Grammar reference

STARTER

El present simple El comparativo y el superlativo

El present simple adjetivo comparativo superlativo
I / You / We / They live in London. 1 sílaba old older the oldest
afirmativa big bigger the biggest
He / She / It lives in London.
2 sílabas happy happier the happiest
I / You / We / They don’t play games.
negativa acabados
He / She / It doesn’t watch TV.
en -y
Do I / you / we / they travel by bus? 2 o más famous more famous the most
preguntas
Does he / she / it travel by bus? sílabas famous
Yes, I / you / we / they do. Yes, he / she / irregulares good better the best
respuestas it does. bad worse the worst
breves No, I / you / we / they don’t. No, he / far further the furthest
she / it doesn’t.
• usamos los adjetivos comparativos para comparar
• usamos el present simple para hablar de hábitos y dos cosas, personas o lugares, y los superlativos
rutinas para comparar tres o más cosas, personas o
lugares
Los adverbios de frecuencia
Cantidades: some / any;
adverbios de frecuencia
(too) much / many; a few
0% 100%
y a lot of
never rarely sometimes often usually always
nombres contables nombres no contables
• sirven para decir con qué frecuencia hacemos una an / some exercise(s) some homework
cosa
a few / a lot of days a lot of time
• van delante de la mayoría de los verbos, pero
any / many euros any / much money
detrás del verbo be
I sometimes walk to school. • usamos some, any, much, many, a few y a lot of
A veces voy andando al colegio. para expresar cantidades
They are always happy.
Siempre están contentos/as. • How many …? se usa con nombres contables en
plural y How much …? con nombres no contables
How many books have you read?
El present continuous ¿Cuántos libros has leído?
How much work have you done?
El present continuous ¿Cuánto trabajo has hecho?
afirmativa I’m looking at the painting. You / We /
They’re looking at the painting.
He / She / It’s looking at the painting. too y (not) enough
negativa I’m not listening to the CD. too (not) enough
You / We / They aren’t listening to the CD.
He / She / It isn’t listening to the CD. The table is too big – it The room was big enough
doesn’t fit in the room! for the party.
preguntas Am I eating? Are you / we / they eating? There aren’t enough parks
Is he / she / it eating? in my town.
respuestas Yes, I am. No, I’m not.
breves Yes, you / we / they are. No, you / we / • too + un adjetivo o un adverbio sirve para decir
they aren’t. que una cosa es excesiva
Yes, he / she / it is. No, he / she / it isn’t.
• un adjetivo + enough o enough + un nombre
• el present continuous describe acciones que están indica que algo es suficiente
ocurriendo en el momento de hablar o situaciones • empleamos not + adjetivo + enough o not
temporales enough + un nombre para decir que una cosa es
insuficiente

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 Grammar exercises
STARTER

Present simple Comparatives and superlatives

1 Write questions and short answers using the 5 Complete the sentences with the correct form of
present simple. the adjectives in brackets.
Sara’s parents / work / in a school? (✓) Swimming is more tiring than reading. (tiring)
Do Sara’s parents work in a school? Yes, they do. 1 Paul and James are students
1 you and Tom / like / football? (✓) in our class. (noisy)
2 I’m at PE than you. (bad)
2 your friend / live / in Oxford? (✗) 3 We live in house in town.
(large)
3 your parents / play / computer games? (✗) 4 Kylie is student here. (good)

4 your mum / speak / French? (✓) Quantity: some / any ;

(too) much / many ; a few
and a lot of
Adverbs of frequency
6 Complete the sentences with the words in
2 Rewrite the sentences using the words in
the box.
brackets.
I play tennis after school. (often) a few a lot of any many much some
I of ten play tennis af ter school.
My bedroom is very small: there isn’t
1 We walk to school. (always) a lot of space.
1 We need dance music for the
2 Seb is unhappy. (never) party: I’ve only got slow music.
2 I’ve got friends in the USA. I know
3 Dad goes to bed late. (usually) about three people there.
3 How brothers and sisters have
you got?
Present continuous 4 I haven’t got pets. My father
doesn’t like animals.
3 Circle the correct words. Then rewrite the 5 Don’t include too salt in your diet.
sentences in the negative.
They ’s / ’re watching the film. too and (not) enough
They aren’t watching the film.
1 She ’m / ’s listening to music at the moment. 7 Rewrite the sentences so they have the same
meaning. Use too, enough or not enough and the
adjectives in brackets.
2 You ’re / ’m eating my sandwich!
This town is too small.
3 I ’s / ’m having lunch. (big) This town isn’t big enough.
1 These exercises aren’t easy enough.
4 Max and I ’m / are doing our homework. (difficult)
2 This phone is too expensive.
(cheap)
4 Complete the questions and answers. 3 Kim is the right height to play basketball.
Are you having a good time? Yes, I am. (tall)
1 Is Dave reading a book? No, he . 4 It wasn’t the right temperature for it to snow.
2 Are your feet hurting? Yes, . (cold)
3 Tanya swimming? Yes, she is.
4 Are you enjoying the film? No, not.

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 Grammar reference
1
UNIT

El past simple El past continuous

el past simple el past continuous
afirmativa I / You / We / They asked a question. afirmativa I / He / She / It was
speaking.
negativa He / She / It didn’t text Zack. We / You / They were
preguntas Did I / you / he / she / it / we / they buy a negativa I / He / She / It wasn’t
working.
new laptop? We / You / They weren’t
respuestas Yes, I / you / he / she / it / we / they did. preguntas Was I / he / she / it
sleeping?
breves No, I / you / he / she / it / we / they Were we / you / they
didn’t. respuestas Yes, I / he / she / it was.
breves No, I / he / she / it wasn’t.
• usamos el past simple para hablar de acciones Yes, we / you / they were.
que ocurrieron en el pasado No, we / you / they weren’t.
• en afirmativa, se forma con el sujeto + el verbo en
• el past continuous describe acciones que estaban
pasado
ocurriendo en un momento del pasado
We played computer games yesterday.
Ayer jugamos en el / a juegos de ordenador. • se forma con was / were + un verbo acabado en -ing
I was speaking to Aisha.
• en negativa, usamos el sujeto + did not (didn’t) +
Estaba hablando con Aisha.
el verbo en infinitivo sin to
He didn’t write an email. • la negativa se forma con wasn’t o weren’t
No escribió un correo electrónico. They weren’t working.
No estaban trabajando.
• en interrogativa, usamos Did + sujeto + infinitivo
Did you walk to school? • para preguntar, usamos was / were + sujeto + -ing.
¿Fuiste andando al colegio? En las respuestas breves, usamos el sujeto + was /
wasn’t o were / weren’t sin repetir el verbo
• cada verbo tiene una sola forma de pasado para
Were you talking on the phone? Yes, we were.
todas las personas
¿Estábais hablando por teléfono? Sí.

Reglas ortográficas para El past simple y el

formar el past simple de past continuous
los verbos regulares
• la mayoría de los verbos regulares añaden -ed al el past simple y el past continuous
infinitivo: Nikki was reading a book when the phone rang.
enter ➜ entered I updated my blog while I was waiting for you.
• los terminados en -e, añaden -d
• es muy habitual usar el past continuous y el past
admire ➜ admired
simple juntos en una misma oración
• los terminados en consonante + -y, cambian la y
• con el past continuous describimos una acción
por una i antes de añadir -ed
larga que estaba en proceso, y con el past simple,
hurry ➜ hurried
una acción corta que interrumpió la anterior
• los que acaban en vocal + consonante, doblan la
• delante del past simple usamos when
consonate final y añaden -ed
I was playing computer games when my computer
plan ➜ planned
crashed.
travel ➜ travelled
Estaba jugando a videojuegos cuando se me colgó
admit ➜ admitted
el ordenador.
• muchos verbos son irregulares y no siguen estas
• delante del past continuous ponemos while
reglas (ver la lista en el Workbook, páginas 158–
While I was walking home, I saw an accident.
160)
Mientras iba andando a mi casa vi un accidente.

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 Grammar exercises
1

UNIT
Past simple Past continuous
1 Are the verbs regular or irregular? Write R 5 Complete the text with the past continuous form
(regular) or I (irregular) and the past simple form of the verbs in brackets.
of the verbs.
I (1) was choosing (choose) a new book
send I sent in the library yesterday when I saw that a
1 write 4 go student (2) (use) a computer
2 come 5 post near me. He (3) (not do) his
3 marry 6 do homework on the computer, he
(4) (play) a game!
2 Complete the sentences with past simple verbs
6 Write questions in the past continuous. Then
in exercise 1. You do not need all the verbs.
circle the correct words in the short answers.
I sent you a text last night.
you / live / in New York / last year?
1 Mac some photos on his social
No, I was / wasn’t.
media.
Were you living in New York last year?
2 I my homework on my new laptop.
1 it / snow / at 11 o’clock?
3 They to the party, but they
No, it was / wasn’t.
left early.
4 My mum online to buy clothes.
2 Noah and Lily / work / in Florence / last week?
3 Rewrite the sentences using the negative form. Yes, they was / were.

You charged your mobile phone. 3 they / download / images / in the library?
You didn’t charge your mobile phone. No, they were / weren’t.
1 They read the instructions an hour ago.
4 the teacher / use / the interactive whiteboard?
2 I wrote an email to the politician. Yes, she was / wasn’t.

3 Alex met Dana at a computer club.

Past simple and
4 The computer saved the documents.
past continuous
7 Circle the correct words.
4 Complete the past simple questions with the
I saw an accident while I (1) was walking /
verbs in the box. Then write short answers.
walked to work. A car (2) was driving / drove
ban buy phone send take want along the road when a dog (3) ran / was
running out. The driver (4) saw / was seeing
Did Ethan send ten texts the dog and tried to avoid it, but hit a tree.
yesterday? (✗ ) No, he didn’t . I quickly (5) phoned / was phoning for help.
1 you to read the Luckily everyone (6) was feeling / felt OK!
message?
(✓ ) 8 Complete the sentences with the correct form of
2 they any photos? the verbs in brackets.
(✓ ) My mobile phone rang while I
3 your sister a laptop was watching the news. (ring / watch)
yesterday? 1 I home when I a €50
(✗ ) note. (run / find)
4  you Zoe yesterday? 2 We the document when the
(✗ ) computer . (download / break)
5 Mrs Jenkins phones in 3 Grandma a photo of us while we
the classroom? . (take / skiing)
(✓ )
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 Grammar reference
2
UNIT

El present perfect El present perfect con

el present perfect
expresiones temporales
afirmativa I / You / We / They have tried mountain expresiones temporales
He / She / It has biking. for She’s been a swimmer for three years.
negativa I / You / We / They since She’s been a swimmer since 2016.
participated in
haven’t
the Olympics. just Sadie has just arrived home.
He / She / It hasn’t
preguntas Have I / you / we / they seen the new yet Oliver hasn’t bought a motorbike yet.
Has he / she / it advert? already We have already met our new classmate.
respuestas Yes, I / you / we / they have. ever Have you ever tried snowsurfing?
breves No, I / you / we / they haven’t. never I’ve never been to Japan.
Yes, he / she / it has.
No, he / she / it hasn’t. • usamos for para expresar la duración de una acción
• el present perfect lo usamos para: • since indica el momento en que empezó una acción
a) expresar experiencias o acciones pasadas sin • just sirve se refiere a cosas que acaban de suceder
decir cuándo ocurrieron exactamente (o no lo • con yet decimos que aún no ha ocurrido algo que
sabemos) esperábamos pero que sucederá pronto
He has been to 23 countries! • con already decimos que algo ha ocurrido antes
¡Ha estado en 23 países! de lo esperado
b) hablar de acciones que empezaron en el • ever suele usarse para preguntar sobre experiencias
pasado y continúan en el presente pasadas sin una referencia temporal concreta
I have known her for nine years.
Hace nueve años que la conozco. • usamos never para hablar de experiencias que no
hemos tenido
• la afirmativa se forma con have / has + el
participio de pasado del verbo
She has swum with dolphins. El present perfect y el
Ha nadado con delfines. past simple
• la negativa se forma con haven’t / hasn’t + el • el past simple se usa para expresar acciones que
participio ocurrieron en un momento concreto del pasado
We haven’t been to the baseball park. y el present perfect para hablar de acciones
No hemos estado en el estadio de béisbol. pasadas sin especificar cuándo sucedieron
• para preguntar, usamos have / has + sujeto + el Liam competed in the national championships last
participio year.
What sports have you tried? Liam participó en los campeonatos nacionales el
¿A qué deportes has jugado? año pasado.
He has competed in other events, too.
• el participio de pasado de los verbos regulares es
También ha participado en otros campeonatos.
igual que el past simple
• el present perfect también se usa para referirse
• para saber cuáles son los participios de los verbos
a cosas que han ocurrido una o más veces en un
irregulares consulta la lista de las páginas 158–160
determinado periodo de tiempo
I’ve been to the gym twice this week.
He ido dos veces al gimnasio esta semana.
• usamos el present perfect para preguntar a
alguien si ha hecho algo
Have you ever been rafting?
¿Has hecho rafting alguna vez?
• si queremos saber más sobre lo que ha hecho,
hacemos preguntas con el past simple
When did you go rafting?
¿Cuándo hiciste rafting?

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 Grammar exercises
2

UNIT
Present perfect Present perfect with time
1 Write the past participles of the irregular verbs. expressions
build built 6 Complete the sentences with the words in
1 make 4 do the box.
2 have 5 go
already ever for just never since yet
3 see
We’ve lived in Rome for ten years.
2 Complete the sentences with have or has and a
1 Dylan has wanted to be a cyclist
past participle in exercise 1. he was young.
They have built a new skatepark. 2 Levi hasn’t phoned . Perhaps he’s
1 Madison an accident. forgotten.
2 Logan lots of extreme 3 I’ve been waterskiing. Is it fun?
sports. 4 Nora has returned from China. She
3 I a mistake. arrived an hour ago.
4 They skydiving in 5 Have you been rock climbing?
California. 6 Wow! Jack has finished the race.
5 My sister a film about That was really fast!
in-line skating on TV.
Present perfect and
3 Rewrite the sentences in exercise 2 using the
negative form.
past simple
They haven’t built a new skatepark. 7 Complete the dialogue with the present perfect
or the past simple form of the verbs in brackets.
1
2 Sam: Have you ever (1) tried (try) an
3 adventure sport?
4 Rob: Yes, I have. I (2) (do) bungee
5 jumping. I (3) (jump) from a
bridge when I was in Bulgaria.
4 Write questions in the present perfect. Sam: Really? When (4) you
(go) to Bulgaria?
you / ever / meet / a sportsperson?
Rob: Last summer! I (5) (stay) with
Have you ever met a sportsperson? my cousins. They (6) (live)
1 your parents / sell / their car? there for four years.
Sam: What was it like in Bulgaria?
2 Mrs Meadows / give / you a lot of money? Rob: It was fantastic. I (7) (not
want) to come home.
3 you / ever / jump / from a plane? Sam: And what about the bungee jumping?
Rob: It was the most terrifying sport I
(8) ever (do)!
4 Isaac / wash / his dad’s car?
Sam: (9) you (take)
any photos?
5 you / finish your email / yet?
Rob: Yes, I did. They’re on my blog. Have a
look!
5 Write short answers for the questions in exercise 4.
✗ No, I haven’t. 3 ✗
1 ✓ 4 ✓
2 ✓ 5 ✗

87
 Grammar reference
3
UNIT

El past perfect El past perfect con

el past perfect
expresiones temporales
afirmativa I / You / He / She / It / We / They had expresiones temporales
enjoyed the exhibition. for He’d admired that artist for many years.
negativa I / You / He / She / It / We / They hadn’t since He’d admired that artist since 2010.
taken any photographs.
just Noemi had just finished her art project when
preguntas Had I / you / he / she / it / we / they the class finished.
bought a painting?
yet Joey hadn’t seen any of that artist’s paintings
yet. But he was looking forward to the
respuestas Yes, I / you / he / she / it / we / they had. exhibition.
breves No, I / you / he / she / it / we / they
hadn’t. already We had already read the book when we saw
the film.
• usamos el past perfect: ever Had you ever made a sculpture before you
a) para indicar que una acción ocurrió antes que started art classes?
otra never I’d never understood modern art until my
I had / hadn’t finished my research when the teacher explained it to me.
library closed.
Había / no había acabado mi investigación • usamos for, since, just, yet, already, ever y never
cuando la biblioteca cerró. con el past perfect igual que con el present perfect
(ver el present perfect con expresiones temporales
Had she done her homework when you arrived?
en la página 86)
Yes, she had. / No, she hadn’t.
¿Había terminado los deberes cuando llegaste?
Sí. / No. Gerundios e infinitivos
b) para hablar sobre experiencias y hechos hasta • usamos el gerundio (terminación -ing):
un momento determinado de nuestra vida a) detrás de una preposición (before, after, at, etc.)
That was the best holiday I had ever had, until I Please ask permission before taking photographs.
went on a cruise. Por favor, pide permiso antes de sacar fotos.
Esas habían sido mis mejores vacaciones
b) como sujeto de una oración
hasta que me fui de crucero.
Painting is a wonderful hobby.
• en afirmativa se forma con had + el participio de Pintar es una afición maravillosa.
pasado de un verbo c) detrás de algunos verbos: like, prefer, hate,
She had visited most of the museums in Paris by enjoy, consider
the end of her holiday. Do you like going to galleries? No, I hate
Había visitado la mayoría de museos de París visiting crowded places.
antes de acabar sus vacaciones. ¿Te gusta visitar los museos? No, odio los sitios
• la negativa se forma con hadn’t + el participio que están llenos de gente.
We hadn’t met the man before. • usamos el infinitivo:
No habíamos conocido a ese hombre antes. a) detrás de los adjetivos (easy, difficult, lucky,
• las preguntas se forman con had + sujeto + happy, etc.)
participio It’s difficult to paint a portrait.
Why had they lied about what they were doing? Es difícil pintar un retrato.
¿Por qué habían mentido acerca de sus b) para explicar el motivo de una acción
actividades? We went to Paris to visit the Louvre.
• el participio de pasado de los verbos regulares es Fuimos a París para visitar el Louvre.
igual que el past simple c) detrás de verbos como want, learn, need,
• para saber cuáles son los participios de los verbos decide, choose
irregulares consulta la lista de las páginas 158–160 I want to learn how to paint. You need to go to
classes.
Quiero aprender a pintar. Tienes que apuntarte
a unas clases.

88
 Grammar exercises
3

UNIT
Past perfect Gerunds and infinitives
1 Complete the sentences with the past perfect 4 Write the gerund (-ing form) of the verbs.
form of the verbs in brackets. playing
play
We hadn’t eaten dinner when my friends 1 make 5 go
arrived. (not eat) 2 draw 6 ride
1 Seth his exams before everyone 3 chat 7 talk
else had. (finish) 4 learn 8 sing
2 They the task before the deadline
arrived. (complete) 5 Complete the sentences using the infinitive form
3 I my essay before the teacher gave of the verbs in brackets.
us the new title. (write)
We want to go (go) swimming on
4 I of visual learning before I saw
Saturday.
that documentary. (not hear)
1 Have you decided (get) a wig?
2 Correct the past perfect mistakes in these 2 Lucy is learning (speak) Italian.
sentences. 3 This museum is free. You don’t need
(take) any money.
I said I had miss the bus, but it wasn’t true.
4 Harry chose (do) art lessons after
I said I had missed the bus, but it wasn’t true.
school.
1 Picasso had became famous by the time he 5 That painting is €2,000. I can’t afford
was 20. (buy) it!
6 Simon wants (plan) his summer
2 She had be poor before she was successful. holiday. He is going on a language course.

3 By the time Mozart was five, he had wrote 6 Complete the text with the gerund or infinitive
some beautiful music. form of the verbs in brackets.

4 He knew Jack because they’ve met before.

My name is Isabel. I was born in a small village

Past perfect with time but my parents decided (1) to move (move)
expressions to Bilbao when I was ten. (2) (live)
in Bilbao was strange at first, but now I love it.
3 Complete the sentences with the words in
the box.
It’s never difficult (3) (find) things
already ever for just never since yet to do in Bilbao. There are lots of interesting
Sophie hadn’t passed her exams yet , places to visit. The most famous building is
but she was working hard. the Guggenheim Museum. It isn’t easy
1 We’d lived in Argentina ten years, (4) (describe) but it looks
before we moved to Brazil. amazing!
2 The accident had happened when
Jamie phoned for an ambulance.
(5) (spend) time outdoors is also
3 Had you imagined that you would
be a film star? fun in Bilbao. There are 18 parks in the city. I
4 Kathy had got home, when she really enjoy (6) (meet) friends in
had to go out again. the park at weekends. I think I’m really lucky
5 He had been a fan of her music (7) (live) here. I don’t think I ever
2010.
want (8) (leave)!
6 Jack had been to an art exhibition
until last year.

89
 Grammar reference
UNIT
4
Los tiempos de futuro
will / won't el future continuous
afirmativa I / You / He / She / It / We / They will go to afirmativa I / You / He / She / It / We / They will be
university. discussing this at the next meeting.
negativa I / You / He / She / It / We / They won’t negativa I / You / He / She / It / We / They won’t
(will not) buy a house. (will not) be getting married next year.
preguntas Will I / you / he / she / it / we / they get preguntas Will I / you / he / she / it / we / they be
married? studying French next term?
respuestas Yes, I / you / he / she / it / we / they will. respuestas Yes, I / you / he / she / it / we / they will.
breves No, I / you / he / she / it / we / they won’t. breves No, I / you / he / she / it / we / they won’t.

• el futuro formado con will / won’t se usa para: • el future continuous se usa para decir lo que
estará ocurriendo en un momento concreto
a) expresar hechos futuros
Next year, my teacher will be Mr Jones. • se usa con verbos de acción como run o see, no
El próximo año, mi profesor será el Sr. Jones. con verbos estáticos como be o know
b) hacer predicciones • se forma con will be / won't be + un verbo
Olivia will be an artist when she grows up. acabado en -ing
Olivia será artista cuando sea mayor. Max won’t be working in August.
c) expresar opiniones Max no estará trabajando en agosto.
This will be the best holiday ever! • en interrogativa, ponemos will delante del sujeto
¡Serán las mejores vacaciones de mi vida! Will they be waiting for us when we arrive?
d) hacer promesas ¿Nos estarán esperando cuando lleguemos?
I’ll never tell anyone. Nunca se lo diré a nadie.
e) expresar decisiones espontáneas
Let’s go to the park. I’ll meet you after school.
Adverbios de posibilidad
Vamos al parque. Nos vemos después de clase. y probabilidad
be going to seguro no seguro
afirmativa I’m definitely     probably    perhaps / maybe
going to get up
He / She / It’s
early. • si estamos seguros de que algo va (o no va ) a
We / You / They’re
ocurrir, usamos definitely
negativa I’m not
going to watch My brother will definitely go to university.
He / She / It isn’t
television. Seguro que mi hermano irá a la universidad.
We / You / They aren’t
preguntas Am I I definitely won’t move to China. I can’t speak
going to tidy the Chinese! Desde luego que no me mudaré a
Is he / she / it
room?
Are we / you / they China. ¡No sé chino!
respuestas Yes, I am. • si es probable que ocurra, usamos probably
breves No, I’m not. I’ll probably save money when I get a job.
• con be going to expresamos planes e intenciones Probablemente ahorre dinero cuando consiga un
trabajo.
I’m going to work hard. I’m not going to fail.
Voy a trabajar duro. No voy a suspender. • fíjate en que definitely y probably van detrás de
will pero delante de won’t
el present continuous • si puede que ocurra o no, usamos perhaps
They’re flying to New York on Saturday. o maybe (quizás); estas dos palabras van al
• expresa planes personales que van a ocurrir con principio de la oración
seguridad porque se han preparado de antemano Maybe I’ll be famous one day. Who knows?
We’re meeting Rosie and James tomorrow. Puede que algún dia sea famoso. ¿Quién sabe?
Mañana vemos a Rosie y James (hemos quedado).
• mira en la página 82 para saber cómo se forma

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 Grammar exercises
4

UNIT
Future tenses
1 Complete the sentences about Joan and Paolo 4 Use the information in exercise 3 to write
using will or won’t. questions and short answers.

leave go to learn to get Kate / meet friends / Saturday?

home at 18 university drive married Is Kate meeting friends on Saturday? Yes, she is.
1 she / do sponsored swim / Sunday?
Joan ✓ ✗ ✓ ✗
Paolo ✗ ✓ ✓ ✗ 2 she and Emma / have pizza / Saturday?
Joan will leave home when she’s 18.
3 she / go to Joe’s house / 2pm on Sunday?
1 Paolo go to university.
2 Joan get married.
4 Grandma and Grandad / visit / on Sunday?
3 Paolo leave home when he’s 18.
4 Joan go to university.
5 Joan and Paolo learn to drive. 5 Match 1–5 with a–e to make sentences in the
future continuous.
2 Complete the sentences with the correct form of
be going to and the verbs in brackets. 1 What will you a the USA for their
be doing holidays.
They ’re going to build a new cinema. (build)
2 I will be going b studying over the
1 I’m any more DVDs.
summer.
(not buy)
3 They won’t be c this time next year?
2 David his homework
going to
later. (do)
4 She’ll be working d to university in
3 Are you your favourite
autumn.
programme tonight? (watch)
5 We won’t be e for a newspaper by
4 Charlotte to the party
December.
on Saturday. (not go)
6 Complete the sentences with the correct form of
3 Look at Kate’s diary and complete the text about
the future continuous and the verbs in brackets.
her weekend. Use the present continuous.
Will they be staying in a hotel? (stay)
Saturday Sunday 1 Ryan to see us
this summer. (not come)
10am play tennis 11am G randma and
with Dan Grandad visit 2 Caitlin her
friends this weekend. (see)
3 you
2pm meet friends 3pm d o sponsored
the football match this evening? (watch)
in town swim

7pm have a pizza 6pm 

watch a DVD Adverbs of possibility and
with Emma at Joe’s house probability
7 Rewrite the sentences using adverbs of
possibility and probability.
Kate’s very busy this weekend. She (1) ’s playing
tennis with Dan at ten o’clock on Saturday. I’m certain that I’ll travel when I’m 18.
In the afternoon, she (2) in I will definitely travel when I’m 18.
town. Then, in the evening, Emma and Kate 1 I might have children, but I’m not sure.
(3) . On Sunday morning,
Kate’s grandparents (4) . 2 It’s likely that I will go to university.
Kate (5) at three o’clock that
afternoon, and then at six o’clock she 3 There’s no chance that I’ll live abroad.
(6) at Joe’s house.

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UNIT

El primer condicional El segundo condicional

situación consecuencia situación consecuencia
If I don’t win, I won’t cry. If I had a car, I would drive to school.
consecuencia situación consecuencia situación
We’ll win first prize if we work hard. Some countries would if sea levels increased by one
disappear metre.
• usamos el primer condicional para expresar
situaciones posibles y las consecuencias que • el segundo condicional habla de situaciones
pueden tener en el futuro hipotéticas y de sus posibles consecuencias
• se forma con if + sujeto + present simple (en la • se forma con if + sujeto + past simple (en la
situación) y sujeto + will / won’t + infinitivo sin to situación) y sujeto + would / wouldn’t + infinitivo
(en la consecuencia) sin to (en la consecuencia)
• si la situación va primero, ponemos una coma • si la situación va primero, ponemos una coma
detrás entre las dos partes
If it rains, I’ll stay at home. If we were rich, we’d donate a lot of money to
Si llueve, me quedaré en casa. charity.
• si primero va la consecuencia, no la ponemos Si fuéramos ricos, daríamos mucho dinero a las
I’ll stay at home if it rains. organizaciones benéficas.
Me quedaré en casa si llueve. • si la consecuencia va primero, no ponemos
• da igual el orden en que vayan las dos partes: el ninguna coma
significado de la oración no cambia We would donate a lot of money to charity if we
were rich.
Daríamos mucho dinero a las organizaciones
will y might benéficas si fuéramos ricos.
• usamos will o won’t cuando estamos seguros de • las preguntas se forman con una partícula
que algo va a ocurrir en el futuro interrogativa + would + sujeto + infinitivo sin to + if
Global warming will change our lives. + sujeto + past simple
El calentamiento global cambiará nuestras vidas.
We won’t like the consequences. • la situación introducida por if puede ir al principio
No nos gustarán las consecuencias. o al final de la pregunta (si va al principio, le
ponemos una coma detrás)
• si no estamos seguros, pero hay una posibilidad If you had an argument with your best friend,
aunque sea lejana de que ocurra algo, usamos what would you do?
might y might not Si te pelearas con tu mejor amigo/a, ¿qué harías?
We might find new ways to recycle rubbish. What would you do if you had an argument with
Tal vez descubramos nuevas formas de reciclar la your best friend?
basura. ¿Qué harías si te pelearas con tu mejor amigo/a?
We might not be as wasteful.
A lo mejor no seremos tan derrochadores.

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UNIT
First conditional
1 Circle the correct words. 4 Complete the text about Scarlett’s future. Use
will / won’t and might / might not.
I ’m / ’ll be surprised if you enjoy / ’ll enjoy
that film.
1 If Mila comes / will come, there aren’t / won’t
be enough seats. What will my future be like? by Sca
rlet t Tasker
2 If they work / ’ll work hard, they pass / ’ll pass People need cars so they (1) won’t stop
their exams. driving them. However, petrol is get
ting more
3 We have / ’ll have a barbecue if it doesn’t expensive so I think that people
rain / won’t rain. (2) drive as much in the future.
4 If I go / ’ll go to Venice, I go / ’ll go on a Who knows? People (3)
discover
gondola. that travelling on buses and train
is fun!
On the other hand, birth rates are
2 Write first conditional sentences. rising.
There (4) be many more people
you recycle rubbish / you help the planet. in the world in ten years’ time. It def
initely
If you recycle rubbish, you’ll help the planet. (5) be easy to reduce pollution
1 plastic gets into the oceans / sea animals die. then! But education is really importa
nt. It
(6) help to prevent some of the
problems.
2 we don’t look after our planet / living
conditions be terrible.

3 we recycle plastic / we create less waste. Second conditional

5 Complete the sentences with would / wouldn’t
4 we save energy at home / we spend less and the verbs in brackets.
money.
If I didn’t work hard, I wouldn’t pass (not
pass) my exams.
5 you use bags more than once / you save plastic.
1 If Nathan played a musical instrument, it
(be) the saxophone.
2 Where you
will and might (live) if you moved to
another country?
3 Look at the chart. Complete the sentences with
3 If I didn’t go to school, I (not
will, won’t, might and might not.
learn) anything!
In ten years’ time … 4 My parents (be) pleased if I
✓ people recycle everything travelled around the world.
✗ we waste plastic 6 Complete the first half of the sentences with the
?✗ important cities disappear past simple or would / wouldn't + infinitive. Then
? more animals become endangered match the sentence beginnings with the endings.
✓ things be very different 1 I would eat (eat) plants and fruit d
?✗ people drive as often 2 What you
will (do)
People recycle everything.
3 If we (watch) less TV,
1 We waste plastic.
4 We (not waste) as
2 Important cities disappear.
much water 
3 More animals become
a) if you were on a desert island?
endangered.
b) if we all had showers instead of baths.
4 Things be very different.
c) we would probably read more books.
5 People drive as often.
d) if I were a vegetarian.

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 Grammar reference
6
UNIT

Modales: prohibición, obligación should / shouldn’t

y ausencia de obligación
should / shouldn’t
obligación / necesidad afirmativa You should read the information.
You must be 18 to drive a car. negativa We shouldn’t work all the time.
She has to get up at 6am to catch the bus.
We have to study hard to pass our exams. preguntas Should I get special qualifications?
respuestas Yes, I should.
• para expresar obligación usamos must y have to breves No, I shouldn’t.
She must wear a helmet.
Debe ponerse un casco. • para dar consejos usamos should / shouldn’t
I have to turn off my phone in class. She should relax more.
En clase tengo que apagar el teléfono. Debería relajarse más.
• I must indica que es una obligación auto-impuesta, You shouldn’t spend all your money at once.
lo decimos porque sabemos que es lo que No deberías gastarte todo el dinero de golpe.
debemos hacer
I must remember to email Robin.
Tengo que acordarme de mandar un correo
can / could / will be able to
electrónico a Robin. • usamos can para decir lo que nos está permitido
hacer en el presente
• you must indica que quien habla tiene autoridad
I am 15 so I can ride a scooter, but I can’t drive
sobre la persona a la que se lo dice
a car.
You must phone your grandma tonight.
Tengo 15 años, así que puedo ir en ciclomotor
Tienes que llamar a tu abuela esta noche.
pero no puedo conducir un coche.
• para preguntar, solo empleamos have to
• could se usa para referirnos a las cosas que
Do I have to arrive early?
estaban permitidas en el pasado
¿Tengo que llegar pronto?
When my mum was young, children could leave
Does she have to pay full price?
school when they were 15. But they couldn’t get
¿Tiene que pagar el precio sin descuento?
married until they were 16.
prohibición Cuando mi madre era joven, los niños podían
dejar los estudios a los 15. Sin embargo, no
We mustn’t waste time. podían casarse hasta los 16.

• para expresar prohibición usamos mustn’t. No • con will be able to expresamos las cosas que
significa lo mismo que don’t have to. podremos hacer en el futuro
You mustn’t drop litter in the street. I will be able to drive a car when I’m older.
No tires / No debes tirar basura en la calle. Podré conducir un coche cuando sea mayor.
We mustn’t have our phones on in class.
No debemos tener los teléfonos encendidos en
clase.

ausencia de obligación
I / You / We / They don’t have to
wear a uniform.
He / She / It doesn’t have to

• para decir que no hay obligación o necesidad de

hacer algo usamos don’t have to, que significa “no
tener que” o “no tener por qué”
She doesn’t have to do her homework tonight.
No tiene por qué hacer los deberes esta noche.
They don’t have to arrive early.
No es necesario que lleguen temprano.

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 Grammar exercises
6

UNIT
Modals of prohibition and should / shouldn’t
(no) obligation 5 Read the advice. Complete the sentences with
1 Read the sentences and write O (obligation), should or shouldn’t.
N (no obligation) or P (prohibition). Don’t be nervous about starting a new job.
You must be at school by nine o’clock. O Follow this advice and you’ll be fine.
1 Peter has to wear a school uniform. You (1) should dress smartly for your first
2 We mustn’t take food into the classroom. day at work. It’s important to show you have
made an effort with your appearance. You will
3 Sara doesn’t have to walk to school.
probably feel nervous but you (2)
4 You mustn’t talk when the teacher is talking.
try to appear confident. There will be a lot
of new people to meet. You (3)
2 Complete the sentences with must / have to or
wait to be introduced to everyone – introduce
mustn’t. yourself! You (4) listen carefully to
‘Have you seen that tall man over there?’ what people tell you, but you (5)
‘Anna, you mustn’t point at him. It’s rude!’ be afraid to ask people to repeat things. No
1 It’s Patrick’s birthday next week. We one understands everything the first time.
send him a card. Finally, don’t worry if things seem confusing at
2 Jack is only six so he play that first. You (6) expect to learn it all
video game. It’s too violent. on day one!
3 ‘I didn’t break the window.’
‘I know you broke it. You tell lies.’ can / could / will be able to
4 We’re talking about this book in class
6 Complete the text with can / can’t, could /
tomorrow. I finish it tonight.
couldn’t, or will be able to.
3 Complete the sentences with mustn’t or don’t
have to and the verbs in the box.
be  go  hurry  pay  shout
In the early 19th century, there weren’t many
I don’t have to go to bed early. There’s laws to protect children in Britain. They
no school tomorrow!
(1) could get jobs outdoors or in
1 Please hurry! We late.
2 The book is free. You factories.
for it.
3 We’re in the library. You . In 1880, there was a new law. Children had to
4 We’ve got plenty of time. We . go to school until they were ten. This meant
people (2) employ very young
4 Write questions and short answers using have to.
children to work in factories or on farms.
teachers / work outside (✗)
Do teachers have to work outside? No, they don’t.
Now, employment laws are very strict. Children
1 I / finish this story for homework? (✗)
under the age of 13 (3) work.
2 Sara and Matthew / work tomorrow? (✓) Children over the age of 13 (4) only
work for a maximum of 12 hours a week.
3 Lucy / learn Italian? (✗)
In the future, children may have more rights.
4 we / return these books? (✓)
Many people think that 16-year-olds
(5) vote in a few years’ time.

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 Grammar reference
7
UNIT

La pasiva en presente y en • si queremos decir quién o qué realiza la acción,

pasado: afirmativa y negativa usamos by
Criminals are defended by lawyers.
la pasiva en present simple Los criminales son defendidos por abogados.
I am / ’m / ’m not
filmed on
He / She / It is / isn’t
camera.
La pasiva en presente y en
We / You / They are / aren’t pasado: preguntas y respuestas
la pasiva en past simple La pasiva en presente
I / He / She / It was / wasn’t
arrested. preguntas
We / You / They were / weren’t
Am I
• usamos la voz pasiva cuando lo importante es la Is he / she / it invited?
acción del verbo, no quién la realiza (no sabemos Are we / you / they
quién es el sujeto o no es importante decirlo)
respuestas breves
• la pasiva en present simple se forma con el
presente de be + el participio de un verbo Yes, she is. No, she isn’t.
Yes, they are. No, they aren’t.
• la pasiva en past simple se forma con el pasado
de be + el participio de un verbo
• ver los participios de los verbos irregulares en la La pasiva en pasado
lista de las páginas 158–160
preguntas
Was I / he / she / it
Activa y pasiva Were we / you / they
caught?

activa The public report crimes. respuestas breves

Yes, he was. No, he wasn’t.
Yes, we were. No, we weren’t.
pasiva Crimes are reported by the public.
• para hacer preguntas usamos be + el sujeto + el
• en las oraciones en voz activa, el sujeto es la participio
persona o cosa que realiza la acción • podemos utilizar las partículas interrogativas
Arya broke the computer. What / Who was taken to the police station?
Arya rompió el ordenador. ¿Qué /Quién fue conducido a comisaría?
• en las oraciones en voz pasiva, el sujeto es la • también podemos formar preguntas con una
persona o cosa que recibe la acción del verbo partícula interrogativa + be + sujeto + participio
The computer was broken by Arya. Why / Where / When was the thief arrested?
El ordenador fue roto por Arya. ¿Por qué / Dónde / Cuándo fue detenido el
• también usamos la pasiva uando no sabemos ladrón?
quién realiza la acción
activa: Somebody records the crime.
Alguien graba el crimen.
pasiva: The crime is recorded.
El crimen se graba.
• se utiliza más en la escritura que en la lengua oral
• se suele emplear en textos que describen
procesos
Evidence is collected from the crime scene, and
then fingerprints are taken.
Se recogen las pruebas en la escena del crimen y
luego se toman las huellas dactilares.

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 Grammar exercises
7

UNIT
Present and past passive:
affirmative and negative
1 Complete the text with the present simple 3 Complete the text with the past simple passive
passive form of the verbs in brackets. form of the verbs in the box.

find  form  give  need  
not know   not solve
Many mobile phones (1) are stolen
(steal) every year in Britain. Sometimes
they (2) (sell) to mobile
phone recycling companies, or they New Scotland Yard and the murder mystery
(3) (send) abroad to The Metropolitan Police force (or ‘the Met’)
places where mobile phones are very
(1) was formed in 1829. The Met’s first
valuable. The police want people to be
more careful with their phones. Many headquarters backed onto a street called
phones (4) (leave) in Great Scotland Yard. So, the buildings
cafés and restaurants. In busy streets, they (2) the name ‘Scotland
(5) (take) from people’s Yard’. In 1888, a new building
bags or even from their hands. You should
keep your phone hidden. If your phone (3) . When the building work
(6) (see) by a lot of started, the body of a woman
people, it’s more likely to be stolen! (4) on the site. The
woman’s identity (5) . The
case was investigated by the Met, but the
2 Write affirmative or negative sentences. Use the
crime (6) .
present simple passive.
English / speak / in many countries.
English is spoken in many countries. Active and passive
1 clues / leave / at crime scenes. 4 Rewrite the sentences using the correct active or
passive form. Use by where appropriate.
2 filming / not allow / in the art gallery.
A boy hacked the government computer.
3 some crimes / not report / by the public. The government computer was hacked by a boy.
1 Witnesses didn’t recognize the vandals.
4 crime stories / read / all over the world. The vandals .
2 The report was written by the police officer.
5 millions of songs / download / illegally. The police officer .
3 The detectives questioned the witnesses.
6 this information / not give / to everyone. The witnesses .

Present and past passive:

questions and answers
5 Read the answers and write the questions.
Is DNA in every cell in your body?
Yes, DNA is in every cell in your body.
1
Yes, DNA was found at the crime scene.
2
DNA testing is used in many different ways.
3
Samples were examined by forensic scientists.

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 Grammar reference
8
UNIT

Los pronombres relativos • en negativa e interrogativa usamos los indefinidos

formados con el prefijo any
who, which y where Has anyone seen the news today?
¿Alguien ha visto las noticias hoy?
personas cosas lugares
There isn’t anything we can do to help.
who which where No podemos hacer nada para ayudar / No hay
nada que podamos hacer para ayudar.
• usamos who, which y where para referirnos a I can’t find anywhere to park my car.
personas, cosas o lugares No encuentro ningún lugar donde aparcar el
• para referirnos a personas utilizamos who coche.
The President is the person who leads the
government in the USA. used to
El presidente es la persona que encabeza el
gobierno en los EE. UU. used to
• para hablar de cosas usamos which y para afirmativa
My father used to be very active in youth
referirnos a lugares, where politics.
Corruption in politics is a subject which people negativa This country didn’t use to be a democracy.
find very controversial.
La corrupción en política es un tema que a la preguntas Did they use to live in a refugee camp?
gente le parece muy polémico. respuestas Yes, they did.
Mumbai is the city where I was born. breves No, they didn’t.
Mumbai es la ciudad donde nací.
• who, which y where van detrás del sustantivo al • utilizamos used to + un verbo en infinitivo para
que se refieren referirnos a situaciones o hechos que ocurrían
antes, pero ahora ya no; es una forma verbal
equivalente al pretérito imperfecto de indicativo
Los pronombres indefinidos
• en afirmativa, usamos el sujeto + used to +
personas cosas lugares infinitivo
My family used to live in a large house, but now we
normalmente someone something somewhere
live in a smaller flat.
con verbos en everyone everything everywhere
Mi familia vivía en una casa grande, pero ahora
afirmativa no one nothing nowhere
vivimos en un piso más pequeño.
con verbos en
• en negativa, utilizamos el sujeto + didn’t use to +
negativa y en anyone anything anywhere
infinitivo
preguntas
I didn’t use to worry about social issues like
• usamos los pronombres indefinidos para homelessness, but now I do.
referirnos a personas, cosas y lugares sin Antes no me preocupaba por problemas sociales
especificar quiénes son, qué son ni dónde están como el de los sin techo, pero ahora sí.
• si el verbo está en afirmativa, usamos los • para preguntar, usamos el verbo auxiliar did +
indefinidos que llevan los prefijos some, every o no sujeto + use to + infinitivo
Someone told me the results of the election. Did you use to believe everything your parents told
Alguien me dijo los resultados de las elecciones. you?
Something important has happened. ¿Te creías todo lo que te contaban tus padres?
Ha ocurrido algo importante.
No one wants to experience a war.
Nadie quiere vivir una guerra.
Everyone should stand up for their rights.
Todo el mundo debería luchar por sus derechos.
There’s nowhere like home!
¡En ningún lugar se está mejor que en casa!

98
 Grammar exercises
8

UNIT
Relative pronouns
1 Complete the sentences with who, which or 4 Complete the dialogue with the indefinite
where. pronouns in the box.
There is a girl in my class who comes anyone anywhere everyone
from Bulgaria. no one nothing nowhere somewhere
1 Edinburgh is the city I want to live
in the future. A: Do you know (1) anyone with an exciting
2 This is the exercise I didn’t job?
understand. B: Yes. My aunt is an aid worker. She travels a lot.
3 Maya is a student works hard. There’s (2) she hasn’t been!
4 Is this the room the paper is? A: So where is she now?
B: She’s discovered (3) in Africa
2 Rewrite the sentences using who, which or where there’s a new education project.
where. A: That’s fantastic. What an amazing job!
Leonardo DiCaprio is a famous actor. He B: Yes, but it’s difficult, too. She sees people
does a lot to protect the environment. who have (4) to eat and
Leonardo DiCaprio is a famous actor who does sometimes she goes to countries which
a lot to protect the environment. are at war. (5) she meets is
terrified. Sometimes there isn’t (6)
1 The WWF is a charity. It deals with conservation
safe to hide.
and wildlife issues.
A: Wow! There’s (7) like her in
my family!
2 J. K. Rowling is a writer. She gives a lot of
money to charity.
used to
3 The Nobel Peace Prize is an award. It is given to 5 Complete the sentences with the correct
people who promote peace.
affirmative or negative form of used to.
4 London is a large, crowded city. Homelessness
is a problem there. Who is Bill Gates?
Bill Gates is a famous businessman. He
(1) used to be the CEO of the software
company Microsoft. As a child, Bill Gates
Indefinite pronouns (2) be very interested in computers.
3 Read the text and circle the correct indefinite He (3) spend as much time on
pronouns. them as possible. Bill Gates went to Harvard
University, but he (4) go to many
In the developed world, there is water for of his classes. He spent most of his time in
(1) everything / anything we need. But the computer lab. He left university to set up
(2) somewhere / everywhere is not the same. Microsoft.
Every 21 seconds a child from (3) anywhere /
somewhere in the developing world dies In 2008, Bill Gates left his full-time job at
because they can’t get clean water. In some Microsoft to work for the charity which he
areas, (4) no one / anyone has access to a created with his wife: the Bill and Melinda
toilet. Gates Foundation. It provides healthcare and
education to people around the world. Bill Gates
Is there (5) anything / something we can do
(5) be the richest man in the world,
about it? Yes! We can support charities such
but now he gives away hundreds of millions of
as Water Aid and Blue Planet Network. One
dollars a year!
example of their work is the Samburu project
in Kenya. (6) Everyone / Someone worked
together to install a new water well, giving
more than 1,000 people clean water.

99
 Grammar reference
9
UNIT

El estilo indirecto: tiempos • c uando pasamos preguntas de respuesta sí /no a

verbales estilo indirecto, añadimos la partícula if
‘Do you want a drink?’
• utilizamos el estilo indirecto para expresar lo que He asked me if I wanted a drink.
han dicho otras personas Me preguntó si quería tomar una copa.
• detrás del verbo que introduce el estilo indirecto ‘Did you like the play?’
solemos poner that She asked me if I had liked the play.
He said that he didn’t want to go. Me preguntó si me había gustado la obra.
Dijo que no quería ir. ‘Have you finished your composition?’
• y cambiamos el tiempo verbal que utilizó la The teacher asked if I had finished my composition.
persona que dijo algo, por un tiempo anterior El profesor me preguntó si había terminado la
redacción.
estilo directo estilo indirecto
present simple past simple El estilo indirecto: expresiones
‘Mr Smith is a She said that Mr Smith was
temporales
good teacher.’ a good teacher. cómo cambian las expresiones temporales
present continuous past continuous estilo estilo estilo estilo
‘The children are watching Mum said that the children directo indirecto directo indirecto
TV.’ were watching TV. today ➜ that day next week ➜ the following
week
past simple o present
past perfect tomorrow ➜ the following last night ➜ the night
perfect
day before
‘I saw Tom on Saturday.’ He said that he had seen yesterday ➜ the day now ➜ at that
Tom on Saturday. before moment
‘I’ve read a book by J. R. R. She said that she had read
Tolkien.’ a book by J. R. R. Tolkien. • al poner una oración en estilo indirecto,
cambiamos (u omitimos) las expresiones
will would (condicional) temporales
‘I’ll buy you a new book.’ Dad said that he would ‘I want to go shopping tomorrow,’ said Meg.
buy me a new book. Meg said that she wanted to go shopping the
following day.
can could Meg dijo que al día siguiente quería ir de compras.
I can do my homework My sister said she could do • a
 l referir lo que ha dicho alguien, es lógico que
myself! her homework herself. haya que cambiar los pronombres personales y
preguntas de respuesta sí / no los adjetivos demostrativos y posesivos
‘I don’t like this book,’ said Jack.
‘Have you done your The teacher asked if I had He said that he didn’t like that book.
homework?’ done my homework. Dijo que no le gustaba ese libro.
‘We love our new school,’ said Ben and Lou.
• e
 n estilo indirecto, el past perfect no cambia They said that they loved their new school.
‘I had already eaten.’ Dijeron que les encantaba su instituto nuevo.
She said she had already eaten.
Dijo que ya había comido.
• could tampoco cambia Verbos en estilo indirecto
‘I couldn’t understand the Liverpool accent.’ • p
 ara introducir las oraciones en estilo indirecto
He said that he couldn’t understand the Liverpool utilizamos los siguientes verbos:
accent. say  tell  ask  answer  reply
Dijo que no podía entender el acento de
Liverpool. offer  suggest  warn  refuse

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 Grammar exercises
9

UNIT
Reported speech
1 Rewrite the sentences using reported speech. 5 Rewrite the statements in exercise 4 using
reported speech.
‘I don’t understand the question.’
Tim said that he didn’t understand the question. Why don’t you go for a walk?
1 I’ll see you in the café tomorrow.’ He suggested that we went for a walk.
Lucy said . 1 He warned .
2 ‘We didn’t have time to do our homework.’ 2 She refused .
They said . 3 He offered .
3 ‘I can’t cook dinner this evening.’
Mum said . Reported speech ➜ direct
4 ‘Tom is working very hard this term.’ speech
The teachers said that .
5 ‘They had promised to arrive early.’ 6 Rewrite the reported speech as direct speech.
Sandy said that . Niall asked Shona how she was. Shona replied
that she had just come back from Wales. Niall
2 Rewrite the questions using reported speech. wanted to know if she had had fun. Shona
‘Does Harvey have a good job? said that she loved Wales because it was
She asked if Harvey had a good job. beautiful. Niall then asked if she had seen
Mount Snowdon. Shona told him that she had
1 ‘Did you see Jane at school?’.
climbed to the top and that the views were
My brother asked if I . spectacular. She also mentioned that she
2 ‘Will Jake be home early? had great photos that she could show him
I asked . and asked if he would like to see them. Niall
3 ‘Had Beth met Lewis before the party? responded that he would love to. So, Shona
She asked . asked him if he could come to her house the
4 ‘Could you help please?’ following day. Niall agreed and said that he
My mother asked me . would be there after he finished his homework.
Niall: (1) How are you, Shona?
Time expressions Shona: (2) I back
3 Circle the correct time expressions. from Wales.

Lia said she had seen Jim the day before / Niall: (3) fun?
yesterday. Shona: Absolutely, I (4)
1 They said that they would arrive the following Wales. It’s so beautiful!
day / tomorrow.
2 Joe said he wanted to study economics the Niall: (5)
following year / the next year. Mount Snowdon?
3 Emma said she had finished her project last Shona: Yes, and I (6)
week / the week before. to the top. The views were spectacular.
I (7) great
photos I (8) .
Reporting verbs Would you like to see them?
4 Match the reporting verbs to the statements.
Niall: I’d love to.
1 Why don’t you a offer
Shona: (9) to
go for a walk? (10) house
2 Be careful! b suggest (11) ?
3 I won’t give you c warn
any money. Niall: I (12) there
after I (13)
4 Can I help you? d refuse
(14) homework. Bye!

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