ENGINEERING

MECHANICS 2

COURSE CODE: ES202

LEC: 2 Units
 RESULTANT WORK
VARIABLE FORCES
The main application of this principle is a
If ∑ 𝐅 is variable, then it should be
SPRING (or a material that exhibits stiffness)
expressed as a function of displacement
in which the force is directly proportional to
𝒔 before quantifying the value of work.
the displacement.
𝑭 Stiffness – the ability of a material to resist deformation.

𝑾= 𝑭𝒅𝒔

Hooke’s Law:
where:
𝒌 – material stiffness
 RESULTANT WORK
VARIABLE FORCES
The resultant work for a spring is equal to the AREA of the FORCE-DISPLACEMENT diagram or by
EVALUATING THE INTEGRAL of work-energy equation.

BY AREA:
𝑭
𝒔
𝟐
𝟎
𝑭 = 𝒌𝒔
BY INTEGRATION:

𝒔 𝒔
𝒔 𝟐
𝒔 𝟎 𝟎

“the lower limit of displacement is zero – it means that the reference point is the free length of the spring”
 RESULTANT WORK
VARIABLE FORCES
The Force-Displacement Diagram can also be used in determining the work required to
stretch a spring from an initial 𝒔𝟏 deformation to a larger deformation 𝟐

𝑭
BY AREA:

𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
𝟐 𝟏
𝟏

𝒔
𝟏 𝟐
 RESULTANT WORK
VARIABLE FORCES
It is noted that the work done of the spring
is dependent only to its change in length
𝑷 = 𝒌𝒔 𝒐𝒓 𝑭 = 𝒌𝒔 BY AREA:
or deformation and independent to any 𝑭 𝑭 = 𝒌𝒔𝟏
rotation of the spring. 𝒌𝒔𝟏 + 𝒌𝒔𝟐
𝒍𝒃 𝑾= (𝒔𝟐 − 𝒔𝟏 )
𝑭 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒙 𝟏𝒊𝒏 𝟐
𝒊𝒏
𝑭 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒍𝒃 𝟏𝟎𝒍𝒃 + 𝟑𝟎𝒍𝒃
Free Length = 2in 𝑾= (𝟐")
K = 10 lb/in
𝟐
𝟏𝟎 𝒍𝒃 𝟑𝟎 𝒍𝒃 𝟏𝒇𝒕
𝑾 = 𝟒𝟎 𝒍𝒃 − 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒉 𝒙
𝟑" 𝟏𝟐𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒉𝒆𝒔
𝒔
𝟓" 𝒔𝟏 = 𝟏" ∆𝒔 = 𝟐" 𝒔𝟐 = 𝟑"
2 𝑾 = 𝟑. 𝟑𝟑 𝒍𝒃 − 𝒇𝒕
𝑭 = 𝒌𝒔𝟐
𝒍𝒃
1 𝟒" 𝒔𝟐 = 𝟓"− 2" = 𝟑" 𝑭 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒙 𝟑𝒊𝒏
𝒊𝒏
𝒔𝟏 = 𝟑"− 2" = 𝟏" 𝑭 = 𝟑𝟎 𝒍𝒃
 RESULTANT WORK
VARIABLE FORCES
𝑭𝑻 = 𝑭𝟏 + 𝑭𝟐 . . . +𝑭𝒏

𝑭 = 𝒌𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒔𝑻 = 𝒔𝟏 = 𝒔𝟐 . . . = 𝒔𝒏
SPRING’S CONFIGURATION 𝒌𝑻 𝒔𝑻 = 𝒌𝟏 𝒔𝟏 + 𝒌𝟐 𝒔𝟐 . . . +𝒌𝒏 𝒔𝒏
1. Springs in Parallel 𝒌𝑻 = 𝒌𝟏 + 𝒌𝟐 . . . +𝒌𝒏
𝑭𝑻 𝑭𝑻 𝑭𝑻

𝒔𝑻 = 𝒔𝟏 = 𝒔𝟐 = 𝒔𝟑
𝒌𝟏 𝒌𝟐 𝒌𝟑
𝑭𝟏 𝑭𝟐 𝑭𝟑

Total Force: Total Deformation: Total Stiffness:

𝑭𝑻 = 𝑭𝟏 + 𝑭𝟐 . . . +𝑭𝒏 𝒔𝑻 = 𝒔𝟏 = 𝒔𝟐 . . . = 𝒔𝒏 𝒌𝑻 = 𝒌𝟏 + 𝒌𝟐 . . . +𝒌𝒏
 RESULTANT WORK
VARIABLE FORCES
𝑭
SPRING’S CONFIGURATION
𝒔𝑻 = 𝒔𝟏 + 𝒔𝟐 . . . +𝒔𝒏 ,𝒔 =
𝒌
𝑭𝑻 𝑭𝟏 𝑭𝟐 𝑭𝒏
2. Springs in Series = +
𝒌𝑻 𝒌𝟏 𝒌𝟐
...+
𝒌𝒏
𝑭𝑻
𝑭𝑻 = 𝑭𝟏 = 𝑭𝟐 . . . = 𝑭𝒏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= + ...+
𝒔𝟑 𝒔𝟐 𝒔𝟏 𝒌𝑻 𝒌𝟏 𝒌𝟐 𝒌𝒏
𝑭𝑻 𝑭𝑻 𝑭𝑻

𝑭𝟑 𝑭𝟐 𝑭𝟏
𝒔𝑻
𝑭𝑻

Total Stiffness:
Total Force:
Total Deformation: 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝑭𝑻 = 𝑭𝟏 = 𝑭𝟐 . . . = 𝑭𝒏 = + ...+
𝒔𝑻 = 𝒔𝟏 + 𝒔𝟐 . . . +𝒔𝒏 𝒌𝑻 𝒌𝟏 𝒌𝟐 𝒌𝒏
EXAMPLE PROBLEM
1. A massless spring located on a smooth horizontal surfaces is compressed by a force of 63.5 N, which results in a
displacement of 4.35 cm from the initial equilibrium position. As shown in the figure, a steel ball of mass 0.075 kg is then
placed in front of the spring and the spring is released. What is the speed of the steel ball when it shot off by the spring,
that is, right after it loses contact with the spring? (Assume there is no friction between the surface and the steel ball, the
steel ball will then simply slide across the surface and will not roll.)
Solution:
Equate Work Done by Spring to Kinetic Energy of the released Ball
𝟏 Work done by the Spring
𝑾= 𝑭𝒅𝒔 = 𝑭𝒔 = 𝒌𝒔𝟐
𝟐
𝟏𝑾 𝟐
𝑾= 𝑭𝒅𝒔 = 𝑭𝒔 = (𝒗 −𝒗𝟎 𝟐 ) Kinetic Energy
𝟐𝒈
Equating:
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏𝑾 𝟐
𝒌𝒔 = (𝒗 −𝒗𝟎 𝟐 )
𝟐 𝟐𝒈 Substituting the vales given:
Solve for the Value of k first: 𝐅 = 𝒌𝒔
Given: Required: Hooke’s Law: 63.5 N = 𝒌(𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟑𝟓𝒎)
F = 63.5 N 𝑽𝒇 = ?
𝐏 = 𝒌𝒔 𝐨𝐫 𝐅 = 𝒌𝒔
s = 4.35cm 63.5 N
F = 63.5 N =𝒌
m = 0.075kg 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟑𝟓𝒎
𝑽𝒐 = 0 m/s s = 4.35cm = 0.0435 m N
𝒌 = 𝟏𝟒𝟓𝟗. 𝟕𝟕
𝒎
EXAMPLE PROBLEM
1. A massless spring located on a smooth horizontal surfaces is compressed by a force of 63.5 N, which results in a
displacement of 4.35 cm from the initial equilibrium position. As shown in the figure, a steel ball of mass 0.075 kg is then
placed in front of the spring and the spring is released. What is the speed of the steel ball when it shot off by the spring,
that is, right after it loses contact with the spring? (Assume there is no friction between the surface and the steel ball, the
steel ball will then simply slide across the surface and will not roll.)
Continuation:
N
𝒌 = 𝟏𝟒𝟓𝟗. 𝟕𝟕
𝒎

Substituting the vales given:

𝟏 𝟐 𝟏𝑾 𝟐
𝒌𝒔 = (𝒗 −𝒗𝟎 𝟐 )
𝟐 𝟐𝒈
𝟏 N 𝟐
𝟏
(𝟏𝟒𝟓𝟗. 𝟕𝟕 ) 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟑𝟓𝒎 = (𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟓𝒌𝒈)(𝒗𝟐 −𝟎𝟐 )
𝟐 𝒎 𝟐
𝟏
𝟏. 𝟑𝟖 N−𝒎 = (𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟓𝒌𝒈)(𝒗𝟐 −𝟎𝟐 )
Given: 𝟐
Required:
F = 63.5 N 𝑽𝒇 = ? (𝟏. 𝟑𝟖 N−𝒎)(𝟐)
s = 4.35cm 𝒗= 𝒗 = 𝟔. 𝟎𝟔 𝒎/𝒔
𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟓𝒌𝒈
m = 0.075kg
𝑽𝒐 = 0 m/s
EXAMPLE PROBLEM
2. An elevator weighing 4000 lbs is being lowered at 10 ft/s when the hosting drum is suddenly stopped. If the elastic
properties of the supporting cable are such that it is equivalent to a spring with a modulus of 2000 lb per in., determine the
maximum tensile force produce in the cable. Hint: The maximum tension will be the sum of the initial tension plus the
spring force.
Solution:
From the hint: The maximum tension will be the sum of the initial
tension plus the spring force.
0 1
𝑻𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝑾 + 𝒌𝒔

𝒔 F=𝒌𝒔
𝑾

at constant 𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝑾
𝒗𝒐 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒇𝒕/𝒔
T=W
at constant 𝒔𝒕𝒐𝒑
Given: 𝒗 = 0 (deceleration)
Required:
𝑻 = 𝑾 + 𝒌𝒔
W = 4000 lbs 𝑻𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝒗𝒐 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒇𝒕/𝒔 𝑻𝒎𝒂𝒙 =𝑾 + 𝒌𝒔
𝒌 = 2000 lb/in Thus we need to solve for the value of s(displacement)
EXAMPLE PROBLEM
2. An elevator weighing 4000 lbs is being lowered at 10 ft/s when the hosting drum is suddenly stopped. If the elastic
properties of the supporting cable are such that it is equivalent to a spring with a modulus of 2000 lb per in., determine the
maximum tensile force produce in the cable. Hint: The maximum tension will be the sum of the initial tension plus the
spring force.
Solution:

𝑻𝒎𝒂𝒙 =𝑾 + 𝒌𝒔
Solve for s:
𝟏𝑾 𝟐
𝑾= 𝑭𝒅𝒔 = (𝒗 −𝒗𝟎 𝟐 )
𝟐𝒈
Summate Forces interacts from initial state and the final state:
Negative since
decelerating work
𝟏𝑾 𝟐
𝑭𝟎 𝒔 − 𝑭𝒇 (𝒔) = (𝒗 −𝒗𝟎 𝟐 )
𝟐𝒈
𝑭𝟎 = 𝑾
𝒌𝒔 𝟏𝑾 𝟐
𝒗𝒐 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒇𝒕/𝒔 𝑾 𝒔 − (𝑾 + )(𝒔) = (𝒗 −𝒗𝟎 𝟐 ) 𝑭𝒇 =𝑭𝒂𝒗𝒆
𝟐 𝟐𝒈
𝑭𝟎 + 𝑭𝟏
𝒌𝒔𝟐 𝟏 𝑾 𝟐 𝑭𝒂𝒗𝒆 =
Given: 𝑾 𝒔 −𝑾 𝒔 − = (𝒗 −𝒗𝟎 𝟐 ) 𝟐
Required: 𝟐 𝟐𝒈
W = 4000 lbs 𝑾 + (𝑾 + 𝒌𝒔)
𝑻𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝑭𝒂𝒗𝒆 =
𝒗𝒐 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒇𝒕/𝒔
𝒌𝒔𝟐 𝟏𝑾 𝟐 𝟐
− = (𝒗 −𝒗𝟎 𝟐 )
𝟐 𝟐𝒈 𝒌𝒔
𝒌 = 2000 lb/in Negative since 𝑭𝒂𝒗𝒆 = 𝑾 +
decelerating work 𝟐
EXAMPLE PROBLEM
2. An elevator weighing 4000 lbs is being lowered at 10 ft/s when the hosting drum is suddenly stopped. If the elastic
properties of the supporting cable are such that it is equivalent to a spring with a modulus of 2000 lb per in., determine the
maximum tensile force produce in the cable. Hint: The maximum tension will be the sum of the initial tension plus the
spring force.
Continuation:
𝒌𝒔𝟐 𝟏 𝑾 𝟐
− = (𝒗 −𝒗𝟎 𝟐 ) ; 𝒗=0
𝟐 𝟐𝒈
𝒌𝒔𝟐 𝟏 𝑾 𝒌𝒔𝟐 𝟏𝑾
− = (−𝒗𝟎 𝟐 ) ; − =− (𝒗𝟎 𝟐 )
𝟐 𝟐𝒈 𝟐 𝟐𝒈
Multiplying both side by -1:
𝒌𝒔𝟐 𝟏 𝑾
= (𝒗𝟎 𝟐 )
𝟐 𝟐𝒈

Converting 𝒌 :
𝟏𝑾
𝟐𝒙 𝟐 𝒈 (𝒗𝟎 𝟐 ) 𝑭𝟎 = 𝑾
𝒍𝒃 𝟏𝟐 𝒊𝒏
𝒗𝒐 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒇𝒕/𝒔 𝒔= 𝒌 = 2000 𝒙 𝑭𝒇 =𝑭𝒂𝒗𝒆
𝒊𝒏 𝒇𝒕
𝒌
𝒍𝒃 𝑭𝟎 + 𝑭𝟏
𝒌 = 24000
𝒇𝒕 𝑭𝒂𝒗𝒆 =
Given: 𝟐
Required:
W = 4000 lbs 𝟏 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒍𝒃𝒔 𝑾 + (𝑾 + 𝒌𝒔)
𝑻𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝟐𝒙 𝟐 ((𝟏𝟎𝒇𝒕/𝒔)𝟐 ) 𝑭𝒂𝒗𝒆 =
𝒗𝒐 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒇𝒕/𝒔 𝟑𝟐. 𝟐 𝒇𝒕/𝒔𝟐 𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟐 𝒇𝒕 𝟐
𝒔=
𝒍𝒃
𝒌 = 2000 lb/in 24000 𝑭𝒂𝒗𝒆 = 𝑾 +
𝒌𝒔
𝒇𝒕 𝟐
EXAMPLE PROBLEM
2. An elevator weighing 4000 lbs is being lowered at 10 ft/s when the hosting drum is suddenly stopped. If the elastic
properties of the supporting cable are such that it is equivalent to a spring with a modulus of 2000 lb per in., determine the
maximum tensile force produce in the cable. Hint: The maximum tension will be the sum of the initial tension plus the
spring force.
Continuation:
𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟐 𝒇𝒕
𝑻𝒎𝒂𝒙 =𝑾 + 𝒌𝒔

𝒍𝒃
𝑻𝒎𝒂𝒙 =𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒍𝒃𝒔 + (24000 𝒇𝒕
)(𝟎. 𝟕𝟐𝒇𝒕)

𝑻𝒎𝒂𝒙 =𝟐𝟏, 𝟐𝟖𝟎 𝒍𝒃𝒔

𝑭𝟎 = 𝑾
𝒗𝒐 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒇𝒕/𝒔 𝑭𝒇 =𝑭𝒂𝒗𝒆
𝑭𝟎 + 𝑭𝟏
𝑭𝒂𝒗𝒆 =
Given: 𝟐
Required:
W = 4000 lbs 𝑾 + (𝑾 + 𝒌𝒔)
𝑻𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝑭𝒂𝒗𝒆 =
𝟐
𝒗𝒐 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒇𝒕/𝒔
𝒌𝒔
𝒌 = 2000 lb/in 𝑭𝒂𝒗𝒆 = 𝑾 +
𝟐
EXAMPLE PROBLEM
3. A block weighing 96.6 lb is dropped from a height of 4 ft upon a spring whose modulus is 100 lb per in. What velocity will
the block have at the instant the spring is deformed 4 in?

𝑭𝑩𝑫:

𝟒𝒇𝒕
𝑾𝟏 = 𝑾(𝟒 + 𝒔)

Since Retarding Work

𝟏 𝟐
𝐬 = 4in = 1/3 ft 𝑾𝟐 = -( 𝟐
𝒌𝒔 )
𝑻𝒉𝒖𝒔:
𝟏𝑾 𝟐
𝑾= 𝑭𝒅𝒔 = (𝒗 −𝒗𝟎 𝟐 )
𝟐𝒈
Given: Required:
W = 96.6 lb 𝒗=? 𝟏𝑾 𝟐
𝑾𝟏 + 𝑾𝟐 = (𝒗 −𝒗𝟎 𝟐 )
𝒔 = 𝟒 𝒊𝒏
𝟐𝒈

𝒌 = 100 lb/in 𝟏 𝟏𝑾 𝟐
𝑾(𝟒 + 𝒔) + (− 𝒌𝒔𝟐 ) = (𝒗 −𝒗𝟎 𝟐 )
𝟐 𝟐𝒈
EXAMPLE PROBLEM
3. A block weighing 96.6 lb is dropped from a height of 4 ft upon a spring whose modulus is 100 lb per in. What velocity will
the block have at the instant the spring is deformed 4 in?

Converting 𝒌 :
𝒍𝒃 𝟏𝟐 𝒊𝒏
𝒌 = 100 𝒙
𝒊𝒏 𝒇𝒕
𝟒𝒇𝒕 𝒌 = 1200
𝒍𝒃
𝒇𝒕

Continuation: 𝟏 𝟏𝑾 𝟐
𝑾(𝟒 + 𝒔) + (− 𝒌𝒔𝟐 ) = (𝒗 −𝒗𝟎 𝟐 )
𝟐 𝟐𝒈
𝟏 𝟏𝑾 𝟐
𝑾 𝟒 + 𝒔 − ( 𝒌𝒔𝟐 ) = (𝒗 −𝒗𝟎 𝟐 ) Since Dropped
𝟐 𝟐𝒈 𝒗𝟎 = 0
𝟏 𝟏 𝒍𝒃 𝟏 𝟏 𝟗𝟔. 𝟔𝒍𝒃
𝟗𝟔. 𝟔𝒍𝒃 𝟒𝒇𝒕 + 𝒇𝒕 − ( (𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎 )( 𝒇𝒕)𝟐 ) = 𝒙 (𝒗𝟐 −𝒗𝟎 𝟐 )
𝟑 𝟐 𝒇𝒕 𝟑 𝟐 𝟑𝟐. 𝟐 𝒇𝒕/𝒔𝟐
Given: Required:
W = 96.6 lb 𝒗=? 𝟏 𝟗𝟔. 𝟔𝒍𝒃
𝟑𝟓𝟏. 𝟗𝟑 𝒍𝒃 𝒇𝒕 = 𝒙 (𝒗𝟐 )
𝒔 = 𝟒 𝒊𝒏 𝟐 𝟑𝟐. 𝟐 𝒇𝒕/𝒔𝟐
𝒌 = 100 lb/in 𝒇𝒕
(𝟑𝟓𝟏. 𝟗𝟑 𝒍𝒃 𝒇𝒕)(𝟐)(𝟑𝟐. 𝟐
𝒔𝟐
) 𝒇𝒕
𝒗= = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟑𝟐
𝟗𝟔. 𝟔𝒍𝒃 𝒔
“GOD is always True to HIS
Promise, that whatever HE
started on you, HE will take
it to COMPLETION!