MATH 5

Kim Marinelle C. Tiamson, REE

MATH 5
 MATH 5

MATRICES
An m×n matrix is a rectangular array of numbers (m rows and n columns)
enclosed in brackets. The numbers are called the elements of the matrix.

Examples:
1. A 2×3 matrix has 2 rows and 3 columns:

1 2 3
5 6 7

2. Here’s a 3 × 3 square matrix:

7 2 −1
3 5 −2
4 3 0
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3. Column vectors are matrices with only one column:

1
5
8
4. Row vectors are matrices which only have one row:
[3 -1 7]

A general real matrix 𝐴 ∈ 𝑅𝑚𝑥𝑛 with m × n elements is of the form:

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Each element has two properties:

1. Location: The first index represents the row (i) and The second index
represents the column (j), e.g. (a21 is the element in row 2, column 1 of the
matrix A)
2. Value: which represents the amount of the element.
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Special matrices

The unit matrix I is a square matrix whose only non-zero elements are on the
diagonal and are equal to one, e.g.
1 0 0 0
1 0 0
1 0 0 1 0 0
𝐼= , 0 1 0 ,
0 1 0 0 ⋱ 0
0 0 1
0 0 0 1
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Zero matrix 0 : All elements of the zero matrix are equal to zero, e.g.
0 0 0 0 0 ⋯ 0
0 0 0 0 ⋯ 0
, 0 0 0 ,
0 0 ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮
0 0 0 0 0 ⋯ 0
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A diagonal matrix only has non-zero elements on the main diagonal. These
non-zero elements can have any value, e.g.
𝑑11 0 ⋯ 0
𝑑11 0 0
𝑑11 0 0 𝑑22 ⋯ 0
𝐷= , 0 𝑑22 0 ,
0 𝑑22 ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮
0 0 𝑑33
0 0 ⋯ 𝑑𝑛𝑛
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Upper triangular matrix: all the elements under the main diagonal are zero
and the others can have any value, e.g.
2 5 1 −3
1 3 7
2 −1 0 9 7 6
𝑈= , 0 −5 −1 ,
0 5 0 0 1 4
0 0 2
0 0 0 −2

Lower triangular matrix: all the elements above the main diagonal are zero
and the others can have any value, e.g.
3 0 0 0
1 0 0
2 0 2 −5 0 0
L= , 2 −4 0 ,
1 −3 0 9 2 0
7 3 5
4 −6 1 7
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Matrix algebra

1. Matrix Equality
Two matrices are equal if they have the same size and if their corresponding
elements are identical , i.e.
A=B
if and only if:
aij = bij , for i = 1,….., m ; j = 1,……, n
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Examples:

1 −2 3 2 4 4
1. If A = ,B= then A ≠ B
5 7 −9 3 5 2
(same size but the corresponding elements are not equal)

1 0
1 3 9
2. If A = 3 −5 , B = then A ≠ B
0 −5 6
9 6
(different size)

1 2 1 −2
3. If A = ,B= then A ≠ B
−3 7 −3 7
( same size but a12 ≠ b12 )
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Examples:

1 0 a b
A= , B= , given that A = B, find a, b, c, and d?
−4 2 c d
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Examples:

1 0 a b
A= , B= , given that A = B, find a, b, c, and d?
−4 2 c d

Sol.

A=B

a=1
b=0
c = -4
d=2
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Matrix algebra

2. Matrix Addition
Two matrices can only be added if they have the same size. The result is another
matrix of the same size. We add matrices by adding their corresponding
elements, i.e.
C=A+B
cij = aij + bij for i = 1,….., m ; j = 1,……, n
 MATH 5

Matrix algebra

2. Matrix Addition
Two matrices can only be added if they have the same size. The result is another
matrix of the same size. We add matrices by adding their corresponding
elements, i.e.
C=A+B
cij = aij + bij for i = 1,….., m ; j = 1,……, n
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Example

1 2 3 10 1 23
if A = ,B= find:
5 6 7 5 16 3

1. C = A + B ?
2. D = B – A ?
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Example

1 2 3 10 1 23
if A = ,B= find:
5 6 7 5 16 3

1. C = A + B ?
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Example

1 2 3 10 1 23
if A = ,B= find:
5 6 7 5 16 3

𝟏𝟏 𝟑 𝟐𝟔
1. C = A + B =
𝟏𝟎 𝟐𝟐 𝟏𝟎
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Example

1 2 3 10 1 23
if A = ,B= find:
5 6 7 5 16 3

2. D = B – A ?
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Example

1 2 3 10 1 23
if A = ,B= find:
5 6 7 5 16 3

𝟗 −𝟏 𝟐𝟎
2. D = B – A =
𝟎 𝟏𝟎 −𝟒
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Sol.
1 + 10 2+1 3 + 23 11 3 26
C=A+B= =
5+5 6 + 16 7+3 10 22 10

10 − 1 1−2 23 − 3 9 −1 20
D=B–A= =
5−5 16 − 6 3−7 0 10 −4
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3. Multiplication of a matrix by a scalar.

A matrix is multiplied by a scalar (a number) by multiplying each element

of the matrix by that scalar. The result is a matrix of the same size.
A=αB
bij = α aij for i = 1,….., m ; j = 1,……, n
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Example:

3 5 −2
If A = 4 2 4 find 3A?
3 −4 3
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Example:

3 5 −2
If A = 4 2 4 find 3A?
3 −4 3

Sol.
3×3 3 × 5 3 × −2 9 15 −6
3A = 3 × 4 3×2 3 × 4 = 12 6 12
3×3 3 × −4 3 × 3 9 −12 9
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Matrix – Matrix multiplication.

The product of an m × n matrix A and an n × p matrix B produces an m × p

matrix C, i.e.

This implies that the number of columns of the first matrix must
be equal to the number of rows in the second matrix.
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Here are some examples:

2 −1 3
1 5 −2
A= , B= 4 5 9
3 0 7
4 −3 6
2×3 3×3

2 1
1 2 3 2
C= , D= 5 6
5 −7 6 −2
9 −2
−9 0 −1 7
3 7
3×4 4×2
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Here are some examples: We can form :

2 −1 3 AB : the result is a 2 × 3 matrix
1 5 −2
A= , B= 4 5 9 AC : the result is a 2 × 4 matri
3 0 7 BC : the result is a 3 × 4 matrix
4 −3 6
2×3 3×3 CD : the result is a 3 × 2 matrix

2 1 But, It is not possible to form:

1 2 3 2 BA or AD
C= , D= 5 6
5 −7 6 −2 The product matrix of two
9 −2
−9 0 −1 7 matrices is obtained by taking dot
3 7
products of the rows of the left
3×4 4×2
matrix with the columns of the right
matrix.
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Ex:
1 2 4 3 2
Find AB if A = ,B = ?
3 4 2 1 1
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Sol.
4 3 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
AB = 2 1 1
4 3 2
3 4 3 4 3 4
2 1 1

1×4+2×2 1×3+2×1 1×2+2×1

AB =
3×4+4×2 3×3+4×1 3×2+4×1

𝟖 𝟓 𝟒
𝐀𝐁 =
𝟐𝟎 𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟎
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For practical computation Falk’s scheme could be used to evaluate AB in

tabular form as follows:

𝟖 𝟓 𝟒
AB =
𝟐𝟎 𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟎
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For practical computation Falk’s scheme could be used to evaluate AB in

tabular form as follows:

𝟖 𝟓 𝟒
AB =
𝟐𝟎 𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟎
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Properties of matrices multiplication.

1. Matrix multiplication is not commutative (AB ≠ BA)

1 2 2 2
Proof: A = ,B =
4 1 3 1
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Properties of matrices multiplication.

1. Matrix multiplication is not commutative (AB ≠ BA)

1 2 2 2
Proof: A = ,B =
4 1 3 1

𝟖 𝟒 𝟏𝟎 𝟔
AB = BA =
𝟏𝟏 𝟗 𝟕 𝟕
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Properties of matrices multiplication.

2. AB = 0 does not imply A = 0, B = 0 or BA = 0.
1 1 −1 1
Proof: A = ,B =
2 2 1 −1
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Properties of matrices multiplication.

2. AB = 0 does not imply A = 0, B = 0 or BA = 0.
1 1 −1 1
Proof: A = ,B =
2 2 1 −1

1 × −1 + 1 × 1 1 × 1 + 1 × (−1) 𝟎 𝟎
AB = =
2 × −1 + 2 × 1 2 × 1 + 2 × (−1) 𝟎 𝟎

−1 1 1 1 −1 × 1 + 1 × 2 −1 × 1 + 1 × 2
BA = . =
1 −1 2 2 1 × 1 + (−1) × 2 1 × 1 + (−1) × 2

𝟏 𝟏
=
−𝟏 −𝟏
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Properties of matrices multiplication

3. AB = AC does not necessarily imply B = C

1 1 2 1 3 0
Proof: A = , B= , C=
2 2 2 2 1 3

1 1 2 1 1×2+1×2 1×1+1×2 𝟒 𝟑
AB = . = =
2 2 2 2 2×2+2×2 2×1+2×2 𝟖 𝟔

1 1 3 0 1×3+1×1 1×0+1×3 𝟒 𝟑
AC = . = =
2 2 1 3 2×3+2×1 2×0+2×3 𝟖 𝟔
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Properties of matrices multiplication

4. A(B + C) = AB + AC distributive law

1 1 2 1 3 0
Proof: A = , B= , C=
2 2 2 2 1 3
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Properties of matrices multiplication

4. A(B + C) = AB + AC distributive law

1 1 2 1 3 0
Proof: A = , B= , C=
2 2 2 2 1 3

5 1
B+C=
3 5

1 1 5 1 8 6
A(B+C) = . =
2 2 3 5 16 12
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Properties of matrices multiplication

4. A(B + C) = AB + AC distributive law

1 1 2 1 3 0
Proof: A = , B= , C=
2 2 2 2 1 3

5 1 4 3 4 3
B+C= AB = , AC =
3 5 8 6 8 6
1 1 5 1 8 6 4 3 4 3 8 6
A(B+C) = . = AB + AC = + =
2 2 3 5 16 12 8 6 8 6 16 12
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Properties of matrices multiplication

5. A(BC) = (AB)C associative law

Transpose of a matrix
 MATH 5

Transpose of a matrix.

The transpose of a matrix is obtained by interchanging its rows and columns

T
aij = aji for i = 1,….., m ; j = 1,……, n

The transpose is denoted by a superscript T and the general matrix becomes:

a11 a21 ⋯ am1

T
a12 aa22 ⋯ am2
A = ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮
a1n a2n … anm
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Example

1 2 3
Find AT if A = ?
5 6 7
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Example

1 2 3
Find AT if A = ?
5 6 7
Sol.
1 5
AT = 2 6
3 7
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Hint: If AT = A then A is a symmetric matrix, e.g.

3 2 −1 3 2 −1
A= 2 7 0 , AT = 2 7 0
−1 0 8 −1 0 8
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Properties of Matrices Transpose

1. (AT)T = A for any matrix A.
2. (A + B)T = AT + BT. for matrices A and B with compatible dimensions.
3. (A.B)T = BT. AT . for matrices A and B with compatible dimensions.
4. If AAT = ATA = I then A is orthogonal matrix.
Determinant of a Matrix
 MATH 5

Determinant of a matrix

Given a square matrix (and it *must* be a square one) A, the corresponding

determinant is an array of the exact same entries in the exact same order, but
those entries are enclosed in absolute-value bars instead of the square
brackets (or maybe the parentheses) that enclose matrices.

The name "determinant" comes from their original use; namely, to

"determine" whether a given system of linear equations had a unique solution.

From https://www.purplemath.com/modules/determs.htm
 MATH 5

Determinant of a matrix

Given a matrix B, the determinant of B is denoted by det(B), pronounced as

"the determinant of B", or just "det-bee".

When written out, the determinant swaps out the matrix's square brackets for
absolute-value bars.

Pero this doesn’t mean na positive lang ung value ng determinants.

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Determinant of a matrix

1. The determinant of a 2 × 2 matrix

a11 a12
A= a a22
21
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Example
1 2
Find det. A if A = ?
4 −7
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Example
1 2
Find det. A if A = ?
4 −7

Sol.
1 2
A = = 1 × −7 − 2 × 4 = −15
4 −7
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Determinant of a matrix

2. The determinant of a 3 × 3 matrix

a11 a12 a13

a22 a23 a21 a23 a21 a22
A = a21 a22 a23 = a11 .
a32 a33 − a12 . a31 a33 + a13 . a31 a32
a31 a32 a33

A = 𝑎11 𝑎22 𝑎33 − 𝑎23 𝑎32 − 𝑎12 𝑎21 𝑎33 − 𝑎23 𝑎31 + 𝑎13 𝑎21 𝑎32 − 𝑎22 𝑎31 .
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Example
3 −5 3
Find det. A if A = 2 1 −1 ?
1 0 4
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Example
3 −5 3
Find det. A if A = 2 1 −1 ?
1 0 4

3 −5 3
Sol. A = 2 1 −1
1 0 4

1 −1 2 −1 2 1
=3 − −5 + 3
0 4 1 4 1 0
= 3(4) + 5(9) + 3(-1)
= 54
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Sarrus Scheme (basketweave method)

𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 3

× 3 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥. 𝐼𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝑺𝒂𝒓𝒓𝒖𝒔′ 𝒓𝒖𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒓 𝑺𝒂𝒓𝒓𝒖𝒔′ 𝒔𝒄𝒉𝒆𝒎𝒆.

Consider a 3×3 matrix :

a11 a12 a13
a21 a22 a23
a31 a32 a33

then its determinant can be computed by the following scheme:

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 MATH 5

Example
3 −5 3
Find det. A if A = 2 1 −1 ?
1 0 4
Minor and Cofactor
of a Matrix
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Cofactors

The cofactor cij is defined as the coefficient of aij in the determinant A. It

is given by the formula:
𝑖+𝑗
𝑐𝑖𝑗 = −1 𝑚𝑖𝑗
where mij is the minor matrix of order (n −1)×(n −1) formed by deleting
the column and row containing aij, e.g.
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Cofactors
 MATH 5

Example
2 1 4
Find the cofactors matrix of A = 5 2 3 ?
8 7 3
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Example
Sol.
5 3
𝑐12 = (−1)1+2
= (−1) 5 × 3 − 3 × 8 = (-1).(-9) = 9
8 3

2 4
𝑐22 = (−1) 2+2
= −1 2 × 3 − 4 × 8 = 1 . −26 = −26 , etc...
8 3
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Example
−2 3
Find the cofactors matrix of A = ?
7 11

Sol.

1+1
𝑐11 = −1 11 = 1 . 11 = 11

𝑐21 = (−1)2+1 3 = (-1).(3) = -3 , etc...