LECTURE 4: EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS

TRANSFORMERS
 Impedance Ratio
 Consider a transformer having
impedance Z2 in the secondary as shown
 Hence impedance ratio (Z2/Z1) is equal
to the square of voltage transformation
ratio.
 In other words, an impedance Z2 in
secondary becomes Z2/K2 when
transferred to primary.
 Likewise, an impedance Z1 in the
primary becomes K2*K1 when
transferred to the secondary.
 Similarly, R2/R1 = K2 and X2/X1 = K2
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 Impedance Ratio
 The importance of above relations is that we can transfer the parameters from one
winding to the other. Thus:

i. A resistance R1 in the primary becomes K2*R1 when transferred to the secondary.

ii. A resistance R2 in the secondary becomes R2/K2 when transferred to the

primary.

iii. A reactance X1 in the primary becomes K2*X1 when transferred to the secondary.

iv. A reactance X2 in the secondary becomes X2/K2 when transferred to the primary.

Note: It is important to remember that:

 When transferring impedance (R or X) from primary to secondary, multiply it by

K2

 When transferring impedance (R or X) from secondary to primary, divide it by K2

 When transferring voltage or current from one winding to the other, only K is
used.
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 Shifting Impedances in A Transformer

 The figure below shows a transformer where resistances and reactance are
shown external to the windings.

 The resistance and reactance of one winding can be transferred to the

other by appropriately using the factor K2.
 This makes the analysis of the transformer a simple affair because then
we have to work in one winding only.
 Therefore the transformer can be:
1. Referred to primary
2. Referred to secondary
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Equivalent Resistances

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 Equivalent Resistance
 The resistance of the two windings can be transferred to any side either
primary or secondary without affecting the performance of the transformer.

 The transfer of the resistances on any one side is advantageous as it makes the
calculations very easy.

 Consider the total loss due to both the resistances:

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Equivalent Resistance

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Transformer Referred to Primary

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Transformer Referred to Secondary

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Impedance Equivalent

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 Practice Question
 Qn 1: A 33 kVA, 2200/220V, 50Hz single phase transformer has the
following parameters. Primary winding resistance R1 = 2.4Ω, Leakage
reactance X1 = 6 Ω, Secondary winding resistance R2 = 0.03Ω,
Leakage reactance X2 = 0.07 Ω. Then find Primary, Secondary and
equivalent resistance and reactance.

 Qn 2: A single phase transformer having voltage ratio 2500/250V

(primary to secondary) has a primary resistance and reactance 1.8 Ω
and 4.2Ω, respectively. The corresponding secondary values are 0.02Ω
and 0.045Ω. Determine the total resistance and reactance referred to
secondary side. Also calculate the impedance of transformer referred
to secondary side
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Solution Q1

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Solution Q2

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Practice Questions

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Equivalent Circuit of a Transformer

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 Equivalent Circuit of a Transformer
 It is important to describe the behavior of an electrical machine in terms of its
equivalent circuit so that the analysis can be done using normal methods of circuit
theory.
 The exact equivalent circuit of a transformer on load is as shown below:

 Here R1 is the primary winding resistance and R2 is the secondary winding

resistance.
 Similarly, X1 is the leakage reactance of primary winding and X2 is the leakage
reactance of the secondary winding.
 The parallel circuit R0 − X0 is the no-load equivalent circuit of the transformer
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 The resistance R0 represents the core losses (hysteresis and eddy current
losses) so that current IW which supplies the core losses is shown passing
through R0.

 The inductive reactance X0 represents a loss-free coil which passes the

magnetizing current Im.

 The phasor sum of IW and Im is the no-load current I0 of the transformer

 Note that in the equivalent circuit, the imperfections (losses) of the

transformer have been taken into account by various circuit elements.
Therefore, the transformer is now the ideal one.

 Note that equivalent circuit has created two normal electrical circuits
separated only by an ideal transformer whose function is to change values
according to the equation:

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 Points to note
 The following points may be noted from the equivalent circuit:

i. When the transformer is on no-load (i.e., secondary terminals are open-

circuited), there is no current in the secondary winding. However, the
primary draws a small no-load current I0. The no-load primary current I0
is composed of (a) magnetizing current (Im) to create magnetic flux in the
core and (b) the current IW required to supply the core losses.

ii. When the secondary circuit of a transformer is closed through some

external load ZL, the voltage E2 induced in the secondary by mutual flux
will produce a secondary current I2. There will be I2 R2 and I2 X2 drops in
the secondary winding so that load voltage V2 will be less than E2

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Points to Note

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Equivalent circuit referred to primary

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 Equivalent circuit referred to primary

• The no-load current I0 in a transformer is only 1-3% of the rated

primary current and may be neglected without any serious error.

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Equivalent circuit of transformer referred to primary

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Equivalent circuit of transformer referred to secondary

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Equivalent circuit of transformer referred to secondary

Note: The same final answers will be obtained whether we use the
equivalent circuit referred to primary or secondary. The use of a particular
equivalent circuit would depend upon the conditions of the problem. 24
Approximate Voltage Drop in a Transformer

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Approximate Voltage Drop in a Transformer

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Voltage Regulation

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 Practice Question
 Qn 1.: A 250/125V, 5 kVA single phase transformer has primary
resistance of 0.2 Ω and reactance of 0.75Ω. The secondary resistance is
0.05 Ω and reactance of 0.2 Ω. Determine:

i. Its regulation while supplying full load on 0.8 leading p.f

ii. The secondary terminal voltage on full load and 0.8 leading p.f.

 Qn 2.: A 40 kVA, 6600/250 V, 50 Hz transformer is having total

reactance of 35 Ω when referred to primary side whereas its primary and
secondary winding resistance is 10 Ω and 0.02 Ω, respectively. Find full
load regulation of at a p.f. 0.8 lagging.

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 Solution Q1

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Solution Q 1

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 Practice Question
 Qn 1.: A single phase transformer with a ratio 5: 1 has primary
resistance of 0.4 ohm and reactance of 1.2ohm and the secondary
resistance of 0.01 and reactance of 0.04 ohm. Determine the percentage
regulation when delivering 125 A at 600 V at

(i) 0.8 p.f. lagging

(ii) 0.8 p.f. leading.

 Qn 2.: If the ohmic loss of a transformer is 1% of the output and its

reactance drop is 5% of the voltage, determine its regulation when the
power factor is

(i) 0.8 lagging

(ii) 0.8 leading

(iii) unity.
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Efficiency of a Transformer

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 Practice Question
 Qn 1.: A 500 kVA, 600/400V, one-phase transformer has primary and
secondary winding resistance of 0.42 Ω and 0.0011 Ω, respectively. The
primary and secondary voltages are 600 V and 400 V, Ωrespectively. The
iron loss is 2.9 kW. Calculate the efficiency at half full load at a power
factor of 0.8 lagging.

 Qn 2.: In a 25 kVA, 2000/200 V power transformer the iron and full load
copper losses are 350 W and 400 W, respectively. Calculate the efficiency
at unity power factor at (i) full load and (ii) half load.

 Qn 3.: A 220/400 V, 10 kVA, 50Hz, single-phase transformer has copper

loss of 120 W at full load. If it has an efficiency of 98% at full load, unity
power factor, determine the iron losses. What would be the efficiency of
the transformer at half full-load at 0.8 p.f. lagging.
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Solution Qn 1

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Solution Qn 2

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 TRANSFORMER TESTS
 The circuit constants, efficiency and voltage regulation of a transformer
can be determined by two simple tests i.e.:

✓ open-circuit test

✓ short-circuit lest.

 These tests are very convenient as they provide the required information
without actually loading the transformer.

 Further, the power required to carry out these tests is very small as
compared with full-load output of the transformer.

 These tests consist of measuring the input voltage, current and power to
the primary first with secondary open-circuited (open-circuit test) and
then with the secondary short-circuited (short circuit test).

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 Open-Circuit or No-Load Test
 This test is conducted to determine the iron losses (or core losses) and parameters
R0 and X0 of the transformer.
 In this test, the rated voltage is applied to the primary (usually low-voltage
winding) while the secondary is left open-circuited.

 The applied primary voltage V1 is measured by the voltmeter, the no-load current I0
by ammeter and no-load input power W0 by wattmeter as shown in Figure (i).
 As the normal rated voltage is applied to the primary, therefore, normal iron losses
will occur in the transformer core.
 Hence wattmeter will record the iron losses and small copper loss in the primary. 37
Open-Circuit or No-Load Test

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 Short-Circuit or Impedance Test

 This test is conducted to determine R01 (or R02), X01 (or X02) and
full-load copper losses of the transformer.

 In this test, the secondary (usually low-voltage winding) is short-

circuited by a thick conductor and variable low voltage is applied
to the primary as shown in Fig. (i).

 The low input voltage is gradually raised till at voltage VSC, full-
load current I1 flows in the primary.

 Then I2 in the secondary also has full-load value since I1/I2 =

N2/N1. Under such conditions, the copper loss in the windings is
the same as that on full load.

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 Short-Circuit or Impedance Test
 There is no output from the transformer under short-circuit conditions.

 Therefore, input power is all loss and this loss is almost entirely copper
loss.

 It is because iron loss in the core is negligibly small since the voltage VSC
is very small.

 Fig. (ii) shows the equivalent circuit of a transformer on short circuit as

referred to primary; the no-load current being neglected.

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 Short-Circuit or Impedance Test

• Note: The SC test will give full-load Cu loss only if the applied
voltage VSC is such so as to circulate full-load currents in the
windings.
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 Advantages of Transformer Tests

 The two simple transformer tests offer the following advantages:

1. The power required to carry out these tests is very small as compared
to the full-load output of the transformer. In case of open-circuit lest,
power required is equal to the iron loss whereas for a short-circuit test,
power required is equal to full-load copper loss.

2. These tests enable us to determine the efficiency of the transformer

accurately at any load and p.f. without actually loading the
transformer.

3. The short-circuit test enables us to determine R01 and X01 (or R02 and
X02). We can thus find the total voltage drop in the transformer as
referred to primary or secondary. This permits us to calculate voltage
regulation of the transformer.
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 Practice Question
 Qn 1.: A 15 kVA, 440/230 V, 50 Hz, single phase transformer gave the
following test results:
Open Circuit (LV side) 250 V, 1.8A, 95 W.
Short Circuit Test (HV side) 80 V, 12.0 A, 380 W.
Compute the parameters of the equivalent circuit referred to LV side
 Qn 2.: A 50 MVA, 60 Hz single-phase transformer indicates that it has a
voltage rating of 8 kV: 78 kV. Open circuit test and short circuit test gave
the following results:
Open Circuit Test: 8 kV, 61.9 A and 136 kW
Short Circuit Test: 650 V, 6.25 kA and 103 kW.
Determine the efficiency and voltage regulation if the transformer is
operating at rated voltage and a load of 0.9 p.f. lagging.

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Solution Qn 1

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Solution Qn 2

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Conti…Solution Qn 2

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 Self Assessment
• What is voltage regulation of a transformer?
• Why does voltage drop in a transformer?
• Is the regulation at rated load of a transformer same at 0.8 p.f. lagging
and 0.8 p.f. leading?
• Is the percentage impedance of a transformer same on primary and on
secondary?
• Obtain the equivalent circuit of a 200/400V, 50Hz, single phase
transformer from the following test data:
O.C test: 200V, 0.7A, 70W-on LV side
SC test:15V, 10A, 85W-on HV side
Calculate the secondary voltage when delivering 5kW at 0.8 p.f. lagging.

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