Scribd
Upload
38 views22 pages

Chapter 2

Uploaded by

t524qjc9bv
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
38 views22 pages

Chapter 2

Uploaded by

t524qjc9bv
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 22

Describing Data:

Frequency Tables, Frequency


Distributions,
and Graphic Presentation
Chapter 2

1
Learning Objectives

LO2-1 Summarize qualitative variables with frequency and relative frequency tables
LO2-2 Display a frequency table using a bar or pie chart
LO2-3 Summarize quantitative variables with frequency and relative frequency distributions
LO2-4 Display a frequency distribution using a histogram or frequency polygon

2
Constructing Frequency Tables

FREQUENCY TABLE A grouping of qualitative data into mutually exclusive and


collectively exhaustive classes showing the number of
observations in each class.

• Mutually exclusive means the data fit in just one class


• Collectively exhaustive means there is a class for each value

2-3
Constructing Frequency Tables

To construct a frequency table


• First sort the data into classes
• Count the number in each class and report as the class frequency

2-4
Constructing Frequency Tables

RELATIVE CLASS FREQUENCIES A relative frequency captures the relationship


between a class frequency and the total number of
observations.

• Can convert class frequencies to relative class frequencies to show the fraction of the
total number of observations in each class.

2-5
Constructing Frequency Tables

Convert each frequency to a relative frequency


• Each of the class frequencies is divided by the total number of observations
• Shows the fraction of the total number observations in each class

2-6
Graphic Presentation of Qualitative Data

BAR CHART A graph that shows the qualitative classes on the horizontal axis and
the class frequencies on the vertical axis. The class frequencies are
proportional to the heights of the bars.

• Use a bar chart when you wish to compare the number of observations for each class of
a qualitative variable.

2-7
Graphic Presentation of Qualitative Data

2-8
Graphic Presentation of Qualitative Data

PIE CHART A chart that shows each class’s proportion or percentage of the total
number of frequencies.

• Use a pie chart when you wish to compare relative differences in the percentage of
observations for each class of a qualitative variable.
• Each slice of the pie represents the relative frequency of each class.

2-9
Graphic Presentation of Qualitative Data

2-10
Constructing Frequency Distributions

FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION A grouping of quantitative data into mutually


exclusive and collectively exhaustive classes showing the
number of observations in each class.

This is a four-step process


• Decide on the number of classes
• Determine the class interval
• Set the individual class limits
• Tally the data into classes and determine the number of the observations in each class
2-11
Frequency Distributions

Step 1 Decide on the number of classes


Use the 2k > n rule, where:
• k is the number of classes
• n is the number of values in the data set

2-12
Frequency Distributions

Step 1 Decide on the number of classes


Example:
• There were 180 vehicles sold, so
n=180
• First try k=7, 27 = 128 < 180. Hence, 7
is too few classes.
• Second try k=8, 28 = 256 > 180
• So decide to use 8 classes
2-13
Frequency Distributions
Step 2 Determine the class interval, i
• The class interval is the same for all classes. The classes all taken together must cover at least the
distance from the minimum value in the data up to the maximum value. Expressing these words in a
formula:
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
i≥
𝑘
• Round up to some convenient number
$3,292 − $294
i≥ = $374,75
8
• So, decide to use an interval of $400
• The interval is also referred to as the class width
2-14
Frequency Distributions

Step 3 Set the individual class limits


• Lower limits should be rounded to an easy-to-read number when possible

2-15
Frequency Distributions

Step 4 Tally the individual data into the classes and determine the number of observations in
each class
• The number of observations is the class frequency

2-16
Relative Frequency Distributions

To find the relative frequencies, simply take the class frequency and divide by the total
number of observations

Copyright 2018 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.


2-17
Graphic Presentation of a Frequency Distribution

The three commonly used graphic forms are:


• Histograms
• Frequency polygons
• Cumulative frequency distributions
luỹ kế - cộng dồn
Graphic Presentation of a Frequency Distribution

HISTOGRAM A graph in which the classes are marked on the horizontal axis and
the class frequencies on the vertical axis. The class frequencies are
represented by the heights of the bars, and the bars are drawn
adjacent to each other.

• A histogram shows the shape of a


distribution.
• Each class is depicted as a rectangle, with
the height of the bar representing the
number in each class.
2-19
Graphic Presentation of a Frequency Distribution

A FREQUENCY POLYGON also shows the shape of a distribution and is similar to a


histogram.
• It consists of line segments connecting the points formed by the intersections of the class
midpoints and the class frequencies.
• These are good to use when comparing two or more distributions.

2-20
Histogram Versus Frequency Polygon

• Both provide a quick picture of the main characteristics of the data (highs, lows, points of concentration,
etc.)
• The histogram has the advantage of depicting each class as a rectangle, with the height of the
rectangular bar representing the number in each class.
• The frequency polygon has an advantage over the histogram. It allows us to compare directly two or
more frequency distributions.
Cumulative Frequency Distributions

2-22

You might also like