Name: ________________________

5.2 Respiration
Class: ________________________

Date: ________________________

Time: 173 minutes

Marks: 118 marks

Comments:

Page 1 of 40
Q1.
(a) Describe the process of glycolysis.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

(b) Malonate inhibits a reaction in the Krebs cycle.

Explain why malonate would decrease the uptake of oxygen in a respiring cell.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 6 marks)

Q2.
(a) Describe how acetylcoenzyme A is formed in the link reaction.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

Page 2 of 40
(b) In the Krebs cycle, acetylcoenzyme A combines with four-carbon oxaloacetate to
form six-carbon citrate. This reaction is catalysed by the enzyme citrate synthase.

(i) Oxaloacetate is the first substrate to bind with the enzyme citrate synthase.
This induces a change in the enzyme, which enables the acetylcoenzyme A to
bind.

Explain how oxaloacetate enables the acetylcoenzyme A to then bind to the

enzyme.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii) Another substance in the Krebs cycle is called succinyl coenzyme A. This
substance has a very similar shape to acetylcoenzyme A.

Suggest how production of succinyl coenzyme A could control the rate of the
reaction catalysed by citrate synthase.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) In muscles, pyruvate is converted to lactate during anaerobic respiration.

(i) Explain why converting pyruvate to lactate allows the continued production of
ATP during anaerobic respiration.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii) In muscles, some of the lactate is converted back to pyruvate when they are
well supplied with oxygen. Suggest one advantage of this.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Page 3 of 40
 ______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 9 marks)

Q3.
(a) The table contains statements about three stages of respiration.

Complete the table with a tick if the statement in the first column is true for each
stage of respiration in an animal.

Glycolysis Link reaction Krebs cycle

Occurs in
mitochondria

Carbon dioxide
produced

NAD is reduced

(3)

(b) The following reaction occurs in the Krebs cycle.

A scientist investigated the effect of the enzyme inhibitor malonate on this reaction.
The structure of malonate is very similar to the structure of succinate. The scientist
added malonate and the respiratory substrate, pyruvate, to a suspension of isolated
mitochondria. She also bubbled oxygen through the suspension.

(i) Explain why the scientist did not use glucose as the respiratory substrate for
these isolated mitochondria.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii) Explain how malonate inhibits the formation of fumarate from succinate.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Page 4 of 40
 (2)

(iii) The scientist measured the uptake of oxygen by the mitochondria during the
investigation. The uptake of oxygen decreased when malonate was added.
Explain why.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

Q4.
(a) Put a Tick (✓) in the box next to the process that occurs in anaerobic respiration but
does not occur in aerobic respiration.

Phosphorylation of glucose

Reduction of NAD

Reduction of pyruvate

Substrate-level phosphorylation

(1)

Page 5 of 40
A student used the apparatus shown in the diagram below to measure the rate of aerobic
respiration of seeds for 48 hours.

(b) During the 48 hours, the coloured liquid moved to the left.

Explain why.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(c) Apart from time, give two measurements the student would have to make to
determine the rate of aerobic respiration of these seeds in cm3 hour –1

1 _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2 _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

Page 6 of 40
 (d) The student used the same apparatus to determine the volume of carbon dioxide the
seeds produced during 48 hours.

Give the change the student would need to make to the contents of the apparatus
and describe how he could calculate the volume of carbon dioxide produced.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(e) The student calculated that during the 48 hours, 6.2 × 10–4 cm3 of oxygen was
absorbed by 40 g of seeds.

Calculate the oxygen uptake in cm3 g–1 hour –1

Answer _______________ cm3 g–1 hour –1

(1)
(Total 10 marks)

Q5.
(a) Describe the advantage of the Bohr effect during intense exercise.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

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Page 7 of 40
 ___________________________________________________________________
(2)

A cyclist completed a fitness test on an exercise bike. The intensity of the exercise was
increased every 10 seconds. The test finished when he was unable to cycle any further.
The partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) and of carbon dioxide (pCO2) in air breathed out was
measured.

The graph below shows the results of the cyclist’s fitness test.

Ventilatory threshold (VT) is a measure of the point when anaerobic respiration increases
because aerobic respiration alone can no longer maintain muscle contraction.

(b) VT can be identified as the first point when there is an increase in pO2 breathed out,
without an equivalent increase in pCO2 breathed out.

Use the graph above to determine the time after the exercise started when the
cyclist reached VT.

Calculate the ratio of pO2 to pCO2 in breathed-out air at this time.

Show your working.

Time when the cyclist reached VT = __________ min

Page 8 of 40
 Ratio of pO2 to pCO2 at VT = _____ :1
(2)

(c) An increase in the intensity of exercise produces an increase in the volume of

carbon dioxide produced.

However, the graph above shows that the pCO2 in air breathed out did not show a
large increase during the exercise.

Suggest one physiological change that would cause this result. Explain how the
physiological change would allow for the removal of the increase in the volume of
carbon dioxide produced.

Physiological change _________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Explanation _________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

When muscle fibres have very low concentrations of ATP, they may get ATP in the
following ways.

• AMPK (an enzyme) oxidises fatty acids.

• Phosphocreatine donates phosphate to ADP in anaerobic conditions.

The diagram below shows how these chemicals work.

Page 9 of 40
(d) At more than 80% of maximum muscle effort, ATP can only be made for a limited
time.

Use the diagram above to suggest one reason why.

Tick (✓) the correct box.

ATP cannot move into muscle fibres at a fast-enough

rate.

Muscle fibres have a limited amount of

phosphocreatine.

Muscle fibres produce too much lactate.

Muscle fibres quickly run out of ADP.

(1)

(e) GW1516 is a performance-enhancing drug. GW1516 activates AMPK and develops

slow muscle fibres at rest.

Use diagram above to justify why professional athletes are not allowed to take
GW1516.

Do not include details of chemiosmotic theory in your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

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___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

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___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

Page 10 of 40
EPO is another performance-enhancing drug. It can increase the haematocrit (the
percentage of red blood cells in blood).

(f) A heart attack is caused by a lack of glucose and oxygen being delivered to cardiac
muscle via the coronary arteries. The overuse of EPO can increase the risk of a
heart attack.

Suggest how.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(g) The normal haematocrit for human males is 47(±5)%. For professional male cyclists,
the maximum haematocrit allowed is 50%.

A student suggested that professional male cyclists should be allowed to use EPO
until their haematocrit is 50%.

Give two reasons why this suggestion is not valid.

1 _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2 _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 15 marks)

Page 11 of 40
Q6.
Scientists investigated the effect of a decrease in pH on muscle contraction. The scientists
did the investigation with four different preparations of isolated muscle tissue: A, B, C
and D.

A - mouse muscle fibres at typical pH of mouse muscle tissue (control 1).

B - mouse muscle fibres at 0.5 pH units below typical pH.

C - rabbit muscle fibres at typical pH of rabbit muscle tissue (control 2).

D - rabbit muscle fibres at 0.5 pH units below typical pH.

They measured the force of muscle contraction of the muscle fibres at 12 °C, 22 °C
and 32 °C

The graph shows the results the scientists obtained for B and D compared with the
appropriate control.

(a) A student looked at the results and concluded that a decrease in pH does cause a
decrease in the force of muscle contraction.

Use the graph above to evaluate this conclusion.

Page 12 of 40
 ___________________________________________________________________

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___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

(b) Another group of scientists suggested that a decrease in the force of muscle
contraction is caused by an increase in the concentration of inorganic phosphate, Pi,
in muscle tissues.

Their hypothesis is that an increase in the concentration of Pi prevents the release

of calcium ions within muscle tissues.

Explain how a decrease in the concentration of calcium ions within muscle tissues
could cause a decrease in the force of muscle contraction.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

Page 13 of 40
 (c) In muscles, pyruvate is converted to lactate during prolonged exercise.

Explain why converting pyruvate to lactate allows the continued production of ATP
by anaerobic respiration.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

Q7.
Yeast cells can respire aerobically or anaerobically. A student used the apparatus shown
in Figure 1 to measure the rate of respiration in yeast.

She:

• positioned the flask in a water bath so that the yeast culture reached a constant
temperature
• then left the apparatus for one hour before starting her investigation.

Figure 1

Page 14 of 40
(a) Suggest one reason why it was important that the student left the apparatus for one
hour after the yeast culture reached a constant temperature.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) During her investigation, the coloured liquid moved to the right.

Explain why it moved to the right.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) The student found that the coloured liquid moved 1.5 cm in 24 hours. The diameter
of the lumen (hole) of the capillary tubing was 1 mm.

The volume of a capillary tubing is given by πr2l, where π is 3.14 and l = length.

Calculate the volume of gas produced in cm3 hour–1.

Show your working.

Page 15 of 40
 Answer = ____________________ cm3 hour–1
(2)

Figure 2 shows a typical population growth curve for yeast under laboratory conditions.

Figure 2

(d) Explain why a log scale is used to record the number of cells.

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___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(e) Many yeast cells die during the death phase.

Suggest one reason why.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(f) The following equation can be used to make predictions of the growth in the
population of yeast cells under ideal laboratory conditions.

Xt = X0 ert

Xt = the population after a certain time

X0 = the population at the start
e = 2.72 (base of natural logarithm)
r = growth rate

Page 16 of 40
 t = time period in hours over which r applies

A population of 2000 yeast cells was left for 10 hours.

The value for the growth rate was 0.5

Assuming no yeast cells died, calculate the predicted size of the population after 10
hours. Show your working.

Answer = ____________________
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

Q8.
(a) Exercise causes an increase in heart rate.

Describe the role of receptors and of the nervous system in this process.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

(b) AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an enzyme that regulates a number of

cellular processes. Exercise leads to activation of AMPK.

The diagram shows one effect of activation of AMPK during exercise.

Page 17 of 40
 CPT1 is a channel protein that transports fatty acids into mitochondria.

Using the diagram above, explain the benefit of activation of AMPK during exercise.

___________________________________________________________________

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___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 7 marks)

Q9.
The image below shows a transmission electron micrograph of a longitudinal section of
skeletal muscle.

Page 18 of 40
(a) Name structures C, D and E.

C _________________________________________________________________

D _________________________________________________________________

E _________________________________________________________________
(3)

(b) Give the name of the structure shown between points A and B.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) Calculate the actual distance between points A and B. Give your answer in
micrometres (µm).

Page 19 of 40
 Answer = __________________ µm
(1)

(d) The image shows glycogen granules present in skeletal muscle.

Explain their role in skeletal muscle.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(e) During vigorous exercise, the pH of skeletal muscle tissue falls. This fall in pH leads
to a reduction in the ability of calcium ions to stimulate muscle contraction.

Suggest how.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 10 marks)

Q10.
Scientists have investigated the use of different types of stem cell to treat damage to the
heart after a myocardial infarction. During a myocardial infarction, a number of different
cell types in the heart die. This includes cardiomyocytes which are heart-muscle cells.

Page 20 of 40
Embryonic pluripotent stem cells (ESCs) can divide and differentiate into a wide range of
different cell types.

(a) Using the information given, suggest one reason why ESCs might be suitable to
treat damage to the heart.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) ESCs have not yet been used to treat people who have had a myocardial infarction.
This is because of concern that the use of ESCs might lead to more harm to the
person. One way that ESCs might lead to more harm is by differentiating into the
wrong types of cells.

Suggest one other way that putting ESCs into a person’s heart might lead to more
harm to the person.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) Transplants of cardiomyocytes have been shown to increase the repair of heart
tissue damaged by myocardial infarction.

One group of scientists investigated the hypothesis that these transplants work by
stimulating growth of new blood vessels into damaged heart tissues. They obtained
three groups of mice, A, B and C that had suffered myocardial infarctions.

• Group A were operated on but no transplant was given.

• Group B were operated on and given transplants containing cardiomyocytes
and two other types of heart cell.
• Group C were operated on and given transplants containing the two other
types of heart cells but no cardiomyocytes.

After a suitable time, the scientists measured the mean number of capillaries per
mm2 in sections taken from areas of the hearts of the mice affected by myocardial
infarction.

Their results are shown in the graph below. The bars show ±2 standard deviations,
which includes 95.4% of the data.

Page 21 of 40
 Group A was a control group. Explain two ways in which Group A acts as a control.

1. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(d) What can you conclude from these data about the stimulation by cardiomyocytes on
growth of new blood vessels into damaged heart tissues?

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___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(e) Suggest how the growth of new blood vessels into damaged heart tissues could
increase the rate of repair of tissues.

Page 22 of 40
 ___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(f) The scientists used an optical microscope to measure the number of capillaries in
thin sections cut from samples of heart muscle.

Describe the method they would have used to find the mean number of capillaries
per mm2.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 15 marks)

Page 23 of 40
Q11.
Many sports drinks contain water, sodium chloride and carbohydrates. The manufacturers
of the sports drinks claim that carbohydrates provide an energy boost. The sodium
chloride is used to increase absorption of glucose in the small intestine.

Scientists investigated the effect of a sports drink on the performance of runners in 5 km

races.
They recruited 100 runners who had previously run a 5 km race in similar times. During
this race, Race 1, they had water they could drink.

The scientists divided the runners into two equal groups, P and Q. Both groups ran a
second 5 km race, Race 2. During this race:

• group P had water available

• group Q had the sports drink available.

The scientists recorded the mean time for each group to complete this race.

Figure 1 shows their results.

Figure 1

The glycaemic index (GI) is a measure of the increase in blood glucose concentration
after eating a given mass of a food compared with eating the same mass of pure glucose.
The GI of pure glucose has a value of 100.

The GI of a food depends on several factors such as how much starch and sugars it
contains. High GI foods include those containing lots of simple sugars or white flour. The
carbohydrates in these foods are rapidly digested and absorbed. Low GI foods include
wholegrain bread and breakfast cereals that contain a lot of fibre. The carbohydrates in
these foods are digested and absorbed more slowly.

Figure 2 shows changes in blood glucose concentration after eating meals of high GI food
and meals of low GI food.

Figure 2

Page 24 of 40
 Explain how a sports drink could provide an energy boost when running.

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________
(Total 3 marks)

Q12.
A scientist investigated the use of a new source of carbohydrate in the production of
ethanol for biofuel. He wanted to find the optimum time to leave a mixture of yeast and
this carbohydrate to produce ethanol. The scientist set up an airtight container containing
yeast and this carbohydrate. He then measured the oxygen, carbon dioxide and ethanol
concentrations over 8 hours.
The results of his investigation are shown in the graph below.

Page 25 of 40
(a) The scientist used a container that was airtight.
Give two explanations why the container had to be airtight.

1. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

Page 26 of 40
(b) Explain the relationship between the concentration of oxygen and the concentration
of carbon dioxide between 0 and 3 hours.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) The scientist concluded that yeast starts to respire anaerobically when the oxygen
concentration falls below a certain concentration. What is the oxygen concentration
when the yeast starts to respire anaerobically? Explain your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(d) (i) The scientist worked for a biofuel company. Give two suggestions for further
work he should do to make sure that the results he presented to the company
were reliable.
Explain how each of your suggestions would make the results more reliable.

Suggestion_____________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Explanation ____________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Suggestion_____________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Explanation ____________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(4)

Page 27 of 40
(ii) The scientist recommended that when the ethanol is produced commercially
as biofuel the reaction should be stopped at 6 hours. Use the graph to suggest
why.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(iii) The scientist’s work was funded by a biofuel company. Explain why the source
of funding can cause problems with scientific work.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 16 marks)

Page 28 of 40
Mark schemes

Q1.
(a) 1. Phosphorylation of glucose using ATP;

2. Oxidation of triose phosphate to pyruvate;

Accept removal of hydrogen from triose phosphate for
oxidation.

3. Net gain of ATP;

Accept any description that indicates a net gain e.g., 4
produced, 2 used.

4. NAD reduced;
Accept NADH/NADH2/NADH + H+ produced.
Accept all mark points in diagrams.
4 max

(b) 1. Less/no reduced NAD/coenzymes

OR

Fewer/no hydrogens/electrons removed (and passed to electron

transfer chain);
Accept less/no FAD reduced.

2. Oxygen is the final/terminal (electron) acceptor;

2
[6]

Q2.
(a) 1. Oxidation of / hydrogen removed from pyruvate and carbon dioxide released;

2. Addition of coenzyme A.
Accept: NAD reduced for oxidation
2

(b) (i) 1. Change (in shape) of active site / active site moulds around the
substrate;
Reject: reference to inhibitor
Accept: change in tertiary structure affecting active site

2. (Substrate / active site) now complementary.

Neutral: references to two active sites
2

(ii) 1. Is a competitive inhibitor / attaches to active site;

Neutral: reference to inhibitor forming an enzyme-substrate
complex

Page 29 of 40
 2. Reduces / prevents enzyme-substrate / E-S complex forming.
Accept: Reduces / prevents acetylcoenzyme A binding to
enzyme / citrate synthase
2

(c) (i) 1. Regenerates / produces NAD / oxidises reduced NAD;

2. (NAD used) in glycolysis.

Accept: description of glycolysis
Accept: glycolysis can continue / begin
2

(ii) (Pyruvate used) in aerobic respiration / (lactate / lactic acid) is toxic /

harmful / causes cramp / (muscle) fatigue.
Accept: (pyruvate) can enter link reaction
Accept: reduces cramp / (muscle) fatigue
Neutral: ‘reduces muscle aches’
1
[9]

Q3.
(a)

Link Krebs
Glycolysis
reaction cycle

Occurs in
√ √
mitochondria

Carbon
dioxide √ √
produced

NAD is
√ √ √
reduced

Mark horizontally
3

(b) (i) 1. Glucose is used / broken down during glycolysis / in cytoplasm;

1. Accept: glucose to pyruvate or glucose not converted to
pyruvate for one mark

2. Glucose cannot cross mitochondrial membrane(s) / pyruvate can

cross mitochondrial membrane(s);
2

(ii) 1. Is a competitive inhibitor / attaches to active site;

1 Accept: inhibitor / malonate attaches to active site to form
an enzyme-substrate complex

Page 30 of 40
 2. Reduces / prevents enzyme-substrate / E-S complex forming;
2 Accept: substrate / succinate cannot bind to enzyme
2 Accept mark point 2, but not mp1 in context of non-
competitive inhibition
2

(iii) 1. Krebs cycle inhibited as NAD / Coenzyme / FAD not / less reduced;

2. Hydrogens not passed to ETC therefore oxygen not used as (much

as a) final / terminal (electron) acceptor;
2
[9]

Q4.
(a) Automarked question − Reduction of pyruvate
(Box 3)
1

(b) 1. Oxygen/O2 taken up/used (by seeds);

2. Carbon dioxide/CO2 (given out) is absorbed by solution/potassium

hydroxide/KOH;

3. Decrease in pressure/volume (of air inside);

Ignore ‘negative pressure’ but reject reference to vacuum.
Accept ‘air pressure higher than inside’.
3

(c) 1. Distance (drop/liquid moves);

Accept description of distance, e.g. ‘start and end position’.

2. Diameter/radius/bore of tubing/lumen
Accept (cross-sectional) area of tubing/lumen.

Ignore time.
2

(d) 1. Remove potassium hydroxide/KOH

OR
Remove solution which removes carbon dioxide.
OR
Replace potassium hydroxide/KOH with water;
Reject if seeds removed or another organism used.

2. Record distance liquid moves (without potassium hydroxide);

Reject moves to the right.
Accept ‘liquid would not move’.

3. Use difference in distance liquid moves (with potassium hydroxide

and without potassium hydroxide)

OR

Page 31 of 40
 Use difference in (calculated) volumes (with potassium hydroxide
and without potassium hydroxide);
Accept ‘if liquid does not move (volume of) carbon dioxide
produced is the same as (volume of) oxygen used’.

Answers which add/use a syringe, reject mp2 and mp3.

3

(e) Answer in the range 3 × 10–7 to 3.33 × 10–7;

Accept equivalent answers in this range which are not in
standard form.
Accept 3.0 × 10–7
Ignore any numbers after 3.33.
1
[10]

Q5.
(a) 1. Increases dissociation of oxygen;
Accept unloading/ release/reduced affinity for dissociation

2. For aerobic respiration at the tissues/muscles/cells

OR

Anaerobic respiration delayed at the tissues/muscles/cells

OR

Less lactate at the tissues/muscles/cells;

2

(b) 1. (Time) 10 minutes;

2. (Ratio) 1.6875(:1);

Allow 1 mark for correct ratio calculated from wrong time

For the ratio accept any correct rounding
2

(c) 1. Increase in breathing (rate);

Award mark points 1 and 2 OR 3 and 4
Allow more breaths per minute
Reject more BPM

2. Similar/same pCO2 per breath, but more breaths;

OR

3. Increase in tidal volume;

Accept each breath is deeper

4. Similar/same pCO2 per breath, but increased volume per breath;

Page 32 of 40
 2

(d) Second box ticked (Muscle fibres have a limited amount of phosphocreatine.)
1

(e) 1. More acetylcoenzyme A would enter the Krebs cycle;

2. (So) the Krebs cycle generates (more) reduced coenzymes

OR

(So more) reduced coenzymes pass their electrons to the electron transfer
chain;
Accept examples of reduced coenzymes
Reject production of reduced NADP or NADPH2

3. (So more) ATP would be produced;

idea for more is required once

4. Athletes could build (slow) muscle (fibres) without exercising;

Ignore ‘develop (slow) muscle (fibres) at rest’ as in stem of
question
Accept description of not exercising, eg without training

5. (Having more) slow muscle (fibres) would increase endurance;

Accept descriptions of endurance in terms of delayed onset
of anaerobic respiration
4 max

(f) 1. (EPO) causes blood to thicken;

Accept descriptions of thickening, eg more viscous

2. (The thickened blood) could block the coronary arteries

OR

(The thickened blood) slows blood flow

OR

(The thicker blood) could cause clots;

Reject atheroma/plaque (forms)
Accept could cause thrombus/embolus
2

(g) 1. Some cyclists will gain a bigger advantage/increase

OR

Cyclists with a haematocrit of 50% would not be able to gain an advantage;

Accept use of the data, or suitable calculations, eg some
may have an 8% increase, others 0%
Some cyclists might naturally have a haematocrit over 50%
(and so not be allowed to compete)

Page 33 of 40
 2. There are health risks (associated with) taking EPO;
Accept dangerous side-effects of taking EPO, or examples of
health risks
2
[15]

Q6.
(a) 1. Lower (force of contraction) in mouse/B (than control/100%) below 29 °C
OR
Lower (force of contraction) in rabbit/D (than control/100%) below
26.5 °C;
Accept any temperature below 29 °C for mouse/B or any specified
temperature below 26.5 °C for rabbit/D.
Accept 27 °C for 26.5 °C and accept 28.5 °C for 29 °C.

2. Higher (force of contraction) in mouse/B (than control/100%) above

29 °C
OR
Higher (force of contraction) in rabbit/D (than control/100%) above
26.5 °C;
Accept any temperature above 29 °C for mouse/B or any
temperature above 26.5 °C for rabbit/D.
Accept 27 °C for 26.5 °C and accept 28.5 °C for 29 °C.

3. Only (used) mouse and rabbit

OR
No other organism/species used;
Accept only two animals/species used.

4. Body temperature of mouse/rabbit higher (than temperatures

investigated);
Accept body temperature of mouse/rabbit not known

5. Only used one/0.5 pH (below typical pH)

OR
(Should) use more pH values;

6. (Used) isolated muscle tissue;

7. No stats test to see if (difference is) significant;

Ignore SD.
4 max

(b) 1. (Less/No) tropomyosin moved from binding site

OR
Shape of tropomyosin not changed so binding site not
exposed/available;
Ignore troponin.
Reject active site only once.

2. (Fewer/No) actinomyosin bridges formed;

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 Accept actin and myosin do not bind.
Reject active site only once.

3. Myosin head does not move

OR
Myosin does not pull actin (filaments)
OR
(Less/No) ATP (hydrol)ase (activation);
Reject ATP synthase.

Do not penalise reference to calcium rather than calcium ions.

Credit all mark points even if context relates to what happens
when calcium ions are present.
3

(c) 1. Regenerates/produces NAD

OR
oxidises reduced NAD;
Reject NADP and any reference to FAD.
Accept descriptions of oxidation e.g. loss of hydrogen.

2. (So) glycolysis continues;

Accept description of glycolysis e.g. glucose to pyruvate.
Accept ‘for oxidising/converting triose phosphate to pyruvate’.
2
[9]

Q7.
(a) (So the) oxygen is used/absorbed/respired;
1

(b) 1. Anaerobic respiration produces carbon dioxide;

2. Increase in pressure/volume (of gas);

Reference to either volume or pressure required for the mark
2

(c) 1. Correct answer in range of

4.9 × 10–4 to 4.91 × 10–4 = 2 marks;;
Accept any equivalent mathematical representation of this
answer

2. Incorrect answer buts shows division by 24 = 1 mark

OR
Incorrect answer but shows a number from 1175 to 1178 (ignore position of
decimal point, standard form and any numbers that follow) = 1 mark;
OR
Incorrect answer but show the number 49 (ignore position of decimal point,
standard form and any numbers after 49) = 1 mark;
2

(d) Large range/difference/increase in numbers;

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 Accept reference to exponential (increase)
Ignore if the answer only refers to numbers being high
Ignore to ‘fit on the scale’
1

(e) Decrease/no glucose/substrate

OR
Increase in ethanol/carbon dioxide/acidity;
Accept decrease/no oxygen as Figure 2 is not linked to
Figure 1.
Accept competition for glucose/oxygen.
Accept any named sugar
Accept decrease in pH
Accept increase in toxins
Ignore food/nutrients
1

(f) 1. Correct answer of 298000 or 297766 or 297765.59 or 296826 = 2 marks;;

Accept: any equivalent answer with appropriate rounding
e.g. 2.98 × 105,
29.78 × 104 etc.

2. Incorrect answer but working shows 2000 × 2.72 = 1 mark;

OR
Incorrect answer but working shows 2.720.5 × 10 / 2.725 / e0.5 × 10 / = 1 mark
2
[9]

Q8.
(a) 1. Chemoreceptors detect rise in CO2 / H+ / acidity / carbonic acid / fall in pH
OR
Baro / pressure receptors detect rise in blood pressure;
2. Send impulses to cardiac centre / medulla;
3. More impulses to SAN;
4. By sympathetic (nervous system for chemoreceptors / CO2)
OR
By parasympathetic (nervous system for baro / pressure receptors /
blood pressure);
1. Ignore: location of receptors.
1. Ignore: chemoreceptors detect oxygen.
2 and 3. Accept: action potentials.
2. Reject: ‘messages’, ‘signals’, ‘an impulse’ or an ‘action
potential’.
3. Ignore: messages’, ‘signals’, ‘an impulse’ or an ‘action
potential’ as emphasis here is on increase in frequency.
4

(b) 1. Less / no malonyl-CoA;

2. (More) fatty acids transported / moved into mitochondria;
3. Respiration / oxidation of fatty acids provides ATP;

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 1. ‘Inhibition of malonyl-CoA’ on its own is not enough but
accept production of malonyl-CoA is inhibited.
2. Accept: ‘transport of fatty acids into mitochondria is not
inhibited’.
2. Ignore: method of entry.
3. Accept: for respiration any stage of aerobic respiration
e.g. Krebs (cycle), link (reaction) etc.
3. Reject: production of energy, but accept production of
energy in the form of ATP.
3. Accept: acetyl CoA can enter Krebs cycle /
mitochondria to provide ATP.
3
[7]

Q9.
(a) C = M line / M disc / myosin filament

D = mitochondrion

E = myofibril
3

(b) Sarcomere
1

(c) Answer in range 1.14–1.18

1

(d) 1. As a store of glucose

Ignore provide energy
OR

To be hydrolysed to glucose;

2. For respiration / to provide ATP;

2

(e) 1. Low pH changes shape of calcium ion receptors

Do not accept tropomyosin does not move

2. Fewer calcium ions bind to tropomyosin;

Accept troponin

3. Fewer tropomyosin molecules move away;

4. Fewer binding sites on actin revealed;

5. Fewer cross-bridges can form

OR

Fewer myosin heads can bind

Must include idea of fewer at least once

Page 37 of 40
 3 max
[10]

Q10.
(a) 1. (ESCs) can replace any type of (heart) cell;
Accept named type of cell, e.g. heart muscle cell
1

(b) 1. Might divide out of control;

2. Leading to tumour / cancer;

2

(c) 1. Shows the effects of surgery;

2. Allows effects of transplants / treatment to be seen;

Allow in either order
2

(d) 1. Other cell types cause some increase but most of increase due to
cardiomyocytes;

2. Large SD, so some not much increase / no better than control;

3. Overlap of SDs indicates / suggests no significant difference;

3

(e) 1. Greater blood supply (to damaged areas);

2. Bringing more oxygen / glucose for respiration;

3. Brings more amino acids for protein synthesis;

4. For cell repair / mitosis / division;

3 max

(f) 1. Measure diameter of field of view and calculate area;

2. Using micrometer slide and eyepiece graticule;

Accept descriptions

3. Count number of capillaries in large number of fields of view and calculate

mean;

4. Select fields of view randomly

4
[15]

Q11.
1. (Drink) contains carbohydrates / sugars so High GI / (drink) contains carbohydrates /
sugars so raises blood glucose concentration quickly;
Each alternative requires both aspects for credit
The second alternative requires a reference to speed eg

Page 38 of 40
 ‘quickly’ or ‘immediately’

2. Contains salt so glucose more rapidly absorbed;

3. Increases glucose to muscles for respiration;

4. More / faster respiration so more / faster energy release;

Reject reference to energy production
Accept more ATP produced
[3]

Q12.
(a) 1. No oxygen can enter;

2. Ethanol produced during anaerobic respiration;

OR

3. No ethanol / carbon dioxide can escape;

4. Allows accuracy of measuring;

OR

5. To prevent entry of / contamination with microorganisms;

6. Prevent competition with yeast;

Any two pairs of answers
Second mark of each pair must be related to the first point of
the pair.
4 max

(b) 1. Yeast respiring aerobically;

2. Oxygen used equal to carbon dioxide produced;

2

(c) 1. 7.0 / 7;

2. Ethanol production starts;

2

(d) (i) 1. Repeat;

2. Identify anomalies / see if results are similar / enough results for

statistical test / give more reliable mean;

3. Carry out statistical test / statistical analysis;

4. Ensure results are significant / find probability of results being due

to chance;

5. Peer review;

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 6. Allows procedure to be checked / see if other scientists get similar
results;
Two pairs of linked points, each pair a suggestion and an
explanation. The explanation must relate to the suggestion to
gain the second point of the pair.
4

(ii) 1. Curve levelling off / rate of increase is decreasing / very little extra
ethanol produced;

2. Becomes less cost effective / less profit;

2. Accept a description of cost effectiveness
2

(iii) 1. (Funding agency) might want particular results;

2. Results may be withheld / results may not be published / results

may be confidential;
2 max
[16]

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