A RESEARCH IN THE SUBJECT:

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

College of Engineering and Architecture

RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY- BONI CAMPUS

DR. GODOFREDO C. CALASADO

ANGELICA ANN JOY B. BALANAY

CEIT-09-301A

AUGUST 2023
TABLE OF CONTENTS:

Gustav Kirchhoff History ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 03

Gustav Kirchhoff's Laws ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 03

Nodal’s Theorem ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 05

Thevinin’s Theorem ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 06

Superposition’s Theorem …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 07

Star to delta, delta to star transformation ………………………………………………………………….. 07

REFERENCES ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 09

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Gustav Kirchhoff History

On March 12, 1824, a German physicist was born in Konigsberg, Prussia. His first research topic
was electricity conduction. Kirchhoff developed the Laws of Closed Electric Circuits in 1845 as a
result of his research. Kirchhoff's Voltage and Current Laws are the names given to these laws
after he was named.

Understanding the fundamentals of these laws is critical in understanding how an electronic

circuit works because they apply to all electric circuits. Kirchhoff's laws have been immortalized
in Electrical Engineering, but he has made additional discoveries.

Gustav Kirchhoff's Laws

Kirchhoff's current and voltage laws are central to circuit analysis. We have the basic tool set
we need to begin analyzing circuits with these two laws and the equations for individual
components (resistor, capacitor, inductor).

Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) is Kirchhoff's first law that deals with charge conservation as it
enters and exits a junction. Gustav Kirchhoff's Current Law is a fundamental law used in circuit
analysis. According to his current law, the total current entering a circuit's junction is equal to
the total current leaving the same junction for a parallel path. This is due to the fact that no
charge is lost and it has nowhere else to go.

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Figured 01.

Kirchhoff's concept is called Conservation of Charge because the current remains around the
junction with no recent loss. A node is a junction that connects two or more current-carrying
routes, such as cables and other components. Parallel circuits can also be analyzed using
Kirchhoff's current law. Kirchhoff's current law can be used to calculate the currents flowing
through more complex circuits. We should all know by now that the algebraic sum of all the
currents at a node (junction point) equals zero, so determining the currents entering and
leaving the node is a simple matter. Consider the following circuit.

The Voltage Law of Gustav Kirchhoff is the second of his fundamental laws that we can apply
to circuit analysis. His voltage law states that the algebraic sum of all voltages around a closed
loop in a circuit corresponds to zero for a series path through a closed loop. This is due to the
fact that a circuit loop is a closed conducting path, so no energy is lost. This Kirchhoff idea is
commonly known as the Conservation of Energy, because moving around a closed loop, or
circuit, will return you to where you started in the circuit and thus back to the same initial
potential with no voltage loss around the loop. As a result, any voltage drops encountered
along the way must be equal to any voltage sources encountered.

Figured 02.

When you start at any point in the loop and continue in the same direction, you will notice that
the voltage drops in all negative and positive directions and returns to the same point. The
direction must be kept either in the opposite direction or clockwise; if not the final voltage
value will not be zero. The voltage law can also be used to analyze series circuits.

When analyzing AC or DC circuits using Kirchhoff's circuit laws, you must be familiar with all of
the terminologies and definitions that describe circuit components such as paths, nodes,
meshes, and loops.

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Nodal’s Theorem

The nodal theorem in electrical engineering states that the current between two nodes is equal
to the voltage of the node where the current exits divided by the resistance between the
nodes.

It is a technique for determining the potential difference between the elements or branches of
an electric circuit. The voltage at each node of the circuit is defined using this method. There
are two kinds of nodes in this method. There are two types of nodes: non-reference nodes and
reference nodes.

Since the node voltages are with respect to ground, this method is also known as the node-
voltage method. The three laws that define the equation for the voltage determined between
each circuit node are as follows:

❖ Ohm's principle
❖ The Kirchhoff voltage law
❖ Kirchhoff's current law
When analyzing a circuit with Kirchhoff's circuit laws, one can perform nodal analysis using
Kirchhoff's current law (KCL) or mesh analysis using Kirchhoff's voltage law (KVL). At each
electrical node, nodal analysis generates an equation that requires the branch currents incident
at that node to sum to zero.

The current expression is written with the assumption that the node potentials are always
greater than the other voltages in the equations. Just like the example below:

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Voltage Analysis determines the voltage potentials around the circuit using the "Nodal"
equations of Kirchhoff's first law.

So, when all of these nodal voltages are added together, the net result is zero. Then, if the
circuit has "n" nodes, there will be "n-1" independent nodal equations, which are sufficient to
describe and thus solve the circuit.

Write down Kirchhoff's first law equation at each node point, which states that "the currents
entering a node are exactly equal in value to the currents leaving the node," and then express
each current in terms of the voltage across the branch. For "n" nodes, one will serve as the
reference node, and all other voltages will be referenced or measured in relation to this
common node.

Nodal Voltage Analysis Circuit

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Thevinin’s Theorem

According to Thevenin's Theorem, any complicated network with load terminals can be
replaced by a voltage source with one resistance in series. This theorem aids in the
investigation of the variation of current in a specific branch when the resistance of the branch is
varied while the rest of the network remains constant.

A more general statement of Thevenin's Theorem is that any linear active network with
independent or dependent voltage and current sources and network elements can be replaced
by an equivalent circuit with a voltage source connected in series with a resistance.

The voltage source is the open-circuited voltage across the open-circuited load terminals, and
the resistance is the source's internal resistance.

Thevenin's theorem can be applied to both alternating current and direct current circuits.
However, it should be noted that this method is only applicable to alternating current circuits
with linear elements such as resistors, inductors, and capacitors. Thevenin's equivalent
impedance, like Thevenin's equivalent resistance, is calculated by replacing all voltage sources
with their internal impedances.

Superposition’s Theorem

The Superposition Theorem is applied to complex networks with multiple energy sources. It is
critical to calculate the effect of each source individually to determine voltage and current
across the elements. Then add the effects of all sources to get the circuit element's actual
voltage and current.

The superposition theorem employs the strategy of removing all but one source of power from
a network at a time. Then, for each power source, we use series and parallel circuit analysis
techniques to determine voltage drops and currents within the modified network.

This process is then repeated sequentially for each voltage and current source in the system,
evaluating the circuit individually. After each individual analysis is completed, the voltage and
current values are "superimposed" (added algebraically) on top of each other to determine the
actual voltage drops and currents with all sources active.

Prerequisites for Using the Superposition Theorem

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It is important to note that the superposition theorem only applies to circuits that can be
reduced to series and/or parallel combinations when each power source is evaluated
separately. As a result, it is useless for analyzing an unbalanced bridge circuit, for example.

Another limitation of the superposition theorem is when it is applied to linear circuits with no
mathematical exponents or roots in all of the underlying equations. This is true for the vast
majority of circuits encountered in electrical engineering.

Star to delta, delta to star transformation

The three branches in an electrical system can be connected in a variety of ways, the most
common of which are star or delta. Three branches are connected in a delta connection to form
a closed loop. When these three branches are connected nose to tail, they form a triangular
closed loop, which is known as a delta connection. A star connection is formed when either
terminal of three branches is connected to a common point to form a Y-shaped pattern. These
star and delta connections, however, can be converted from one form to another. A delta-to-
star or star-to-delta transformation is frequently required to simplify a complex network.

We all understand the basics of a series, parallel, or combination of series and parallel
connection, but Y- is a slightly more complex configuration of components. Three wires are
used in three-phase networks, which are typically connected in a star and delta configuration.
The three-phase supply or the load connected in either configuration can be converted into
their equivalent counterparts. We use such conversion to simplify the mathematical
calculations required for a complex electrical network's circuit analysis.

When three branches or impedances are connected together at a common point, a Star-
connected network is formed. The branch networks' other ends are free.

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The delta-star transformation refers to the replacement of a delta or mesh connection with an
equivalent star connection. If the impedance between any two lines is measured, the two
connections are equivalent or identical. That is, regardless of whether the delta or its
equivalent star is connected between the lines, the value of impedance will be the same if
measured between any pair of lines.

A set of electrical formulas can be used to convert a delta-connected network into a star
configuration. Let us now calculate the equation for each impedance.

References:

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Kirchhoff's Laws - Kirchhoff's Current Law, Kirchhoff's Voltage Law, Solved Example and FAQs
(byjus.com)

Kirchhoff's Current Law, (KCL) and Junction Rule (electronics-tutorials.ws)

Khan Academy

Kirchhoff's Voltage Law and the Conservation of Energy (electronics-tutorials.ws)

https://i.ytimg.com/vi/EAK0_lKJhgM/maxresdefault.jpg

Nodal Voltage Analysis and Nodal Analysis (electronics-tutorials.ws)

Nodal analysis - Wikipedia

What is Nodal Voltage Analysis Method? - Circuit Globe

Nodal Analysis - Definition, Types, Steps And Examples (byjus.com)

What is a Thevenin's Theorem? - Equivalent Circuit - Circuit Globe

Thevenin's Theorem - Explanation, Solved Examples, Limitations (byjus.com)

Superposition Theorem | DC Network Analysis | Electronics Textbook (allaboutcircuits.com)

Superposition Theorem – Circuit Analysis with Solved Example (electricaltechnology.org)

Superposition Theorem | Applications & Limitations | Electricalvoice

Star to Delta & Delta to Star Conversion. Y-Δ Transformation (electricaltechnology.org)

Star To Delta Conversion: Transformation, Diagram & Formula (electrical4u.com)

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