Sampling
Sampling
Sampling
Definition…
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● Timeliness
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● The large size of many populations
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● Inaccessibility of some of the population
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● Destructiveness of the observation
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● Accuracy
REASONS FOR SAMPLING…
● Economy - taking a sample requires fewer resources than a census.
● Time factor -a sample may provide you with needed information quickly.
● The very large populations -many populations about which inferences
must be made are quite large
. Element
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. Sample
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. Sampling Unit
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. Subject
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Population
The population refers to the entire group of people,
events or things of interest that the researcher
wishes to investigate.
If an organizational consultant is interested in studying the effects
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company in France, then all the patients in all the nursing homes run by
them will form the population. If however, the regulators are interested
only in one particular nursing home run by that company, then only the
patients in that particular nursing home will make the population.
Element
An element is the
single member of the population.
to
study the desire outcome, then 200 members form the sample for the study.
. If there are 145 patients in a hospital and 40 of them are to be surveyed by the
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on the list.
Sampling Methods/Techniques
Nonprobabili
Probability
ty
Sampling
Sampling
Sampling Methods/Techniques/Types
Sampling Techniques
Nonprobability Probability
Sampling Techniques Sampling Techniques
● Systematic sampling
● Proportionate
probability of selection.
This implies that every element is selected independently of
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Combine the samples from each stratum into a single sample of the target
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population
A major objective of stratified sampling is to increase precision without increasing
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cost.
Cluster Sampling
The target population is first divided into mutually exclusive and collectively
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technique.
For each selected cluster, either all the elements are included in the sample
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● Convenience Sampling
● Judgment Sampling
● Quota Sampling
● Snowball Sampling
Convenience Sampling
Convenience sampling attempts to obtain a
sample of convenient elements. Often, respondents
are selected because they happen to be in the right
place at the right time.
respondents.
● Test markets
● Engineers selected in industrial marketing research
● Expert witnesses used in court
Quota Sampling
Quota sampling may be viewed as two-stage
restricted judgmental sampling.
1.The first stage consists of developing control
categories, or quotas, of population elements.
2.In the second stage, sample elements are
selected based on convenience or judgment.
Population Sample
composition composition
Control
Characteristic Percentage Percentage Number
Sex
Male 48 48 480
Female 52 52 520
____ ____ ____
100 100 1000
Snowball Sampling
Knowledge of
target population Research scope
Determining Sample Size
How many completed questionnaires do we need to
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and money.