Auditing in Oracle

The auditing mechanism for Oracle is extremely flexible. Oracle stores information that is relevant
to auditing in its data dictionary.

Every time a user attempts anything in the database where audit is enabled the Oracle kernel
checks to see if an audit record should be created or updated (in the case or a session record) and
generates the record in a table owned by the SYS user called AUD$. This table is, by default,
located in the SYSTEM tablespace. This itself can cause problems with potential denial of service
attacks. If the SYSTEM tablespace fills up, the database will hang.

init parameters
Until Oracle 10g, auditing is disabled by default, but can be enabled by setting the
AUDIT_TRAIL static parameter in the init.ora file.
From Oracle 11g, auditing is enabled for some system level privileges.

SQL> show parameter audit

NAME TYPE VALUE
---------------------- ------------ -------------
audit_file_deststring ?/rdbms/audit
audit_sys_operations boolean FALSE
audit_syslog_level string NONE
audit_trail string DB
transaction_auditing boolean TRUE

AUDIT_TRAIL can have the following values.

AUDIT_TRAIL={NONE or FALSE| OS| DB or TRUE| DB_EXTENDED| XML |
XML_EXTENDED}

The following list provides a description of each value:

NONE or FALSE -> Auditing is disabled. Default until Oracle 10g.
DB or TRUE -> Auditing is enabled, with all audit records stored in the database audit trial
(AUD$). Default from Oracle 11g.
DB_EXTENDED –> Same as DB, but the SQL_BIND and SQL_TEXT columns are also
populated.
XML-> Auditing is enabled, with all audit records stored as XML format OS files.
XML_EXTENDED –> Same as XML, but the SQL_BIND and SQL_TEXT columns are also
populated.
OS -> Auditing is enabled, with all audit records directed to the operating system's file specified
by AUDIT_FILE_DEST.

Note: In Oracle 10g Release 1, DB_EXTENDED was used in place of "DB,EXTENDED". The
XML options were brought in Oracle 10g Release 2.
The AUDIT_FILE_DEST parameter specifies the OS directory used for the audit trail when the
OS, XML and XML_EXTENDED options are used. It is also the location for all mandatory
auditing specified by the AUDIT_SYS_OPERATIONS parameter.

The AUDIT_SYS_OPERATIONS static parameter enables or disables the auditing of operations

issued by users connecting with SYSDBA or SYSOPER privileges, including the SYS user. All
audit records are written to the OS audit trail.

Run the $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin/cataudit.sql script while connected as SYS (no need to

run this, if you ran catalog.sql at the time of database creation).

Start Auditing
Syntax of audit command:
audit {statement_option|privilege_option} [by user] [by {session|access}] [whenever {successful|
not successful}]

Only the statement_option or privilege_option part is mandatory. The other clauses are optional
and enabling them allows audit be more specific.

There are three levels that can be audited:

Statement level
Auditing will be done at statement level.
Statements that can be audited are found in STMT_AUDIT_OPTION_MAP.
SQL> audit table by scott;

Audit records can be found in DBA_STMT_AUDIT_OPTS.

SQL> select * from DBA_STMT_AUDIT_OPTS;

Object level
Auditing will be done at object level.
These objects can be audited: tables, views, sequences, packages, stored procedures and stored
functions.
SQL> audit insert, update, delete on scott.emp by hr;

Audit records can be found in DBA_OBJ_AUDIT_OPTS.

SQL> select * from DBA_OBJ_AUDIT_OPTS;

Privilege level
Auditing will be done at privilege level.
All system privileges that are found in SYSTEM_PRIVILEGE_MAP can be audited.
SQL> audit create tablespace, alter tablespace by all;

Specify ALL PRIVILEGES to audit all system privileges.

Audit records can be found in DBA_PRIV_AUDIT_OPTS.
SQL> select * from DBA_PRIV_AUDIT_OPTS;

Audit options
BY SESSION
Specify BY SESSION if you want Oracle to write a single record for all SQL statements of the
same type issued and operations of the same type executed on the same schema objects in the
same session.

Oracle database can write to an operating system audit file but cannot read it to detect whether an
entry has already been written for a particular operation. Therefore, if you are using an operating
system file for the audit trail (that is, the AUDIT_TRAIL initialization parameter is set to OS),
then the database may write multiple records to the audit trail file even if you specify BY
SESSION.
SQL> audit create, alter, drop on currency by xe by session;
SQL> audit alter materialized view by session;

BY ACCESS
Specify BY ACCESS if you want Oracle database to write one record for each audited statement
and operation.

If you specify statement options or system privileges that audit data definition language (DDL)
statements, then the database automatically audits by access regardless of whether you specify the
BY SESSION clause or BY ACCESS clause.

For statement options and system privileges that audit SQL statements other than DDL, you can
specify either BY SESSION or BY ACCESS. BY SESSION is the default.
SQL> audit update on health by access;
SQL> audit alter sequence by tester by access;

WHENEVER [NOT] SUCCESSFUL

Specify WHENEVER SUCCESSFUL to audit only SQL statements and operations that succeed.
Specify WHENEVER NOT SUCCESSFUL to audit only SQL statements and operations that fail
or result in errors.

If you omit this clause, then Oracle Database performs the audit regardless of success or failure.
SQL> audit insert, update, delete on hr.emp by hr by session whenever not successful;
SQL> audit materialized view by pingme by access whenever successful;

Examples
Auditing for every SQL statement related to roles (create, alter, drop or set a role).
SQL> AUDIT ROLE;
Auditing for every statement that reads files from database directory
SQL> AUDIT READ ON DIRECTORY ext_dir;

Auditing for every statement that performs any operation on the sequence
SQL> AUDIT ALL ON hr.emp_seq;

View Audit Trail

The audit trail is stored in the base table SYS.AUD$.
It's contents can be viewed in the following views:
· DBA_AUDIT_TRAIL
· DBA_OBJ_AUDIT_OPTS
· DBA_PRIV_AUDIT_OPTS
· DBA_STMT_AUDIT_OPTS
· DBA_AUDIT_EXISTS
· DBA_AUDIT_OBJECT
· DBA_AUDIT_SESSION
· DBA_AUDIT_STATEMENT
· AUDIT_ACTIONS
· DBA_AUDIT_POLICIES
· DBA_AUDIT_POLICY_COLUMNS
· DBA_COMMON_AUDIT_TRAIL
· DBA_FGA_AUDIT_TRAIL (FGA_LOG$)
· DBA_REPAUDIT_ATTRIBUTE
· DBA_REPAUDIT_COLUMN

The audit trail contains lots of data, but the following are most likely to be of interest:
Username - Oracle Username.
Terminal - Machine that the user performed the action from.
Timestamp - When the action occurred.
Object Owner - The owner of the object that was interacted with.
Object Name - name of the object that was interacted with.
Action Name - The action that occurred against the object (INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE,
SELECT, EXECUTE)

Fine Grained Auditing (FGA), introduced in Oracle9i, allowed recording of row-level changes
along with SCN numbers to reconstruct the old data, but they work for select statements only, not
for DML such as update, insert, and delete.
From Oracle 10g, FGA supports DML statements in addition to selects.

Several fields have been added to both the standard and fine-grained audit trails:
EXTENDED_TIMESTAMP - A more precise value than the existing TIMESTAMP column.
PROXY_SESSIONID - Proxy session serial number when an enterprise user is logging in via the
proxy method.
GLOBAL_UID - Global Universal Identifier for an enterprise user.
INSTANCE_NUMBER - The INSTANCE_NUMBER value from the actioning instance.
OS_PROCESS - Operating system process id for the oracle process.
TRANSACTIONID - Transaction identifier for the audited transaction. This column can be used
to join to the XID column on the FLASHBACK_TRANSACTION_QUERY view.
SCN - System change number of the query. This column can be used in flashback queries.
SQL_BIND - The values of any bind variables if any.
SQL_TEXT - The SQL statement that initiated the audit action.
The SQL_BIND and SQL_TEXT columns are only populated when the
AUDIT_TRAIL=DB_EXTENDED or AUDIT_TRAIL=XML_EXTENDED initialization
parameter is set.
Maintenance
The audit trail must be deleted/archived on a regular basis to prevent the SYS.AUD$ table
growing to an unacceptable size.

Only users who have been granted specific access to SYS.AUD$ can access the table to select,
alter or delete from it. This is usually just the user SYS or any user who has permissions. There are
two specific roles that allow access to SYS.AUD$ for select and delete, these are
DELETE_CATALOG_ROLE and SELECT_CATALOG_ROLE. These roles should not be
granted to general users.

Auditing modifications of the data in the audit trail itself can be achieved as follows
SQL> AUDIT INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE ON sys.aud$ BY ACCESS;

To delete all audit records from the audit trail:

SQL> DELETE FROM sys.aud$;

From Oracle 11g R2, we can change audit table's (SYS.AUD$ and SYS.FGA_LOG$) tablespace
and we can periodically delete the audit trail records using DBMS_AUDIT_MGMT package.

Disabling Auditing
The NOAUDIT statement turns off the various audit options of Oracle. Use it to reset statement,
privilege and object audit options. A NOAUDIT statement that sets statement and privilege audit
options can include the BY USER option to specify a list of users to limit the scope of the
statement and privilege audit options.

SQL> NOAUDIT;
SQL> NOAUDIT session;
SQL> NOAUDIT session BY scott, hr;
SQL> NOAUDIT DELETE ON emp;
SQL> NOAUDIT SELECT TABLE, INSERT TABLE, DELETE TABLE, EXECUTE
PROCEDURE;
SQL> NOAUDIT ALL;
SQL> NOAUDIT ALL PRIVILEGES;
SQL> NOAUDIT ALL ON DEFAULT;