Vern J.

Ostdiek
Donald J. Bord
 1.1 Fundamental Physical Quantities

◼ In physics, there are three basic aspects of the material

universe that we must describe and quantify in various
ways: space, time, and matter.
c
◼ The units of measure of all of these quantities can be traced
back to the units of measure of distance, time, and two
a
properties of matter called mass and charge.
do
◼ Mostly all quantities can be classified in terms of the
fundamental physical quantities:
to
▪ Distance (L) minimum uniftrin mi
▪ Mass (M)
Time (T)
Kgrg slug
min
MEN
▪
s n
For example, speed has the unit of miles per hour (L/T)
 L I
1.1 Fundamental Physical Quantities: Distance

ix I W
HIM
▪ Distance represents a measure of space in one dimension.
so
Length, width, and height are examples of distance measurements

I
e
▪ The following table lists the common distance units of
measure, in both the metric and English systems and their
abbreviations.

Physical Quantity Metric Units English Units

Distance d (or l, w, h) meter (m) foot (ft)
millimeter (mm) inch (in.)
centimeter (cm) mile (mi)
a
kilometer (km)
 1.1 Fundamental Physical Quantities: Distance

▪ Two other physical quantities that are closely

related to distance are area and volume.
UTR UT 0 395
1,48
▪ Area and volume are examples of physical
quantities that are based on other physical
quantities—in this case, just distance.
4 volume Lawan LAHL L
rea
LEE refers to the size of a surface
▪ Area commonly
(e.g., the floor in a room or the outer skin of a
basketball).

▪ The concept of area can apply to surfaces that

are not flat and to “empty,” two-dimensional
a
spaces such as holes and open windows. The
area of this rectangle and the area of the
surface of the basketball are equal 2
1 1,48 1,481
 1.1 Fundamental Physical Quantities: Distance

The following table lists the common area and volume units of
measure, in both the metric and English systems and their
abbreviations.

Physical Quantity Metric Units English Units

square meter (m2) square foot (ft2)
26 t
square centimeter (cm2) square inch (in.2)

i.FI
Area (A)
square kilometer (km2) square mile (mi2)

fa
hectare
cubic meter
sf
(m3)
cubic centimeter (cm3 or cc)
acre
cubic foot (ft3)
cubic inch (in.3)

2152
Volume (V)
liter (L) quart, pint, cup
1 1 1 milliliter (mL) teaspoon, tablespoon
as
 1.1 Fundamental Physical Quantities: Distance
I m 3.28ft
d
Example: Convert 23 meters to feet.
1m 3 28ft
23M n
23 meters = 23 × 1 meter
75.4ft
1 meter = 3.28 feet

23 meters = 23 × 1 meter = 23 × 3.28 feet

23 meters = 75.4 feet

1m 1000km
7 Un
4800
 1.1 Fundamental Physical Quantities: Time

I 3
▪ The measure of time is based on periodic phenomena—processes
-
that repeat over and over at a regular rate.
mesh
- 0
▪ Both the metric system and the English system use the same units
for time

1h min boos
Physical Quantity Metric Units English Units
Time (t) second (s) second (s)
-
minute (min) minute (min)
- -
hour (h) hour (h)
- _

5h min
insomin 30 1min for
 5961300min 18000s
1.1 Fundamental Physical Quantities: Time

61 It SI 2iWlidl
Period: The time for one complete cycle of a
DEFINITION

process that repeats. It is abbreviated T, and the

units are seconds, minutes, and so forth.
5 minin hour

It IIII dis
Frequency: The number of cycles of a periodic
DEFINITION

process that occur per unit time. It is

abbreviated f and has units s–1 or hertz (Hz).
 1.1 Fundamental Physical Quantities: Time

The relationship between the period of a cyclic phenomenon and its

frequency is simple.
The period equals 1 divided by the frequency, and vice versa.
1
F period = frequency 41
2
1 1

00
T= → f =
f T

The standard unit of frequency is the hertz (Hz), which equals 1

cycle per second.
1 Hz = 1/s = 1 s−1
it 91.5 MHz = 91,500, 000 Hz
2 GHz = 2, 000, 000, 000 Hz 97,5 18
 21
7
Example 1.1

A mechanical stopwatch uses a balance wheel that rotates back

and forth 10 times in 2 seconds. What is the frequency of the
balance wheel?
Yycles
frequency = number of cycles per time
to 10 cycles
cycles f =
2s
= 5 Hz
f
What is the period of the balance wheel?
0
period = time for one cycle
7 8
I 1
cycle 𝑇=
5 Hz
= 0.2 s
f 5 T
 1.1 Fundamental Physical Quantities: Mass
the amount of matter
in an object
If
▪ Mass is also a measure of what we sometimes refer to in everyday
speech as inertia.
me onions.eu dbi itxt1ItI'in
The larger the mass of an object, the greater its inertia and the more difficult it
resistance ofanobjectto is to speed up or slow down.
the
changesinmotionorvelocityoracceleration t.fm
▪ Mass is not in common use in the English system; note the you
unfamiliar unit, the slug.
▪ The following table lists the mass unit of measure in the metric and
English systems and their abbreviations.

Physical Quantity Metric Units English Units

Mass (m) kilogram (kg) slug
gram (g)
 1.1 Fundamental Physical Quantities: Mass
in 05m46s Idl
▪ Weight, a quantity that is related to, but is not the same as mass, is
used instead. and havelinermoffroportional relationship
mass weight
▪ When you try to lift a heavy suitcase, you are experiencing its
weight.
▪
want mass
g units kg
When you pull it along and speed it up or slow it down, you are
experiencing its mass.

own F
weight
if i miss
w
fy mJ
changewith
gravitionalforce J98
 I c
J at
1.1 Fundamental Physical Quantities

Why are there so many different units in each system?

.

fit
Generally, it is easier to use a unit
that fits the scale of the system
being considered. The meter is
I
good for measuring the size of a
house, the millimeter for measuring
the size of a coin, and the kilometer
for measuring the distance between
cities

netti
1.1 Fundamental Physical Quantities: Metric
prefixes
if
 1.2 Speed and Velocity

A key concept to use when quantifying motion is speed.

F

Speed: Rate of movement. Time rate of change

DEFINITION

of distance from a reference point. The distance

traveled divided by the time elapsed.

am's speed
v

It is important to distinguish between average speed and

instantaneous speed.
 1.2 Speed and Velocity

An object’s average speed is the total distance it travels during some

period of time divided by the time that elapses.

total distance
average speed =
total elapsed time
The following table lists the speed unit of measure, in both the metric
and English systems and their abbreviations.

Physical Quantity Metric Units English Units

Speed (v) meter per second (m/s) foot per second (ft/s)
kilometer per hour (km/h)
__I
mile per hour (mph)
 1.2 Speed and Velocity
to moved
HEY due anobject
In some cases, an object may have been traveling for a while and
already moved some distance before we start taking measurements
to determine its speed (average or instantaneous).

Then the distance and time that we use would be the values at the
end of the segment being timed (the final values) minus the values at
the beginning of the segment (the initial values)—that is, the
changes in distance and time.

In mathematical notation,

Total distance = 𝑑𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 − 𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 = 𝑑𝑓 − 𝑑𝑖

sd
Total elapsed time = 𝑡𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 − 𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 = 𝑡𝑓 − 𝑡𝑖
 1.2 Speed and Velocity

The general expression for speed is:

dfinal − dinitial d f − di
v= =
tfinal − tinitial t f − ti
d
=
t

The symbol Δ is the Greek letter delta and represents the change in.
 1.2 Speed and Velocity

As the time interval becomes shorter and shorter, we approach

the instantaneous speed.

Instantaneous speed is the speed that an object has at an instant

in time.

sep
instantaneous speed ≈
6 very short distance
very short time
 1.2 Speed and Velocity

For example, given sophisticated equipment, we might measure

how long it takes a car to travel 1 meter. If that time is found to be
0.05 seconds (not an “instant” but a very short time), a good
estimate of the car’s instantaneous speed is
1m
d
Example:
1m
0,05 s
Instantaneous speed ≈
0.05 s r

= 20 m/s = 44.8 mph

-
Example 1.2

An analysis of a videotape of Olympic Segment Time

gold-medal winner Usain Bolt running (meters) (seconds)
the 100-meter dash in the 2009 in 0 – 10 1.85
Berlin yields the data in the table. 10 – 20 1.02
Compute his average speed for the race 20 – 30 0.91
and estimate his peak instantaneous 30 – 40 0.87
speed. 40 – 50 0.85
d
average speed = v = 50 – 60 0.82
t 60 – 70 0.82
dfinal − dinitial 70 – 80 0.82
=
tfinal − tinitial 80 – 90 0.83
90 – 100 0.90
100 m − 0 m 100 m
v= = Total Distance: Total Time:
9.69 s − 0 s 9.69 s 100 m 9.69 s
= 10.32 m/s ( = 23.1 mph )
Example 1.2, continued

The nearly equally spaced times

Segment Time
between 50 and 90 meters indicate
(meters) (seconds)
that his speed was constant.
e 0 – 10 1.85
Therefore, we can use any segment
10 – 20 1.02
from this part of the race to compute
20 – 30 0.91
his instantaneous speed.
30 – 40 0.87
d d final − dinitial 40 – 50 0.85
v= = 50 – 60 0.82
t tfinal − tinitial
60 – 70 0.82
80 m − 70 m 70 – 80 0.82
=
0.82 s 80 – 90 0.83
10 m 90 – 100 0.90
= = 12.2 m/s Total Distance: Total Time:
0.82 s
100 m 9.69 s
= 27.3 mph
 1.2 Speed and Velocity

When the speed of an object is constant, the average and

set
instantaneous speeds are the same.

In this case, we can express the relationship between the distance

travelled and the time that has elapsed as follows:

𝑑 = 𝑣𝑡 when speed is constant 3

Sort
This is an example of what is called direct proportionality.

The distance is proportional to the elapsed time: 𝑑 ∝ 𝑡

Using the speed gives us equality, i.e., an equal sign, so we call v

the proportionality constant.
 0
1.2 Speed and Velocity

An important aspect of the motion is direction.

1 Yo unforight
DEFINITION

221
Velocity: Speed in a particular direction (same
units as speed). Directed motion.
m

a
Velocity is an example of a physical quantity called a vector.
a
Speed by itself is a scalar quantity.
 1.2 Speed and Velocity: Vector Addition

same directions add oppositedirection subtract

C
a
too 86 It

◼ Quantities that convey a magnitude and a direction, like velocity, are

called vectors.
◼ We represent vectors by an arrow; its length indicates the magnitude.

UT
 M 8 NISI
1.2 Speed and Velocity: Vector Addition
is 0 6
◼ Pythagorean theorem.

c
a

c 2 = a 2 + b2
c=
u
a 2 + b2

◼ Let’s find the net speed of the

bird. (Why didn’t I say net velocity?)
direction
6 + 8 = 100
2 2
becausethere isno

= 10
 1.2 Speed and Velocity: Vector Addition

AT.VE
The bird has the same speed
and direction in the air, but
the wind direction is
I different.
put
IT distractive
 1.3 Acceleration

DEFINITION
Acceleration: Rate of change of velocity; the
change in velocity divided by the time elapsed:
a = v/t

The following table lists the acceleration unit of measure, in

both the metric and English systems and their abbreviations.

Physical Quantity Metric Units English Units

Acceleration (a) meter per second2 (m/s2) foot per second2 (ft/s2)
e e
mph per second (mph/s)

241
 1.3 Acceleration

◼ A common way to express acceleration is in terms of g’s.

◼ One g is the acceleration an object experiences as it falls near

the Earth’s surface: g = 9.8 m/s2.
-

if you experience 2g during a collision, your acceleration was 19.6

m/s2.
◼ Since velocity is speed and direction, there are three ways it
can change:
◼ change in speed,
◼ change in direction, or
◼ change in both speed and direction.

The change in direction is an important case often misunderstood

 1.3 Acceleration

◼ A common way to express acceleration is in terms of g’s.

◼ One g is the acceleration an object experiences as it falls near

the Earth’s surface: g = 9.8 m/s2.
direction

if you experience 2g during a collision, your acceleration was 19.6

m/s2.
◼ Since velocity is speed and direction, there are three ways it
dat
can change:
◼ change inwhen
speed, the speed is constant
◼ change in direction, or
◼ change in both speed and direction.

The change in direction is an important case often misunderstood

Example 1.3
Vi v1
A car accelerates from 20 to 25 m/s in 4tfseconds as it passes a
truck. What is its acceleration?
a A

I U

v final speed − initial speed

a= =
t t
25 m/s − 20 m/s
= = 1.25 m/s 2
4s
Example 1.4
lineracceleration
After a race, a runner, traveling in a fixed positive direction, takes 5
seconds to come to a stop from a speed of 9 m/s. The acceleration is as
follows:

via
Vf
O v 0 m/s − 9 m/s −9 m/s
a= = = = −1.8 m/s 2

t 5 t 5s 5s
up
What’s up with the minus sign? left Right

tellurthe direction of down

the acceleration
Example 1.4 is constant
velocity
9 0
After a race, a runner, traveling in a fixed positive direction, takes 5
seconds to come to a stop from a speed of 9 m/s. The acceleration is as
5ms
follows: 5ms Sm

v 0 m/s − 9 m/s −9 m/s

s
a=
no t
=
5s
tedh = = −1.8 m/s 2

f 5s

What’s up with thebecause

minus sign?
efinalspeedislargerthaninitialspeed
positive

.net
ad
from 105111 I J
Example 1.4

After a race, a runner, traveling in a fixed positive direction, takes 5

weignore
seconds to come to a stop from a speed of 9notpfreefallbec.nu
m/s. The acceleration is as
Airresistance
follows:
Air
resistance

24
v 0 m/s − 9 m/s −9 m/s
a= = =
freefall = −1.8 m/s 2

t 5s 5s
O
m 32
to 02
What’s up with the minus sign? m s
myer
Chung inspeed changespeed Gyspeedisconstant4.8m's
increase but direction inchange

a 00
 ol
1.3 Acceleration

Perhaps the most important

example of accelerated motion is
that of an object falling freely near
the Earth’s surface.

915 8
Free fall: Only the force of gravity
is acting, and we ignore things like
air resistance. F
Fg weight
A rock falling a few meters would
satisfy this condition, but a feather
would not.
because weignorethe air e
resistance
 FF Airresistance
1.3 Acceleration

f.it
Perhaps the most important
example of fJ mJ
accelerated f bw
motion is
that of an object falling freely near
theretisjust U WÉmg
the Earth’s surface. Ég c oneforesforce
ofgravity
fJ
Free fall: Only the force of gravity
is acting, and we ignore things like
air resistance.

feather
A rock falling a few meters would rock
satisfy this condition, but a feather
would not.
 1.3 Acceleration
infreefallbody
cause offreefalling
a J rad
constant a g always
fromrestpointfhav.ee
for distance
ˢ
Perhaps the most important V
example of accelerated motion is
that of an object falling freely
distant near
the 9.2
the Earth’s surface. i Éeprogres

Free fall: Only

9.8 d 123m
d at the force of gravity
is acting, and we ignore things like
air
d fat
ex resistance.
whatis the distance
in 3s infreefallcondition
what is the time if the distance
Ad
fat
rock falling akxa.oxef
few metersUU.im
satisfyacceleration
this condition,
duetold
would
but a feather 123m infreefall state
the
would not. d at
is the same for allobjects
regardlessItheirmass
12dg tax
 I accede 5s
1.3 Acceleration: Centripetal Acceleration

Imagine a car rounding a curve.

The car’s velocity must

iii in
keep changing toward the
center of the curve in order
to stay on the road.

So, there is an acceleration

toward the center of the
curve.

Centripetal means “center-

seeking.”
 1.3 Acceleration: Centripetal Acceleration

Imagine a car rounding a curve.

The car’s velocity must

keep changing toward the
center of the curve in order
to stay on the road.

So, there is an acceleration

toward the center of the
curve.

Centripetal means “center-

seeking.”
 1.3 Acceleration: Centripetal Acceleration

Centripetal acceleration is the

acceleration associated with an
object moving in a circular I
path. diameter to

2
v
a= ( centripetal acceleration )
r
1
wifi
𝑎 ∝ 𝑣2 𝑎∝
𝑟
I
Example 1.5

Let’s estimate the acceleration of a car as it goes around a curve.

The radius of a segment of a typical cloverleaf highway
interchange is 20 meters, and a car might take the curve with a
constant speed of 10 m/s (about 22 mph).

(10 m/s )
2 2
v
a= =
r 20 m
2 2
100 m /s Efim r
= = 5 m/s 2
v
20 m
p 2om
v lamb a
ff 5m75
Example 1.5

if car as itdottie
Let’s estimate the acceleration of avelocity goes around aa curve.
a of a segment of a typical cloverleaf highway
The radius

factorf
interchange is 20 meters, and a car might take the curve with a
constant speed of 10 m/s (about 22 mph).
a
factor
v
a= = a
2
(10 m/s )
2

4 4
r 20 m

HF
increase
=
20 m
I In
2 2
100 m /s
= 5 m/s 2
Example 1.5
a
factor
Let’s estimate the Y U of a car as it goes around a curve.
acceleration
U 3
Thea radius of a segment of a typical cloverleaf triples highway
quadruble 4
increase
interchange is 20 meters, and a car might take the curve with a
2 half
frominitial
constant L
speed of father
10 m/s (about 22 mph). a
still thesame
value

increasebya
U
72
2factor 2
s still thesame

a= =
v 2
(10 m/s )
r 20 m
6 2 2
100 m /s
= = 5 m/s 2

20 m s
1.4 Simple types of motion: Constant Velocity

13
The simplest type of motion is obviously no motion: a single body
resting at a fixed position in space. The object has no velocity.
The object’s position, relative to some reference, is constant. This
means that the object’s velocity (and acceleration) are zero.

d constant d
r zero
zero wife
a
 1.4 Simple types of motion: Constant Velocity
constant do liner
a zero
▪ The next simplest type of motion
is uniform motion.
mix
i
▪ The object’s moves with a
constant non-zero velocity; that is,
with a constant speed in a fixed
direction.
e
▪ The position of the object, relative
to some reference, is proportional
f
to time.
F
▪ Example: an automobile travelling
on a straight, flat highway at a
constant speed.
 1.4 Simple types of motion: Constant Velocity

The relationship here is between distance and time

(no change in velocity, no acceleration)

e wwj.nl litzU
We can express that relationship in four different ways: with words,
mathematics, tables, and graphs.

24411 1.1.31 241

41
 1.4 Simple types of motion: Constant Velocity

Let’s take the example of a runner travelling at a steady pace of 7 m/s.

If you are standing on the side of

the road, how does the distance
from you to the runner change with
time after the runner has gone past
you?

In words, the distance increases by

7 meters each second: two seconds
after the runner passes by, the
distance would be 14 meters.
1.4 Simple types of motion: Constant Velocity

Let’s take the example of a runner traveling at a steady

pace of 7 m/s.

Mathematically,
𝑑 = 7𝑡
𝑑 in meters, 𝑡 in seconds

This is an example of the general

equation:
d = vt (with v = 7 m/s)
 1.4 Simple types of motion: Constant Velocity

Let’s take the example of a runner travelling at a steady pace

of 7 m/s.

▪ The same information can also

be put in a table of values of
time and distance.
▪ The accompanying table shows
the distance (d) values at certain o_O
times (t). These values all satisfy a 0
the equation d = 7t.

88
 1.4 Simple types of motion: Constant Velocity

Let’s take the example of a runner travelling at a steady

pace of 7 m/s.
7
The fourth way to show the
relationship between distance and
time is to graph the values in the
table.

The usual practice is to graph

distance versus time, which puts
distance on the vertical axis.
196 Horizen 7
1 7ms
 1.4 Simple types of motion: Constant Velocity

▪ If the speed is constant, the

distance versus time graph is a liner
straight line.
▪ An important feature of this
graph is its slope.
▪ The slope of a graph is a
measure of its steepness.
▪ In particular, the slope is equal
to the rise between two points
on the line divided by the run
between the points.
▪ The slope of a distance-versus-
time graph equals the velocity.

Slap v 7ms
 V
st
1.4 Simple types of motion: Constant Velocity

▪ The graph of d versus t for a faster-

moving body, a racehorse, for
instance, would be steeper—it
would have a larger slope.

▪ The graph of d versus t for a slower

object (a person walking) would
have a smaller slope.

412004
L dit wit
velocity acceleration
1.4 Simple types of motion: Constant Velocity
d zero
Slope
r zero
When an object stands still (without motion), the graph of d
versus t is a flat, horizontal line parallel to the time axis. The
slope is zero because the velocity is zero.

Even when the velocity is not constant, the slope of a d versus

t graph still equals the velocity. In this case, the graph is not a
straight line because the slope changes.
d

k t
 1.4 Simple types of motion: Constant Velocity

I d
c

increaseconstantdeer

t.AT

positive

Terozertz
The accompanying graph represents the motion of a car that starts from
a stop sign (A), drives down a street (B), and then stops and backs into
a parking place (C). TheI car is backing up, and the graph is slanted
downward. The distance is decreasing, and the velocity is negative(D).
 1.4 Simple types of motion: Constant Velocity

dor increased increase

velocity constant

0 0
constant constant
speed
not
butacceleration
The accompanying graph represents the motion of a car that starts from
a stop sign (A), drives down a street (B), and then stops and backs into
a parking place (C). The car is backing up, and the graph is slanted
downward. The distance is decreasing, and the velocity is negative(D).
1.4 Simple types of motion: Constant Acceleration

▪ The next example of simple motion is constant acceleration in a

straight line.

T9
▪ The object’s velocity is changing at a fixed rate. 8
as
▪ Examples of object motions with constant acceleration in a O
straight line : O
▪ A freely falling body. V O
▪ A ball rolling down a straight, frictionless inclined plane.
3
1610 are
1.4 Simple types of motion: Constant Acceleration

Assume that a heavy rock is dropped from the top of a building.

▪ The rock falls with an 9.8m g2

szd J
acceleration equal to g. fm
▪ This is 9.8 m/s2, which is
equivalent to 22 mph per
second.
▪ The velocity increases by 9.8
m/s, or 22 mph, each second.
▪ This means that the rock’s
velocity equals
v = 9.8t ( v in m/s, t in seconds )
v = 22t ( v in mph, t in seconds )
1.4 Simple types of motion: Constant Acceleration

For any object that starts from

rest and has a constant
acceleration a is:
vat
v = at ( when acceleration is constant )

In constant acceleration, the

velocity is proportional to the
time.
vat

If
The proportionality constant is
the acceleration a.
vat É
 L
1.4 Simple types of motion: Constant Acceleration

Time Velocity

(s) (m/s) (mph)

0 0 0
The accompanying table gives the
relevant values for this example 1 9.8 22

C2
P
19.6 44

3 29.4 66

4 39.2 88
 1.4 Simple types of motion: Constant
Acceleration

n
▪ The graph of velocity versus
time is a straight line.

▪ The slope of a graph of velocity

versus time equals the
acceleration. ˢ
a
▪ The rise is a change in velocity,
Δv, and the run is a change in t
time Δt.
Δ𝑣
slope = =𝑎
Δ𝑡
1.4 Simple types of motion: Constant Acceleration

Vito
If an object is already moving with velocity v and then
initial
undergoes constant acceleration, its velocity after time t is:

zero v = vinitial+ at.

if
0
Clearly, in the case of an object starting from rest, v initial is zero.

v zeale v = at.
acceleration
0 is constant
1.4 Simple types of motion: Constant Acceleration
What is the relationship between distance and time forest
when the acceleration is constant?
V att

The distance a falling body travels during each

successive time interval grows larger as it falls.
Because the velocity is continually changing, the
distance equals the average velocity multiplied by
the time.

The object starts with velocity equal to zero; after

accelerating for a time t, its velocity = at

sd u
1.4 Simple types of motion: Constant Acceleration
What is the average velocity?

0 + 𝑎𝑡 1
average velocity = = 𝑎𝑡
2 2
The distance traveled is this average velocity times
the time.

𝑑 = average velocity × 𝑡
1
= 2 𝑎𝑡 × 𝑡
startfrom rest
1 2 when initial velocity is zero
𝑑 = 𝑎𝑡
2 and acceleration is constant
1.4 Simple types of motion: Constant Acceleration

In the case of a freely falling body, the acceleration is

9.8 m/s2; therefore,

1 2
dat
E
𝑑 = 𝑎𝑡
2
1
= 2 × 9.8 × 𝑡 2
d = 4.9𝑡 2 𝑑 in meters, 𝑡 in seconds

In the case of constant acceleration, the distance is

proportional to the square of the time.
dat
The constant of proportionality is one-half the
acceleration.

D at
 2
1.4 Simple types of motion: Constant Acceleration
vitzer
For any object that is already moving with velocity v initial and then
undergoes constant acceleration, the average velocity after time t is:
have knownVintial
raverage uitf.at
vinitial + (vinitial + at ) 1
vaverage = = vinitial + at
2 2

1 2
v
fattvi
d = vaveraget = vinitialt + at
2

d fattvi
1.4 Simple types of motion: Constant Acceleration

▪ The distance versus time graph

for a freely falling body curves
I as constant
upward.

▪ The increasing slope indicates

that the velocity increases
throughout the motion.

▪ The body’s velocity increases

with time, and the slope of this
graph equals the velocity.
22
slope v
E 14.7
 1.4 Simple types of motion: summary
if he want
velocity infree v
fall body
Type of Motion Behavior of Physical Quantities Equations
Stationary object Distance constant d = constant
Is

Uniform motion*
Velocity zero
Acceleration zero II
Distance proportional to time
v=0
a=0
d = vt dat
r.IE
Velocity constant v = constant
Acceleration zero a=0 a
Uniform acceleration* Distance proportional to time
(from rest) squared
d = ½ at2
dat
a Velocity proportional to time v = at
orfreefall
*Distance
Acceleration constant
measured from object’s initial location.
7
v27
a = constant

1 c
 Important Equations in freefall
body

fat
a
constant
rat