracting parts of matrices for further use. Some of
the functions described below are available in limited form in prior versions of EViews, but
the new additions round out the set of functions for accessing data, allowing for easy-to-use
operations that were previously difficult to perform.

Useful Matrix Utility Functions

There are five new or updated utility functions that are particularly useful for working with
matrix data.

Briefly:

• @fill(n1, n2, n3, ...) – return a numeric vector with the specified values.

• @range(n1, n2) – return a numeric vector with the sequential integer values from n1
to n2.
• @seq(s, d, n) – return a numeric vector with the arithmetic sequence of n elements
beginning with s and incrementing by d.

• @grid(n1, n2, n3) – return a numeric vector containing a grid of n3 values from n1
to n2.

• @sfill("str1", "str2", "str3", ...) – return a svector using the specified double-quote
enclosed strings.

Note that the first three functions create vector objects, while the latter creates an svector
(string vector) object.

These functions are straightforward in intention. While @fill and @seq will work with
arbitrary numeric values, we are interested here in their use in generating vectors of integer
values.
vector x1 = @fill(1, 2, 4, 5, 7)

creates the vector with elements {1, 2, 4, 5, 7}, while

vector x2 = @range(1, 5)

creates the vector with elements {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, while

vector x3 = @seq(1, 2, 4)

creates the vector with elements {1, 3, 5, 7}, while

vector x4 = @grid(1, 2, 6)

creates the vector with elements {1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0}, and
svector sx1 = @sfill("apple", "pear", "orange")
38—New Features in EViews 13

creates the svector with the values {“apple”, “pear”, “orange”}.

Matrix Extraction Data Members

The best way to extract data from a matrix object is to use matrix object member functions.

Some of these member functions were available for selected objects in earlier versions and
some are new in EViews 13. All of the functions have enhanced scope in EViews 13 along
with new functionality for referencing data using matrix row and column labels.

The relevant functions for all matrix objects are:

• obj.@col(arg) – returns matrix object containing column(s) of obj associated with

arg

• obj.@row(arg) – returns matrix object containing row(s) of obj associated with arg

• obj.@sub(arg1, arg2) – returns matrix object containing row(s) and col(s) of obj
associated with arg1 and arg2, respectively

• obj.@dropcol(arg) – returns matrix object containing column(s) of obj not associated

with arg

• obj.@droprow(arg) – returns matrix object containing row(s) of obj not associated

with arg

• obj.@dropboth(arg1, arg2) – returns matrix object containing row(s) and col(s) of

obj not associated with arg1 and arg2, respectively

For symmetric matrices, we also have the functions

• obj.@sub(arg) – returns sym object containing row(s) and col(s) of obj associated
with arg, respectively

• obj.@dropboth(arg) – returns sym object containing row(s) and col(s) of obj not
associated with arg, respectively

where

• obj is the name of a matrix object in the workfile

• arg, arg1, arg2 are integers, scalar objects, vectors, strings, or svectors

For cases where args are numeric (integers, scalars, vectors), the arg values act as row or
column indices. Focusing on column functions, for example,
vector v1 = x.@col(3)
matrix m1 = x.@col(cid)

where X is a matrix and CID is a vector of column indices, and the two lines return the vec-
tor V1 and matrix M1 containing the 3rd column of X, and the columns of X referenced in
 Data Handling—39

CID, respectively. Note that the elements of CID must be integers from 1 to the number of
columns of X.

For cases where args are strings (string literal, string object, svector), the arg values are
examined to find matches in the corresponding row or column labels (“Matrix Row and
Column Labels,” on page 43). For example, the commands
vector v2 = x.@col("apple")
matrix m2 = x.@col(scid)

where SCID is a svector of strings, produce the vector V2 and matrix M2 containing the 3rd
column of X, and the columns of X with labels that match the elements of SCID, respec-
tively. Note that all of the elements of SCID must be strings that match the column names
previously assigned to X.

You may mix the types of arg1 and arg2 in data member functions that take two arguments
so that, for example,
matrix m3 = x.@sub(3, "apple")

returns M3 containing the element of X in row 3 and column with label “apple”.

Similarly, the commands

matrix v1d = x.@dropcol(3)
matrix m1d = x.@dropcol(cid)
matrix v2d = x.@dropcol("apple")
matrix m2d = x.@dropcol(scid)
matrix m3d = x.@dropboth(5, "apple" )

return the matrix objects

• V1D, the matrix X with column 3 dropped

• M1D, the matrix X with columns referenced by CID dropped

• V2D, the matrix X with the column with label “apple” dropped

• M2D, the matrix X with the columns with labels in SCID dropped

• M3D, the matrix with the row 5 dropped and the column labeled “apple” dropped

The special symmetric matrix versions of these functions return syms:

sym sym1 = symorig.@sub(cid)
sym sym2 = symorig.@dropcol(3)
sym sym3 = symorig.@dropcol(cid)

return the sym objects

40—New Features in EViews 13

• SYM1, the columns (and corresponding rows) of SYMORIG referenced by CID

• SYM2, the contents of SYMORIG after dropping column and row 3

• V2D, the contents of SYMORIG after dropping columns and rows referenced by CID

Matrix Extraction with Utility Functions

Combining matrix utility functions (“Useful Matrix Utility Functions,” on page 37) with the
matrix extraction data members offers flexible methods for obtaining data from matrices.

Consider, for example, the extraction of multiple columns from the matrix X using the @col
data member function:
vector xid = @fill(1, 3, 5, 9)
matrix xsub = x.@col(xid)

extracts columns {1, 3, 5, 9} from the matrix X.

Since the args in the member data extraction functions may themselves be expressions, we
may combine the two lines into a single expression:
matrix xsub1 = x.@col(@fill(1, 3, 5, 9))

Similarly, extracting or dropping the 7 through 9th columns of X may be done using
matrix xsub2 = x.@col(@range(7, 9))
matrix xsub3 = x.@dropcol(@range(7, 9))

We can perform the same compound extractions in 2-dimensions, as in

matrix xsub4 = x.@sub(@range(3, 6), @sfill("apple", "orange"))
matrix xsub5 = x.@dropboth(4, @sfill("apple", "orange"))

which create XSUB4 containing rows 3 to 6 and columns with labels matching “apple” and
“orange” of X, and XSUB5 containing X after dropping row 4 and the columns with match-
ing labels.

New Matrix Import/Export Engine

An all new matrix data engine makes it easier than ever to get data into and out of external
data sources and offers improved support for different data formats.

Import Data into Matrix objects

You may now read directly into an EViews matrix object (matrix, vector, sym, etc.) from text
(both ASCII and binary), HTML, Excel XLSX, and Excel 97 XLS files. Excel reads includes
support for named ranges and multiple pages. The new engine supports a number of differ-
ent formats, and features EViews interactive data import wizard which walks you step-by-
step through the data import, providing fine-tuned control of the pending import, previews
of the final data, and command capture.
 Data Handling—41

To read data into a matrix object open the matrix and select Proc/Import Data... EViews
will open the standard file dialog prompting you to select a file:

Double-click to select the file, or highlight the file and click on Open. EViews will open a
data import wizard:

Proceed through the steps of the wizard by filling out the desired values and clicking on
Next, and click on Finish when ready to import the data. EViews will read the data into the
matrix object, resizing the object to match the source size, if possible.
42—New Features in EViews 13

Note that some matrix objects offer some challenges in data import. If you have a vector
import from multi-column data,
• See Matrix::import (p. 521) in the Object Reference for representative command
documentation. Equivalent functions are available for vector, sym, rowvector, and
coef objects.

Export Data from Matrix Objects

When you are ready to export data from a matrix object, EViews 13 allows you to write to a
number of formats including the various ASCII, binary, HTML, RTF, and Excel formats,
along with LaTeX, Markdown, and PDF files. Importantly, the Excel XLSX export allows you
to write the matrix results into existing Excel files, beginning at a specified cell.

To write the contents of the matrix, select Proc/Export Data... from the matrix menu:

Enter a file name in the edit field, or Browse to select a file.

You may change the Data order to transpose the data prior to write, provide options related
to the target file type, such as Advanced Excel Options for XLSX,
 Data Handling—43

which permit writing into an specific sheet and cell of a new or existing file, with or without
formatting.

• See Matrix::export (p. 517) in the Object Reference for representative command
documentation. Equivalent functions are available for vector, sym, rowvector, and
coef objects.

Matrix Row and Column Labels

• labeling rows and columns in the spreadsheet

• referring to rows and columns of the matrix when accessing data

By default, there are no row and column labels in matrix objects. When spreadsheets show
the contents of the matrix, the rows are labeled as “R1”, “R2”, etc., and the columns are
labeled as “C1”, “C2”, “C3”, etc.

To define row and column labels, you may open a matrix object display the spreadsheet
view:

By default, there are no labels defined, but you may use the matrix procs setrowlabels
and setcollabels to assign new values:

• See Matrix::setrowlabels (p. 541) and Matrix::setcollabels (p. 538) in the

Object Reference for representative command documentation. Equivalent functions
are available for vector, sym, rowvector, and coef objects,

• See Matrix::clearrowlabels (p. 509) and Matrix::clearcollabels (p. 508) in

the Object Reference for representative command documentation. Equivalent func-
tions are available for vector, sym, rowvector, and coef objects,
44—New Features in EViews 13

For example,
mat01.setcollabels "First" "Alternate"

sets column labels for the first two columns.

By default, these labels will be used in the spreadsheet display of the matrix:

The Row/Collabels +/– toggles on and off the display of the labels.

EViews 13 adds the ability to extract data from the matrices using the row and column
labels. For example, with the matrix object, we have matrix data members,
@col(arg)............. Returns the columns defined by arg.
@dropcol(arg)...... Returns the matrix with the columns defined by arg removed
@droprow(arg) .... Returns the matrix with rows defined by arg removed.
@dropsub(arg1, arg2)Returns the matrix with the rows defined by arg1 and columns
defined by arg2 removed.
@row(arg) ........... Returns the rows defined by arg.
@sub(arg1, arg2).. Returns the matrix with rows defined by arg1 and columns with
defined by arg2.

that all take args that may be integers, vectors of integers, string, or svectors of strings.
Importantly, integer values will correspond to row and column indices. while string values
will correspond to previously defined row and column labels.

Thus, in our example from above,

vector vec1 = mat01.@col("Alternate")

will create the vector VEC1 containing the column labeled with “Alternate” in MATRIX01.
This command is equivalent to
vector vec1 = mat01.@col(2)
 Graphs and Tables—45

See “Matrix Extraction Data Members,” on page 38 for additional discussion.

Graphs and Tables

Graph Line and Shade Transparency
EViews 13 now allows you to customize the opacity (transparency) levels of individual lines
and shades in a graph. By exercising fine control over the visibility of stacked graph ele-
ments, you can uncover previously hidden features of your data.

When plotting multiple data for series in prior versions of EViews, the graph for data from
one series could obscure the data of another. For example, the following area graph shows
time series graphs for three series in a group object (ALLIED, DUPONT, and EXXON):

In this graph, data for ALLIED is drawn first, followed by the data for DUPONT, and then by
the data for EXXON. Notice that the areas for the later drawn series obscuring the areas for
the earlier. Note in particular, that the values of EXXON for observations hide the corre-
sponding values of DUPONT and ALLIED, particularly for observations from 9 to 16.

EViews 13 allows you to adjust the opacity of individual graph elements to improve the visi-
bility of others. To set the opacity for one or more elements, double click on the graph to dis-
play the graph options, or select on the Options button on the button bar, then select the
Graph Elements node.
46—New Features in EViews 13

Opacity levels may be set for individual Lines and Fill Areas by clicking on an entry in the
right hand side of the graph to select a graph element and then entering a number from 0 to
100 in the Opacity % edit field:

You may set levels for more than one element simultaneously by SHIFT or CTRL clicking to
select multiple elements, and then applying the desired setting.

Here is the same graph after setting the Opacity % of all three of the fill elements to “50”:
 Graphs and Tables—47

Note the additional visible detail in the values of the ALLIED and DUPONT series for obser-
vations 9 to 16. In particular, the values of ALLIED, the first drawn series were virtually
invisible in the earlier graph, but now show an obvious sawtooth pattern.

Similarly, turning down the opacity in a dense scatterplot can show additional detail:

Judicious use of transparency settings makes possible the production of graphs that show
data in ways that were not previously possible.

The new multiple shaded confidence intervals in combined impulse-response graphs

(“Enhanced Impulse Response Display” on page 90) employ this feature and hint at the
types of graphs that may be produced:
48—New Features in EViews 13

To set opacity levels by command use the Graph::setelem (p. 373) (in the Object Refer-
ence) command to select an element and add the lineopacity (for lines) and fillopac-
ity (for fills) keywords to set the desired opacity values.

Setting the level to 0.0 (0%) will make the object completely transparent while 1.0 (100%)
will make the object completely opaque.

For example,
gr1.setelem(2) lineopacity(.5)

In our example, the second line in the graph was set to be 0.5 (50%) opaque.
 Graphs and Tables—49

Custom Graph Data Labels

Providing labels for data values can be an important tool for enhancing the information con-
tent of graphical presentation of data. EViews 13 offers new automatic tools which make it
easy to augment your graphs with informative custom data and observation-based labels.

Recall that in EViews 12 and earlier, EViews offered option to use data values to label each
of the observations in a graph.

While often quite useful, this option had limitation. For one, labeling observations with data
values was an all or nothing proposition; data values were either displayed for all observa-
tions or for none of the observations. Further, customization of the format of the data labels
was limited to specifying a size and font of the data label, and showing or not showing an
open or closed circle symbol alongside the label.

EViews 13 enhances the ability to label observations to provide you with greater control
over your data labeling. You may now:
• Label all observations, no observations, the first observation, or the last observation.
• Specify the content of the data label by using the data value, the observation, the
name of the series, or arbitrary text.
• Modify the font, font size and position of the data label.

Data labeling is controlled in the Graph Options dialog. Click on the Options button or dou-
ble-click on the graph to display the dialog then select Graph Elements and Lines & Sym-
bols and select one or more the elements on the right-hand side of the dialog The Symbol/
Data label settings will be displayed when you choose Symbols or Lines & Symbols to dis-
50—New Features in EViews 13

play. To show data labels, select one of the three Data label entries in the drop-down control
(open circle and data label, closed circle and data label, data label):

Here, we have selected the Data label with a closed circle symbol.

By default, when you choose a data label setting, EViews will display labels for all observa-
tions.

EViews 13 introduces the ability to customize the data label display. Click on the large
Options button under the Data Label entry in the middle of the dialog to display the Label
Options dialog:
 Graphs and Tables—51

The first tab provides basic labeling options:

• The radio buttons in the bottom left allow you to choose between displaying labels for
All, the First, or the Last observation.
• The Position drop down lets you choose to display the label using Auto positioning,
or to the Right of observation, Left of observation, Above observation, Below
observation, or Center on observation.
• The Label Format edit field allows you to specify the content of the label. You should
enter text for the specification in the edit field. The special functions @xlabel() and
@ylabel() instruct EViews to use the corresponding X-values and Y-values of the
observations as the label; the function @legend() corresponds to the legend value for
the data element. All other text will be used in the label as given. You may use the
ENTER key format the label in multiple lines.

The second tab of the dialog specifies font family, size, and color settings, as well as special
text effects like underlining and strikethrough.

Below, we use the Last observation setting to label the last data point using the Y-value to
form a custom data string “% growth (actual)”, by entering
@ylabel()% growth
(actual)

in the edit field. Note that the carriage return in the edit field is used to create a multi-line
label.
52—New Features in EViews 13

Importantly, if an observation were to be added to end of the graph, the data label would
automatic change to reflect the new value as well as move to proper location above new
observation.

Similarly, you may use custom data labels in place of a legend. In this example, the legend
was disabled and we activate the custom data label for the last observation, using a
@legend()

specification in the edit field.

Note that a custom data label differs from a custom text label. Data labels are attached to an
observation in the graph, while custom text labels may be placed anywhere in the graph.
While custom text labels may be placed so that they appear related to specific data values, it
takes a bit of work to tie them to the observation data values. In contrast, a custom data
label is designed to be linked to the observations so it may easy to attach label text to the
first, last, or all of the observations.
• See Graph::datalabel (p. 344) in the Object Reference for command documenta-
tion.

Customizable Geomap Labels

In EViews 13, you may now use more than one attribute, along with custom text and for-
matting, to label the shapes in your geomap.

Note that the ability to attach labels to the shapes in a geomap is one of the most important
tools for customizing the display of area data. In the simplest example, we may display the
name of a geographic region in each area of a geomap display. For example, we may display
the county names in our geomap display of the county areas in the State of California, USA.
 Graphs and Tables—53

Here, the county names are one of several attributes of the geomap shapefile data, which
pairs each shape are with one or more pieces information. Each shape in the file might have
information on “Name”, “Population”, “Income”, “Population % change”, etc.

In EViews 12, you could display a geomap with a single label taken from a single attribute,
as in the example above. So while you could instruct EViews to use the “Name” attribute to
display county name, or the “Population” attribute to show population, you could not dis-
play labels showing both county name and population in each shape.

EViews 13 removes this single attribute restriction, allowing you to use multiple attributes to
construct an area label. Furthermore, you may add custom text to your label, and apply cus-
tom formatting including, font family and size, and multi-line display.
54—New Features in EViews 13

Here we use the attribute “NAME” and the value of the workfile series POP_FEMALE to cre-
ate a custom, multi-line label for each shape:

Should the default position of a label not be ideal, it may be adjusted manually. Simply click
and drag a label to its desired location:
 Graphs and Tables—55

Note the improved labeling of the offshore areas in Santa Barbara, Ventura, and Los Angeles
counties.
• See Chapter 13. “Geomaps,” on page 681 in User’s Guide I for updated documenta-
tion.

For command support, see:

• Geomap::setjust (p. 318) in the Object Reference to set the display justification for
multi-line area labels.

• Geomap::setshapelabel (p. 319) in the Object Reference to used attribute or value

labels, or to create a custom label to use when labeling shapes.

High-Low-Median Colormap Preset

EViews supports colormaps where you can define sets of rules that translate numeric values
into colors. These colormaps may then be used when setting the text or fill color for series or
group spreadsheets, or the fill colors in geomaps.

EViews 12 offers a number of predefined colormaps for common settings, such as the Posi-
tive-negative colormap which negative values will be displayed as red and positive values
will be displayed as black. In addition to EViews 12 pre-specified presets, EViews 13
includes a new preset which allows users to identify the high, low, and median observa-
tions.
56—New Features in EViews 13

To apply this preset to a displayed series spreadsheet, click on Properties then select the
Text Color or Fill Color tab as desired:

Choose High-Low-Median in the Type dropdown, and choose the colors appropriately.
Click on OK to display the spreadsheet with the colormap applied:

For geomaps you will click on Properties, then select the Color tab and choose High-Low-
Median in the Type dropdown,
 Graphs and Tables—57

Click on OK to display the geomap with the colormap applied:

58—New Features in EViews 13

Applying a high-low-median colormap is done using the existing setfillcolor proc and
the “t=hilo” option:
geomap01.setfillcolor(t=hilo) mapser(POP_TOTAL) min(-352258.35)
max(7408557.35) highclr(@RGB(255,168,168))
lowclr(@RGB(255,255,128)) medianclr(@RGB(255,190,96))

• See Geomap::setfillcolor (p. 311) in the Object Reference for command docu-
mentation.

Table Search
EViews 13 introduces the ability to search cells within a table, both interactively and in pro-
grams.

To locate a particular value or string in a table interactively, first ensure that the table win-
dow is active, then press Ctrl+F or select Edit/Find from the main menu to display the Find
dialog.

When searching, you have the option to match the whole word, match case, and the specify
the search direction. After making any selections, press the Find Next button to locate a
matching cell.

If no match is found, EViews will produce an error message,

If a match is found, the first located corresponding cell within the table will be selected:
 Graphs and Tables—59

Subsequent Find Next searches will select the next matching cell. If the end of the table is
reached, EViews will resume the search from the beginning or end of the table, depending
on the search direction.

Perhaps more importantly, EViews 13 provides a new table data member @find, that pro-
vides a string containing cell identifiers which satisfy a boolean condition. The condition
may be expressed as a mathematical (using numerically interpreted values of the cell con-
tents) or string comparisons, using cell references.

The table data member,

@find("expression")

where expression can be a mathematical or string expression, returns a string containing the
cell identifiers which meet the bool expression.

For example,
string s = tab1.@find("[b1:c15]>0.3")

returns the list of cells between cell B1 and C15 which have a value greater than 0.3.
string s = tab1.@find("[a1:e67]== ""1949q4""")

returns the list of cells between A1 and E67 which match the string “1949q4”, ignoring case
(note: string comparisons in @find ignore case).
string s = tab1.@find("[@all]==0.5")

returns the list of cells in the table that are equal to 0.5.
string s = tab1.@find("@instr([@all],""in"")")

returns the list of cells in the table that contain the substring ‘in’.
string s = tab1.@find("[b3:c5]<[d5]")

returns the list of cells between B3 and C5 that have a value less than the value of cell D5
60—New Features in EViews 13

string s = tab1.@find("@left([@all], 2)==""cp""")

returns list of cells in the table that start with the string “cp”.

Conditional Table Cells

Many EViews table customization procedures allow you to specify ranges of cells. For exam-
ple, Table::setfillcolor in the Object Reference allows you to specify the background
color for the specified cells.

There are cases when you may wish to perform operations on cells in a table, but only under
certain conditions. Suppose, for example, that you have a table with annual data on each
row and you want to identify each row where there is a decrease in value in column 3 when
compared to the value for the previous row (year). The goal is to apply custom text or cell
formatting to these rows.

Fortunately, EViews allows you to identify the desired cells using a conditional target range
specification comprised of a target_range and a boolean_expression. You may specify the con-
ditional target cells using the syntax:
target_range if boolean_expression

where target_range gives the range of potential cells of interest, “if” is a keyword, and bool-
ean_expression provides indicators for which of the target_range cells to use.

For example, the command

tab1.setfillcolor(A2:A7 if [A2:A7]<[A1:A6]) red

will only set the fill color to red for the target cell range, if the decreasing value condition
holds.
• See “Conditional Table Cells” on page 68 in the Command and Programming Refer-
ence for detailed discussion.

Similarly, the table @find data member allows you to obtain a string list containing the cells
in a table range that satisfy a condition. The syntax for @find requires a find_expression:
table_name.@find(find_expression)
where find_expression simultaneously specifies the range of cells to consider and the boolean
expression for whether each cell should be used.

For example the command

string s = tab1.@find("[b1:c15]>0.3")

returns the list of cells between cell B1 and C15 which have a value greater than 0.3.
string s = tab1.@find("@instr([@all],""in"")")

returns the list of cells in the table that contain the substring ‘in’.
 Graphs and Tables—61

string s = tab1.@find("[b3:c5]<[d5]")

returns the list of cells between B3 and C5 that have a value less than the value of cell D5
• See “Table Search” on page 58.

Fixing Rows and Columns in Tables

EViews 13 now allows you to fix rows and columns in the display of a table so that these
rows and columns are always in view as you scroll the remaining cells of the table.

There are times when it is useful to lock one or more rows or columns in a table so that
those rows and columns are always in view. Depending on the contents of the table, the first
few rows or columns in your table may contain identifying information about the data cells
within the table. When searching for a specific cell or set of cells, fixing the display of these
identifiers makes this task much easier. This is especially useful for tables containing a large
number of columns or rows.

This situation often occurs, for example, when working with tables where the first row con-
tains column names and the first column contains observation IDs. In the case when the
table is scrolled both vertically and horizontally such that the 20th column and the 100th row
of a table is in view it may be helpful to see the column names and observation IDs to have
provide context to the contents of the cell.

Fixing columns and rows in a table can be done by pressing the Proc button in a table object
button bar. Then,

• To fix only the first row, select Fix Row-Column/Fix 1 Row. If more than 1 row is to
be fixed, select a cell in the first row after the last desired fixed row and then from
the Proc menu select Fix Row-Column/Fix # Rows. For example, to fix the first 3
rows of table, select a cell in the fourth row and then select Fix Row-Column/Fix 3
Rows.

• The process for fixing columns is the same as fixing rows with the obvious exception
of selecting

• Fix Row-Column/Fix #Columns - Similarly, after navigating through the proc menu,
the columns proceeding the current selected cell will be fixed. Note the fixed col-
umns and rows will be denoted in the table by a black cell border.

In the image below which fixes the first row and column of the table, you can see the date
column (column A) and the series names (row 1) are in view despite the table being scrolled
vertically 123 rows and 13 columns where row 124 is the first row, and column J is the first
column displayed.
62—New Features in EViews 13

The fixed columns are denoted by a black cell border that extends from the top to bottom of
the table and the fixed rows are separated by a similar black border that extends from the
left to right of the table.

With fixed headers and rows, we can readily identify the selected cell as being the value for
LC for 1979q3.

In this second example, the fixed first row and column of the table makes it easy to identify
the LINCOMEP values for Turkey from 1960 to 1978 despite the fact that the displayed val-
ues are for the 288th row and column F of the table.
 Graphs and Tables—63

To unfix any fixed rows or columns, simply press the Proc button and either select Fix Row-
Column/Remove Fixed Columns or Remove Fixed Rows. Note: the cell selection is ignored
when unfixing rows or columns.

Note that fixed rows and columns are saved with the table when the workfile is saved to
disk.
• See Table::fixcol (p. 986), Table::fixrow (p. 987), and Table::fixrowcol
(p. 987) in the Object Reference.

Fixing the beginning set of columns in table is accomplished via the table name followed by
the fixcol proc and the number of columns to be fixed. This procedure force the number
of specified columns to always be in view regardless of the horizontal scroll position. Once
fixed, a black cell border will separate the fixed and unfixed rows and columns.

Similarly, to fix the beginning set of rows in the table use the fixrow keyword followed by
the number of rows to be fixed.

For example, the commands

tab1.fixcol 2
tab1.fixrow 1

will fix the first two columns and the first row of the table.

Alternately you may fix both the row and column using the single command
64—New Features in EViews 13

tab1.fixrowcol 1 2

You may clear the fixed rows and columns using

tab1.fixcol 0
tab1.fixrow 0

or
tab1.fixrowcol 0 0

Econometrics and Statistics

EViews 13 offers a exciting new additions and improvements to its set of econometric and
statistical features. The following is a brief outline of the most important new features, fol-
lowed by additional discussion and pointers to full documentation.

ARDL Estimation
EViews 13 offers improvements to existing tools for analyzing data using Autoregressive Dis-
tributed Lag Models (ARDL), featuring estimation of Nonlinear ARDL (NARDL) models
which allow for more complex dynamics, with explanatory variables having differing effects
for positive and negative deviations from base values.

The classical ARDL framework assumes that the long-run cointegrating relationship is a
symmetric linear combination of regressors. While this is a natural starting assumption, it
does not match the behavioral finance and economics literature approach to modeling non-
linearity and asymmetry (Kahneman, Tversky, and Shiller, 1979). In response, Shin (2014)
proposes a nonlinear ARDL (NARDL) framework in which short-run and long-run nonlin-
earities are modeled as positive and negative partial sum decompositions of the explanatory
variables.

From the main EViews menu, click on Quick/Estimate Equation… or type the command
equation in the command line to open the equation dialog. Then select the ARDL -
Autoregressive Distributed Lag Models (including NARDL) from the Method dropdown
to display the ARDL dialog:
 Econometrics and Statistics—65

In the Linear dynamic specification, you should a enter a list of variables consisting of the
dependent variable followed by any symmetric ARDL distributed lag regressors. At a mini-
mum, the edit field must contain the dependent variable.

Exogenous regressors, including deterministics, may be specified in the Fixed regressors

specifications section. Trend regressors corresponding to the five deterministic cases dis-
cussed (None, Restr. constant, Constant, Restr. trend, Trend) may be specified using the
Trend specification dropdown. All other exogenous regressors (those apart from the con-
stant and the trend) should be specified in the Fixed regressors edit field.

Asymmetric distributed lag regressors may be listed under Asymmetric dynamic specifica-
tions. In particular, the Long-run and short-run edit field may be used to specify regressors
which are asymmetric in both the long-run and short-run. Regressors which are asymmetric
only in the long-run may be specified in the Long-run only edit field, while those which are
asymmetric exclusively in the short-run are specified in the Short-run only edit field.
66—New Features in EViews 13

Dependent Variable: DLOG(REALCONS)

Method: ARDL
Date: 05/04/22 Time: 15:37
Sample (adjusted): 1950Q3 2000Q4
Included observations: 202 after adjustments
Max. dependent lags: 1 (Fixed)
Fixed-lag linear regressors: LOG(REALGDP)
Fixed-lag dual non-linear regressors: LOG(REALGOVT)
Deterministics: Restricted constant and no trend (Case 2)
Selected model: ARDL(1,1,1)

Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob.*

LOG(REALCONS(-1)) -0.126939 0.037213 -3.411168 0.0008

LOG(REALGDP(-1)) 0.133061 0.040618 3.275890 0.0012
@CUMDP(LOG(REALGOVT(-1))) -0.004936 0.008563 -0.576444 0.5650
@CUMDN(LOG(REALGOVT(-1))) -0.018402 0.020006 -0.919856 0.3588
C -0.100803 0.063927 -1.576846 0.1165
DLOG(REALGDP) 0.643050 0.050018 12.85647 0.0000
@DCUMDP(LOG(REALGOVT)) -0.149865 0.042682 -3.511242 0.0006
@DCUMDN(LOG(REALGOVT)) -0.114135 0.103098 -1.107051 0.2696

R-squared 0.473136 Mean dependent var 0.008782

Adjusted R-squared 0.454125 S.D. dependent var 0.008864
S.E. of regression 0.006549 Akaike info criterion -7.180217
Sum squared resid 0.008320 Schwarz criterion -7.049196
Log likelihood 733.2019 Hannan-Quinn criter. -7.127206
F-statistic 24.88805 Durbin-Watson stat 2.584413
Prob(F-statistic) 0.000000

*Note: p-values and any subsequent tests do not account for model selection.

• For full discussion, see Chapter 29. “Linear and Nonlinear ARDL,” on page 321, in
User’s Guide II.

• See Equation::ardl (p. 61) in the Object Reference and ardl (p. 322) in the Com-
mand and Programming Reference for updated command documentation.

In addition to the support for estimating nonlinear ARDL specifications, EViews 13 offers a
number of new ARDL diagnostics. These diagnostics are designed to help you examine the
dynamic behavior of your variables, the long-run properties of your specification, and the
appropriateness of your model.
• See the summary of new EViews 13 ARDL features in “Diagnostics in ARDL” on
page 77.

Pool Mean Group (PMG) Estimation

In large sample panel datasets, a popular approach for analyzing dynamic data is the Pooled
Mean Group (PMG) estimator of Pesaran, Shin and Smith (1999) (PSS). This model takes
the cointegration form of the simple ARDL model and adapts it for a panel setting by allow-
 Econometrics and Statistics—67

ing the intercepts, short-run coefficients, and cointegrating terms, to differ across cross-sec-
tions.

EViews 13 extends the estimation of PMG models to support:

• a greater range of deterministic trend specifications (including those with fully

restricted constant and trend terms)

• specifications with asymmetric regressors.

To estimate a Panel ARDL/PMG model in EViews, open the equation dialog by selecting
Quick/Estimate Equation…, or by selecting Object/New Object…/Equation and selecting
PMG/ARDL from the Method dropdown menu. EViews 13 will then display the new ARDL
estimation dialog:

While much of the dialog is familiar from earlier versions of EViews, notably different in the
EViews 13 PMG dialog are additional entries in the Trend specification corresponding to
restricted intercept and trend specifications, and new edit fields for specifying Asymmetric
dynamic specifications. The Trend specification upgrades allow for a wider range of long
and short-term dynamics, while the latter fields support asymmetric variables in the PMG
estimator:
68—New Features in EViews 13

• See “Pooled Mean Group ARDL Estimation” on page 1221 and “Pooled Mean Group
Example” on page 1238 in User’s Guide II for discussion of EViews 13 panel PMG
estimation.

• See Equation::ardl (p. 61) in the Object Reference and ardl (p. 322) in the Com-
mand and Programming Reference for updated command documentation.

• See also the discussion of non-panel ARDL estimation in “Background” on page 321
and “Estimating ARDL and NARDL in EViews” on page 326 in User’s Guide II for
background detail.

EViews 13 also offers a number of new PMG diagnostics and tests to help you examine the
dynamic behavior of your variables, the long-run properties of your specification, and the
appropriateness of your model.
• See the summary of new EViews 13 PMG post-estimation tools in “Diagnostics in
Panel ARDL/PMG” on page 86.

Difference-in-Difference Estimation
Difference-in-difference (DiD) estimation is a popular method of causal inference that allows
estimation of the average impact of a treatment on individuals.

EViews 13 offers tools for estimation of the DiD model using the common two-way fixed-
effects (TWFE) method, as well as post-estimation diagnostics of the TWFE model, such as
those by Goodman-Bacon (2021), Callaway and Sant’Anna (2021), and Borusyak, Jaravel,
and Spiess (2021).

To estimate a DiD model in EViews, bring up the equation dialog by clicking on Object/New
Object…/Equation or Quick/Estimate Equation… from the main menu bar in your panel
workfile. EViews will detect the presence of your panel structure and in place of the stan-
dard equation dialog will open the panel equation estimation dialog. Select DiD – Differ-
ence-in-Difference in the Method dropdown display the DiD dialog:
 Econometrics and Statistics—69

In the Equation specification edit field you should enter the dependent variable followed by
any exogenous regressors apart from the treatment variable.

The treatment variable should be entered in the Treatment Variable edit field. The treat-
ment series should be a binary variable indicating whether the individual has been treated
(i.e., is 1 if the observation in a treatment group which is post-treatment date for that group,
and 0 otherwise).

The Options tab contains a single Coefficient name edit field that allows you to change the
default coefficient vector.

Click on OK to perform the difference-in-difference estimation and display the output:

70—New Features in EViews 13

Dependent Variable: L_HOMICIDE

Method: Difference-in-Difference
Date: 05/13/22 Time: 10:56
Periods included: 11
Cross-sections included: 50
Total panel (balanced) observations: 550

Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob.

POST 0.081812 0.064117 1.275980 0.2026

R-squared 0.910576 Mean dependent var 1.405760

Adjusted R-squared 0.899604 S.D. dependent var 0.590154
S.E. of regression 0.186992 Akaike info criterion -0.411237
Sum squared resid 17.09842 Schwarz criterion 0.066772
Log likelihood 174.0902 Hannan-Quinn criter. -0.224439
F-statistic 82.98904 Durbin-Watson stat 1.469473
Prob(F-statistic) 0.000000 Parallel trend stat 0.820393
Prob(P. trend) 0.411992

• See Chapter 55. “Difference-in-Difference Estimation,” on page 1275 in User’s Guide II

for additional discussion.

• See Equation::did (p. 103), Equation::didcs (p. 104), Equation::didgbde-

comp (p. 105), Equation::didmakeeq (p. 105), and Equation::didtrends
(p. 106) in the Object Reference for command documentation.

Enhanced VEC Estimation

Estimation of Vector Error Correction (VEC) models using reduced rank regression (RRR)
has been a staple of EViews for several versions. Previous versions of EViews supported a
variety of built-in specifications for deterministic trends, and allowed users to add unre-
stricted exogenous regressors to account for short-term dynamics.

One important limitation of the existing tools for VEC estimation was the inability of users to
add arbitrary exogenous variables to the cointegrating relation since the set of admissible
restricted regressors was limited to the endogenous variables and potentially an intercept,
and possibly a linear trend term.

EViews 13 removes this limitation on restricted regressors and improves on the prior treat-
ment of exogenous variables in two distinct ways:

• by providing new deterministic trend assumption presets which allow for more flex-
ible specification of restricted and unrestricted deterministic coefficients, and

• by allowing users to add exogenous variables that are restricted to the cointegrating
relation, variables that are unrestricted, and variables that in both the short and
 Econometrics and Statistics—71

long-run equations, with an orthogonality assumption used to obtain the different

coefficients.

To estimate a VEC using the new features, from the main application menu of an existing var
object, click on the Estimate button to open the VAR Specification estimation dialog. Alter-
nately, you may create a new VAR object by selecting Object/New Object... group, then
selecting VAR. Once the dialog appears, select Vector Error Correction in the Method drop-
down menu to display the VEC estimation dialog:

The Exogenous variables section of the main estimation dialog has fields for variables that
are Short-run (outside cointegrating equation) only, variables that are Long-run (inside
the cointegrating equation) only, and variables that are Both long-run and short-run.

Further, the Deterministic trend specifications dropdown on the Cointegration tab offers
additional predefined deterministic trend specifications.
72—New Features in EViews 13

Selecting a specification in which both intercept and trend are short-run only and clicking
on OK produces estimates using the new deterministics:

• See Chapter 45. “Vector Error Correction Models (VECMs),” on page 921 in User’s
Guide II for additional discussion.
 Econometrics and Statistics—73

• See Var::ec (p. 1065) in the Object Reference for updated command documentation.

• See also the summary of “Cointegration Testing” on page 76 for related improve-
ments in EViews 13 cointegration testing.

Bayesian Time-varying Coefficient Vector Autoregression

The time-varying coefficients vector autoregression, or TVCVAR, is a nonlinear VAR model
with coefficients that evolve smoothly over time. EViews 13 supports Bayesian TVCVAR, or
BTVCVAR. The BTVCVAR is popular even among those who do not identify as Bayesian
because the prior provides a convenient way to induce shrinkage in a model that needs it.

To estimate BTVCVAR in EViews, click on Quick/Estimate VAR... or run var in the com-
mand window. This will open the VAR Specification dialog. Select Bayesian TVCVAR from
the VAR type dropdown menu. The dialog should now have the Basics, Prior, and Options
tabs.

Endogenous variables, lags, exogenous variables, and the estimation sample are set in the
Basics tab. Lags are required to be contiguous.

EViews gives users the option of setting aside a subset of the estimation sample for the pur-
pose of specifying a prior distribution. The observations that go towards specifying the prior
comprise the prior sample. The remaining observations make up the data sample, which is
used to update the prior.
74—New Features in EViews 13

Prior hyper-parameters are set inside the Prior tab. To help with setting the prior, EViews
maps the BTVCVAR prior hyper-parameters to a set of six scalar quantities. Users set these
scalars to specify a prior sample, control the variability of the time-varying coefficients, etc.

There are four categories in the Options tab: Sampler, Display, Smoother, and Stability.

The Sampler options determine how the posterior sample is generated.

 Econometrics and Statistics—75

• The burn-in size is the number of initial draws to discard. It is specified as a count.
The burn-in process gives the underlying Markov chain time to converge to the poste-
rior distribution.
• The posterior sample size is used to determine how many posterior draws are used
to carry out post-updating procedures (estimation, forecasting, impulses responses
analysis, etc.).
• The thinning size is used to thin the Markov chain. A thinning size of r indicates
that every r -th draw is stored. For example, no thinning occurs when r is set to 1,
and every other draw is stored when r is set to 2. By definition, thinning does not
apply to burn-in draws.
• The seed field is used to set the random seed for the posterior simulator. EViews will
generate a seed automatically if the user does not specify one. Click Clear to clear the
seed field.
• The number of subchains field determines how many subchains are used when the
posterior sample gets regenerated. Regeneration is typically much faster than initial
generation since subchains can be run in parallel.

Display options determine what to report as estimation results. Users can pick either poste-
rior median or posterior mean as their point estimate. The point estimate type selected here
will be applied to the coefficients, the observation covariance matrix, and the errors. Users
can also display equal-tailed credibility intervals (bands) at one or more credibility levels for
the coefficients. To do so, check the box next to Show credibility intervals. Bands use shad-
ing by default. To use lines instead, check the box next to Use lines.

A simulation smoother can be selected from the dropdown menu under Smoother. EViews
currently supports three simulation smoothers: the Cholesky factor algorithm (CFA), the
Kalman filter and smoother (KFS), and the method of McCausland, Miller, & Pelletier
(MMP). For more information, see McCausland, Miller, & Pelletier (2011) and the references
therein.

To enforce stable VAR coefficients at each date within the data sample, select Cogley & Sar-
gent from the dropdown menu under Stability. The maximum number of attempts thresh-
old ensures that the sampler does not get stuck in an infinite loop in an attempt to obtain
stable draws.

Once the BTVCVAR model has been specified, click on OK to run the posterior simulator.
Progress is displayed in the bottom left corner of the EViews window. Once posterior simu-
lation is complete, estimates and other statistics based on the posterior sample are com-
puted.

Estimation results are presented in a spool-like object. The nodes under Output Sections in
the left pane are used for navigation. For example, clicking on the Summary node will bring
76—New Features in EViews 13

the summary table into focus. The checkboxes that appear below Display Coefficients are
used to show/hide coefficient series that are associated to specific endogenous variables,
lags, and exogenous variables. For example, unchecking the box next to C hides the coeffi-
cient series associated to the constant term in all graphs.

• See Chapter 47. “Bayesian Time-varying Coefficients VAR Models,” beginning on

page 987 in User’s Guide II for discussion.

• See Var::btvcvar (p. 1051) in the Object Reference for new command documenta-
tion.

Cointegration Testing
The introduction of new deterministic trend settings and exogenous variable support in
EViews 13 VEC estimation offers corresponding improvements in cointegration testing in
both group and var object settings.

To perform a Johansen cointegration test to determine the rank that should be used in esti-
mation of the VEC select View/Cointegration Test/Johansen System Cointegration Test...,
from a group window, or Views/Cointegration Test... from an estimated VAR object win-
dow using. In the latter case, the test dialog will be pre-filled with the cointegration specifi-
cation, if applicable:

All new settings allow you to specify new deterministic trend specifications with restricted
constants and trends, and now allow you to specify exogenous variables that appear in the
long-run cointegrating relation.
 Econometrics and Statistics—77

• See Group::coint (p. 397) for updated group object and Var::coint (p. 1058) in
the Object Reference for updated var object command documentation.

• See also the summary “Enhanced VEC Estimation” on page 70 for related improve-
ments in EViews 13 VEC estimation.

Diagnostics in ARDL
In addition to the support for nonlinear ARDL specifications, EViews 13 offers a number of
new ARDL diagnostics. These diagnostics are designed to help you examine the dynamic
behavior of your variables, the long-run properties of your specification, and the appropri-
ateness of your model:

• Improved display tools make it easier to use the ARDL estimates to examine the
short and long-run representations of the distributed lag regressors and cointegrating
relationships. (“Enhanced Presentation of ARDL Results” on page 78.)
78—New Features in EViews 13

• EViews now produces cumulative dynamic multipliers (CDM) graphs showing cumu-
lative marginal contribution of an explanatory variable to the dependent variable
(“Cumulative Dynamic Multiplier Graphs” on page 81).

• Bounds tests are for cointegration are now available as a view of your ARDL equa-
tion (“Bounds Tests” on page 84).
• You may evaluate symmetry restrictions on the coefficients of the asymmetric long
and short-run regressors (“Testing for Asymmetry” on page 85).

Enhanced Presentation of ARDL Results

EViews 13 offers enhanced presentation of ARDL results, with an emphasis on highlighting
the error correction results and the cointegrating relationship.

The new error correction spool output (View/ARDL Diagnostics/Error-Correction Results)

shows two representations of the coefficients in the cointegrating relationship, allowing you
to easily move between viewing the long-run relationship results in the Conditional Error
Correction (CEC) and the Error Correction (EC) forms.

The CEC focuses on the natural division between long-run and short-run dynamics, with the
former generated by regressors entering in levels/lags, and the latter by regressors in differ-
ences
 Econometrics and Statistics—79

while the EC representation uses the cointegrating relation to highlight the speed of adjust-
ment to long-run equilibrium,
80—New Features in EViews 13

• See “Error Correction Output View” on page 331 in User’s Guide II.
• See also Equation::ecresults (p. 109) in the Object Reference for command docu-
mentation.

The new cointegrating relation spool view (View/ARDL Diagnostics/Cointegrating Rela-

tion) lets you switch between viewing the specification, coefficient results, and a graphical
display of the cointegrating relation.
 Econometrics and Statistics—81

• See “Cointegrating Relation View” on page 333 in User’s Guide II.

• See also Equation::cointrel (p. 95) in the Object Reference for command docu-
mentation.

Cumulative Dynamic Multiplier Graphs

To display cumulative dynamic multiplier graphs for each of the explanatory variables in an
EViews equation estimated using ARDL, click on View/ARDL Diagnostics/Dynamic Multi-
plier Graph...

EViews will open a dialog containing display and computation settings:

82—New Features in EViews 13

• You may enter the horizon length h (number of periods to compute the multipliers)
in the Horizon edit field.
• For NARDL models, you will be offered the opportunity to display confidence inter-
vals for the computed absolute difference between the positive and negative compo-
nents for a given regressor. CIs are not available for linear ARDL specifications.
You may check the Show CI to display the CIs, and Shade CI band to display the CIs
as bands instead of lines. The Level edit field controls the size of the CI, and the Rep-
lications governs how many replications to use in resampling for computing the CI.

Click on OK to continue. EViews will open a spool view, with each node in the spool con-
taining the CDM graph corresponding to one of the explanatory variables.

For symmetric linear models, each graph contains a CDM along with a dashed horizontal
line denoting the long-run value.
 Econometrics and Statistics—83

For asymmetric nonlinear models, each graph will show the positive and negative responses
and limit values, along with a line showing the absolute value of the difference between the
two, and if requested, a CI for the absolute difference:
84—New Features in EViews 13

• See “Dynamic Multipliers View” on page 338 in User’s Guide II.

• See Equation::dynmult (p. 108) in the Object Reference for command documenta-
tion.

Bounds Tests
EViews 13 now performs Pesaran’s (2001) bounds tests for cointegration that are robust to
whether variables of interest are I  0  , I  1  , or mutually cointegrated. These tests are for-
mulated as standard F-test or Wald tests of parameter significance in the cointegrating rela-
tionship of the Conditional Error Correction model for each cross-section.

To perform the bounds tests, click on View/ARDL Diagnostics/Bounds Tests. The results of
the test performed are presented in the first table of a spool. Below the table of long run
coefficient estimates are two additional tables, respectively titled as the F -Bounds Test and
the t -Bounds Test.
 Econometrics and Statistics—85

• See “Bounds Test View” on page 334 in User’s Guide II.

• See also Equation::boundstest (p. 68) in the Object Reference for command docu-
mentation.

Testing for Asymmetry

The NARDL specification is quite general and can accommodate asymmetries in different
combinations of short and long-run dynamics. From an estimated NARDL, you may test
long-run symmetry restrictions and/or short-run symmetry restrictions.

To perform the symmetry tests on the estimated NARDL, click on View/ARDL Diagnostics/
Symmetry Test from an estimated equation:
86—New Features in EViews 13

Coefficient symmetry tests

Null hypothesis: Coefficient is symmetric
Degrees of freedom (simple tests): F(1,194), Chi-square(1)
Degrees of freedom (joint tests): F(2,194), Chi-square(2)
Equation: EX4

Variable Statistic Value Probability

Long-run

LOG(REALGOVT) F-statistic 0.525997 0.4692

Chi-square 0.525997 0.4683

Short-run

LOG(REALGOVT) F-statistic 0.077094 0.7816

Chi-square 0.077094 0.7813

Joint (Long-Run and Short-Run)

LOG(REALGOVT) F-statistic 0.493551 0.6112

Chi-square 0.987102 0.6105

• See “Symmetry Test View” on page 337 in User’s Guide II.

• See also Equation::symmtest (p. 213) in the Object Reference for command docu-
mentation.

Diagnostics in Panel ARDL/PMG

EViews 13 features improved PMG diagnostics, including display of individual cross-section
error correction equations coefficients and cointegrating series, cross-section specific
bounds, Hausman tests for PMG coefficient similarity, and tests of symmetry restrictions:
• New views make it easier to use the PMG estimates to examine the short and long-run
representations of the distributed lag regressors and cointegrating relationships.
(“Cross-sectional Cointegration Views” on page 87.)
• Cross-section bounds tests are for cointegration are now available as a view of your
ARDL equation (“Cross-sectional Bounds Tests” on page 88).
• You may evaluate symmetry restrictions on the coefficients of asymmetric long and
short-run regressors (“Testing for Symmetry” on page 89).
• You may perform a Hausman-test of the similarity of the PMG estimator to the mean-
group (MG) and dynamic fixed effects (DFE) estimators (“Similarity Tests” on
page 90).
 Econometrics and Statistics—87

For general discussion, see Chapter 29. “Linear and Nonlinear ARDL,” on page 321 in User’s
Guide II which discusses a variety of these features in non-panel settings

Cross-sectional Cointegration Views

The Error Correction Results view displays coefficient results for the error correction regres-
sions for each cross-section. Select View/ARDL Diagnostics/Cross-sectional Error-correc-
tion Results to display a spool of tables with results for each cross-section:

• See Equation::ecresults (p. 109) in the Object Reference for command documen-
tation.

The Cointegrating Relations Plots view displays information about the error correction term
EC t representing the cointegrating relation. Select View/ARDL Diagnostics/Cross-sec-
tional Cointegrating Relations Plots to display a spool of plots for each cross-section:
88—New Features in EViews 13

• See Equation::cointrel (p. 95) in the Object Reference for command documenta-
tion.

Cross-sectional Bounds Tests

EViews 13 now performs Pesaran’s (2001) bounds tests for cointegration that are robust to
whether variables of interest are I  0  , I  1  , or mutually cointegrated. These tests are for-
mulated as standard F-test or Wald tests of parameter significance in the cointegrating rela-
tionship of the Conditional Error Correction model for each cross-section.

To perform the bounds tests, click on View/ARDL Diagnostics/Cross-sectional Bounds

Tests. The results of the test performed on each cross-section are presented in the first table
of a spool. Below the table of long run coefficient estimates are two additional tables,
respectively titled as the F -Bounds Test and the t -Bounds Test.
 Econometrics and Statistics—89

• See Equation::boundstest (p. 68) in the Object Reference for command documen-
tation.

Testing for Symmetry

One can test for symmetry formally by performing the usual t-test or F-test of parameter
equality. For example, testing for symmetry for a specific long-run (LR) variable, say x j , is
equivalent to the following hypothesis:
90—New Features in EViews 13

+ –
H0: lj  lj
(0.1)
+ –
H1: lj  lj

To perform the symmetry test, select View/ARDL Diagnostics/Symmetry Test from the
menu of a nonlinear asymmetric NARDL/PMG equation:
• See Equation::symmtest (p. 213) in the Object Reference for command documenta-
tion.

Similarity Tests
We may easily perform a Hausman test on the similarity of the PMG estimator to the mean-
group (MG) and dynamic fixed effects (DFE) estimators. To conduct the test, click on ARDL
Diagnostics/PMG Similarity Test:

• See Equation::similarity (p. 207) in the Object Reference for command documen-
tation.

Enhanced Impulse Response Display

EViews 13 offers considerably more control over the computation and display of impulse
response (and variance decomposition) confidence intervals. You may now display multiple
confidence intervals with user-specified sizes in a single graph, and employ shading to
improve the visibility of these intervals.
 Econometrics and Statistics—91

Recall that previous versions of EViews imposed important restrictions on the display of
impulse response confidence intervals.
• First, for impulse-response confidence intervals computed using analytic or Monte
Carlo standard errors, prior versions of EViews only allowed for the computation of
+/- 2 standard error bands. There were no options for displaying different sized
intervals, let alone for displaying different intervals in the same graph:

• Second prior EViews only allowed you to use dotted lines to display the confidence
bands around the impulse-responses:
92—New Features in EViews 13

• Lastly, if you chose to display multiple impulses or responses in a combined graphs,

confidence intervals were not available:
 Econometrics and Statistics—93

Fortunately, EViews 13 removes all three of these limitations.

• First, by default, EViews 13 now uses shaded areas to depict confidence bands:
94—New Features in EViews 13

To display your graphs using the traditional lines, check the box next to Display
intervals using lines in the impulse response dialog. If coming from the command
line, you may use the uselines keyword in the impulse command options to dis-
play in the previous format.

• Second, EViews 13 now lets users display analytic and monte carlo confidence inter-
vals with one or more user-specified sizes:
 Econometrics and Statistics—95

When multiple shaded bands are displayed, EViews automatically uses the new
EViews 13 line and shade transparency engine (“Graph Line and Shade Transpar-
ency” on page 45) to display the bands using gradients:

Using the selection interface to focus on the topmost left graph, better shows the
shading:

• Further, EViews 13 now allows you to display confidence intervals in the impulse-
response combined graphs view:
96—New Features in EViews 13

All of the new shading and multiple band support is also provided for variance decomposition
in multiple graph
 Econometrics and Statistics—97

and combined graph settings,

98—New Features in EViews 13

• See Var::impulse (p. 1078) and Var::vdecomp (p. 1111) in the Object Reference, for
updated command documentation.

Forecast Sample Setting Commands

EViews 13 offers a small but surprisingly useful improvement in forecast sample setting.

Previously, forecasting via command generally required the user to first set the global smpl
using a smpl statement prior to issuing the forecasting command.

For example, the following lines estimated the equation using one sample, and then forecast
over two different samples,
smpl 1990q1 2010q4
equation eq1.ls y c x1 x2 x3
smpl 2011q1 2020q4
eq1.forecast fcst1
smpl 2008q3 2020q4
eq2.forecast fcst2
 Econometrics and Statistics—99

In this case, setting the global sample prior to equation forecasting was only mildly inconve-
nient. However, in some settings, particularly those involving non-equation forecasting
where you are generating multiple forecasts and data, setting and resetting the global sam-
ple was inconvenient at best, and prone to error.

EViews 13 solves this problem by updating most forecast-generating commands to take a

forecast sample information.

In this context, there are two types of forecasting procedures.

In the first set of procedures, the forecast sample is set independently of the remainder of
the procedure. For these cases, EViews 13 offers an option to allow you to set the sample
range pair directly using the option:

forcsmpl = Fit sample (optional). If forecast sample is not pro-

smpl vided, the workfile sample will be employed.

This option is available interactively and in commands for:

• Equation::fit (p. 115) in the Object Reference.
• Series::forcavg (p. 720) in the Object Reference.
• Equation::forecast (p. 119) in the Object Reference.

The second type of forecasting procedure sets the forecast sample one-period beyond a pre-
viously specified estimation sample, and then forecasting continues from that period onward
until a forecast endpoint.

In this case, EViews 13 allows you to set the forecast sample in two distinct ways: by speci-
fying the number of periods to forecast, or by specifying the forecast end date:

forclen=int Number of periods to forecast.

forc="date" Specify the date of the forecast end point.

These options are available interactively and in commands for:

Series::autoarma (p. 694) in the Object Reference.
Series::ets (p. 716) in the Object Reference.

Our earlier example changes from the commands

smpl 1990q1 2010q4
equation eq1.ls y c x1 x2 x3
smpl 2011q1 2020q4
eq1.forecast fcst1
smpl 2008q3 2020q4
eq2.forecast fcst2
100—New Features in EViews 13

to
smpl 1990q1 2010q4
equation eq1.ls y c x1 x2 x3
eq1.forecast(forcsmpl="2011q1 2020q4") fcst1
eq1.forecast(forcsmpl="2008q3 2020q4") fcst2

Command Language
Updated Command List
(Unless otherwise specified, all of the object views and procedures are in Command and Pro-
gramming Reference.)

Commands
dbopen ................. open a database (p. 371). (updated)
deleteaddin........... unregister a program file as an EViews Add-in (p. 380). (new)
pageload............... load one or more pages into a workfile from a workfile or a foreign
data source (p. 481). (updated)
pagesave .............. save page into a workfile or a foreign data source (p. 483).
(updated)
stom..................... Converts series, alpha, or group to vector, svector, or matrix after
removing observations with missing values (p. 843). (updated)
stomna ................. Converts series, alpha, or group to vector, svector, or matrix with-
out removing observations with missing values (p. 844). (updated)
wfdir .................... change the workfile view to a simple object directory listing
(p. 566). (new)
wffilter ................. change the workfile object filter for the current workfile window
(p. 566). (new)
wfopen................. open workfile or foreign source data as a workfile (p. 567).
(updated)
wfsave.................. save workfile to disk as a workfile or a foreign data source (p. 583).
(updated)
xopen................... open a connection to an external application (p. 599). (updated)

Updated Object List

(Unless otherwise specified, all of the object views and procedures are in Object Reference.)
 Command Language—101

Coef
Coef Procs
export ...................save coef as Excel 2007 XLSX, CSV, tab-delimited ASCII text, RTF,
HTML, Enhanced Metafile, PDF, TEX, or MD file on disk (p. 25).
(new)
import...................imports data from a foreign file into the coef object (p. 29). (new)
Coef Values
@droprow(arg) .....Returns the coef with the rows defined by arg removed. arg may be
an integer, vector of integers, string, or svector of strings. Integer
values correspond to rows and string values correspond to previ-
ously defined row labels. (new)
@row(arg) ............Returns the rows defined by arg. arg may be an integer, vector of
integers, string, or svector of strings. Integer values correspond to
rows and string values correspond to previously defined row labels.
(new)

Equations
Equation Methods
ardl.......................least squares with autoregressive distributed lags (p. 61). (updated)
did ........................estimate a panel equation using the difference-in-difference estima-
tor (p. 103). (new)
ls ..........................equation using least squares or nonlinear least squares (p. 156).
(updated)

Equation Views
boundstest ............perform the Pesaran, Shin and Smith (2001) bounds test of long-run
relationships from an ARDL estimated equation (p. 68). (updated)
cointrel .................display information about the cointegrating relation specification
and the coefficients in ARDL estimated equation (p. 95). (new)
didcs.....................compute Callaway-Sant’Anna decomposition for difference-in-differ-
ence estimation (p. 104). (new)
didgbdecomp.........perform Goodman-Bacon decomposition for difference-in-difference
estimation (p. 105). (new)
didtrends...............show difference-in-difference trends summary in graphical or tabu-
lar form (p. 106). (new)
dynmult ................compute dynamic multipliers for long-run regressors in ARDL equa-
tions (p. 108). (new)
ecresults................display the conditional error correction (CEC) and error correction
(EC) regression results (p. 109). (new)
similarity ..............compute PMG Hausman test for similarity (p. 207). (new)
102—New Features in EViews 13

symmtest.............. compute symmetry test for nonlinear distributed lag variables in

nonlinear ARDL models (p. 213). (new)

Equation Procs
didmakeeq ........... create an equation object with the underlying fixed-effects estima-
tion of a difference-in-difference equation (p. 105). (new)
fit......................... static forecast (p. 115). (updated)
forecast ................ dynamic forecast (p. 119). (updated)
Equation Values
@varselkept ......... space delimited list of variables kept by model selection. (new)
@varselrejected .... space delimited list of the variables dropped by model selection.
(new)

Geomap
Geomap Procs
setfillcolor ............ define the fill (background) color used in geomap shapes using
values in a series (p. 311). (updated)
setjust .................. set the display justification for multi-line area labels (p. 318). (new)
setshapelabel ........ set which attribute to use or create a custom label to use when
labeling shapes (p. 319). (new)
Geomap Values
@ids("attr", "val") .........space delimited string containing the ID numbers of all the
areas which has the matching attribute value for the specified attri-
bute name. (new)

Graph
Graph Procs
datalabel .............. controls labeling of the observations/data in time plots (p. 344).
(new)
datelabel .............. controls labeling of the bottom date/time axis in time plots (p. 346).
(updated)
setelem................. set individual line, symbol, bar and legend options for each series
in the graph (p. 373). (updated)

Group
Group Views
coint .................... test for cointegration between series in a group (p. 397). (updated)
Group Procs
setfillcolor ............ set custom spreadsheet fill coloring for the group (p. 447).
(updated)
 Command Language—103

settextcolor ...........set custom spreadsheet text coloring for the group (p. 457).
(updated)

Matrix
Matrix Procs
clearcollabels ........clear the column labels in a matrix object (p. 508). (new)
clearrowlabels .......clear the row labels in a matrix object (p. 509). (new)
export ...................save matrix as Excel 2007 XLSX, CSV, tab-delimited ASCII text, RTF,
HTML, Enhanced Metafile, PDF, TEX, or MD file on disk (p. 517).
(new)
import...................imports data from a foreign file into the matrix object (p. 521).
(updated)
resize....................resize the matrix object (p. 537) (new).
setcollabels ...........set the column labels in a matrix object (p. 538). (updated)
setrowlabels ..........set the row labels in a matrix object (p. 541). (updated)
Matrix Values
@col(arg) .............Returns the columns defined by arg. arg may be an integer, vector
of integers, string, or svector of strings. Integer values correspond to
rows and string values correspond to previously defined column
labels. (updated)
@dropcol(arg) ......Returns the matrix with the columns defined by arg removed. arg
may be an integer, vector of integers, string, or s svector of strings.
Integer values correspond to rows and string values correspond to
previously defined column labels. (new)
@droprow(arg) .....Returns the matrix with rows defined by arg removed. The arg may
be integer, vectors of integers, strings, or svectors of strings. Integer
values correspond to rows and string values correspond to previ-
ously defined row labels. (new)
@dropboth(arg1, arg2) ... Returns the matrix with the rows defined by arg1 and col-
umns defined by arg2 removed. The args may be integers, vectors
of integers, string, or svectors of strings. Integer values correspond
to rows and string values correspond to previously defined row
labels. (new)
@row(arg) ............Returns the rows defined by arg. arg may be an integer, vector of
integers, string, or svector of strings. Integer values correspond to
rows and string values correspond to previously defined row labels.
(updated)
104—New Features in EViews 13

@sub(arg1, arg2).. Returns the matrix with rows defined by arg1 and columns with
defined by arg2. The args may be integers, vectors of integers,
strings, or svectors of strings. Integer values correspond to rows and
string values correspond to previously defined row labels.
(updated)

Rowvector
Rowvector Procs
clearcollabels........ clear the column labels in a rowvector object (p. 645). (new)
clearrowlabels ...... clear the row labels in a rowvector object (p. 647). (new)
export .................. export vector as Excel 2007 XLSX, CSV, tab-delimited ASCII text,
RTF, HTML, Enhanced Metafile, PDF, TEX, or MD file on disk
(p. 648). (new)
import .................. imports data from a foreign file into the vector object (p. 653).
(updated)
resize ................... resize the rowvector object (p. 662). (new)
setcollabels........... set the column labels in a rowvector object (p. 663). (new)
setrowlabels ......... set the row labels in a rowvector object (p. 666). (new)
Rowvector Values
@col(arg)............. Returns the columns defined by arg. arg may be an integer, vector
of integers, string, or svector of strings. Integer values correspond to
rows and string values correspond to previously defined column
labels. (new)
@dropcol(arg)...... Returns the matrix with the columns defined by arg removed. arg
may be an integer, vector of integers, string, or svector of strings.
Integer values correspond to rows and string values correspond to
previously defined column labels. (new)
@t ....................... Returns transpose. (new)

Series
Series Procs
autoarma.............. forecast from a series using an ARIMA model with automatic deter-
mination of the specification (p. 694). (updated)
dsa ....................... seasonally adjust daily data using the DSA method (p. 710). (new)
ets ........................ perform Error-Trend-Season (ETS) estimation and exponential
smoothing (p. 716). (updated)
forcavg ................. average forecasts of a series (p. 720). (updated)
setfillcolor ............ define the fill (background) color used in series spreadsheets
(p. 757). (updated)
 Command Language—105

settextcolor ...........set custom spreadsheet text coloring for the series (p. 766).
(updated)
smooth..................exponential smoothing (p. 773). (updated)

Svector
Svector Procs
clearcollabels ........clear the column labels in a svector object (p. 889). (new)
clearrowlabels .......clear the row labels in a svector object (p. 890). (new)
fill.........................fill the svector with the specified values (p. 892). (new)
resize....................resize the svector object (p. 894). (new)
setcollabels ...........set the column labels in a svector object (p. 895). (new)
setrowlabels ..........set the row labels in a svector object (p. 895). (new)
Svector Values
@droprow(arg) .....Returns the svector with the rows defined by arg removed. arg may
be an integer, vector of integers, string, or svector of strings. Integer
values correspond to rows and string values correspond to previ-
ously defined row labels. (new)
@row(arg) ............Returns the rows defined by arg. arg may be an integer, vector of
integers, string, or svector of strings. Integer values correspond to
rows and string values correspond to previously defined row labels.
(new)

Sym
Sym Procs
clearcollabels ........clear the column labels in a vector object (p. 900). (new)
clearrowlabels .......clear the row labels in a vector object (p. 902). (new)
export ...................save sym matrix as Excel 2007 XLSX, CSV, tab-delimited ASCII text,
RTF, HTML, Enhanced Metafile, PDF, TEX, or MD file on disk
(p. 912). (new)
import...................imports data from a foreign file into the sym object (p. 916).
(updated)
resize....................resize the sym object (p. 926). (new)
setcollabels ...........set the column labels in a sym object (p. 927). (new)
setrowlabels ..........set the row labels in a sym object (p. 930). (new)
Sym Values
@col(arg) .............Returns the columns defined by arg. arg may be an integer, vector
of integers, string, or svector of strings. Integer values correspond to
rows and string values correspond to previously defined column
labels. (new)
106—New Features in EViews 13

@dropcol(arg)...... Returns the matrix with the columns defined by arg removed. arg
may be an integer, vector of integers, string, or svector of strings.
Integer values correspond to rows and string values correspond to
previously defined column labels. (new)
@droprow(arg) .... Returns the matrix with rows defined by arg1 and columns with
rows defined by arg2 removed. The args may be integer, vectors of
integers, strings, or svectors of strings. Integer values correspond to
rows and string values correspond to previously defined row labels.
(new)
@dropboth(arg) ... Returns the sym with the rows and columns defined by arg
removed. arg may be an integer, vector of integers, string, or svector
of strings. Integer values correspond to rows and string values cor-
respond to previously defined row labels. (new)
@dropboth(arg1, arg2) ...Returns the matrix with the rows defined by arg1 and col-
umns defined by arg2 removed. The args may be integers, vectors
of integers, string, or svectors of strings. Integer values correspond
to rows and string values correspond to previously defined row
labels. (new)
@row(arg) ........... Returns the rows defined by arg. arg may be an integer, vector of
integers, string, or svector of strings. Integer values correspond to
rows and string values correspond to previously defined row labels.
(new)
@sub(arg)............ Returns the sym with rows defined by arg1 and columns with rows
defined by arg2. The args may be integers, vectors of integers,
strings, or svectors of strings. Integer values correspond to rows and
string values correspond to previously defined row labels. (new)
@sub(arg1, arg2).. Returns the matrix with rows defined by arg1 and columns with
defined by arg2. The args may be integers, vectors of integers,
strings, or svectors of strings. Integer values correspond to rows and
string values correspond to previously defined row labels.
(updated)
@t ....................... Returns transpose. (new)

Table
Table Procs
deletecells ............ delete cells from a table (p. 983). (updated)
deletecol............... remove columns from a table (p. 984). (updated)
deleterow ............. remove rows from a table (p. 984). (updated)
fixcol.................... fixes a set of columns to left of the spreadsheet view so that the
leading columns are always in view (p. 986). (new)
 Command Language—107

fixrow ...................fixes a set of rows at the top of the spreadsheet view so that the
leading rows are always in view (p. 987). (new)
fixrowcol ..............fixes a set of rows at the top and a set of columns to left of a spread-
sheet view so that the leading rows and columns are always in view
(p. 987). (new)
insertcells..............insert cells into a table (p. 988). (updated)
insertcol................insert additional columns into a table (p. 989). (updated)
insertrow ..............insert additional rows into a table (p. 989). (updated)
save ......................save table as Excel 2007 XLSX, CSV, tab-delimited ASCII text, RTF,
HTML, Enhanced Metafile, PDF, TEX, or MD file on disk (p. 992).
(updated)
setfillcolor .............set the fill (background) color of a set of table cells (p. 996).
(updated)
setfont...................set the font for the text in a set of table cells (p. 998). (updated)
setformat...............set the display format of a set of table cells (p. 999). (updated)
setheight ...............set the row height in a set of table cells (p. 1003). (updated)
setjust ...................set the justification for a set of table cells (p. 1005). (updated)
setlines .................set the line characteristics and borders for a set of table cells
(p. 1006). (updated)
settextcolor ...........set the text color in a set of table cells (p. 1010). (updated)
setwidth................set the column width for a set of table cells (p. 1011). (updated)
String values
@find(“arg”) .........string containing the cell identifiers meeting the boolean argument.
This argument can be a mathematical or string expression. For
example:
string s = tab1.@find("[b1:c15]>0.3")
returns a list of cells between B1 and C15 greater than 0.3;
string s = tabl1.@find("[a1:e67]== ""1949q4""")
returns a list of cells between A1 and E67 matching the string ‘1949q4’ (string com-
parisons ignore case);
string s = tab1.@find("[@all]==0.5")
returns a list of cells in the table equal to 0.5;
string s = t.@find("@instr([@all],""in"")")
returns a list of cells in the table containing the substring ‘in’;
string s = t.@find("[b3:c5]<[d5]")
returns a list of cells between B3 and C5 less than cell D5;
string s = t.@find(“@left([@all],1)==""cp"")
108—New Features in EViews 13

VAR
Var Methods
btvcvar ................. estimate a Bayesian time-varying coefficients VAR specification
(p. 1051). (new)
ec......................... estimate a vector error correction model (p. 1065). (updated)
Var View
coint .................... Johansen cointegration test (p. 1058). (updated)
impulse ................ impulse response functions (p. 1078). (updated)
vdecomp .............. variance decomposition (p. 1111). (updated)
Var Procs
fit......................... produce static forecasts from an estimated VAR (p. 1071). (updated)
forecast ................ produce dynamic forecasts from an estimated VAR or VEC
(p. 1073). (updated)
Var Values
@cointadj............. matrix containing cointegrating variable adjustment coefficients a
(where applicable).
@cointadjse ......... matrix containing standard errors of cointegrating variable adjust-
ment coefficients (where applicable).
@cointlr............... matrix containing long-run equilibrium coefficients P  ab
(where applicable)
@cointlrse............ matrix containing standard errors of long-run equilibrium coeffi-
cients (where applicable)
@cointsr .............. matrix containing short-run adjustment coefficients G (where
applicable).
@cointsrse ........... matrix containing standard errors of short-run adjustment coeffi-
cients (where applicable).

Vector
Vector Procs
clearcollabels........ clear the column labels in a vector object (p. 1118). (new)
clearrowlabels ...... clear the row labels in a vector object (p. 1118). (new)
export .................. export vector as Excel 2007 XLSX, CSV, tab-delimited ASCII text,
RTF, HTML, Enhanced Metafile, PDF, TEX, or MD file on disk
(p. 1123). (new)
import .................. imports data from a foreign file into the vector object (p. 1127).
(updated)
resize ................... resize the vector object (p. 1137). (new)
setcollabels........... set the column label for the vector object (p. 1137). (updated)
 Command Language—109

setrowlabels ..........set the row labels for the vector object (p. 1141). (updated)
Vector Values
@droprow(arg) .....Returns the vector with the rows defined by arg removed. arg may
be an integer, vector of integers, string, or svector of strings. Integer
values correspond to rows and string values correspond to previ-
ously defined row labels. (new)
@row(arg) ............Returns the rows defined by arg. arg may be an integer, vector of
integers, string, or svector of strings. Integer values correspond to
rows and string values correspond to previously defined row labels.
(updated)
@t ........................Returns transpose. (new)

Updated Function List

String Functions
@sfill....................Returns a svector containing the elements specified by the argu-
ments to the function. (p. 724). (new)
@str .....................returns a string representing the given number (p. 724). (updated)
@val.....................returns the number that a string represents (p. 740). (updated)
@wreplace............replaces parts of a string based on patterns (p. 756). (updated)

Matrix Functions
@grid ...................Vector containing an equally spaced grid of elements (p. 808).
(new)
@hcat ...................Horizontally concatenate matrix objects (p. 809). (updated)
@range.................Returns a vector holding the sequential integers staring at l and
ending at h (p. 827). (new)
@vech ..................Vectorize (stack columns of) lower triangle of matrix object
(p. 859). (updated)
@zeros .................Matrix or vector of zeros (p. 860). (new)

Support Functions
@makevalidname .string containing an uppercased valid EViews name based on the
input (p. 879). (updated)
@xtype .................returns the string describing the type of the active external applica-
tion (p. 907). (new)

Workfile Functions
@event .................event identifier for observation (see “Event Function (@event),” on
page 668). (updated)
110—New Features in EViews 13

@holiday ............. returns the proportion of an annual event covered by each observa-
tion (see “Holiday Functions,” on page 669). (updated)
@holidayset ......... return the proportion of an annual set of events covered by each
observation (see “Holiday Functions,” on page 669). (updated)

Cumulative Statistics Functions

See “Cumulative Statistic Functions,” on page 618.
@cumdn .............. cumulative process of negative (below threshold) changes. (new)
@cumdp .............. cumulative process of positive (above threshold) changes. (new)
@cumdz .............. cumulative process of zero (at threshold) changes. (new)
@dcumdp ............ difference of cumulative process of positive (above threshold)
changes. (new)
@dcumdn ............ difference of cumulative process of negative (below threshold)
changes. (new)
@dcumdz............. difference of cumulative process of zero (at threshold) changes.
(new)

EViews 12 Compatibility Notes

The following discussion describes EViews 13 compatibility issues for users of earlier ver-
sions.

Workfile Compatibility
With few exceptions, EViews 13 workfiles are backward compatible with EViews 12. Note
that the following objects are new or have been modified in Version 12:
• Estimation objects estimated with methods that employ new features (nonlinear
ARDL and PMG, Difference-in-difference equations, Bayesian Time-varying Coeffi-
cient VAR, VECs with general deterministics inside the cointegrating equation).

If you have saved workfiles containing any of the above objects and open them in earlier
versions, EViews will delete the incompatible object and notify you that one or more objects
were not read. If you then save the workfile, you will lose the objects. We recommend that
you make a copy of any workfiles that contain these objects if you would like to use these
workfiles in earlier versions of EViews.

Census X-13 Compatibility

EViews 13 uses a newer version of the Census X-13 executable. The current shipping version
will be at least as new as Version 1.1, Build 59. There may be differences in results from pre-
vious versions due to Census Bureau changes in the routines.
 EViews 12 Compatibility Notes—111

Note that the Census Bureau has tested this version of X-13ARIMA-SEATS on Windows 10
and indicates that it may work on previous Windows versions.
112—New Features in EViews 13