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Solving Homogeneous Linear Recurrence Relations

The document discusses linear recurrence relations with constant coefficients, including key concepts, solving homogeneous and non-homogeneous relations, and examples like the Fibonacci sequence and population growth. It also provides potential project ideas like implementing a solver, creating visualizations, or modeling real-world applications.

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Rudra Meher
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11 views

Solving Homogeneous Linear Recurrence Relations

The document discusses linear recurrence relations with constant coefficients, including key concepts, solving homogeneous and non-homogeneous relations, and examples like the Fibonacci sequence and population growth. It also provides potential project ideas like implementing a solver, creating visualizations, or modeling real-world applications.

Uploaded by

Rudra Meher
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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‭ bsolutely!

Let's delve into linear recurrence relations with constant coefficients – a perfect topic‬
A
‭for your college math project.‬

‭Key Concepts‬

‭●‬ F
‭ orm:‬‭A linear recurrence relation with constant coefficients‬‭expresses the current term (‬‭a‬‭n*)‬
‭of a sequence as a linear combination of previous terms with fixed coefficients:‬
a*n* = *c*1*a*n-1* + *c*2*a*n-2* + ... + *c*k*a*n-k*‬
‭

‭●‬ O ‭ rder:‬‭The 'order' of the relation is determined by‬‭the largest difference between indices of‬
‭the terms involved (this is‬‭k‬‭in the equation above).‬
‭●‬ ‭Homogeneous:‬‭If the right-hand side of the equation‬‭consists only of the linear combination‬
‭of previous terms, it's called homogeneous.‬
‭●‬ ‭Non-Homogeneous:‬‭If a non-zero function of‬‭n‬‭(‬‭F(n)‬‭)‬‭is included on the right-hand side, it's‬
‭called non-homogeneous.‬

‭Solving Homogeneous Linear Recurrence Relations‬

‭1.‬ C ‭ haracteristic Equation:‬


‭○‬ ‭Replace each term‬‭a‭i‬* with‬‭r‬‭^(i)*.‬
‭○‬ ‭This gives you a polynomial equation like:‬‭r‭^‬ (k)*‬‭-‬‭c‬‭1‬‭r‭^‬ (k-1)* - ... -‬‭c‬‭k* = 0‬
‭2.‬ ‭Roots of the Characteristic Equation‬
‭○‬ ‭Distinct real roots:‬‭If you have‬‭k‬‭distinct roots‬‭(r1, r2, ... rk), the general solution is:‬
‭■‬ ‭a‭n
‬ ‬‭= A1‬‭r1‬‭^(n)* + A2‬‭r2‬‭^(n)* + ... + Ak‬‭rk‬‭^(n)*‬
‭○‬ ‭Repeated roots:‬‭If a root‬‭r‬‭is repeated‬‭m‬‭times, its‬‭contribution to the solution is:‬
‭■‬ ‭(A1 + A2‬‭n + ... + Am‬‭n‭^‬ (m-1))r^(n)‬
‭○‬ ‭In both cases, the constants A1, A2, etc. are determined by your initial conditions.‬

‭Solving Non-Homogeneous Linear Recurrence Relations‬

‭1.‬ H ‭ omogeneous Solution:‬‭Solve the related homogeneous‬‭recurrence relation (setting‬‭F(n)‬


‭to zero) as described above.‬
‭2.‬ ‭Particular Solution:‬‭Find a solution that works for‬‭the non-homogeneous part. Common‬
‭techniques include:‬
‭○‬ ‭Method of Undetermined Coefficients:‬‭Guess the solution's‬‭form based on‬‭F(n)‬‭.‬
‭○‬ ‭Variation of Parameters:‬‭This is a more general method‬‭if the method of undetermined‬
‭coefficients fails.‬
‭3.‬ ‭Combine Solutions:‬‭Add the homogeneous and particular‬‭solutions to get the complete‬
‭solution for the non-homogeneous recurrence relation.‬

‭Examples‬

‭●‬ F ‭ ibonacci Sequence:‬


‭○‬ ‭Recurrence:‬‭F‭n ‬ * =‬‭F‭n
‬ -1* +‬‭F‭n
‬ -2*‬
‭○‬ ‭Characteristic equation:‬‭r‭²‬ -‬‭r‬‭- 1 = 0‬
‭○‬ ‭Solve to find the roots, giving you the general solution.‬
‭●‬ ‭Population Growth:‬
‭‬ R
○ ‭ ecurrence:‬‭P‭n
‬ * = 1.2‬‭P‭n
‬ -1* - 500 (population increases by 20% but has a fixed decrease)‬
‭○‬ ‭Characteristic equation, homogenous solution, and particular solution techniques apply.‬

‭Project Ideas‬

‭●‬ I‭mplement a solver:‬‭Write a program that takes a linear‬‭recurrence relation (homogeneous‬


‭or non-homogeneous) and initial values as input, and then outputs the closed-form solution.‬
‭●‬ ‭Visualization:‬‭Plot the solutions to various recurrence‬‭relations, illustrating the impact of‬
‭different coefficients and initial conditions.‬
‭●‬ ‭Real-world applications:‬‭Model a phenomenon like population‬‭growth or loan interest using‬
‭a recurrence relation. Analyze its behavior and make predictions.‬

‭ et me know if you'd like help tackling a specific project idea, need more advanced‬
L
‭examples, or want to explore the theoretical proofs behind the solution methods!‬

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