ifx-+-<X> if

ex:
.x+2 x+2 odd
lim ( X 2 + 5) = 22 S ex: fun • lim - - , # = x fun /(x) = ~/(x)
• 2 + =9 •-.Jx:'2-9 even ex...-.Jr-9 ........ g(x) liing(.r)
lim/(x) o liin__!_=
• .._. _ _!_ X 2
........
• 2 [ X +2
- - ] -+-
=-*O 3 -4
---- J~-~
x...... -' X 00
-lim X X x X
limg(x) 0 00
r-- • lim-x-=~=0 =:!!r_9
-] (Indeterminate fonn) • Divide each terms by
{use factorization or conjugate)
r--.Gx2-]
.x2 .x2 the highest degree
,.,,. 1+0
ex: lim r1 -6x+5
=o
O By substi =-(~;!) = .JHi of x from denominator
li.rn c=c, c oonstant
·--
.x-1 ~~6_-
-
,o..., =-1 =l
-
lim(x-~ factorize
• li.rnz =a
--I • -li.rncf(x) clim.
·-- f
!3 oondltions before multiply (-ve}I = (x)
l im x-5
• Rational function.
!Factorizationj ____., • li.rnx'" = a'"
=-4
ex:
,- I .•. the factor is Simplify anc1 SuL

(surd at denominator
OR numeratnr only}.
• If
·--
-----"""'1 • lim[f(.x)±g(x)]= lim f(x)±lim g(x)
._.,. _.,. ..
lim vx -
2
..,..... x-4
=0 i (x-a) _/
-~
<1.s~
(,"(!>
• Powercxx. ~<::-
·.S-
_,__ I .. f(x)g(x) = f(x) >< ~!!!g(x)
If odd or even ;f;'
=lim -2 x +2 cor,jugate ---<>--- even odd I lim f(x) = ~f(x)
-~
.s-+4 x-4 --~c--
s •-- g(x) limg(z)
·--
= lim ----=-,--
..-~ v x +2)
=!.
3 conditions
l)f(c) Is defined
2) f(x) exist
Atp 0 •
-
Find·
mg Ii ·
ft11ts Y../ \(('its . .
~e sided limit
c ~f(x)=Ll
limf(x)=M ex:
Limits .x-..a-
1
-i
4 3) funf(x)=f(c) \ and l:xistanceofallmit:~
• Refer 1D the denominator f. •-- . ~{cl
-~
Rational Continuity ' Two sided limit
limf(x) exist if
because ~inatnr *O _ \ cot"\'C-'~
"',,,.~ . "--
ex:f(x)=--
X-3
!
I
'?'(ll •
~--
If
·--·
lim f(x) = lim f(x)
- -
limf(z) exist
..,
x-3,;f:0 lim f(x) = ~f(x) = oonstant =-+<x>or-~
--
\
X ,;f:J ----~to _.__ g(x) limg(x) 0
.•. f(x) is discontinuous at x = 3
Conclusion
\: .. -
I
·--·
• if lim f (x) = +<x> \." f(.r) = -
ex: from the graph_
--
ISl.lmlary for ftnclng limils I _ %,
li.rn f(x) = +oo ex: lim - -
"-
@® ~e_!:_ • Vertical Asymptntes .....z• x-2
1) lim /(x) CXJIISl:ant :.a>11S1mll: ~---
mnsblnt • Piecewise f is ;.·
* :. lim.f(x) = +ao If subst. .r = 2
·-
--- g(x) • Denominator O
2) lim/(x) =~=0 continuous if, x=a is a YA if, ~10
• If limf(x)=-CX> lim _I_= .!.(Infinite limits)
-g(x) k .......i•x-2 0
llimf(x)= ~g(x)I lim f(x) = ±«>
3) lim /(x) fadDri"zle,/u,n)Jgllte
........ ..-to
.. lim f (x) =-CX) .•. subst. nearest value
-g(x) 0 or ·--- li.rn .!_ = (up)
-
d x = 2 fi'om RHS {i+) -t<10
limf(x) =-CX> ...... JC
! « f (x) = ±«>
4) Jim /(x) = = •HX> or ~- Subst. nearest value
- • g(x) 0 ..lim
--- • If lim f (x) = +ao
let.x=2.I
!.
lim =--«> (down)
5) 1im /(x) = clvide each terms by the highest
• Horizontal Asymptotes
y=a Is a H.A if,
-·
limf(z)=-ao
• lim _I_==~=-= +<e
•• a:-oa• .¥=2_+.______
~-%_ _ _ __
---g(z) GO --
degree of z from denominnmr. limf(x)=a
·- :.limf(.z) does not exist.
---
 d ( e •) =e•
• dx •! (er)= er 1n a. a constant
ex:y=e-. y' =e%
ex: y=J..... y'=3•1n3
• Diff'eientiate bolfi sfdesl [ • usfng rules ofdifleriiitiationj
formula or In both sides d the equations with
d(e•) =ae• ex:y=x'+2x
• dx
• Ina(:) respect to JC.
• using impHdt dffirintfatlori.
ex: Y = ~. Y = 2.e"b _ _2 l ~., !(Y-)=,,,r(;;) {apply rule d dif.)
ex: y=3--•. y'=2(3 )(ln3)
= -j
~~=)l_+l
• !(e•)=e-(:) ,u function formula or In both Sides * I*
1)7(x)=l,.''.f'(x)=O .. 1-15 a mn~
ex: .ry = lny• find c/j
d,c
ex: y=~+t• • !(~) r(l+In.r) 00- 2) f(x) = X-.,f'(x) = nx--1.,n e R
= .!.(
y•=~+l
d l
• -(ln.r)=-
method : In both sides only .x(l) dy + y(l)
d,c y
dy
d,c
_ _ _ _ 3) f(x) = .,f'(x) = ~ •
dx
ex: y = ln.x. y' = -
X
l
~-t:o
o-,& JCdy + y=
d,c
.!.(dy)
y dx ~xa
......_."1,¢ \ ·,Ji.
---
product Rule
_I 4)f(x)=u+v.,f'(x)=u'+v'
S) f(x) = uv,f(x) = uv'+ va, •
...,Vc9
..,
(du)
JC
/ Quotient Rule G)f(x)= : .. f'(x)= vu~uv•
d (lnu)
• dx = ;-·
1 dx • u function :(.x-;)=-y
. ~"(_\0'(\ Chain Rule 7) If y = f(u) ,u = g(x)
dy -y2
1nr. y' = rl c2x> = 2 -o<::'- (b<::-'O"'.....
ex: y = JC
In & log .~
-~<b' _dy = _dy_x _du_
d,c ~ - •- - - - - - ' (l)<:-
• !(tog.x)= !(::) Q-~
....
q}-
•
rule_j
-
cbc du cbc
8) If y = u-, u Is a function of x
/
(l)~ /
':§
lnx
ex:y=lo&x=-
-t::'
;.g = nu-• (du) 4 STEPS
dy
ln2
.s .dx d% -
Differentiation Q.
T of Exponential, Logarithmic,
-
, l (1) l ~<-c, & Trigonometric functions I) f (%) = 2,f'(x) = 0
y = Jn2 X = .rln2 ,r,go~1/
0
·· 2)f(x)=x-3 ,f'(x)=-3x-' = - : .
ex: y=2sin4 ( r +4)
• d (sin x) =cos x D 1.fferent1at1on_
. . - Examples / ~.- - •
dx y' = 2(4Xsin(x2 + 4))3 cos(x2 + 4)(2.r) _ _ - - - 3 )f(x)=2x3,f'(x)=2(3x::z)=~
• o<::'- ~·-- 3 3
• d (cosx)=-sinx =16xsin3 (.r2 +4)cos(x2 +4) 4)f(x)= 3x3 +x:z .f'(x) =9x:z +2.r
~'l> ./
dx (power rule) (b<::- , P ro d uct R ule
.,S.41/;(
-- - - S)f(JC)=.t'(.x+4)3 ,11=.x2 ,v=(x+4)3
Higher Order
d r tan x) = sec2 x «'v\a . <;>~' Derivative f'(x) = x(5x+8)(x+4)2
• -dx-" ~o'( .......e'r..'<'c, First Principle
Ouotient Rule .x = v = .x + I
para, ••::::----,-'
\
J
• d (cot x) = -cosec2 x f.~ait-:-~-;;,~-x"""...L..;J;"-7 a.,) - / 6)f(x)= x+l .. 11
ddx • -; Tfie derivative d y= f(x) at x =a • Differentiate a runcuon more I
• x
-(cosecx)=-cosec d dy
cot x • --2..=-(-)><
d2 .f o/ Is defined asr than once,
01,.;,,;,
Rute
f"(.x) = (
7}f(x)=(x+2r3
x+l
):z
Letf(x)=y
d,c 'I 4i': c/t dJr.:___ 2 I f'(a) = lim f(x)- f(a) Nalatk>n,.r->(x) ,
• ::., (sec x) sec x tan x • r;,,nd : and~ •-- x-a =y<-> 11=:r+2.,y=11-s
------------ for y = 314 .x = 212 -
• f'(x) = lim f(JC + I,)- f(x),
....... ,, try
=-
,()
o,..
e,..,..~
·=•,
d,c
dy =-S..-'
•
ex: f(x) = 2x, flndf'(x) dx"
(.,~ 4, -S
J • ex: Find the ffrst, semnd and tNrd = (x+ 2)
dy - 121> dx = 41
-d, - dt f'(JC) = lim 2 (.r+h)-2%
....... ,, derivative ofy =lr +4%..
••• d,c
8)f{x)={3%+2)-:z
6
c{y· - l"'·J >< _!_
-
=312 =lim 2x+2h-2.r
....... ,, y'-=6%3+4
-6
dx- "'" 41
y•=-lh
-'.S -
f~:r)=-2(3%+2) {3)- (3.r+~)3
d2y ==6t><..!...= ! =-=2
21,
y•=t2
. 4t~2 h
""'
 1} Identify the variable to be • when/'(c)=O (exist)
maximized or minimized, :. (c,f(c)) is a stationary point.
ex: A rectangular region is formed by say variable y.
a 16 an string. Rnd the length a 2) Bcpre$ y into a single variable • ex: if/tx)=_!_,/tx)=O
x-2 • whenf'(c)=O (exist)
and the width b d the region is tD function, say y= f(x).
:. stationary number is x = o
be a maximum. 3) Solve /tx) =o '1'.\cal point :. (c.f(c)) Is a critical point.
Stationary P . C,{' - • when f'(c) does not exist.
. a Perimeter, 2(a +b) =16 4) Verify the type of solutions of
1
ex: If /'(x) = - , / ' ( x ) = 0
X
Solution: Db a=8-b 1 /tx)=O by using FDT or SOT.
x-2·
Let y = area of rectangular 5) Get the optimum value .-. critical values are
Y = ab
I L if 1t is required. x=O andx=2
y = (8-b)b = 8b-b2 <:,-teP for solving ,;;;r : • To find max/filln point.
Rrst Derivative, dy = 8- 2b First
S'( Derivative
(-\ I Interval I (---<>0,2) I (2.5) (5,oo)
db Ex.. ---:_::-=c-- ., Extrell)U'.1:7~\Test(FDT)- ~I I I
dy b=4 le::
f Optimization
=--/----=Pro61ems,___J
- - , . : . = ' Problems
·
x 1 3 6
db ~eps . ~ I f(x) I + +
SD, d2y
db2 =-2<0 (max)
(apply exl:remum Application of ( Second Derivative Check )
sip
IConclusionI / I \
'-------,'.Al
_ _,___ __...___
I
problems) --....., Differentiatt.J
'•)).. T~st
if\
When b=4, a=4
C •
(SPT)
.•. Length=4cm •if/
Width_-4cm _ • if// or\\ no exbemum
Rate of change
1) Take out all the informations (related to time) ...--
- .~
---,--===--
-· To flii<f maxTmin point.
given from the question.
I • From/(x) find/tx)
Step for so\ving
dv
ex: -=2cm1s-1,
dt
dh
-=?
dt
-~ Steps
• from /'(x) = 0, find X = C
1• Rnd/"(x)
2) List down all the variables involved. ~ m _ ; 1 l a ... - - • Substitutex=c intD/"(x)
ex: V- Volume r- radius Shape Volume Surface Area cone • Cleek sign. (+/-)
A-Area h- height If 1)/"(x)>O (nm)
Sphere 4 S =41rr2
s- Surface t-time V =-1rr
3
2)/"(x)<O (max)
3) Detennine the formula of 3 if r ·3- 3)/"(z)=O test failed
sphere/cone/cylinder. Cone 1 S =1rrs (open) ~FDTest.
4) Apply Olain Rule
V = -1rr2 h similar h=4
• Relative ext:cemum = Local exti
I
I
3 S = 1rrs + 1rr2 ( closed) triangle r 3
-=-
~r
dv dv db h 4
ex:-=-x-
dl db dt Cylinder V = 1rr 2 h S=2trrh (open) 3
:. r=-h
dA dAdr ~-4
-=-x- S = 21rrh + 21rr
2
( closed)
dt dr di ---.--....,_..
,;
 If f(g(x))glx)dxj IJudv=uv-J wtuj 1) Jadx=ax+c. ex: J2t1x=2x+c
,~
y
a constant
- Jf(u)du . u = g(x) u = ?• using L P E T
du
=F(u)+c. - = g l x ) ex:J~dx Jf'(x)dx= f(rj+c n+l
x- 1
2) Jxndx=-+c. ex:
x"
f rdx=-+c
4
dx Letu=x • ' X n¢-l
dv=trdx 0 a b
------
=F(g(x))+c .. du =g'(x)dx • Derivative]
3x'
J2xo+r) I
I
du-]
J
v= trdx !J f(x)dx=[F(x)( lf<x)l _______ l___f-•cx--->I 3) f kf(x)dx=kf f(x)dx, ex: f3x"dx=
5
+c
~
ex: 2
<Lr I t1x -
=F(b)-F(a) k constant
Let u =l+.x2 du=dx v=tr Anti derivative_,
Oa~. 4) J[f(.x)±g(x)]dx= J f(x)dx± J g(x)dx
du
= 2 . x• du=2.xdx .·. J x~dx = xtr -J trdx ,,.,.,~
r
-
dx
J2-x3 + x ca = J2x" + 3x
(9~ 3
"~
'.'-
I
3
u2 =xtr -e" +c ex: 2
+c
fu 2 du=
3 +c
=tr(x-l)+c lnteg~tlon by c:J'
2 Pbrts 5) J(ar+b)" cl<= (a'tb);' +c. na<-1
a n+l
2 3
=-(1+.x3)2 +c lnt~ation by
, 2x+l 6 ( 2.x+l )6
3 Subsflt~ ( )
ex: J(2x+l) dx=-'-----'-+c=-'-----'-+c
2(6) 12
• Rational function only
P(x) dx• P(x) proper- fractions
ex: Jx(x+l)
2
dx
6) J esdx=es +c
f D(.r) D(.r) 2
---=-+--
A B
.:techniques..o·
- ~
Integration
Basic Rules
of Integration
• Improper fractions ) Proper fractions .r(x+l) x x+J 7) J e•dx = .!..e- +c> ex: fe2.zdx = .!..e1s +c
x=O, A=2 lntegra /on by a 2
• Types of Partial Fractions Partia ractlons
x=-1. B=-2 Ir 3•
(Refer tD the denominator) 8) fksdx=-+c> ex: f3"dx=-+c
P(x)
D(x)=x" .•. Jx(}+ 1) dx Ink
k :t= J, k ronst:ant
ln3
D(.r).
:.=:J2-~ Integration of
nez•,n-:1:-1 1-ffl
x x+l Trigon ~etric 9) Jk-••dx = - - + c ex: J21s•1 <1x
(Refer tDpk: Polynomials) !xi- 2 lnjx + Ij + c
= 2 lo Funcjbns a(lnk) •
p,.fe~
Ix - axis I • A = !f y dx ly-axisl • A =!f x dy J
10) .!..dx = Inlxl+c
y lx-aml X
ex: I- -
y
•J cosax dx
~y~f(x) b 1 - ~ / x= f(y)
ai·-~
• V=n-!f y2dx. y=f(x)
I .
=-smax+c
11) I--dx=-lnjar+hj.
k
ar+b
k
a
2 dx
3x+l
a b x X ly-axisl a k constant
• V = n- !J x 2 dy,. x = f(y) •f sinax dx f'(x) es
Area between 12) J=------..::..~dJ: = lnlf(x)j+c. ex: J - - d l :
I f(x) tr +2
2 curves =--cosax+c
Ix- axisl
,~~~;::ootweenl a
•Jsec ax dx
2
13) J f '(x'}e'<s>m: = ef<s) + c. ex: J 2xe• di:
2
• A =!f f(x)-g(x)dx lx-arul ly-arul 1
=-taoax+c
a
14) J f'(x)(f(x)f di:= [f(x)J +c. n cF-1
n+l
fr-.~~ • V=n!f y/-y:dx f x. • V= 1l'!
2
- x/dy ex: J 3x2 (x1 + 1)4 di:
. ~-..
• A~~-: r /"(y)- g(y)dy_ Y1 =f (x),. Y2 = g(x) X. = f (y),. = g(y) (Indefinite Integral)