KINEMATICS

POINTS TO REMEMBER:

● Rest and Motion are relative terms; nobody can exist in a state of absolute rest or of absolute motion.
● One dimensional motion:- The motion of an object is said to be one dimensional motion if only one out
of three coordinates specifying the position of the object change with time. In such a motion an object
moves along a straight line path.
● Two dimensional motion :- The motion of an object is said to be two dimensional motion if two out of
three coordinates specifying the position of the object change with time. In such motion the object
moves in a plane.
● Three dimensional motion :- The motion is said to be three dimensional motion if all the three
coordinates specifying the position of an object change with respect to time ,in such a motion an object
moves in space.
● The magnitude of displacement is less than or equal to the actual distance travelled by the object in the
given time interval
Displacement ≤ Actual distance
● Speed: It is rate of change of distance covered by the body with respect to time.
Speed = Distance travelled /time taken
● Speed is a scalar quantity .Its unit is meter /sec. and dimensional formula is [M0L1T-1] .It is positive or
zero but never negative.
● Uniform Speed :- If an object covers equal distances in equal intervals of time than the speed of the
moving object is called uniform speed. In this type of motion, position – time graph is always a straight
line.
● Instantaneous speed:-The speed of an object at any particular instant of time is called instantaneous
speed. In this measurement, the time Δt→0.
● When a body is moving with uniform speed its instantaneous speed = Average speed = uniform speed.
● Velocity :- The rate of change of position of an object in a particular direction with respect to time is
called velocity. It is equal to the displacement covered by an object per unit time.
Velocity =Displacement /Time
● Velocity is a vector quantity; its SI unit is meter per sec. Its dimensional formula is [M0L1T-1]. It may be
negative, positive or zero.
● When a body moves in a straight line then the average speed and average velocity are equal.
● Acceleration: The rate of change of velocity of an object with respect to time is called its acceleration.
Acceleration = Change in velocity /time taken
● It is a vector quantity, Its SI unit is meter/ sec2 and dimension is [M0L1T-2].It may be positive, negative
or zero.
● Positive Acceleration: If the velocity of an object increases with time, its acceleration is positive.
● Negative Acceleration: If the velocity of an object decreases with time, its acceleration is negative. The
negative acceleration is also called retardation or deceleration.
● Formulas of uniformly accelerated motion along straight line:-
● For accelerated motion, For deceleration motion
● v = u + at v = u - at
2
● s = ut + 1/2 at S = ut - 1/2 at2
● v2 =u2 + 2as v2= u2- 2as
● Sn = u + (a/2)(2n- 1) Sn = u – (a/2)( 2n- 1)
● Free fall: In the absence of the air resistance all bodies fall with the same acceleration towards earth
from a small height. This is called free fall. The acceleration with which a body falls is called
gravitational acceleration (g).Its value is 9.8 m/sec2.
● Relative Motion:- The rate of change of distance of one object with respect to the other is called
relative velocity. The relative velocity of an object B with respect to the object A when both are in
motion is the rate of change of position of object B with respect to the object A.
→ → →
● Relative velocity of object A with respect to object B 𝑉AB = 𝑉 A - 𝑉B
● When both objects are move in same direction, then the relative velocity of object B with respect to the
object A:
→ →
→
= 𝑣B - 𝑣A
𝑣BA
● When the object B moves in opposite direction of object A.
→ → →
𝑣BA = 𝑣B + 𝑣A
● When VA and VB are inclined to each other at angle θ
|𝑉| = (VA2 + VB2 – 2VAVBCos θ)1/2
● Scalars: The quantities which have magnitude only but no direction. For example: mass, length, time,
speed, temperature etc.
● Vectors: The quantities which have magnitude as well as direction and obeys vector laws of addition,
multiplication etc. For examples: Displacement, velocity, acceleration, force, momentum etc.

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS:

Q.1. What does the slope of v-t graph indicate? Ans : Acceleration

Q.2. Under what condition the average velocity equal to instantaneous velocity?
Ans: For a uniform velocity.
Q.3. The position coordinate of a moving particle is given by x=6+18t+9t2 (x in meter, t in seconds) what is
it’s velocity at t=2s. Ans: 54 m/sec.
Q.4. Give an example when a body moving with uniform speed has acceleration.
Ans: In the uniform circular motion
Q.5. Two balls of different masses are thrown vertically upward with same initial velocity. Heights attained
by them are h1 and h2 respectively. What is h1/h2. ns : 1/1,
Q.6. What is the angle between velocity and acceleration at the peak point of the projectile motion?
Ans: 900
Q.7. What is the source of centripetal acceleration for earth to go round the sun?
Ans. Gravitation force of the sun.
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
Q.8. A ball moves 40m in last second of its journey & 10m in the first second of its journey. If it starts from
rest find the total distance moved by the ball. (62.5 m)
Q.9. A particle is projected vertically upward from the top of a tower of height ‘h’ with velocity u. it takes 6
sec to reach the maximum height and 20 sec to reach the ground. Find the values of ‘h’ & ‘u’.
(60 m/sec, 800 m)
Q.10. A ball is dropped from the top of a tower of height 19.6m. At the same time another ball is projected
from the bottom with a velocity of 29.4 m/sec. When & where the two balls meet each other?
(17.42m)
Q.11. Can the speed of a particle vary if its velocity is constant? Can reverse be true?
Q.12. A ball is thrown vertically up with velocity uO. Find it velocity at the moment it reaches half the
maximum height. What time it will take to reach that height. (u0/√2,0.293u0/g)
Q.13. A ball is dropped from a balloon going up with a velocity of 40 m/sec at t= 5sec from start. Find the
time taken by the ball to reach the ground and the velocity just before it strikes the ground.
(4 + 2 √14) sec, 20√14 m/sec.)
Q.14. A body falls from rest. During last two seconds it covers half of the total distance. Find the total time of
the journey and total distance. (2 (2 + √ 2) sec, 246 m)
Q.15. A body takes t1 seconds to reach the ground if projected upward from the top of a tower and ‘t2’ sec
when projected vertically downward with the same speed. Prove that if it is dropped from the same
height it will take t=√t1t2 sec to reach the ground
Q.16. The driver and the guard of a train of length ‘l’ cross a pole with velocities ‘u’ & ‘v’ respectively. Find
2 2
𝑢 +𝑣
the speed with which the midpoint of the train will cross the same pole. √( 2
)
Q.17. What is a frame of reference? Differentiate between the inertial and non inertial frames?
Q.18. A parachutist bails out from an aero plane and after dropping through a distance of 40m, he opens the
parachute, and decelerates at 2ms-2. If he reaches the ground with a speed 2ms-1, for how long is he in
the air? At what height did he bail out from the plane? (13.14s 235m)
Q.19. A rifle bullet loses 1/20 of its velocity in passing through a plank what is the least no. of planks
required to stop the bullet. (11)
Q.20. A car accelerates from rest at a constant rate α for some time and then it decelerates at a constant rate β
to come to rest. If the total time elapsed is t sec, find —
αβ αβ 2
(i) the maximum velocity reached (ii) the total distance traveled ( α+ β
𝑡, (α+ β)
𝑡 )
Q.21. A stone falling freely under the influence of gravity for 1 sec strikes a glass pane held horizontally. On
breaking through the glass pane the stone loses half the velocity. How far will it travel in next two sec?
(29.4)
Q.22. From the top of a tower 98 m high, a stone is projected vertically upward with a velocity 39.2 ms-1. On
its return, it misses the tower and finally strikes the ground. Calculate -
(i) The greatest elevation
(ii) Velocity with which it strikes the ground
(iii) The time it takes to reach the ground. (176.4 m, 58.8 m, 10 s)