 Sample space is the set of all possible outcomes.

 The set of event ⊂ sample space

𝑛(𝐴)
 p(A) =
𝑛(𝑆)

 0 ≤ p(A) ≤ 1 p(A) ∈ [0 , 1]
 The sum of the probabilities of all outcomes = 1
 P(S) = 1
 P(Ø) = 0
 A and B means A ∩ B (together)
 A or B means A ∪ B (both)
n(A ∩ B)
 P(A ∩ B ) =
𝑛(𝑆)
n(A ∪ B)
 P(A ∪ B ) = = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B)
𝑛(𝑆)

 If A ⊂ B then 1) A ∩ B = A P(A ∩ B ) = P(A)

2) A ∪ B = B P(A ∪ B ) = P(B)

3) A – B = Ø

 If A ∩ B = Ø then A , B are mutually exclusive events

 Then P(A ∪ B ) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B) = P(A) + P(B) where P(A ∩ B)= 0
 A ∩ A\ = Ø , P(A ∪ A\) = P(A) + P(A\) – 0 = 1
P(A ∩ A\) = 0
𝑛(𝐴 \ )
 P(A\) = 1 – P(A) =
𝑛(𝑆)

B–A≠A–B P(B – A) ≠ P(A – B)

 P(A – B) = P(A) – P(A ∩ B)
 P(B – A) = P(B) – P(A ∩ B)

(1)
Ex: which of the following represent probability.
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(-2 , 1.6 , 75 % , )
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Ex1:in the experiment of rolling a fair die once and observing the number appears on

The upper face, if A is the event of getting an even number , B is the event of getting an
prime number and C is the event of getting an odd prime number ,

find using Venn diagram:

1) The probability of occurring the two event A and B together

2) The probability of occurring the two event B and C together
3) The probability of occurring the two event A and C together

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(2)
Ex2: in the experiment of drawing one card randomly from 10 identical cards mixed very
well and numbered from 1 to 10 , if A is the event that the drawn card carries an even
number, B is the event that the drawn card carries a prime number and C is the event that the
drawn card carries a number divisible by 4 ,

Find using Venn diagram:

1) The probability of occurring the two event A or B

2) The probability of occurring the two event B or C
3) The probability of occurring the two event A or C

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(3)
Ex3: in the opposite Venn diagram:

If A , B and C are three events from the sample space S

of a random experiment , find :

1) P(A ∪ B ) , P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B)

2) P(A ∪ C ) , P(A) + P(C)

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Ex4: if A and B are two events from the sample space S , P(A) = 0.3 and P(B) = 0.2
find :
1) P(A ∪ B ) if P(A ∩ B ) = 0.1
2) P(A ∪ B ) if A and B are two mutually exclusive events
3) P(A ∩ B ) if P(A ∪ B ) = 0.3

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(4)
 1
Ex5: If A and B are two events of the sample space of a random experiment , P(A) = 6

1 4
, P(A∩B) = and P(A∪B) = find :
18 9

1) The probability of non-occurrence the event A

2) P(B\)

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Ex6: 40 pupils in a school participated in a sport activities in the school . if 25 pupils

participated in football team , 10 pupils participated in basketball team , 4 pupils in the two
teams together and the rest in other teams. If a pupils is chosen randomly from those pupils.
Find using Venn diagram the probability that:
1) The pupil is participating in football team.
2) The pupil is not participating in football team.
3) The pupil is participating in the two teams together.
4) The pupil is participating in football team or basketball team.
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(5)
Ex7: A class contains 45 pupils , 20 pupils of them like reading police novels and
15 pupils of them like reading romantic novels and 5 pupils of them like reading the two
kinds of novels. If a pupil is chosen randomly from the class.

Calculate the probability that the pupil:

1) Likes reading police novels.
2) Likes reading police novels only.
3) Doesn't likes reading police novels.
4) Likes reading the kinds together.
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Ex8: In the experiment of rolling a fair die once and observing the number on the upper face.
If A is the event of getting an even number and B is the event of getting a number less than 5

Find using Venn diagram :

1) The probability of occurring the event A only.
2) The probability of occurring the event B only

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(6)
Ex9: If A and B are two events of the sample space (S) of a random experiment where
4 7
P(A – B) = 0.3 , P(B – A) = and P(A ∩ B) = Find :
15 30

1) The probability of non – occurrence of A.

2) The probability of occurrence A or B or both of them
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Ex10: IF A and B are two mutually exclusive events of a sample space of a random
1 3
experiment , P(A – B) = and P(A ∪ B) = Find :
2 5

1) P(A)
2) P(B\)
3) The probability of non – occurrence both two events together .

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(7)