Year 8

Computing Booklet
2023-2024
Term 2 and Term 3
Table of contents

Section 1 Theory
1 Problem solving tools: Advanced 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Algorithm and Pseudocode 1
1.3 Flowchart 3
1.4 Decision Making in a Flowchart 5

2 Data Representation 10
2.1 Different types of number system 10
2.2 Bits and Bytes 12
2.3 Decimal to Binary and vice versa 12
2.4 Binary to Octal and vice versa 13
2.5 Binary to Hexadecimal and vice versa 14
2.6 Digital System 15
2.7 Logic Gates 15

3 Hardware 21
3.1 MICR 21
3.2 Magnetic stripe card 21
3.3 OMR 22
3.4 OCR 22
3.5 Smart Card 23

Section 2 Practical
4 Introduction to Python 26
4.1 Key Features and Characteristics of Python 26
4.2 How to download Python 3.8? 27
4.3 Python Variables 29
4.4 Python Comments 29
4.5 Arithmetic Operators 30
4.6 Logical and relational operators 31
4.7 IF Statement in Python 32

5 Introduction to HTML 36
5.1 Introduction 36
5.2 Basic Structure of HTML 37
5.3 Container and Empty tags 38
5.4 Table and Image tags 39
6 Introduction to GIMP 45
6.1 Introduction 45
6.2 How to download GIMP? 45
6.3 Removing plain background 47
6.4 Non-standard Background elimination 50
6.5 Healing Tool 52
6.6 Cloning Tool 53
 UNIT 1
Problem Solving Tools: Advanced

In this lesson you will

 understand what algorithm, pseudocode and flowchart are.
 Explain the different symbols used in a flowchart.
 Design and simple and nested decision making.

1.1: Introduction
Algorithms provide a systematic approach to problem-solving, pseudocode offers a human-
readable description of an algorithm's logic, and flowcharts provide a visual representation of the
algorithm's structure. Together, these tools aid in the design, communication, and
implementation of effective solutions to a wide range of problems.
1.2: Algorithm
An algorithm is a sequence of finite instructions, often used for calculation and data processing.

Algorithms can be expressed in many kinds of notation, including:

 Natural language
 Pseudo Code
 Flowcharts
 Programming language
Pseudocode
“Pseudo” means imitation or false and “code” refers to the instructions written in a programming
language. Pseudocode is another programming analysis tool that is used for planning a program.
Pseudocode is also called Program Design Language (PDL).
Pseudocode is a compact and informal high-level description of a computer programming algorithm that
 uses the structural conventions of some programming language but is intended for human reading rather
than machine reading.
Pseudocode is made up of the following logic structures that have been proved to be sufficient for writing
any computer program:
 Sequence Logic: Pseudocode is made up of the following logic structures that have been proved to be
sufficient for writing any computer program. For example, write an algorithm to add any two values.
 Selection Logic: Involves making decisions based on certain conditions. Common constructs include IF,
ELSE, and ELSE IF. For example, write an algorithm to find out whether it is raining today or not.
 Iteration Logic: Involves repeating a certain block of code while a specific condition is true. Otherwise
called as loop or repetition. For example, write an algorithm to find the multiples of 3.

Sample Problem 1
Ahmed has bought 20 apples. He must distribute it to his 5 friends. Using algorithm help him to solve this
problem?

Sample Problem 2
Ruba has bought 10 pens, 27 rulers, 12 erasers and 45 markers. Using pseudocode find out how many
things she bought altogether?

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Sample Problem 3
In a supermarket there was an offer of a cake which was Dhs.50/- only instead of Dhs.75/- Fazil bought
the cake and cut it into 25 pieces. He gave 10 pieces to his friend and 5 pieces to the nannies. Using
pseudocode find out how many were left?

1.3: Flowchart
Flowchart is a directional symbol for traffic. Specific shapes used to create a visual representation of a
program. It shows a connection. Words that flow with a chart.
A Flowchart defines a logical flow of data in pictorial form and integration of programming steps for
solving a given problem.
Flowcharts use different symbols to represent various elements in a process. These symbols help visually
depict the flow of control, decision points, inputs, outputs, and processing steps in an algorithm or
system. Here are some common flowchart symbols and their uses:

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Sample Problem 1

Draw a flowchart to calculate the sum of three input numbers and display the result.

Sample Problem 2
Draw a flowchart to calculate the area of a circle and display the result. Use the formula: A=πr2 where Pi
is approximately equal to 3.14.

Sample Problem 3
Draw a flowchart to calculate the average of three input quizzes. If the average is greater than 50, print
‘pass’ otherwise print ‘fail’.

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Sample Problem 4
Draw a flowchart to calculate the average of three input quizzes. If the average is greater than 50, print
‘pass’ otherwise print ‘fail’.

1.4: Decision Making in a flowchart

Decision making in flowcharts is often represented using diamond-shaped symbols. When a decision
point is reached, the flowchart splits into two or more paths. This symbol represents a question or
condition that has two or more possible answers or outcomes. From the decision symbol, arrows extend
to different paths or branches based on the possible outcomes of the decision. Each path represents a
different course of action depending on the conditions specified in the decision symbol.

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Sample Problem 5
Draw a flowchart to check whether any exam is there tomorrow or not?

Sample Problem 6
Create a flowchart for the problem: Input a student marks and check whether the marks is greater than
25 or not. If marks>25, student is pass else fail.

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 Activity Time
Task 1:
1. What are the name and the use of the following symbols?

(a) (b) (c) (d)

2. Define a Flowchart.

Task 2:
1. What does the following algorithm represent?

DECLARE a,b, sum

INPUT a
INPUT b
sum a+b
OUTPUT sum

a) Multiplication of two numbers

b) Addition of two numbers
c) Division of two numbers
d) Subtraction of two numbers

2. Which algorithm construct is used for making a decision?

IF x > 10 THEN
OUTPUT "Greater than 10"
ELSE
OUTPUT "Less than or equal to 10"
END IF

a) Loop
b) Sequence
c) Selection
d) None of the above

Task 3:
Answer the following:
1. Imagine you have a set of tasks, each with a start time, end time, and associated duration. Design an
algorithm to schedule these tasks to minimize the overlap and ensure efficient use of resources.

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2. Design an algorithm to check if a given number is positive or negative.

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3. Explain how the data in a flowchart could become stuck in an infinite loop.

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Hot Question
Elaborate how you make decisions in your daily lives and compare your decision-making process to
the flowcharting techniques you've learned. Identify similarities and differences and discuss how
flowcharting can be a useful tool for organizing decision-making processes.

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Useful Resources:
https://pediaa.com/difference-between-algorithm-and-pseudocode/#Pseudocode
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/difference-between-algorithm-pseudocode-and-program/
https://www.smartdraw.com/flowchart/flowchart-maker.htm
https://dyclassroom.com/flowchart/exercise-1
https://www.cimt.org.uk/projects/mepres/book8/bk8i1/bk8_1i2.htm
https://edrawmax.wondershare.com/flowchart/if-else-in-flowchart.html

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 UNIT 2

Data Representation

In this lesson you will

 explain the different number systems and define bits and bytes.
 understand the meaning of digital system.
 describe how to solve simple logic circuits.

Introduction
Data representation in computing refers to the method used to represent information in a
form suitable for processing by a computer. Computers use binary digits, or bits (0s and 1s), as
the fundamental unit of data. Data representation involves encoding various types of
information, such as numbers, text, images, and more, into a binary format that can be
understood and manipulated by a computer.

2.1: Different types of number system

Ther are different types of number system. The list is given below:
 Binary number system
 Decimal number system
 Octal number system
 Hexadecimal number system

Binary number system

The binary number system is a base-2 numeral system that uses only two digits, 0 and 1, to
represent all numeric values. It is the fundamental number system used in computers and
digital systems because electronic devices inherently work with two states, typically
represented as on/off or high/low voltage.

Applications: Computers use binary internally for data representation and processing. Binary is
used in digital communication, coding theory, and various branches of computer science.

Decimal number system

The decimal number system, also known as base-10, is the standard system for denoting
integer and non-integer numbers. It uses ten digits from 0 to 9 to represent values. Each digit's
position in a number has a place value, and the overall value of a number is the sum of the
products of each digit and its place value.

Applications: The decimal system is widely used in everyday life for counting, arithmetic, and
monetary transactions. It is used in various fields, including finance, science, and engineering.

Octal number system

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The octal number system, also known as base 8, is a numeral system that uses eight digits to
represent values. The digits in the octal system are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7. Each digit's position
in a number has a place value, and the overall value of a number is the sum of the products of
each digit and its place value.

Applications: Computer Programming, historically, octal was used in computing because it is

easy to convert between octal and binary (base-2) representations. File Permissions in
Unix/Linux Systems: In Unix and Linux operating systems, file permissions are often
represented using octal notation. Digital Electronics: Octal is occasionally used in digital
electronics for simplifying the representation of binary-coded values, especially when dealing
with small to medium-sized circuits.

Hexadecimal number system

The hexadecimal number system is a base-16 numeral system. It uses 16 distinct symbols, most
commonly the symbols 0-9 to represent values 0 to 9, and A-F (or a-f) to represent values 10 to
15. Here are the symbols used in hexadecimal and their corresponding decimal values: 0, 1, 2,
3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A (or a), B (or b), C (or c), D (or d), E (or e), F (or f). The hexadecimal system is
widely used in computing because it represents a convenient way to express binary numbers in
a more human-readable format. Since each hexadecimal digit represents four binary digits
(bits), it's particularly useful in representing binary-coded values in a concise manner.

Applications: Memory Addressing: In computer systems, memory addresses are often

expressed in hexadecimal notation. It provides a compact representation of memory locations,
which is helpful for programmers and system designers. Color Representation: Hexadecimal is
commonly used in representing colors in computing, particularly in web design and graphics.
Colors are typically represented using RGB (Red, Green, Blue) values, where each color
component is represented by two hexadecimal digits, ranging from 00 to FF. Character
Encoding: ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) and Unicode characters
can be represented in hexadecimal notation. This is especially useful in programming and
debugging when dealing with character sets. Error Codes and Debugging: In programming and
debugging, hexadecimal numbers are often used to represent error codes, memory addresses,
and other low-level information. Hexadecimal makes it easier to read and interpret binary data
compared to decimal. Networking: MAC addresses and IP addresses are often represented in
hexadecimal notation, making it easier for network engineers and administrators to work with
these addresses. File Formats: Hexadecimal is used in file formats to represent binary data in a
more readable form. For example, in binary file formats like JPEG or MP3, hexadecimal is often
used to display file headers, offsets, and other structural elements. Cryptographic Hashes and
Keys: In cryptography, hexadecimal is commonly used to represent cryptographic hashes, keys,
and other cryptographic data due to its compact representation and compatibility with binary
operations. Overall, the hexadecimal number system plays a crucial role in various aspects of
computing, providing a convenient and concise representation of binary data.

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2.2: Bits and Bytes

Bits and bytes are fundamental units of digital information storage and processing in
computing.
Bit (Binary Digit):
 A bit is the smallest unit of data in computing.
 It can have one of two possible values: 0 or 1.
 The term "bit" is a contraction of "binary digit."
 Bits are used to represent the most basic form of information, such as the state of a switch
(on/off) in digital circuits.

Byte:
 A byte consists of 8 bits.
 It is the basic addressable unit of memory in many computer architectures.
 Bytes are used to represent characters, numbers, and other data types in computing.
 Byte is often abbreviated as "B."

2.3: Decimal to Binary Conversion

The Process: Successive Division

a) Divide the Decimal Number by 2; the remainder is the LSB of Binary Number.

b) If the quotation is zero, the conversion is complete; else repeat step (a) using the
quotation as the Decimal Number. The new remainder is the next most significant bit of
the Binary Number.

Example 1: Convert the decimal number 610 into its binary equivalent.

   

Example 2: Convert the decimal number 2610 into its binary equivalent.

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Binary to Decimal Conversion
The Process: Weighted Multiplication
a) Multiply each bit of the Binary Number by it corresponding bit-weighting factor (i.e. Bit-
0→20=1; Bit-1→21=2; Bit-2→22=4; etc.).
b) Sum up all the products in step (a) to get the Decimal Number.
Example 1: Convert the decimal number 01102 into its decimal equivalent.

Example 2: Convert the binary number 100102 into its decimal equivalent.

2.4: Octal to Binary Conversion

Method:
Represent each octal digit by equivalent 3-bit binary digits (bits).
Example:
Convert (56)8 into ( )2

Binary to Octal Conversion

Method:
1. Group the binary bits into 3 bits each starting from the right (least significant bit).
II. For each group of 3 bits starting from right, write the corresponding octal digit (refer to the
octal table).
Example 1: Convert (1010)2 into octal.

(1010)2

0 1 0 - Grouping into 3 bits from right

0 0 1 0 1 0 - Adding two zeros to left to make 3 bits.

1 2

(1010) = (12) 13
2 8
2.5: Binary to Hexadecimal conversion
Method:

Example: Convert (11001110)2 into hexadecimal.

Hexadecimal to binary conversion

Method:

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Example: Convert (2A5)16 into binary.

2.6: Digital System

A digital system is a system that processes digital signals or data. Digital signals are discrete
signals that can take on only a finite set of values, typically represented as binary numbers (0s
and 1s). Digital systems manipulate these signals using digital logic gates, such as AND, OR,
NOT, etc., to perform various operations like arithmetic, logic, and data processing.

Boolean Algebra
Study of mathematical operations performed on certain variables called binary variables that
can have only two values: 1 or 0.

2.7: Logic Gates

Logic gates are the building blocks of digital technology. It is an integrated circuit or other
device whose inputs and outputs represent Boolean or binary values as voltages. The processor
is the brain of the computer and is made up of logic gates.

Types of logic gates

NOT Gate:
A NOT gate accepts one input value and produces one output value. Not gate is also called
inverter because it inverts the input value.

AND Gate:
An AND gate accepts two input signals. If the two input values for an AND gate are both 1, the
output is 1; otherwise, the output is 0.

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OR Gate:
If the two input values are both 0, the output value is 0; otherwise, the output is 1.

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 Activity Time

Task 1:
Convert the following decimal to its binary equivalent:
1. 1310 =?
2. 2210 =?
3. 4310 =?
4. 15810 =?

Task 2:
Convert the following binary to its decimal equivalent:
1. 0110 2 =?
2. 11010 2 =?
3. 0110101 2 =?
4. 11010011 2 =?

Task 3:
Convert the following octal to its binary equivalent:
1. (65)8 =?
2. (70)8 =?
3. (37)8 =?
4. (21)8 =?

Task 4:
Convert the following binary to its octal equivalent:
1. (1011)2 =?
2. (0010)2 =?
3. (11111)2 =?
4. (1000)2 =?

Task 5:
Convert the following binary to its hexadecimal equivalent:
a. (01101110)2=?
b. (0011010) 2=?
c. (11001100) 2=?
d. (11110000) 2=?

Task 6:
Convert the following hexadecimal to its binary equivalent:
a. (6E)16
b. (1A) 16
c. (CC) 16
d. (F0) 16

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e. (2AC) 16

Task 7
Answer the following questions.
1. Differentiate between OR gate and AND gate.

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2. Identify logic gates circuit suppliers and exporters in UAE and how they are improving the market.

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3. Find the bitwise OR and bitwise AND of the bit strings

01101 10110
11000 11101

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4. Find the output of the following circuits:

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5. Draw the circuit for the following Boolean algebraic expressions.
a) (x+y) x

b) (x+y)

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Useful Resources:
https://www.cuemath.com/numbers/decimal-to-binary/
https://www.splashlearn.com/math-vocabulary/hexadecimal-to-binary
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WkScocdUtbE
https://www.prepbytes.com/blog/general/number-system-in-computer/
https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-a-byte-definition-measurements.html
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/computer_logical_organization/logic_gates.htm

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 UNIT 3
Hardware

In this lesson you will

 define different direct entry devices.
 explain what a smart card is.
 describe the importance of smart card and its types.

Introduction
Direct Data Entry (DDE) devices are tools or systems that allow users to input data directly into a
computer or information system. These devices are used to streamline data entry processes by
eliminating the need for manual transcription or processing of information.

3.1: Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR)

Magnetic Ink Character Recognition is a technology that identifies special shaped characters printed
using magnetic ink at the bottom of a bank cheque.

Advantages
 MICR readers can read the characters on the cheque accurately.
 Input of data from the cheque is done faster into the computer and hence saves time.

Disadvantages
 The special characters printed using magnetic ink is expensive.
 Characters printed in ordinary ink are not detected by MICR reader.

Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR)

3.2: Magnetic Stripe Card

The information is stored on a magnetic stripe on the surface of a plastic card and is read when the
card is swiped through a Magnetic stripe card reader.

Advantage
 Data recorded on the magnetic stripe is in electronic form and can be input directly into a

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 computer.

Disadvantage
 Data recorded on the magnetic stripe can be copied and edited and this gives a chance to commit
identity theft and fraud.

Magnetic Stripe Card

3.3: Optical Mark Recognition (OMR)

Optical Mark Recognition is a technology used to interpret pencil marks on a paper. The computer then
records the position of the mark and analyzes it.

Advantage
 Input into the computer is faster and less expensive as there is no need to type in the data.

Disadvantage
 Pencil marks made on the form must be very clear to be recognized by the OMR reader.

Optical Mark Recognition (OMR)

3.4: Optical Character Recognition (OCR)

Optical Character Recognition is software technology that can convert images of text into an actual
text file that can then be edited. Scanner and OCR software is used to scan the characters to input into
the computer.

Advantage
 Text printed on the paper can be scanned and converted into electronic form and edited.

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Disadvantage
 The handwritten characters must be clear, or they may not be properly recognized.

Optical Character Recognition (OCR)

3.5: Smart Card

A Smart card has a microprocessor chip embedded in it, that can process and store information.
Special devices can read the information from the chip of the smart card.

Advantage
 Data recorded on the chip can be updated during transactions is more secure than the data
recorded on a magnetic stripe.

Disadvantage
 Data recorded on the chip can be affected by electromagnetic radiation from TVs and computers.

Smart Cards

Process of a smart card

A smart card, also called chip card or integrated circuit card is a type of pocket-sized card with
embedded integrated circuits which can process data. The card data is transacted via a reader
connected to a computing system. Smart cards improve the convenience and security of any
transaction.

Types of a smart card

There are three primary types of smart cards: Straight, Protected, and Stored Value.

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 Activity Time

Task 1:

Task 2:
Answer the following:
1. How do smart card work?

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2. Differentiate between OCR and OMR.

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Useful Resources:
https://www.techtarget.com/searchsecurity/definition/smart-card
https://www.securetechalliance.org/smart-cards-intro-primer/
https://www.ynvisible.com/news-inspiration/what-is-smart-card
https://www.plugandplaytechcenter.com/resources/smart-card-technology/
https://learnlearn.uk/igcseict/direct-entry-devices/
https://www.ictlounge.com/html/direct_input_devices.htm
https://igcseictnowcom.wordpress.com/direct-data-entry-devices/

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 UNIT 4
Introduction to Python

In this lesson you will

 understand the basics of python programming.
 define arithmetic, logical, and relational operators used in python.
 Describe the concept and use of IF statement in python.

Introduction
Python is a versatile and widely used high-level programming language known for its simplicity and
readability. It was created by Guido van Rossum and first released in 1991. Since then, it has become
one of the most popular programming languages in the world, used extensively in various domains
such as web development, data science, artificial intelligence, scientific computing, automation, and
more.

4.1: Key Features and Characteristics of Python:

Readable and Easy to Learn: Python emphasizes code readability and simplicity, making it an excellent
language for beginners to pick up. Its syntax is clean and straightforward, resembling the English
language, which reduces the cost of program maintenance and development.

Interpreted and Interactive: Python is an interpreted language, which means that code is executed line
by line, making it suitable for rapid development and testing. It also provides an interactive mode,
allowing developers to experiment with code snippets and see immediate results.

High-Level Language: Python abstracts many low-level details, such as memory management and
hardware dependencies, allowing developers to focus on solving problems rather than worrying about
implementation details.

Dynamic Typing: Python is dynamically typed, meaning you don't need to declare the type of variables
explicitly. This makes the language more flexible and allows for rapid prototyping and development.

Extensive Standard Library: Python comes with a comprehensive standard library that provides
support for many common programming tasks, such as file I/O, networking, database access, and
more. This reduces the need for external dependencies and makes it easy to build powerful
applications with minimal effort.

Community and Ecosystem: Python has a vibrant and active community of developers who contribute
to its ecosystem by creating libraries, frameworks, and tools for various purposes. This vast ecosystem
makes it easy to find solutions to almost any problem you might encounter and accelerates the
development process.

Cross-Platform Compatibility: Python is available on all major operating systems (Windows, macOS,
Linux) without any modifications, making it an excellent choice for building applications that need to
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 run on different platforms.

Support for Multiple Programming Paradigms: Python supports multiple programming paradigms,
including procedural, object-oriented, and functional programming, allowing developers to choose the
best approach for their projects.

Overall, Python's simplicity, versatility, and extensive ecosystem make it a popular choice for a wide
range of applications, from simple scripting tasks to complex enterprise-level software development.
Whether you're a beginner or an experienced developer, Python offers a powerful and enjoyable
programming experience.

4.2: How to download Python 3.8 to your computer?

Downloading and installing Python on Windows is a straightforward process. Here arethe
steps:
Step 1: Visit the Python Official Website:
Open your web browser and go to the official Python website:https://www.python.org/

Step 2: Navigate to the Downloads Page:

Select the "Downloads" menu at the top of
the page and click on "Python Downloads."

Step 3: Check the downloads folder of your computer.

and click Install now.

Step 4: The setup will start automatically. If the computer asks for
administrative privileges, click YES to grant.

Step 5: After the setup is complete, click close.

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 Launching the IDLE:
To launch the IDE, go to Start-->All Programs—
>Python and open IDLE python as shown.

Working in script mode:

Step 1:
To open the script mode, click File>New
Fileor just press Ctrl+N

Step 2:
In the new screen that appears, you can write your
code.
a=5
b=6
c=a+b
print(c)

Step 3:
Before being able to see the output of your code,
you will have to save your code on hard disk.
Python programs are saved as *.py files.

To save your code, select File-->Save or just press

Ctrl+S. Select a location on the disk and save your
work.

Step 4:
To see the output of your code, click Run-->
Run Module

Step 5:
You will see the output of
your code in another
screen.

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 4.3: Python Variables
Variables are used to store data values. They act as placeholders or containers that can hold various
types of data, such as numbers, strings, lists, dictionaries, or other objects. Variables provide a way to
reference and manipulate data within a program.

Examples:
x=5 # Assigning integer value 5 to variable x
y = "Hello, world!" # Assigning string value "Hello, world!" to variable y

Rules for python variables

 A variable name must start with a letter or the underscore character.
 A variable name cannot start with a number.
 A variable name can only contain alpha-numeric characters and underscores (A-z, 0-9,
and _ )
 Variable names are case-sensitive (age, Age and AGE are three different variables)
 Python keywords (reserved words) cannot be used as variable names.

4.4: Python Comments

Comments are annotations in the code that are ignored by the interpreter during.
execution. They are used to add explanatory notes, provide context, or temporarily disable.
certain parts of the code. Comments help improve code readability and maintainability, making.
it easier for developers to understand and work with the codebase.
For example:
# This is a comment
X=1
X=x+2
print(x)

Python Strings
Strings are sequences of characters, which can be letters, numbers, symbols, or whitespace,
enclosed within either single quotes (') or double quotes ("). Strings are immutable, meaning once
they are created, their values cannot be changed.
For example:
my_string = 'Hello, world!' # Using single quotes
another_string = "Python is awesome!" # Using double quotes

Python Input() Function

An important aspect of computer science is creating interactive programs for users. A large
part of user interaction is allowing users to input information into a program. In Python, we use
the input() function to ask the user for input. As a parameter, we input the text we want to
display to the user. Once the user presses “enter,” the input value is returned. We typically
store user input in a variable so that we can use the information inour program.

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 Output

Python Print() Function

The print() function is used to output data to the console or standard output device. It takes one or more.
arguments and prints them to the console, separated by spaces by default.
For example:
print("Hello, world!") # Prints a string
x=5
print("The value of x is:", x) # Prints a string and the value of the variable x

4.5: Arithmetic Operators in Python

Arithmetic operators are used with numeric values to perform common mathematical operations.

For example:
x=4
y=7
print(x+y)
print(x-y)

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print(x*y)
print(x/y)
print(x%y)
print(x**y)
print(x//y)

4.6: Logical Operators in Python

Logical operators are used to combine or modify the logical conditions of statements. They allow you to
perform logical operations on Boolean values (True or False).

For example:

Relational operators in Python

Relational operators (also known as comparison operators) are used to compare two values or
expressions. They return a Boolean value (True or False) based on the comparison result.

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For example:

4.7: IF statement in Python

The if statement is used for conditional execution. It allows you to execute a block of code only if a
specified condition is true. If the condition evaluates to True, the code block inside the if statement is
executed. If the condition evaluates to False, the code block is skipped, and the program moves on to
the next statement after the if block. You can also use the else statement to specify a block of code to
be executed if the condition in the if statement is false.
If (condition):
Statements
Else:
Statements

For example:
x=5
if x > 0:
print("x is positive")
else:
print("x is negative")

Example 1: Write a python program to find the greater number for the given 2 numbers.

a=25
b=45
If(a>b):
print(“a is greater than b”)
else:
print(“b is greater than a”)

Example 2: Write a python program to check whether the given number is even or odd.

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 Activity Time
Task 1
a. Calculate the sum of any three variables.

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Task 2:
Answer the following questions:
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1. Write a python program to check whether a student is passed or failed.

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2. How to write a python code to check whether two numbers are equal or not?

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Hot Question
How is memory managed in Python?

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How can you combine multiple conditions using logical operators (and, or, not) in an if statement?

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Useful resources:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y8Tko2YC5hA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s3Ejdx6cIho
https://www.w3schools.com/python/default.asp
https://www.w3schools.com/python/exercise.asp?filename=exercise_variables1
https://www.w3resource.com/python-exercises/
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/python-exercises-practice-questions-and-solutions/
https://www.practicepython.org/

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 UNIT 5
Introduction to HTML

In this lesson you will

 identify the structure of HTML.
 create basic HTML tags.
 Describe the creation of tables using HTML tags.

5.1: Introduction
HTML, which stands for Hypertext Markup Language, is the standard markup language for creating web
pages and web applications. It forms the backbone of the World Wide Web, allowing content to be
structured and formatted for display on browsers.

HTML is not a programming language but rather a markup language. It is used to define the structure
and layout of web documents by employing a system of tags and attributes. These tags tell the browser
how to display the content, whether it's text, images, links, or multimedia.

Key Concepts:

Tags: HTML documents are made up of HTML tags, which are enclosed in angle brackets <>. Tags
typically come in pairs: an opening tag and a closing tag, with content nested in between. For example,
<p> is the opening tag for a paragraph, and </p> is the closing tag.

Elements: Elements are comprised of tags, content, and attributes. They define the structure and
semantics of a document's content. For instance, <h1> is an element representing a top-level heading,
and <img> is an element used for embedding images.

Attributes: Attributes provide additional information about an element and are specified within the
opening tag. Attributes typically come in name-value pairs and modify the behavior or appearance of
the element. For example, the src attribute in the <img> tag specifies the image source.

HTML is often combined with CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) and JavaScript to create visually appealing
and interactive web experiences. CSS is used for styling HTML elements, while JavaScript adds dynamic
behavior and interactivity to web pages. In summary, HTML is the foundation of web development,
providing the structure and content for web pages, and serving as the building blocks for creating
engaging online experiences.

Create an HTML document

 Open notepad by selecting Start>All Programs>Accessories>Notepad.
 Select File>New.
 Type the HTML documents.
 Select File>Save As.

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 In Save As dialog box choose the location to save the document.
 Enter the file name with extension.htm or .html and click Save.

5.2: Basic Structure of HTML

The basic structure of an HTML document consists of several elements, including the <!DOCTYPE>
declaration, the <html> element, the <head> section, and the <body> section.

<!DOCTYPE> Declaration: This declaration informs the browser about the version of HTML being used in
the document. It is not an HTML tag, but rather an instruction to the browser.
<html> Element: The <html> element is the root element of an HTML document. It encapsulates all the
content on the webpage. Inside the <html> element, you'll find the <head> and <body> sections.
<head> Section: The <head> section contains page title, character encoding, links to external
stylesheets, scripts, and other important information that isn't directly visible on the webpage.
<body> Section: The <body> section contains the visible content of the webpage, including text, images,
links, videos, and any other elements that users interact with or see when they visit the page.
For Example:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>My First Web Page</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Hello, World!</h1>
</body>
</html>

WYSIWYG editors
 WYSIWYG stands for What You See Is What You Get.
 WYSIWYG editors allows you to create web pages without knowing how to write HTML.
 Google Web Designer and Adobe Dreamweaver are two popular WYSIWYG HTML editors.

Advantages:
 Websites can be created quickly.
 Knowledge of HTML tags or commands is not required.

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5.3: Container and Empty tags
Container Tags: Container tags, also known as paired tags or dual tags, are HTML elements that have
both an opening tag and a closing tag. These tags enclose content, creating a distinct block or section
within the document. Common container tags include <p>, <h1>, and so on.
For example:
<p>This is a paragraph inside an element. </p>

Empty Tags: Empty tags, also known as self-closing tags or void elements, are HTML elements that do
not have a closing tag because they do not contain any content. These tags typically represent
standalone elements or placeholders within the document. Common empty tags include <img>, <br>
and <hr>.
For example:
<img src="example.jpg" alt="Example Image">

Heading Tags
Heading tags in HTML are used to define headings or titles within a document, providing structure and
hierarchy to the content. HTML offers six levels of headings, ranging from <h1> (the most important) to
<h6> (the least important). These tags help in organizing content and improving accessibility, as they
indicate the relative importance of different sections within the document.
For example:
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>My First </TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
<h1>This is my first webpage. </h1>
<h2>This is my first webpage. </h2>
<h3>This is my first webpage. </h3>
<h4>This is my first webpage. </h4>
<h5> <center>This is my first webpage. </center> </h5>
<h6>This is my first webpage. </h6>
</BODY>
</HTML>

 HTML headings are titles or subtitles that

you want to display on a webpage.
 HTML provides 6 heading levels.
 HTML headings are defined with <h1> to
<h6> tags.
 <h1> defines the largest level of heading.
 <h6> defines the smallest level of heading.

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5.4: Table tag
The <table> tag in HTML is used to create tables, which are grids made up of rows and columns. Tables
are commonly used for displaying tabular data in a structured format.

Basic Structure:
The <table> tag is the container for the entire table. Inside the <table> tag, you define rows using the
<tr> (table row) tag. Within each row, you define cells using the <td> (table data) tag for regular data
cells or <th> (table header) tag for header cells.
For example:

<table>
<tr>
<th>Header 1</th>
<th>Header 2</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Data 1</td>
<td>Data 2</td>
</tr>
</table>

Table Attributes:
The <table> tag supports various attributes to control the appearance and behavior of the table:
border: Specifies the width of the border around the table and its cells (deprecated in HTML5).
width: Sets the width of the table.
cellpadding: Specifies the amount of space between the cell content and the cell border.
cellspacing: Specifies the amount of space between cells.
For example:
<table border="1" width="100%" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0">
<!-- Table content -->
</table>

<img> Tag
The <img> tag in HTML is used to insert images into a web page. It is an empty tag, meaning it doesn't
have a closing tag and is self-contained. The <img> tag requires a mandatory attribute src, which
specifies the source (URL) of the image to be displayed.
width and height: These attributes specify the width and height of the image, respectively. They can be
used to adjust the size of the image on the webpage. It's good practice to include these attributes to
ensure that the page layout doesn't shift while the image is loading.
alt: The alt attribute provides alternative text for the image. It's essential for accessibility purposes and
is displayed in case the image fails to load or for users who rely on screen readers. The text should
describe the content or function of the image.
For example:
<img src="image.jpg" alt="Description of the image" width="200" height="150">

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 Activity Time
Task 1:
1. Create a webpage on the topic “How was your day today?”.

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Task 2:
You are going to design a simple webpage of ICT.
Save your file as ict with your name in your folder.
Give the heading Information and Communication Technology
Properties are:
First level heading, center and underlined.
Give a yellow background color.
Copy the following paragraph:
ICT, or information and communications technology is the infrastructure and components that
enable modern computing. Although there is no single, universal definition of ICT, the term is
generally accepted to mean all devices, networking components, applications and systems that
combined allow people and organizations i.e., businesses, nonprofit agencies, governments, and
criminal enterprises to interact in the digital world.
Properties are:
Use line breaks after every line.
Make the words bold that start with letter ‘C’.
At the end, type:
Prepared By: Your Name & Grade make the text italic.
Finally save it again and open your web page.

Task 3:
Anum has to create a short note on e-waste and display it on a web page.
She has to set the following properties of the web page:
 Add a background color orange.
 Set the heading with style h1 E-waste and center aligned.
 Set the heading with style h2 What is E-waste?
 Set the heading with style h3 Treatment of E-waste and right aligned.
 Set the heading with style h4 Harmful effects of E-waste.
 Set the heading with style h5 Effects of E-waste on environment.
 Set the heading with style h6 Disposal of E-waste and right aligned.

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Task 4:
A webpage is given below. Create it as shown. Add any background color of your choice. Save it as
uae.html in your folder.

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Task 5:
Create an HTML file named student_grades.html.
Inside the HTML file, build a table with the following structure:
Table Headers: "Student Name", "Math", "Science", "History"
Table Rows: Include at least three rows of student data.
Each row should contain the student's name and their grades in Math, Science, and History.

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 UNIT 6
Introduction to GIMP

In this lesson you will

 identify the different painting and drawing tools.
 explain how to add images in GIMP.
 describe retouching tool used in GIMP.

6.1: Introduction
GIMP (GNU Image Manipulation Program) is a free and open-source image editor tool. It is a cross-
platform tool available for different operating systems such as GNU/Linux, macOS, Windows, etc.
It is a useful tool for various image manipulation tasks such as photo editing, image composition, image
construction, logo designing, painting, and many more. It is capable of being used as a simple paint tool,
an advanced photo editing tool, a mass production image renderer, or an image format converter tool.
One of the other reasons for its popularity is that it is a free tool while other editing tools such as
photoshop are paid.

6.2: How to download GIMP 2.10.32?

Step 1:

In the browser type “gimp.org”,

Note: GIMP is a free software.
Step 2:

The above shown is the GIMP official website.

Select download.

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Step 3:

Select Download GIMP Directly

Step 4:

GIMP Downloaded successfully.

Step 5:

Once GIMP is installed successfully, Goto windows select GIMP 2.10.34 as shown below,
Step 6:
Once selected, GIMP will be opened as below.

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 Lets start !!!

Main windows

6.3: Removing plain background:

Step 1:
insert an image
File  New  Fix the width & height of an image.
(or)
Drag and drop your image in the GIMP main widow.

Step 2:

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Move tool - Used to move the images to a specific location.
Unified Transform Tool – Used to change the size and perspective of an image.

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 Step 3:

File LayerTransparencyAdd Alpha Channel.

Now alpha channel will be added (This is a mandatorystep to remove an image with plain
background)

Step 4

Select fuzzy select tool from toolbox.

Click on any plain area of the image. Now the image willbe
selected with dots as shown below.

Step 5
Once selected, click delete to remove the background.
Now the image will be without background show below.
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Step 6
Select None to remove the dotted line on the image.

Step 7
Selectmove tool (Now only the image can be moved anywhere on the screen)

Step 8

To remove bounding box of an image:

Select  Crop tool Draw the small square aroundthe image click enter.

Step 9

To save an image:
File Export as filename .png

Step 10

Use this image in the certificates as shown below.

6.4: Non-standard background elimination:

Step 1

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Select Free select Tool.

Step 2

File LayerTransparencyAdd Alpha Channel.

Now alpha channel will be added (This is a mandatory step to remove an image with plain background)

Step 3
Select the zoom tool and zoom the image to crop.
To zoom out press hyphen in the keyboard (-)

Step 4
Select  free select tool  trace it on the image.

Step 5
From select menuclick invert  press delete.(The background image will be deleted)

Step 6

Save the image

FileExport as filename.png

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 6.5: Healing Tool:

In GIMP (GNU Image Manipulation Program), the Healing Tool is a part of theretouching and
image editing toolkit. Specifically, GIMP has a tool called the "Heal Tool" or "Healing Tool,"
which is used for retouching imperfections in images.
Here are some common uses of the Healing Tool in GIMP:
- Erasing Wrinkles and Fine Lines.
- Removing Blemishes and Acne.
- Restoring Old or Damaged Photograph.
- Enhancing Landscape Images.
- Fixing Uneven Skin Tones.
Here's a basic outline of how to use the Healing Tool in GIMP:

` Step 1
Insert the image as explained above.

Step 2
Create a duplicate layer of the image.

Step 3
Select Healing tool from the toolbox and adjust the brush size based on the area you want to
retouch.

Step 4
Ctrl + Click on a clean area to sample pixels.

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Step 5
Now you can see a source and another cursor on the screen.

Step 6
Paint over the imperfections or blemishes to apply the healing effect.
You will get a clear image as below.

Remember to use the Healing Tool judiciously, as excessive retouching can result in an
unnatural or overly manipulated appearance. It's often a good practice to work non-
destructively by creating a new layer or duplicating the image before applying extensive
retouching.

6.6: Cloning Tool:

In GIMP (GNU Image Manipulation Program), the Clone Tool is used for cloning or
duplicating parts of an image. This tool allows you to copy pixels from one area of the image
and paint them onto another area, creating a seamless blend.

Here's a basic guide on how to use the Clone Tool in GIMP:

Step 1
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Open the image you want to work on in GIMP.

Step 2
Select the Clone Tool.
In the toolbox, look for the Clone Tool icon. It typically looks like a rubber stamp.
You can also press the C key to select the Clone Tool.

Step 3
Before you start cloning, adjust the tool options in the tool options dialog.
Common options include:
- Brush Size: Adjust the size of the brush for cloning.
- Hardness: Controls the softness or hardness of the brush edge.
- Opacity: Determines the transparency of the cloned pixels.

Step 4
To set the source for cloning, Ctrl + Click on the area you want to clone from.
This action selects the source point.

Step 5
Move the cursor to the area where you want to apply the cloned pixels and start painting.
As you paint, you'll see the cloned pixels from the source area being applied to the destination area.
Adjust and Refine:
You can release the mouse button and Ctrl + Click on a new source point if needed.Continue adjusting
and refining until you achieve the desired result.

Step 6
Once you are satisfied with the cloning, save your work.

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 Activity Time

Task 1
1. Take any images with plain background and try to remove them.

2. Select an image with a group of people as the background and remove them using
fussy tool.

3. Download the images of a desert area and try to include trees in it , using clone tool.

Task 2
Differentiate between healing tool and clone tool.

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Useful Resources:
https://robertsj.github.io/me400_notes/lectures/Algorithms_Flowcharts_and_Pse
udocode.htmlhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hEgO047GxaQ
https://dyclassroom.com/flowchart/exercise-1
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I2wURDqiXdM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y8Tko2YC5hA
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/computer_fundamentals/pdf/computer_num
ber_system.pdfhttps://www.instructables.com/id/Convert-Negative-Numbers-
to-Binary/ https://www.mathworksheets4kids.com/convert-decimal-
binary.php https://thegimptutorials.com/

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