BASIC CONCEPTS OF DIFFERENTIAL AND INTEGRAL CALCULUS 8.

23

Integration is the reverse process of differentiation.

Integration

f(x) f’(x)

Differentiation
We know
d  x n1  n  1 x
n
  
dx  n  1  n  1

d  x n 1 
or dx  n  1   x
n
…………………(1)
 
Integration is the inverse operation of differentiation and is denoted by the symbol .
Hence, from equation (1), it follows that
x n+1
 x dx 
n

n+1
x n+ 1
i.e. Integral of x with respect to variable x is equal to
n
n+1
x n+1 
Thus if we differentiate we can get back xn
n+1
x n+1 
Again if we differentiate + c and c being a constant, we get back the same xn .
n+1
d  x n 1  n
i.e. dx  n  1  c   x
 
x n+1 
Hence  n
x dx =
n+1
+ c and this c is called the constant of integration.

Integral calculus was primarily invented to determine the area bounded by the curves dividing
the entire area into infinite number of infinitesimal small areas and taking the sum of all these
small areas.

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8.24 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

x n1 x n+1 1
i)  x n dx 
n1
+ c, n  1 (If n=-1,
n+1 0
 which is not defined)

ii)  dx = x + c, since  1dx =  x°dx= x11 = x + c

d x x
iii) e x
dx = ex + c, since
dx
e =e

e ax d  eax  ax
iv)  e dx = ax
 c , since dx  a   e
a  

dx d 1
v) 
x
= log x+c, since
dx
logx =
x
d  a x 
vi)  ax dx = ax / logea+c, since   ax
dx  log a  e

Note: In the answer for all integral sums we add +c (constant of integration) since the differentiation of
constant is always zero.
Elementary Rules:

 c f(x) dx = c  f(x) dx where c is constant.

 { f(x) dx ± g(x)} dx =  f(x)dx ±  g(x)dx
1
  e 3
3 x x
Examples : Find (a) x dx, (b) dx , (c) dx (d) dx (e)  x x dx.
x

x 3/2 2 x 3/2
Solution: (a)  x dx = x1/2 +1
/ (1/2 + 1) =
3/2
=
3
c

1
1  1
1  x 2
(b)  x
dx = x 2 dx 
1
 c 2 x  c where c is arbitrary constant.
 1
2
e3 x 1
(c) 3 x
 e dx = c  e 3 x  c

3 3

3x
x
(d)  3 dx =  c.
loge 3

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 BASIC CONCEPTS OF DIFFERENTIAL AND INTEGRAL CALCULUS 8.25

3
3 1
x2 2
(e)  x x dx. =  x dx 
3
dx  x 5/2  c.
2
5
1
2
Examples : Evaluate the following integral:

i)  (x + 1/x) 2
dx = x 2
dx +2  dx +  dx / x 2

x3 x –2+1
= +2x+
3 –2+1
x3 1
= +2x– +c
3 x
ii)  x (x +2x –3 ) dx =  x dx +2  x dx –3  x dx
3 7/2 3/2 1/2

x 7/2+1 2 x 3/2+1 3 x1/2+1

= + –
7/2 +1 3/2+1 1/2+1
2x 9/2 4x 5/2
= + –2 x 3/2 + c
9 5
iii)

e3 x+ e–4 x dx = e 2x
dx +  e –4 x
dx

e 2 x e 4 x e 2x 1
=  =  4x  c
2 4 2 4e
x2 x2 – 1  1
iv)  x1
dx 
x1 dx

(x 2 - 1) dx
=  x1
dx 
x1
x2
=  (x  1)dx  log(x  1) 
2
 x  log(x  1)  c

x 3  5x 2 – 3
v)  (x  2)
dx

x 3  5x 2 – 3
By simple division  (x  2)
dx

 9 

=   x  3x  6 
2
 dx
  x  2 

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8.26 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

x 3 3x 2
=  – 6x+9log(x+2)+c
3 2

It is sometime possible by a change of independent variable to transform a function into another

which can be readily integrated.
We can show the following rules.
To put z = f (x) and also adjust dz = f  (x) dx
Example:  F {h (x)} h' (x) dx, take e z
= h(x) and to adjust dz = h (x) dx

then integrate  F ( z ) dz using normal rule.

 (2x  3 )
7
Example: dx

We put (2x + 3) = t  so 2 dx = dt or dx = dt / 2

t 8 2x  3 
8
t8
Therefore  (2x  3 ) 7 dx 
½ t 7 dt 
2x8

16
c
16
This method is known as Method of Substitution

x3
Example:  x 2
1 3
dx We put (x2 +1) = t

so 2x dx = dt or x dx = dt / 2

x 2 .x
=  t3
dx

1 t 1
=
2 t3 dt

1 dt 1 dt
=  –
2 t2 2 t3 
1 t –21 1 t –31
=  – 
2  – 2  1 2 (–3  1)
1 1 1 1
=– +
2 t 4 t2
1 1 11
= 
4 t2 2 t

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 BASIC CONCEPTS OF DIFFERENTIAL AND INTEGRAL CALCULUS 8.27

1 1 1 1
= . – . 2 +c
4  x + 1
2 2
2  x  1

IMPORTANT STANDARD FORMULAE

dx 1 x–a
a) x 2
–a 2
 log
2a xa
+c

dx 1 a+x
b) a 2 2
= log
– x 2a a–x + c

dx
c)  x  a2
2
= log x + x 2 + a 2 + c

d) 
dx
 log x  x 2  a2 + c
x 2  a2
 
e
x
e) e x f (x ) + c
{f(x)  f ’ (x)}dx 

f)  x 2  a2 dx

x
2
a2
x 2  a2  log x  x 2  a2 + c
2
 
x a2
g)  x 2 - a 2 dx 
2
x2 - a 2 -
2
log ( x  x 2 – a2 ) + c

f' (x)
h)  f(x)
dx =log f(x) + c

ex dz
Examples: ( a)
e2 x  4
dx    z2  2 2
where z=e x dz = e x dx

1  ex  2 
 log x 
4  e  2  +c
1 x  x2  1
(b)  x x 12
dx  (x  2
x  1) ( x – x – 1) 2
dx =
 (x  x 2  1 ) dx

x2 x 2 1
=  x  1  log(x  x 2  1 )  c
2 2 2
e  e f(x)  f'(x)dx, where f (x)  x
x
(c) (x 3  3x 2 ) dx  x 3

[by (e) above)] = exx3+c

d(u)
 
u v dx u v dx  [   dx 
v dx] dx

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8.28 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

where u and v are two different functions of x

Evaluate:

 xe
x
i) dx

Integrating by parts we see

d 
 xe   
x
dx  x ex dx  ( x ) ex dx dx
 dx 


x x x x
= x e – 1. e dx  xe – e  c

ii)  x log x dx
Integrating by parts,
d 
= log x  x dx–   dx (log x) xdx dx
x2   1 x2 
= . 2 logx –  x . 2  dx
  

x2  1
= . log x – 2  xdx
2
2
x2  x
= . log x – +c
2 4

x
2
iii) eax dx

d 2 
  
2 ax ax
= x e dx –  (x ) e dx dx
 dx 
x 2 ax eax
=
a
e – 2x .
a 
dx

x 2 ax 2
=
a
e –
a
x.eax dx 
x 2 ax 2 d 
=
a a  dx 
e –  e ax dx –  ( x ) e ax dx  dx
  
x 2 e ax 2  xe ax e ax 
= a a a 

 1.
a
dx 


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 BASIC CONCEPTS OF DIFFERENTIAL AND INTEGRAL CALCULUS 8.29

x 2 eax 2xe ax 2 ax
= – 2 + 3 e +c
a a a

Type I :
(3x  2) dx
Example:  (x - 2) (x - 3)
( 3x +2)
Solution: let
(x-2) (x-3)
A B
= +
(x – 2) (x – 3)
[Here degree of the numerator must be lower than that of the denominator; the denominator
contains non–repeated linear factor]
so 3x + 2 = A (x – 3) + B (x – 2)
We put x = 2 and get
3.2 + 2 = A (2–3) + B (2–2) => A = –8
we put x = 3 and get
3.3 +2 = A (3–3) + B (3–2) => B= 11
(3x  2)dx dx dx
 (x  2) 2
(x  3)
8 
x2
 11
x–3

= –log(x–2)+11log (x -3)+c

Type II:
(3x  2) dx
Example:  (x  2) 2
(x  3)

(3x + 2) A B C
Solution: let 2
= + 2
+
(x-2) (x-3) (x–2) (x – 2) (x – 3)
or 3x + 2 = A (x – 2) (x – 3) + B (x – 3) +C (x – 2)2
Comparing coefficients of x2, x and the constant terms of both sides, we find
A+C = 0 …………(i)
–5A + B – 4C = 3 ……(ii)
6A – 3B + 4C = 2 …….(iii)

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8.30 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

By (ii) + (iii) A – 2B = 5 ..…….(iv)

(i) – (iv) 2B + C = –5 …….(v)
From (iv) A = 5 + 2B
From (v) C = –5 – 2B
From (ii) –5 ( 5 + 2B) + B – 4 (– 5 – 2B) = 3
or – 25 – 10B + B + 20 + 8B = 3
or – B – 5 = 3
or B = – 8, A = 5 – 16 = – 11, from (iv) C = – A = 11
(3x  2) dx
Therefore  (x - 2)
2
(x - 3)
dx dx dx
= – 11  ( x – 2) – 8  ( x – 2) 2  ( x – 3)
 11

8
= –11 log (x–2) + + 11 log (x–3)
(x–2)
(x – 3) 8
= 11 log + +c
(x – 2) (x–2)
Type III:
(3x 2 - 2x  5)
Example:  (x - 1) 2 ( x 2  5)
dx

3x 2 – 2x +5 A Bx +C
Solution: Let 2 2
= + 2
(x–1) (x +5) x – 1 (x +5)
so 3x2 –2x +5 = A (x2 + 5 ) + (Bx +C) (x–1)
Equating the coefficients of x2, x and the constant terms from both sides we get
A+B=3 …………(i)
C – B = –2 …………(ii)
5A – C = 5 ………….(iii)
by (i) + (ii) A + C = 1 ……… (iv)
by (iii) + (iv) 6A = 6 ……… (v)
or A = 1
therefore B = 3 – 1 = 2 and C = 0

(3x 2 - 2x  5)
Thus  (x - 1) 2 ( x 2  5)
dx

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 BASIC CONCEPTS OF DIFFERENTIAL AND INTEGRAL CALCULUS 8.31

dx 2x
=  x –1 x 2
5
dx

= log (x–1) + log (x2 + 5)

= log (x2 + 5) (x–1) + c

dx
Example:  x (x 3
 1)

dx
Solution:  x (x 3
 1)

x 2 dx
=  x 3 ( x 3  1) we put x3 = z, 3x2 dx = dz

1 dz
= 
3 z( z  1)
1 1 1 
= 
 –  dz
3  z z  1

1
=
3
log z – log (z + 1)

1  x3 
= log  3 
3  x + 1

Example : Find the equation of the curve where slope at (x, y) is 9x and which passes through the
origin.
dy
Solution: = 9x
dx
  dy = or y = 9x2 /2 +c

Since it passes through the origin, c = 0; thus required eqn . is 9x2 = 2y.

Suppose F(x) dx = f (x)

As x changes from a to b the value of the integral changes from f (a) to f (b). This is as

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8.32 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

 F
a
( x ) dx f (b)  f ( a)

‘b’ is called the upper limit and ‘a’ the lower limit of integration. We shall first deal with indefinite
integral and then take up definite integral.
2

x
5
Example: dx
0

2
x6
Solution: 
0
x 5 dx = 6

2 2
 x6 
 x dx   
5

0  6 0

1 6
= (2 – 0) = 64/6 = 32/3
6
Note: In definite integration the constant (c) should not be added
2
 (x
2
Example:  5x  2)dx
1

2 2
x 3 5x 2  x 3 5x 2 

2

2
Solution:
2
(x  5x  2)dx    2x . Now, (x  5x  2)dx    2x 
1 3 2 1 3 2 1

 2 3 5 x2 2  1 5 
=  3  2  2x 2   3  2  2  –19/6
   

Important Properties of definite Integral

b b b a

(I) 
a
f ( x)dx  
a
f (t ) dt (II) 
a
f ( x) dx 
  f ( x) dx
b

b c b

(III)  f(x)dx =  f(x) dx + f(x)dx, a < c < b

a a c

a a

(IV)  f ( x) dx   f ( a – x) dx
0 o

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 BASIC CONCEPTS OF DIFFERENTIAL AND INTEGRAL CALCULUS 8.33

na a

(V) When f(x) =f (a+x) then 

0

f ( x) dx  n f ( x) dx
0

a a

(VI) 
–a

f ( x ) dx  2 f ( x ) dx
0
if f(–x) = f(x)

= 0 if f(–x) = –f(x)
2
x 2 dx
Example: 
0
x 2  (2  x) 2

2
x 2 dx
Solution: Let I =  0
x 2  ( 2 – x) 2

2
(2 - x) 2 dx
= 
0
(2 - x) 2  x 2 [by prop. IV]

2 2
x 2 dx (2  x) 2
 21 
0
 
x 2  (2 – x ) 2 0 (2  x ) 2  x 2 dx 
2
x 2  (2 – x) 2
x
0
2
 (2 – x) 2
dx

 dx =  x 0 = 2–0 = 2
2
=
0

or I = 2/2 = 1
2
x 4 dx
Example: Evaluate 
–2
a10 – x 10
(a  2)

x 4 dx x 4 dx
10 10

Solution: a – x ( a 5 ) 2 – (x 5 ) 2

let x5 = t so that 5x4 dx = dt

x 4 dx
Now  ( a5 ) 2 – ( x 5 ) 2
1 5x 4 dx
= 
5 (a 5 ) 2  (x 5 ) 2
1 dt
= 
5 (a ) – t 2
5 2

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8.34 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

1 a5  x 5
= log (by standard formula b)
10a5 a5 – x 5
2
x 4 dx
Therefore, 
2
a10 – x 10
2
x 4 dx
= 2 
0
a10 – x 10 ( by prop. VI)
2
1  a5  x 5 
= 2x log  5 5
10a5  a - x 0

1 a5  32
= log
5a5 a5 – 32

x n1 x n+1 1

 x n dx 
n1
+ c, n  1 (If n=-1,
n+1 0
 which is not defined)

  dx = x, since  1dx =  x°dx= x11 = x + c

d x x
 e x
dx = ex + c, since
dx
e =e

e ax d  eax  ax
  eax dx = a  c , since dx  a   e
dx d 1
  x
= log x+c, since
dx
logx =
x
d  a x 
 a x
dx = a x
/ log a+c, since  a
 ax
dx  log 

e
e

 c f(x) dx = c  f(x) dx where c is constant.

 { f(x) dx ± g(x)} dx =  f(x)dx ±  g(x)dx
dx 1 x–a

x 2
–a 2
 log
2a xa
+c

dx 1 a+x
 a 2 2
= log
– x 2a a–x + c

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 BASIC CONCEPTS OF DIFFERENTIAL AND INTEGRAL CALCULUS 8.35

dx
  x a 2 2
= log x + x 2 + a 2 + c


 x a
dx
2 2

 log x  x 2  a2 + c 
e
x
 {f(x)  f ’ (x )}dx  e x f(x ) + c


 x 2  a2 dx 
x
2
a2

x 2  a2  log x  x 2  a2 + c
2

x a2

 x 2 - a 2 dx 
2
x2 - a 2 -
2
log ( x  x 2 – a2 ) + c

f' (x)
  f(x)
dx =log f(x) + c

Integration by parts
Important Properties of definite Integral
b b b a

  f ( x)dx   f (t ) dt
a a
  f ( x) dx   f ( x) dx
a b
b c b

  f(x)dx =  f(x) dx + f(x) dx, a < c < b

a a c
a a

  f ( x) dx   f ( a – x) dx
0 o
na a

 When f(x) =f (a+x) = 0


f ( x ) dx  n f ( x ) dx
0
a a

  f (x) dx  2  f (x) dx
–a 0

Choose the most appropriate option (a) (b) (c) or (d).

Evaluate  5x dx : 
2
1.
5x 3
(a) 5 / 3x3 + k (b) +k (c) 5x3 (d) none of these
3

2. Integration of 3 – 2x – x4 will become

2 x5 2 x5
(a) – x2 – x5 / 5 (b) 3x  x  k (c) 3x  x  k (d) none of these
5 5

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8.36 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

3. Given f(x) = 4x3 + 3x2 – 2x + 5 and  f(x) dx is

(a) x4 + x3 – x2 + 5x (b) x4 + x3 – x2 + 5x + k

(c) 12x2 + 6x – 2x2 (d) none of these

( x
2
4. Evaluate - 1 ) dx
x3
(a) x5/5 – 2/3 x3 + x + k (b) xk
3

(c) 2x (d) none of these

5.  ( 1 – 3x ) ( 1  x ) dx is equal to

(a) x – x2 – x3 (b) x3 – x2 + x (c) x – x2 – x3 + k (d) none of these

6.  
x – 1 / x dx is equal to
2 3/2 2 1 1
(a) x – 2 x½ +k (b) x  2 x  k (c)   k (d) none of these
3 3 2 x 2x x
7. The integral of px3 + qx2 + rk + w/x is equal to
(a) px2 + qx + r + k (b) px3/3 + qx2/2 + rx
(c) 3px + 2q – w/x2 (d) none of these
8. Use method of substitution to integrate the function f(x) = ( 4x + 5 )6 and the answer is
(a) 1/28 ( 4x + 5 )7 + k (b) ( 4x + 5 )7/7 + k (c) ( 4x + 5 )7/7 (d) none of these

 x (x
2
9. Use method of substitution to evaluate  4) 5 dx and the answer is
(a) (x2 + 4 )6 + k (b) 1/12 ( x2 + 4 )6 + k
(c) ( x2 + 4 )6/ + k (d) none of these
10. Integrate ( x + a )n and the result will be

( x  a) n 1 (x  a)n  1
(a) k (b)
n1 n 1
(c) (x + a)n + 1 (d) none of these

 8x
2
11. /( x 3  2 ) 3 dx is equal to
4
(a) – 4/3(x3 + 2)2 + k (b)  3(x 3  2) 2 + k

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 BASIC CONCEPTS OF DIFFERENTIAL AND INTEGRAL CALCULUS 8.37

4
(c) 3(x 3  2) 2  k (d) none of these

1
12. Using method of partial fraction the integration of f(x) when f(x) = and the
x - a2
2

answer is
a
(a) log x  k (b) log (x – a) – log (x + a) + k
xa
1  x-a 
(c) log  +k (d) none of these
2a  x + a 

x e
2 3x
13. Use integration by parts to evaluate dx

(a) x2 e3x/3 – 2x e3x/9 + 2/27 e3x + k (b) x2 e3x – 2x e3x + 2e3x + k

(c) e3x/3 – x e3x/9 + 2e3x + k (d) none of these

14.  logx dx is equal to

(a) x logx + k (b) x logx – x2 + k (c) x logx + k (d) none of these

15.  xex dx is
(a) (x – 1)ex + k (b) (x – 1) ex (c) x ex + k (d) none of these
1

 ( 2x
2
16. Evaluate - x 3 ) dx and the value is
0

(a) 4/3 + k (b) 5/12 (c) – 4/3 (d) none of these

4

 ( 3x - 2 )
2
17. Evaluate dx and the value is
2

(a) 104 (b) 100 (c) 10 (d) none of these.

1

 xe dx dx and the value is

x
18. Evaluate
0

(a) –1 (b) 10 (c) 10/9 (d) +1

x
x
19. (1 + logx) dx is equal to
x2
(a) xx logx + k (b) ex2 + k (c) +k (d) xx + c
2

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8.38 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

20. If f(x) = 1 + x 2 then  f(x)dx is

2 x 1
(a) x (1 + x2) 3/2 + k (b) 1+x 2 + log (x+ x 2 +1) +k
3 2 2
2
(c) x (1 + x2) 3/2 + k (d) none of these
3

2  x 2 + 1
21.  x2 + 2
dx is equal to

(a)
x
2
 
x 2 + 2 + k (b)
x2 + 2 + k (c) 1/(x2 + 2) 3/2 + k (d) none of these

 (e
x
22.  e– x ) 2 ( ex – e– x ) dx is

1 x 1 x –x 2
(a) (e  e –x. )3 +k (b) (e – e ) + k
3 2
(c) e x + k (d) none of these
a

23.  [ f(x)  f(–x) ] dx is equal to

0
a a a

(a) 20
f(x) dx (b)  f(x) dx
–a
(c) 0 (d)  – f(–x) dx
–a

 xe
x
24. /(x  1 ) 2 dx is equal to

(a) ex/(x + 1) + k (b) ex/x + k (c) ex + k (d) none of these

 (x
4
25.  3/x) dx is equal to

(a) x5/5 + 3 log x (b) 1/5 x5 + 3 log x + k

(c) 1/5 x5 + k (d) none of these
4

26. Evaluate  ( 2x  5 ) dx and the value is

1
(a) 3 (b) 10 (c) 30 (d) none of these
2
2x
27.  1 x
1
2
dx is equal to

(a) loge (5/2) (b) loge5 – loge2

(c) loge (2/5) (d) none of these

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 BASIC CONCEPTS OF DIFFERENTIAL AND INTEGRAL CALCULUS 8.39

4
28. 
0
3x + 4 dx is equal to

(a) 9/112 (b) 112/9 (c) 11/9 (d) none of these

2
x2
29.  x  1 dx
0
is

(a) 2 + loge2 (b) 2 + loge3 (c) loge3 (d) none of these

e2
3 3
30. The value of
 f ( 5 – x) dx –  f ( x) dx is
2 2
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) –1 (d) none of these

  x  1 e
x
31. / x 2 dx is equal to
(a) ex/x + k (b) e–x/x + k (c) – ex/x + k (d) none of these
2

 3x
2
32. dx is
0

(a) 7 (b) –8 (c) 8 (d) none of these

x
3
33. Using integration by parts log xdx
(a) x4/16 + k (b) x4/16 ( 4 log x – 1 ) + k
(c) 4 log x – 1 + k (d) none of these
 ex  e  x 


34. Evaluate  e x  e x  dx and the value is

(a) loge e + e–x
x
(b) log e ex + e–x + k
(c) loge ex – e–x + k(d) none of these

35. If f(x) = x – 1, the equation of a curve y = f(x) passing through the point (1, 0) is given by
(a) y = x2 – 2x + 1 (b) y = x2/2 – x + 1
(c) y = x2/2 – x + 1/2(d) none of these

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8.42 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

Exercise 8(A)
1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (a) 6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (c)
9. (a) 10. (a)&(b) 11. (a) 12. (b) 13. (c) 14. (a) 15. (c) 16. (a)
17. (a) 18. (d) 19. (c) 20. (a) 21. (b) 22. (c) 23. (a) 24. (c)
25. (a) 26. (a) 27. (a) 28. (b) 29. (a) 30. (c) 31. (a) 32. (b)
33. (a) 34. (c) 35. (b)

Exercise 8(B)
1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (c) 6. (a) 7. (d) 8. (a)
9. (b) 10. (a) 11. (b) 12. (c) 13. (a) 14. (d) 15. (a) 16. (b)
17. (a) 18. (d) 19. (d) 20. (b) 21. (a) 22. (a) 23. (b) 24. (a)
25. (b) 26. (c) 27. (a) 28. (b) 29. (b) 30. (b) 31. (a) 32. (c)
33. (b) 34. (b) 35. (c)

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 BASIC CONCEPTS OF DIFFERENTIAL AND INTEGRAL CALCULUS 8.41

8. C APPLICATION OF INTEGRATION TO COMMERCE AND

ECONOMICS
We know that marginal function is obtained by differentiating the total function. Now, when
Marginal function is given and initial values are given, then total function can be obtained with
the help of integration.

8.C.1 Determination of cost function

dC
If C denotes the total cost and MC= is the marginal cost, then we can write
dx
∫
C = C (x ) = ( MC ) dx + k,, where k is the constant of integration, k, being the constant, is the
fixed cost.

Example 8.C.1. The marginal cost function of manufacturing x units of a product is 5 + 16x – 3x2.
The total cost of producing 5 times is Rs. 500. Find the total cost function.
Solution: Given, MC = 5 + 16x – 3x2

∫ ( 5 + 16x − 3x ) dx
2
∴ C (x ) =

x2 x3
= 5x + 16 - 3. +k
2 3

C(x) = 5x + 8x 2 -x 3 + k

When x = 5, C(x) = C(5) = Rs. 500

or, 500 = 25 + 200 – 125 + k
This gives, k= 400
∴ C (x ) = 5x + 8x 2 − x 3 + 400

Example 8. C.2.The marginal cost (MC) of a product is given to be a constant multiple of number
of units (x) produced. Find the total cost function, if fixed cot is Rs. 5000 and the cot of producing
50 units is Rs. 5625
Solution: Here MC á x i.e MC = k1x (k1is a constant)
dC
∴
dx ∫
= k1x ⇒ C= k1xdx + k 2

x2
∴ C = k1 + k2
2
Since fixed cost = Rs 5000 ∴ x = 0 ⇒ C = 5000
2500
∴ 5625 = k1 + 5000
2

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8.42 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

1
⇒ 625 = 1250 k1 ⇒ k1 =
2

x2
Hence C = + 5000, is the required cost function.
4

8.C.3.2 Determination of Total Revenue Function

If R (x) denote the total revenue function and MR is the marginal revenue function, then
d
MR = [R(x)]
dx

∴ ∫
R(x) = (MR)dx + k Where k is the constant of integration.
Rx
Also, when R (x) is known, the demand function can be found as p =
x

Example 8.C.20 The marginal revenue function for a product is given by

6
MR = - 4.
(x-3)2
Find the total revenue function and the demand function.
6
Solution: MR = -4
(x-3)2

6 6
∴ R= ∫ (x-3) 2
− 4 dx =
x−3
- 4x +k

X = 0, R = 0 ⇒ k = - 2
6
R= - 4x -2 , which is the required revenue function.
x-3
R 6 2
Now, PR = = -4-
x x(x-3) x
6 2
= − - -4
x ( x - 3) x

−6 − 2x + 6
= - 4
x ( x - 3)
−2 2
= - 4= -4
x-3 3-x
2
∴ The demand function is given by p = - 4.
3-x

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 BASIC CONCEPTS OF DIFFERENTIAL AND INTEGRAL CALCULUS 8.43

EXERCISE -8(C)
Choose the most appropriate option (a) (b) (c) or (d)
1. The fixed cost of a new product is Rs. 18000 and the variable cost per unit is Rs 550. If demand
function p(x)=4000 -150x, find the break-even values.
(a) 15, 8 (b) 7, 12 (c) 3, 17 (d) 5, 15
Using the data (2-4) A company sells its product at Rs.60 per unit. Fixed cost for the company
is Rs.18000 and the variable cost is estimated to be 25% of total revenue.
2. Determine: the total revenue function .
(a) 70x (b) 60x (c) 90x (d) 100x
3. Determine the total cost function
(a) 19000 + 6x (b) 20000+ 10 x (c) 18000 + 15x (d) 4000 + 5x
4. Determine the breakeven point
(a) 600 (b) 400 (c) 700 (d) 1000
Using the data (5-8) The total cost C(x) of a company as C(x) = 1000 + 25x + 2x2 where x is
the output.
5. Determine: the average cost
(a) 1000/x + 25 + 2x (b) 1000/x + 20 + 2x
(c) 1000/x + 30 + 3x (d) 1000/x + 25 + x
6. Determine the marginal cost.
(a) 30 + 4x (b) 25 + 4x (c) 50 + 4x (d) 50 + 5x
7. Find the marginal cost when 15 units are produced,
(a) 60 (b) 90 (c) 80 (d) 85
8. Find the actual cost of producing 15 unit.
th

(a) 80 (b) 70 (c) 83 (d) 90

Using the data (9-12).The total cost function of a firm is given
as
C (x) = 0.002x 3 - 0.04x 2 + 5x + 1500, where x is the output.

9. Determine: the average cost

(a) 0.002x2 – 0.04x +5 + 1500/x (b) 0.002x2 – 0.05x +5 + 1500/x
(c) 0.002x2 – 0.05x +5 + 1000/x (d) 0.002x2 – 0.05x +5 + 500/x

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8.44 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

10. Determine the marginal average cost (MAC)

(a) 0.004x – 0.08 – 1500/x2 (b) 0.004x – 0.04 – 1500/x2
(c) 0.004x – 0.04 – 1000/x2 (d) 0.001x – 0.04 – 1500/x2
(11) Find the marginal cost.
(a) 0.06x2 – 0.10x + 5 (b) 0.06x2 – 0.16x + 5
(c) 0.06x2 – 0.08x + 5 (d) 0.05x2 – 0.08x + 5
(12) Find the rate of change of MC with respect to x.
(a) 0.012x – 0.10 (b) 0.010x – 0.08
(c) 0.012x + 0.08 (d) 0.012x – 0.08
3
13. The total cost function for a company is given by C (x) = x 2 − 7x + 27. Find the level of
output for which MC = AC 4

(a) 8 (b) 6 (c) 9 (d) 10

Using the data (14-17) The demand function for a monopolist is given by x = 100 – 4p, where
x is the number of units of product produced and old and p is the price per unit.
14. Find total revenue function
(a) 25x – x2/4 (b) 25x + x2/4
(c) 25x – x2/2 (d) 5x – x2/4
15. Find average revenue function
(a) 25-x/6 (b) 25-x/4
(c) 5-x/4 (d) 25 + x/4
16. Find marginal revenue function
(a) 25-x/3 (b) 25-x/4 (c) 5-x/2 (d) 25-x/2
17. Find price and quantity at which MR= 0.
(a) 50, 12.5 (b) 70, 12.5 (c) 100, 12.5 (d) 70, 10
Using the data (18-21) A firm knows that the demand function for one of its products is linear.
It also knows that it can sell 1000 units when the price is Rs. 4 per unit and it can sell 1500
units when the price is Rs. 2 per unit.
18. Find the demand function.
(a) 2000-250p (b) 2000-5p (c) 2000+5p (d) 2000-25p
19. Find the total revenue function
(a) 8 – x2/250 (b) 8x – x2/50 (c) 8x – x2/250 (d) 8x – x2/25

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 BASIC CONCEPTS OF DIFFERENTIAL AND INTEGRAL CALCULUS 8.45

20. Find the average revenue function.

(a) 8-x/50 (b) 8-x/25 (c) 8+x/250 (d) 8-x/250
21. Find the marginal revenue function.
(a) 8 – x/12 (b) 8 – x/25 (c) 8 – x/125 (d) 8 + x/125
22. A company charge Rs. 15000 for a refrigerator on orders of 20 or less refrigerator. The charge
is reduced on every set by Rs. 100 per piece for each piece ordered in excess of 20. Find the
largest size order the company should allow so as to receive a maximum revenue.
(a) 85 (b) 80 (c) 100 (d) 70
23. A firm has the following demand and the average cost-functions:
x
x = 480 - 20p and AC = 10 + .Determine the profit maximizing output and price of the
15
monopolist.
(a) 70, 25 (b) 60, 30 (c) 60, 25 (d) 70, 30
Using the data (24-25) The marginal cost of production is MC = 20 - 0.04x + 0.003x 2 where x is
the number of units produced. The fixed cost is Rs. 7000.
24. Find the total cost function.
2 3 2 3
(a) C = 20 x - 0.02x + 0.001x + 7000 (b) C = -20 x - 0.04x + 0.001x + 7000
2 3 2 3
(c) C = 20 x + 0.02x + 0.001x + 7000 (d) C = 20 x - 0.02x + 0.001x - 7000
25. Find the average cost function.
2 7000 7000
(a) AC= 20 - 0.02x + 0.001x + (b) AC = 20 - 0.02x + 0.001x 2 +
x x
7000 7000
(c) AC = 20 - 0.02x + 0.001x 2 - (d) AC = 20 + 0.02x + 0.001x 2 +
x x
Using the data (26-27) The marginal cost function of manufacturing x units of a product is given
by MC = 3x 2 - 10x + 3 . The total cost of producing one unit of the product is Rs. 7.
26. Find the total cost function
3 2 3 2
(a) C = x +5x + 3x + 7 (b) C = x - 5x + 3x + 7
3 2 3 2
(c) C = x + 5x - 3x + 7 (d) C = x - 5x - 3x -7
27.Find the average cost function.
7 2 7
(a) AC = x 2 - 5x + 3 + (b) AC = x - 5x + 3 -
x x
7
(c) AC = x 2 - 5x - 3 + (d) AC = x 2 +5x - 3 + 7
x x

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8.46 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

14000
Using the data (28-29). The marginal cost function of a commodity is given by MC =
and the fixed cost is Rs. 18000. 7x + 4
28. Find the total cost function.

(a) C = 4000 7x+4 + 10000 (b) C = 4000 7x+4 - 10000

2
(c) C = 400 7x+4 + 10000 (d) C = 4000 7x +4 + 1000
29. Find average cost of producing 3 units of the products.
4000 10000 4000 10000
(a) AC = 7x+2 (b) AC = 7x+4 +
x x x x
4000 10000 4000 1000
(c) AC = 7x+4 + (d) AC = 7x+4 +
x x2 x x

30. The marginal revenue of a function MR = 7-4x-x2. Find the total Revenue.
4x2 x3 4x2 x3
(a) R = 7x- − (b) R = 7x+ −
2 3 2 3
4x2 x3 4x2 x3
(c) R = 7x- + (d) R = 7x+ +
2 3 2 3

ANSWERS
Set C
1 (a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (b) 5 (a) 6 (b)
7 (d) 8 (c) 9 (a) 10 (b) 11 (c) 12 (d)
13 (b) 14 (a) 15 (b) 16 (d) 17 (a) 18 (a)
19 (c) 20 (d) 21 (c) 22 (a) 23 (c) 24 (a)
25 (a) 26 (b) 27 (a) 28 (a) 29 (b) 30 (a)

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 1.2

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