Objectives:

The objectives of this study are to:

1. Analyze the output characteristics of an open-loop control system to understand its
response to a step input and identify inherent limitations.

2. Investigate the output behavior of a closed-loop control system without a PID controller,
focusing on stability, accuracy, and response dynamics.

3. Explore the impact of introducing a PID controller on the closed-loop system, aiming to
improve performance metrics such as overshoot, settling time, and steady-state error.

4. Compare and contrast the output characteristics of open-loop and closed-loop systems,
both with and without a PID controller, to assess the effectiveness of PID control in
enhancing system performance.

Introduction:
Control systems are essential in engineering, regulating dynamic systems for desired behavior.
Open-loop and closed-loop control systems form foundational concepts, employed in aerospace,
robotics, automotive, and industrial processes. This study delves into these systems' intricacies,
examining output characteristics and exploring the impact of Proportional-Integral-Derivative
(PID) controllers on performance.
Open-loop systems lack feedback mechanisms, operating without adjustments based on output
monitoring. While simple, they exhibit limitations in adapting to changes and disturbances.
Closed-loop systems, incorporating feedback, enhance stability, accuracy, and responsiveness. A
controller compares system output with a reference input, generating an error signal for
adjustments, addressing open-loop limitations.
PID controllers play a vital role in closed-loop systems, combining proportional, integral, and
derivative actions for precise output regulation. This study aims to comprehensively explore
open-loop and closed-loop system characteristics, examining individual merits and limitations. It
investigates system behavior without PID influence and introduces PID controllers to observe
their transformative impact. MATLAB Simulink simulations quantify and analyze performance
metrics, providing insights for theoretical understanding and practical applications in control
system design.
Through this exploration, the study addresses the roles of PID controllers in minimizing steady-
state error, reducing overshoot, and improving transient response. The insights gained are crucial
for engineers and researchers engaged in designing and optimizing control systems for real-
world applications.
Simulation & Result Analysis:
Open Loop Without PID:

Fig 1: Open Loop Without PID Diagram

Fig 2: Open Loop without PID Input graph and output graph.

From these figures we can say that open-loop control system is a system where the output is not
directly influenced by the input. It operates based on a predefined set of instructions without
considering the actual output. Open-loop systems are simple but lack the ability to adapt to
changes or disturbances.
Open Loop with PID:

Fig. 3: Open Loop with PID Diagram

Fig. 4: Open Loop with PID Graph of input step signal, PID signal and transfer function
output signal.
From this 3 and 4 figure we can say, that open-loop control system can be enhanced by
incorporating a Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller. The PID controller uses
feedback from the system's output to adjust the input and improve overall system performance.
Proportional (P) term: Adjusts the input proportionally to the error. Integral (I) term: Integrates
past errors to eliminate steady-state error. Derivative (D) term: Predicts future errors and reduces
overshoot. Improved system response and stability. Reduced steady-state error. Better
adaptability to changes and disturbances.
Closed Loop without PID:

Figure 5: Closed Loop without PID Diagram.

Figure 6: Closed Loop without PID input and output graph.

From the output result We can say that in a closed-loop control system without a PID
(Proportional-Integral-Derivative) controller, the control action is based solely on feedback from
the system output. The essential components of a closed-loop system include a process or plant,
a feedback sensor, a controller, and an actuator. The objective is to regulate the system output
and minimize the error between the desired setpoint and the actual output.
Closed Loop with PID:

Figure 7: Closed Loop with PID Diagram

Figure 8: Closed Loop with PID Diagram input signal, PID controller signal and transfer
function signal graph.
From these figures we can see in a closed-loop control system with a PID controller, the control
action is enhanced by incorporating proportional, integral, and derivative terms. This allows for
more sophisticated and adaptive control, addressing some of the limitations of a simple
proportional control system.
 Figure 9: Closed Loop with PID Diagram ideal tuning for the transfer function to get
desire output.
Tuning a PID controller in MATLAB Simulink involves adjusting the controller parameters to
achieve the desired closed-loop system performance. The primary goal is to optimize the
Proportional (P), Integral (I), and Derivative (D) gains to achieve stability, fast response, and
minimal overshoot. Fine-tune the PID gains to achieve the desired balance between speed of
response, stability, and minimal overshoot.

Figure 10: Closed Loop with PID Diagram ideal tuning values of the tuning tools.

MATLAB Simulink offers several tuning methods, including manual tuning, Ziegler-Nichols,
and model-based methods. Choose the method that suits your application. MATLAB Simulink
offers automatic tuning tools, such as the PID Tuner app, which can automatically adjust PID
gains based on system analysis. This tool can be accessed by right-clicking on the PID Controller
block and selecting "Tune using PID Tuner."
 Figure 11: The result of that system where we get the ideal values of P, I and D for closed
loop control system with PID controller.

After The tuning process involves trade-offs, and careful consideration is needed to achieve a
balance between system stability, response time, and overshooting. Additionally, the specific
tuning approach may vary depending on the characteristics of the controlled system. And we get
our desire Output result.

Conclusion:
When the output of the system does not require strict regulation, open loop control systems, a
straightforward kind of control system, can be employed. On the other hand, PID controllers are
more efficient than open loop control methods at controlling a system's output. PID controllers
can aid in enhancing a system's output tracking, disturbance rejection, and regulation. The study
offers insightful information about the output properties of closed-loop and open-loop control
systems. The performance of closed-loop systems is much enhanced upon the installation of a
PID controller, indicating the significance of PID controllers in real control applications.
Subsequent research endeavors may concentrate on refining PID controller settings, investigating
sophisticated control techniques, and implementing the discoveries in practical systems.