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U1 L02 Elements of Visual Perception

The document discusses the mechanics of the human visual system and image formation in the eye. It explains the structure of the eye, light receptors, image formation and the effect of focal length on image formation.

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roman
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9 views16 pages

U1 L02 Elements of Visual Perception

The document discusses the mechanics of the human visual system and image formation in the eye. It explains the structure of the eye, light receptors, image formation and the effect of focal length on image formation.

Uploaded by

roman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Elements of Visual Perception

by
Dr.R.Hemalatha, Associate Professor, ECE
SSN College of Engineering

UEC1722 Digital Image and Video


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Session Objectives

• To introduce the mechanics of an human visual system.

UEC1722 Digital Image and Video


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Session Outcomes

At the end of the session, you will be able,


• To understand how image is formed in the eye and effect of
focal length.

UEC1722 Digital Image and Video


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U1-CO1 Outline

1
Mechanics of human visual system

2 Image formation in the eye

UEC1722 Digital Image and Video


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Simplified horizontal cross section of the
human eye

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Structure of human eye
• The eye is nearly a sphere, with an average diameter of
approximately 20 mm.
• Three membranes enclose the eye: the cornea & sclera – outer
cover, the choroid and the retina.
• The cornea – transparent membrane; the sclera – opaque
membrane.
• The choroid – network of blood vessels – major source of
nutrition to the eye. In its anterior extreme it is divided into
Ciliary body and the Iris diaphragm.
• The Iris diaphragm controls amount of light that enters the eye by
contracting or expanding.
• The central opening of the iris (the pupil) varies in diameter from
approximately 2 to 8 mm.
UEC1722 Digital Image and Video
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Structure of human eye
• The front of the iris contains the visible pigment of the eye
whereas the back contains a black pigment.
• The Lens contains 60-70% water, 6% of fat and more protein.
It has slight yellow pigmentation.
• When the eye is properly focussed, light from an object
outside the eye is imaged on the retina. Pattern vision is due
to discrete light receptors – cones and rods.
• Cones (located in fovea)–fine details-photophic or bright light
vision.
• Rods – overall picture – scotopic or dim light vision.
• The Blind spot is the region of emergence of the optic nerve
from the eye, where the receptors are absent.

UEC1722 Digital Image and Video


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Light Receptors
Rods Cones
• 75-150 million • 6-7 million
• Distributed over the retinal • Central portion of the retina-
surface Fovea
• Several rods are connected • Each cone has its own nerve
to a single nerve end end
• General overall picture of • Fine details
the field of view
• Sensitive to levels of • Sensitive to color
illumination
• Scotopic / dim light vision • Photopic / bright light vision

UEC1722 Digital Image and Video


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Distribution of rods and cones in the retina

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Image formation in the Eye

h/17=15/100

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Image formation in the Eye

• For distant object – lens flattened


• For near object – lens become thicker.

• The focal length (distance between the center of the lens and
the retina) varies from approximately 17 to 14 mm, as the
refractive power of the lens increases from its minimum (far
object) to its maximum (nearby object).

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Effect of Focal Length

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Summary

• The mechanics of human visual system is briefly explained.


• The formation of an image in an eye is discussed.

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Test your understanding

1. What are the layers present in human eye?


2. List out the differences between cones and rods.
3. What is Blind spot?
4. Draw the distribution of rods and cones in the retina.
5. Illustrate how an image is formed in the eye.

UEC1722 Digital Image and Video


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References
• Gonzalez and Woods, Digital Image Processing, Pearson,
Third Edition, 2008.

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