CHAPTER 6

Finite Element Method II

Assistant Professor of Department of Applied Mathematics and Humanities,

Yeshwantrao Chavan college of Engineering, Nagpur-441110, India

6.1 Heat Conduction Equation

Conduction heat transfer takes place in a body by virtue of temperature differences. Conduction
is the only mode of heat transfer that takes place in a solid body which is influenced by other
modes of heat transfer at the boundary surface. Temperature distribution in a body is important
in many problems in engineering practice. If a heated body is not permitted to expand or
contract freely in all the directions, some stresses are developed within the body. The magnitude
of these thermal stresses will influence the design of various equipment like boilers, steam and
gas turbines, nuclear reactors, heat exchangers, jet engines and rocket motors. The added or
removed from a body is also important in many situation like buildings, castings, crystal
growth, cooling of electronic systems and supper conducting magnets. For satisfactory
operation of some of the equipment like steam and gas turbine rotors, high speed machine tools,
it is essential to restrict the thermal deformation. This also needs temperature distribution
within the body.

6.2 Basic equation of heat transfer

The basic equations of heat transfer are essentially the rate equations and the conservation of
energy equation.
6.2.1 Rate Equation
The rate equations describe the rate of energy flow within a body as in conduction or between
bodies as in convection or radiation.
Conduction is the mode of heat transfer within a body without any net motion of the mass of
the material.
Fourier law of heat conduction gives
𝜕𝑇
𝑄 = −𝐾𝐴
𝜕𝜂
Where Q = rate of heat flow in , W.
K = thermal conductivity of material, W/m0C
A = area normal to the direction of heat flow, m2.
T = temperature, 0C.
 = length parameter, m.
In many situation, rate of heat transfer is required per unit area which is termed heat flux
denoted by q.
𝜕𝑇
𝑞 = −𝐾
𝜕𝜂
Convection is the mode of heat transfer between a solid and a fluid surrounding it. The rate of
heat transfer by convection is given by
𝑄 = ℎ𝐴(𝑇𝑤 − 𝑇∞ )
Where
h = surface heat transfer coefficient,
A = surface area of the body from which heat flows, m2.
Tw = surface or wall temperature, 0C.
T∞ = temperature of the surrounding medium, 0C.
𝑞 = ℎ(𝑇𝑤 − 𝑇∞ )
Radiation heat transfer is the mode of heat transfer between two surfaces or bodies obeying
laws of electromagnetics. This is the only mode of heat transfer which take place in vacuum
and also when two bodies are not in direct contact with each other.

The rate of heat flow by radiation between two surfaces is given by,
𝑄 = 𝜎𝜖𝐴(𝑇14 − 𝑇24 )
Where
 = Stefan-Botlzmann constant, 5.669 x 10-6 w/m2N
 = emissivity of the surface
A = surface area of the body from which heat flows, m2.
T1 = absolute temperature of the body 1, K.
T2 = absolute temperature of the body 2, K.

6.3 Energy Balance Equation

The equation of conservation of energy is one of the key equation in the heat transfer analysis
which states that
 𝐸𝑖𝑛 + 𝐸𝑔 = 𝐸0 + 𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡
Where
Ein = energy inflow into the system, W.
Eg = energy generated in the system, W.
E0 = energy leaving the system.
Eint = change in internal energy of system.

6.4 Governing Differential equation for heat conduction

The governing differential will be derived for a three dimensional stationary system in certain
coordinates. Consider an elemental volume of a solid as shown in fig.
The energy balance for the elemental volume can be written as

[Heat in flow in time dt] + [ Heat generated within the body in time dt] = [ Heat leaving the
body in time dt] + [ Change in internal energy during dt]
(𝑄𝑥 + 𝑄𝑦 + 𝑄𝑧 )dt + 𝐺 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑡 = (𝑄𝑥+𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄𝑦+𝑑𝑦 + 𝑄𝑧+𝑑𝑧 )𝑑𝑡 +
𝜌𝑐 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑇 (1)

Where
G = rate of heat generated per unit volume, W/m3
dT = rise in temperature during dt 0C.
 = density of material, kg/m3
C = specific heat of the material
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
𝑄𝑥 = −𝐾𝑥 𝐴𝑥 𝜕𝑥 = −𝐾𝑥 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 𝜕𝑥

Where Qx is the heat flow into the face located at x, similarly,

Qx+dx = heat flow from the face located at x+dx
𝜕𝑄𝑥
= 𝑄𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇
= −𝑘𝑥 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 𝜕𝑥 − 𝜕𝑥 (𝑘𝑥 𝐴𝑥 𝜕𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇
= −𝑘𝑥 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 𝜕𝑥 − 𝜕𝑥 (𝑘𝑥 𝜕𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧

Where Kx is the thermal conductivity of the material in x-direction.

By writing down similar expression in the y and z directions and substituting in the energy
balance equation yields.(after dividing throughout dxdydzdt).
Putting in (1), we get
𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
(𝑘𝑥 ) + (𝑘𝑦 ) + (𝑘𝑧 ) + 𝐺 = 𝜌𝑐 (2)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡

This is the differential equation governing heat conduction in a solid body in which Kx, Ky, Kz
are different.
If the thermal conductivities in x, y, and z directions are assumed to be same 𝑘𝑥 = 𝑘𝑦 = 𝑘𝑧 =
𝑘 = constant as in an isotropic material, then equation (2) reduces to
𝜕 2 𝑇 𝜕 2 𝑇 𝜕 2 𝑇 𝐺 𝜌𝑐 𝜕𝑇
+ + + = (3)
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2 𝑘 𝑘 𝜕𝑡
𝐾
Where 𝜌𝑐 is denoted by 𝛼, thermal diffusivity whose unit are m2/s.

If there are no heat sources or sinks in body, equation (3) reduces to

𝜕 2 𝑇 𝜕 2 𝑇 𝜕 2 𝑇 1 𝜕𝑇
+ + =
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2 𝛼 𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝑇
If the body is in a steady state, the temperature is independent of time in which case is zero.
𝜕𝑡

Hence equation reduces to Poisson’s equation.

𝜕 2𝑇 𝜕 2𝑇 𝜕 2𝑇 𝐺
+ + + =0
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2 𝑘
If the body is in a steady state without heat sources, equation (1) reduces to Laplaces equation
𝜕 2𝑇 𝜕 2𝑇 𝜕 2𝑇
+ + =0
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2

6.4 Formulation of Finite Element method for heat conduction

In finite element method we consider a given region is composed of a number os subregions
called elements connected at the nodes at which the values have to be evaluated. In finite
element methods we assume a variation within an element methods and the continuous variable
is replaced by piece-wise continuous function defined in the element in terms of the nodal
values, where as in the finite difference method, we replace the differential coelfficient by a
differential equation.
By formulation of finite element method, we attempt to find a relation of various quantities in
the element in the form
[𝐾]{𝑇} = {𝑓}
Where [K] = stiffness matrix,
{f} = force vector,
{T} = solution.

6.5 Galerkin’s method for Quasi-Harmonic Equation-Heat conduction Equation

Steady State heat conduction equation is
𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇
(𝑘𝑥 ) + (𝑘𝑦 ) + (𝑘𝑧 ) + 𝐺 = 0 4
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥
With 𝑇 = 𝑇𝐵 on S1
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
𝐾𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑙 + 𝐾𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝑚 + 𝐾𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝑛 + 𝑞 + ℎ(𝑇 − 𝑇∞ ) = 0 on S2 where q is specified. S3 where h, T∞

are specified. L, m, n are direction cosine of outward normal to the boundary.

Let 𝑇~𝑇̅ = ∑𝑟𝑖=1 𝑁𝑖 𝑇𝑖 = [𝑇]{𝑇}

Applying Galerkin’s criterion,

𝜕 𝜕𝑇̅ 𝜕 𝜕𝑇̅ 𝜕 𝜕𝑇̅

∭ 𝑁𝑖 [ (𝑘𝑥 ) + (𝑘𝑦 ) + (𝑘𝑧 ) + 𝐺] 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 = 0 (5)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥
𝑉

Using by parts,
𝜕 𝜕𝑇̅
∭𝑉 𝑁𝑖 𝜕𝑥 (𝑘𝑥 𝜕𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧

𝜕𝑇̅ 𝜕𝑇̅ 𝜕𝑁𝑖

= ∬ 𝑁𝑖 𝑘𝑥 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 − ∭ 𝑘𝑥 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝑆 𝑉

𝜕𝑇̅ 𝜕[𝑁] 𝜕𝑁𝑖

= ∬ 𝑁𝑖 𝑘𝑥 . 𝑙 𝑑𝑠 − ∭ 𝑘𝑥 {𝑇} 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝑆 𝑉

Equation (5) takes the form

𝜕𝑇̅ 𝜕𝑇̅ 𝜕𝑇̅

∭ 𝐺𝑁𝑖 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 + ∬ 𝑁𝑖 (𝑘𝑥 𝑙 + 𝑘𝑦 𝑚 + 𝑘𝑧 𝑛) 𝑑𝑠
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑉 𝑆

𝜕[𝑁] 𝜕𝑁𝑖 𝜕[𝑁] 𝜕𝑁𝑖 𝜕[𝑁] 𝜕𝑁𝑖

− ∭ [𝑘𝑥 + 𝑘𝑦 + 𝑘𝑧 ] {𝑇̅}𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 = 0 (6)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝑉
But, from boundary condition equation
We have
𝜕𝑇 ̅ ̅
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 ̅
𝑘𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑙 + 𝑘𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝑚 + 𝑘𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝑛 = −𝑞 − ℎ(𝑇̅ − 𝑇∞ )

Hence equation (6) reduces to

∭ 𝐺𝑁𝑖 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 − ∬[−𝑞 − ℎ(𝑇̅ − 𝑇∞ )]𝑁𝑖 𝑑𝑠

𝑉 𝑆

𝜕[𝑁] 𝜕𝑁𝑖 𝜕[𝑁] 𝜕𝑁𝑖 𝜕[𝑁] 𝜕𝑁𝑖

− ∭ [𝑘𝑥 + 𝑘𝑦 + 𝑘𝑧 ] {𝑇̅}𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 = 0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝑉

Which can be written as [𝐾]{𝑇} = {𝑓}

Where [K] = stiffness matrix
{f} = force matrix
Hence
𝜕𝑁𝑖 𝜕𝑁𝑗 𝜕𝑁𝑖 𝜕𝑁𝑗 𝜕𝑁𝑖 𝜕𝑁𝑗
𝐾𝑖𝑗 = ∭𝑉 (𝑘𝑥 + 𝑘𝑦 + 𝑘𝑧 ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 + ∬𝑆 ℎ𝑁𝑖 𝑁𝑗 𝑑𝑠
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧

𝑖 = 1,2, … … 𝑛, 𝑗 = 1,2, … … 𝑛

𝑓𝑖 = ∭𝑉 𝐺𝑁𝑖 𝑑𝑣 − ∬𝑆 𝑞𝑁𝑖 𝑑𝑠 + ∬𝑠 ℎ𝑇∞ 𝑁𝑖 𝑑𝑠

{𝑇}𝑇 = {𝑇1 𝑇2 𝑇3 𝑇𝑛 }
The above equation can be recast in matrix form as

[𝐾] = ∭𝑉 [𝐵]𝑇 [𝐷][𝐵]𝑑𝑉 + ∬𝑆 ℎ[𝑁]𝑇 {𝑁}𝑑𝑠

Where [B] = gradient matrix
𝜕𝑁𝑖 𝜕𝑁𝑖 𝜕𝑁𝑖
……………..
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑁𝑖 𝜕𝑁𝑖 𝜕𝑁𝑖
[𝐵] = ……………….
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑁𝑖 𝜕𝑁𝑖 𝜕𝑁𝑖
[ 𝜕𝑥 …………………
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 ]
𝑘𝑥 0 0
and [𝐷] = [ 0 𝑘𝑦 0]
0 0 𝑘𝑧

{𝑓} = ∭ 𝐺[𝑁]𝑇 𝑑𝑣 − ∬ 𝑞[𝑁]𝑇 𝑑𝑠 + ∬ ℎ𝑇∞ [𝑁]𝑇 𝑑𝑠

𝑉 𝑆 𝑠

6.5.1 One Dimensional Heat Conduction

Consider a fin dissipating heat to the ambient which is defined in fig. What is the temperature
after some time? Use finite element method.
h, T

Tb q
bb

l
Assume for simplicity, a linear variation of temperature in element 𝑇 = 𝐶0 + 𝑚𝑥
𝑇𝑖 = 𝐶0 , at 𝑥 = 0
𝑇𝑗 = 𝐶0 + 𝑚𝑙 , at 𝑥 = 𝑙
𝑇𝑗 −𝑇𝑖
𝐶0 = 𝑇𝑖 , 𝑚 = 𝑙
𝑥
𝑇 = 𝑇𝑖 + (𝑇𝑗 − 𝑇𝑖 ) 𝑙
𝑥 𝑥
𝑇 = 𝑇𝑖 (1 − 𝑙 ) + 𝑇𝑗 𝑙 = 𝑇𝑖 𝑁𝑖 + 𝑇𝑗 𝑁𝑗 = [𝑁]{𝑇}

Where 𝑁𝑖 = (1 − 𝑥⁄𝑙 ), 𝑁𝑗 = 𝑥⁄𝑙 are shape functions.

Derive Stiffness matrix [K] and {f}

𝑇𝑖
𝑇 = [𝑁]{𝑇} = [𝑁𝑖 𝑁𝑗 ] {𝑇 }
𝑗

𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑁𝑖 𝑑𝑁𝑗 𝑇𝑖 1 1 𝑇𝑖
=[ ] {𝑇 } = [− ] {𝑇 }
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑗 𝑙 𝑙 𝑗

𝑑𝑁 𝑑𝑁𝑗 1 1
Thus [𝐵] = [ 𝑑𝑥𝑖 ] = [− 𝑙 ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑙

Stiffness matrix is given by

[𝐾] = ∭𝑉 [𝐵]𝑇 [𝐷][𝐵]𝑑𝑉 + ∬𝑆 ℎ[𝑁]𝑇 {𝑁}𝑑𝑠

Where [𝐷] = [𝑘𝑥 ]

1
− 1 1 𝑁𝑖
[𝐾] = ∫𝑙 [ 1𝑙 ] [𝑘𝑥 ] [− ] 𝐴𝑑𝑥 + ℎ [
𝑙 𝑙
∫𝑙 𝑁𝑗 ] [𝑁𝑖 𝑁𝑗 ]𝑃𝑑𝑥
𝑙

Where A = area of cross section and P = perimeter

𝐴𝑘𝑥 1 −1 𝑁𝑖 𝑁𝑖 𝑁𝑖 𝑁𝑗
[𝑘] = ∫𝑙 [ ] 𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑙 ℎ𝑃 [ ] 𝑑𝑥
𝑙2 −1 1 𝑁𝑖 𝑁𝑗 𝑁𝑗 𝑁𝑗
We know
𝑎!𝑏!
∫𝑙 𝐿𝑎𝑖 𝐿𝑗𝑏 𝑑𝑙 = (𝑎+𝑏+1)! 𝑙
1!1! 𝑙
Then, ∫𝑙 𝑁𝑖 𝑁𝑗 𝑑𝑙 = (1+1+1)! 𝑙 = 6
 2!0! 𝑙
∫𝑙 𝑁𝑖 𝑁𝑖 𝑑𝑙 = (2+0+1)! 𝑙 = 3
𝐴𝑘𝑥1 −1 ℎ𝑝𝑙 2 1 𝐴𝑘 1 −1 ℎ𝑝𝑙 2 1
[𝑘] = [ ] [𝑥]𝑙 + 6 [ ] = 𝑙𝑥[ ]+ 6 [ ]
𝑙2−1 1 1 2 −1 1 1 2
Force vector given by

{𝑓} = ∭𝑉 𝐺[𝑁]𝑇 𝑑𝑣 − ∬𝑆 𝑞[𝑁]𝑇 𝑑𝑠 + ∬𝑠 ℎ𝑇∞ [𝑁]𝑇 𝑑𝑠

𝑁𝑖 𝑁𝑖 𝑁𝑖
= ∫𝑙 𝐺 [𝑁 ] 𝐴𝑑𝑥 − ∬𝐴 𝑞 [𝑁 ] 𝑑𝐴 + ∫𝑙 ℎ𝑇∞ [𝑁 ] 𝑃𝑑𝑥
𝑗 𝑗 𝑗

1!0! 𝑙
∫𝑙 𝑁𝑖 𝑑𝑥 = (1+0+1)! 𝑙 = 2

{𝑓} =
𝐺𝐴𝑙 1 0 𝑙 1
{ } − 𝑞 { } 𝐴 + ℎ𝑇∞ 𝑃 { }
2 1 1 2 1

𝑎!𝑏!𝑐!
Since ∬𝐴 𝐿𝑎𝑖 𝐿𝑗𝑏 𝐿𝑐𝑘 𝑑𝐴 = (𝑎+𝑏+𝑐+2)! 2𝐴
1! 𝐴
∬𝐴 𝑁𝑖 𝑑𝐴 = (1+2)! 2𝐴 = 3

𝑇𝑖
Finally, [𝐾] {𝑇 } = {𝑓}
𝑗

6.5.2 Two Dimensional Heat conduction problem

For 2D heat conduction problem consider triangular element. So we have three nodes for each
element. Let approximate solution be
𝑇 = [𝑁]{𝑇} = 𝑁𝑖 𝑇𝑖 + 𝑁𝑗 𝑇𝑗 + 𝑁𝑘 𝑇𝑘
1
Where 𝑁𝑖 = 2𝐴 (𝑐𝑖 + 𝑏𝑖 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑖 𝑦)
1
𝑁𝑖 = 2𝐴 (𝑐𝑖 + 𝑏𝑖 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑖 𝑦)
1
𝑁𝑗 = 2𝐴 (𝑐𝑗 + 𝑏𝑗 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑗 𝑦)
1
𝑁𝑘 = 2𝐴 (𝑐𝑘 + 𝑏𝑘 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑘 𝑦)

𝑐𝑖 = 𝑥𝑗 𝑦𝑘 − 𝑥𝑘 𝑦𝑗 𝑏𝑖 = 𝑦𝑗 − 𝑦𝑘 𝑎𝑘 = 𝑥𝑘 − 𝑥𝑗
𝑐𝑗 = 𝑥𝑘 𝑦𝑖 − 𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑘 𝑏𝑗 = 𝑦𝑘 − 𝑦𝑖 𝑎𝑘 = 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥𝑘
𝑐𝑘 = 𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑗 − 𝑥𝑗 𝑦𝑖 𝑏𝑘 = 𝑦𝑖 − 𝑦𝑗 𝑎𝑘 = 𝑥𝑗 − 𝑥𝑖
𝑁𝑖 = 𝐿𝑖 , 𝑁𝑗 = 𝐿𝑗 , 𝑁𝑘 = 𝐿𝑘
𝑑𝑁𝑖 𝑑𝑁𝑗 𝑑𝑁𝑘
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑏 𝑏𝑗 𝑏𝑘
[𝐵] = [𝑑𝑁 𝑑𝑁𝑗 𝑑𝑁𝑘 ] = 2𝐴 [𝑎𝑖 𝑎𝑗 𝑎𝑘 ]
𝑖 𝑖
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦

𝑘𝑥 0
[𝐷] = [ ]
0 𝑘𝑦
 1 𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑖
2𝐴 = |1 𝑥𝑗 𝑦𝑗 |
1 𝑥𝑘 𝑦𝑘

[𝑘] = ∭𝑣 [𝐵]𝑇 [𝐷][𝐵]𝑑𝑉 + ∬𝑆 ℎ[𝑁]𝑇 [𝑁]𝑑𝑠

𝑏𝑖 𝑎𝑖 𝑁𝑖
1 𝑘 0 𝑏𝑖 𝑏𝑗 𝑏𝑘 1
= ∬𝐴 2𝐴 [ 𝑏𝑗 𝑎𝑗 ] [ 𝑥 ][ 𝑁
0 𝑘𝑦 𝑎𝑖 𝑎𝑗 𝑎𝑘 ] 2𝐴 𝑡𝑑𝐴 + ∫𝑙𝑖𝑘 ℎ { 𝑗 } [𝑁𝑖 𝑁𝑗 𝑁𝑘 ]𝑡𝑑𝑙
𝑏𝑘 𝑎𝑘 𝑁𝑘
Where t is thickness
𝑏𝑖 𝑏𝑖 𝑏𝑖 𝑏𝑗 𝑏𝑖 𝑏𝑘 𝑎𝑖 𝑎𝑖 𝑎𝑖 𝑎𝑗 𝑎𝑖 𝑎𝑘 2 0 1
𝑡
[𝑘] = [𝑘𝑥 [ 𝑏𝑗 𝑏𝑖 𝑏𝑗 𝑏𝑗 𝑏𝑗 𝑏𝑘 ] + 𝑘𝑦 [ 𝑎𝑗 𝑎𝑖 𝑎𝑗 𝑎𝑗 𝑎𝑗 𝑎𝑘 ]] + ℎ𝑡𝑙𝑖𝑘 [0 0 0]
4𝐴 6
𝑏𝑘 𝑏𝑖 𝑏𝑘 𝑏𝑗 𝑏𝑘 𝑏𝑘 𝑎𝑘 𝑎𝑖 𝑎𝑘 𝑎𝑗 𝑎𝑘 𝑎𝑘 1 0 2

𝑁𝑖 𝑁𝑖 𝑁𝑖
{𝑓} = ∬𝐴 𝐺 { 𝑁𝑗 } 𝑡𝑑𝑙 − ∫𝑙 𝑞 { 𝑁𝑗 } 𝑡𝑑𝑙 + ∫𝑙 ℎ𝑇∞ { 𝑁𝑗 } 𝑡𝑑𝑙
𝑗𝑘 𝑖𝑘
𝑁𝑘 𝑁𝑘 𝑁𝑘

𝑙 1 0 𝑙 1
= 𝐺𝐴 {1} − 𝑞𝑡𝑙 {1} + ℎ𝑇∞ 𝑡 {0}
3 2
1 1 1

6.5.3 Three Dimensional Heat conduction problem

Consider 3D element tetrahedron, Element characteristics are
𝑇 = [𝑁]{𝑇} = 𝑁𝑖 𝑇𝑖 + 𝑁𝑗 𝑇𝑗 + 𝑁𝑘 𝑇𝑘 + 𝑁𝑚 𝑇𝑚
1
𝑁𝑖 = 6𝑉 (𝐴𝑖 + 𝐵𝑖 𝑥 + 𝐶𝑖 𝑦 + 𝐷𝑖 𝑧)
𝑥𝑗 𝑦𝑗 𝑧𝑗 1 𝑦𝑗 𝑧𝑗
Where 𝐴𝑖 = 𝑑𝑒𝑡 |𝑥𝑚 𝑦𝑚 𝑧𝑚 | 𝐵𝑖 = −𝑑𝑒𝑡 |1 𝑦𝑚 𝑧𝑚 |
𝑥𝑝 𝑥𝑝 𝑥𝑝 1 𝑥𝑝 𝑥𝑝
𝑥𝑗 1 𝑧𝑗 𝑥𝑗 𝑦𝑗 1
𝐶𝑖 = −𝑑𝑒𝑡 |𝑥𝑚 1 𝑧𝑚 | 𝐷𝑖 = −𝑑𝑒𝑡 |𝑥𝑚 𝑦𝑚 1|
𝑥𝑝 1 𝑥𝑝 𝑥𝑝 𝑥𝑝 1
We know that
𝑎!𝑏!𝑐!𝑑!
∭𝑣 𝐿𝑎𝑖 𝐿𝑗𝑏 𝐿𝑐𝑝 𝐿𝑑𝑚 𝑑𝑉 = (𝑎+𝑏+𝑐+𝑑+3)!
6𝑉

𝐵𝑖 𝐵𝑗 𝐵𝑝 𝐵𝑚
1
[𝐵] = [ 𝐶𝑖 𝐶𝑗 𝐶𝑝 𝐶𝑚 ]
6𝑉
𝐷𝑖 𝐷𝑗 𝐷𝑝 𝐷𝑚
 𝐵𝑖 𝐵𝑖 𝐵𝑖 𝐵𝑗 𝐵𝑖 𝐵𝑝 𝐵𝑖 𝐵𝑚
𝑘𝑥 𝐵𝑗 𝐵𝑗 𝐵𝑗 𝐵𝑝 𝐵𝑗 𝐵𝑚
∬[𝐵]𝑇 [𝐷][𝐵]𝑑𝑉 = 𝐵𝑝 𝐵𝑝 𝐵𝑝 𝐵𝑚
36𝑉
𝑉
[𝑠𝑦𝑚. 𝐵𝑚 𝐵𝑚 ]

𝐶𝑖 𝐶𝑖 𝐶𝑖 𝐶𝑗 𝐶𝑖 𝐶𝑝 𝐶𝑖 𝐶𝑚 𝐷𝑖 𝐷𝑖 𝐷𝑖 𝐷𝑗 𝐷𝑖 𝐷𝑝 𝐷𝑖 𝐷𝑚
𝑘𝑦 𝐶𝑗 𝐶𝑗 𝐶𝑗 𝐶𝑝 𝐶𝑗 𝐶𝑚 𝑘
𝐷𝑗 𝐷𝑗 𝐷𝑗 𝐷𝑝 𝐷𝑗 𝐷𝑚
𝑍
+ 36𝑉 𝐶𝑝 𝐶𝑝 𝐶𝑝 𝐶𝑚 +36𝑉 𝐷𝑝 𝐷𝑝 𝐷𝑝 𝐷𝑚
[𝑠𝑦𝑚. 𝐶𝑚 𝐶𝑚 ] [𝑠𝑦𝑚. 𝐷𝑚 𝐷𝑚 ]

0 0 0 0
ℎ𝑠
2 1 [0 1]
𝑗𝑚𝑝
∬ ℎ[𝑁]𝑇 [𝑁]𝑑𝑠 =
1 2 12 0 1
𝑆 1 1 0 2
1 0
𝑇 𝐺𝑉 1 𝑇 ℎ𝑇∞ 𝑠𝑗𝑚𝑝 1
∬𝑉 𝐺 [𝑁] 𝑑𝑉 = 4 {1} and ∬𝑆 ℎ𝑇∞ [𝑁] 𝑑𝑠 = { }
3 1
1 1

Exercise
1. Derive one dimensional steady state heat conduction equation.
2. Calculate the force vector for 2-D heat conduction problem with triangular elements
(consider q, T on boundary, h).
3. Calculate the temperature distribution in stainless steel fin of 10cm length in which 𝑇 =
1100 𝐶 on one side and 𝑞 = 0.0625 in opposite site. Where
ℎ = 0.0025w/cm2, air temperature is 250 C. The region is discretized into 3 elements (circle
with 1 cm radius).
4. Calculate the shape function for triangular element for 2D heat conduction problem
5. Find the stiffness vector [k] for 1-D heat conduction problem with linear element.
6. Find the shape function for 3-D heat conduction problem.
7. Calculate the stiffness matrix using Galerkin’s method for transient heat conduction
𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
problem (𝑘𝑥 𝜕𝑥 ) + 𝜕𝑦 (𝑘𝑦 𝜕𝑦) + 𝜕𝑧 (𝑘𝑧 𝜕𝑧 ) + 𝐺 = 𝜌𝑐 𝜕𝑡 with boundary condition 𝑇 = 𝑇𝐵
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
on S1 , 𝑘𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑙 + 𝑘𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑚 + 𝑘𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑞 = 0 on S2 where q is specified, 𝑘𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑙 + 𝑘𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑚 +
𝜕𝑇
𝑘𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑛 + ℎ(𝑇 − 𝑇∞ ) = 0 on S3 and

𝑇 = 𝑇𝑖 where t =0.
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