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    Sexual Reproduction in Humans Core Notes

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    dramatically.yn

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    Sexual Reproduction in Humans Core Notes

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    dramatically.yn
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    3 views5 pages

    Sexual Reproduction in Humans Core Notes

    Uploaded by

    dramatically.yn

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 5

    16.

    4 Sexual reproduction in humans


    16.4.1. The male reproductive system:
    (Identify the testes, scrotum, sperm ducts, prostate gland, urethra and penis)
    The Male reproductive system

    Part Function
    Testes -produces the male gametes called sperm /spermatozoa
    -produces and secretes testosterone
    Scrotum a sac that holds the testes outside the body, keeping them cooler than body
    temperature
    Sperm ducts carries sperm away from each testis to be mixed with fluids produced by glands
    Prostate gland produces fluid called semen that provides sperm cells with nutrients
    Urethra -passes semen containing sperm through the penis
    -carries urine from the bladder
    Penis - passes sperm into the vagina of the female during sexual intercourse

    16.4.2. The female reproductive system:


    (Identify the ovaries, oviducts, uterus, cervix and vagina)

    1
    Part Function
    Ovaries -produce the female gametes /eggs
    Oviducts -connects the ovary to the uterus and are lined with ciliated cells to push the egg
    cells down it
    -this is where fertilisation takes place
    Uterus -where the zygote is implanted to develop into foetus
    Cervix -ring of muscle at the lower end of the uterus to keep the developing foetus in
    place during pregnancy
    Vagina -sperms are deposited here during sexual intercourse
    - receives the male penis during sexual intercourse

    16.4.3Fertilisation
    -Fertilisation is the fusion of the nuclei from a male gamete (sperm) and a female gamete (egg cell)
    -it occurs in the oviducts
    -A zygote is formed which then grows into an embryo inside the body of the female

    16.4.4 The adaptive features of sperm


    The sperm is haploid. It is made when cells of the testes divide by meiosis

    Feature Adaptation
    Flagellum Enables it to swim to the egg
    Many mitochondria provides energy from respiration for locomotion
    Contains enzymes in to digest through the jelly coat surrounding the egg so that the sperm can
    acrosome enter the egg

    16.4.5 The adaptive features of egg cells


    An egg

    2
    Feature Adaptation
    Has a jelly coat that -this forms an impenetrable barrier after fertilisation that prevents other sperm
    changes after fertilisation nuclei from entering the egg cell
    Cytoplasm contains provides energy for dividing zygote after fertilisation
    energy stores

    16.4.6 Comparison of male and female gametes


    Differences
    Sperm Egg
    Size Very small -45 µm Large - 0.2mm
    Structure Head region and flagellum round cell covered in jelly coat
    Motility Motile Immotile
    Numbers Produced every day in huge numbers (around 100 million only one released each month
    per day)
    Similarities
    -Both have a nucleus -Both have a cytoplasm -Both have a cell surface membrane
    -Both have mitochondria, RER,

    16.4.7 Early development of fetus


    - In early development, the zygote forms an embryo which is a ball of cells that implants into the
    lining of the uterus

    16.4.8 The umbilical cord, placenta, amniotic sac and amniotic fluid
    (identify these on the diagram)

    Functions of the amniotic sac


    - The (amniotic) sac, contains the amniotic fluid
    - The sac, prevents entry of pathogens (from the vagina)

    Functions of the amniotic fluid /amniotic sac


    -supports fetus
    - protects / cushions, against, damage / sudden movements / bumps
    -provides constant temperature / protects against fluctuating temperature
    -Allows fetus to move-the fetus floats in the fluid and move its arms and legs freely
    - Movement is needed for, bone and muscle, growth /development
    -helps, lungs and gut to develop
    - collects foetal, urine or waste
    - provides sterile environment and prevents infection
    -amniotic fluid lubricates the fetus, protects the fetus from drying out

    3
    The functions of the placenta
    -the placenta acts as a barrier between blood systems and prevents mixing of maternal and fetal blood.
    The mother and foetus may have different blood groups which can cause clotting of their blood
    -protects the fetus from the mother’s high blood pressure
    -protects the fetus against mother’s immune system;
    -supplies oxygen to the fetus;
    -Carbon dioxide and urea from the foetus passes by diffusion from the foetal blood to the mother's
    -glucose and amino acids are passed from mother’s blood to fetus
    -protects the fetus against pathogens
    -antibodies cross the placenta from mother to fetus
    -supplies or removes water from fetus
    -secretes hormones e.g. progesterone

    The functions of the umbilical cord


    -joins fetus to placenta
    -Umbilical arteries carry blood from fetus to the placenta and the umbilical vein carries blood from
    placenta to fetus

    16.5 Sexual hormones in humans


    16.5.1 The roles of testosterone and oestrogen in the development and regulation of secondary
    sexual characteristics during puberty
    -The main reproductive hormone produced in men is testosterone
    -In women oestrogen and progesterone are the reproductive hormones that are secreted.
    -Puberty is the point at which sexual maturity is reached
    -Changes occur to the body during puberty due to hormones
    In boys
    - Testosterone is secreted by the testes.
    -Testosterone causes the secondary sexual characteristics to develop.
    -These include growth of facial hair and pubic hair, broadening of shoulders, general muscular
    development, and a deepening voice.
    In girls
    -Oestrogen is secreted by the ovaries.
    - It causes the breasts to grow larger, pubic hair to grow, and the hips to become wider.

    16.5.2 Describe the menstrual cycle in terms of changes in the ovaries and in the lining of the
    uterus
    -eggs develop in the ovaries inside follicles
    -The lining of the uterus thickens and becomes spongy so that it is ready to receive a zygote
    - The uterus lining has many tiny blood vessels, which will supply the embryo with nutrients and
    oxygen after implantation
    - One egg is usually released from a follicle into the oviduct every month. The release of the egg is
    called ovulation
    -The follicle turns into a corpus luteum
    -If the egg cell is not fertilised, the spongy lining is not needed.
    -The spongy lining gradually breaks down and is slowly lost through the vagina as blood.
    -The loss of blood is called menstruation
    - Menstruation usually lasts for about five days.

    4
    -After menstruation, the lining of the uterus builds up again, so that it will be ready to receive the next
    egg, if it is fertilised.

    16.6 Sexually transmitted infections


    16.6.1 Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
    -a sexually transmitted infection (STI) as an infection that is transmitted through sexual contact
    -sexually transmitted infections are caused by bacteria or viruses

    16.6.2 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)


    -Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a pathogen that causes an STI

    16.6.3 AIDS
    -HIV infection may lead to AIDS
    -HIV destroys white blood cells that are called T-cells. This weakens the immune system and it is
    unable to fight infections, leading to AIDS

    16.6.4 Methods of transmission of HIV


    - Through sexual fluids from one partner coming into contact with fluids of the other
    - Virus can pass from a mother to her child during childbirth, when the blood of the mother comes
    into contact with the baby
    -blood transfusion
    -blood to blood contact by sharing of hypodermic needles
    -through breast feeding

    16.6.5 How to control the spread of STIs


    -have one sexual partner
    -use of condoms
    - If a person suspects that he or she has caught a sexually transmitted disease, it is important to get
    treatment straight away.
    -raising awareness by education programmes

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