GUIDELINES ON SMART PORT

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Contents
1. Introduction................................................................................................ 3
2. Objectives ................................................................................................... 4
3. Project overview and highlight .................................................................. 4
PART 1 - General Information Section ........................................................... 13
PART 2: Digital and Innovation Readiness Index and The Smart Port
Performance Indexes ..................................................................................... 15
3.1. Management dimension ....................................................................... 16
3.2. Financial and Investment ...................................................................... 19
3.3. Human Capital ....................................................................................... 19
3.5. The level of Cyber Security .................................................................... 21
3.6. Innovation Level .................................................................................... 21
3.7. Technology Systems/Tools of ASEAN Ports .......................................... 22
4. Conclusion ................................................................................................ 31

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The Guidelines on Smart Port

1. Introduction

Southeast Asia is one of the most active regions in terms of economic growth,
as evidenced by the fact that almost half of the member countries are in the
world's top 20 highest GDP growth in 2019. Regarding the ASEAN Transport
Strategic Plan 2016-2025, ASEAN Member States are committed to
strengthening maritime connectivity by establishing the ASEAN Single
Shipping Market (ASSM). One of the actions under ASSM is to develop and
monitor Key Performance Indicators on port efficiency. In 2020, Thailand
proposed the Project of Guideline on Smart Port, endorsed by the 39th ASEAN
Maritime Transport Working Group (MTWG).

Maritime transport is the lifeblood of the world economy, which facilitates

world trade and economic activities. Ports are a critical part of logistic chains
that link industries and their market and supply sources. Increasing the
efficiency and effectiveness of ports will improve the transport flow along the
supply chain. Digital technology and innovation have changed the industry as
a whole. These trends shape a new framework, create challenges, and
underscore the need to enhance port performance levels. In the age of digital
technology, ports need to be oriented towards supply chains to meet the
changing needs of their users and customers. Against this background, a new
concept of "Smart Ports” has emerged.

Several studies focus on port performance indicators in port operation. At the

same time, only a few literature studies focus on digital technology and
innovation perspectives, mainly from the European region.

The purpose of this Smart Port Guideline is to provide ports in ASEAN with
effective tools to assess their digital and innovation capabilities. It achieves
this by introducing the Digital and Innovation Readiness Index (DIRI) and
Smart Port Performance Indicators (SPPIs), which serve as useful tools to
measure the readiness of ports in terms of digitalization and innovation. To

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gather valuable data and insights, the Guideline will employ online surveys,
interviews, workshop and utilizing qualitative data collection methods.

The results will reveal the benchmarking and indexing of the ports, providing
insights into the current strategic positioning of ports in terms of digital and
innovative performance.

2. Objectives

The project's main objective is to define the Smart Port Concept, in particular,
the Digital and Innovation Readiness Index (DIRI) and Smart Port Performance
Indicators (SPPIs) for ASEAN ports. The results of this study can serve as a
practical guide for port operators and port authorities to improve their
strategies, plans, performance monitoring, and evaluation and benchmarking
their performance against other ASEAN ports, with a view to enhance port
efficiency, by embedding the Smart Port Concept.

3. Project overview and highlight

The smart ports concept is associated with an innovative endeavor focused

on improving port competitiveness and facilitating entrepreneurial
collaboration among various stakeholders to achieve horizontal and vertical
integration of supply chains (Douaioui et al., 2018). Smart ports are seen as
key to the future development of modern ports and have become integral to
the smart city concept, consisting of companies and ecosystems based on
digitization and the mobilization of advanced and sustainable technologies.
(Karaś, A., 2020). A smart port is characterized by being connected,
sustainable, safe, and automated, relying on smart infrastructure and
equipment, skilled personnel, and intelligent managerial practices to ensure
customer satisfaction, environmental protection, and an improved quality of
life for citizens (B. Belmoukari, 2023).

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The literature studies and research were reviewed to explore proprietary and
public resources to collect data on port performance indicators, especially on
technology, digitalization, and innovation aspects. Most Port Performance
Indicators (PPI) have been developed to measure the port performance from
an operational perspective. However, in 2019, the United Nations Conference
on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) developed a Global Port Infrastructure
Sufficiency Index (PISI), which will assist competent authorities to measure
container terminal and port performance, including operations, safety,
security, and digitalization aspects. The PISI is in the table below;

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To measure the digital performance of ports, the Digital Readiness Index
assessment was introduced for smart port development (Philipp, 2020). The
performance indicators are called "Digital Auditing Tool for Ports" and have
been set as a potential self-assessment or benchmarking frame. It consists of
five dimensions: Management, Human Capital, Functionality, Technology,
and Information, with a total of 38 related indicators.

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Moreover, there is more research about digital readiness models for the port
industry, and various model dimensions are present. All the dimensions taken
from the current digital ready models are shown in table below:

After reviewing the literature, Thailand discussed with Japan (Co-Author) to

determine the Index and Indicators which are appropriate for the ASEAN.
According to the reviews, the various models share similar dimensions, some
of which are used independently and others in combination. The model of
Philipp et al. (2020), a Digital Readiness Index for Ports (DRIP), is the most
appropriate and comprehensive to monitor the digital performance of ports.
In addition, the innovation level is also important to recognize port innovation
activities. In this regard, the Digital and Innovation Readiness Index is
developed based on research findings and is used to evaluate both digital and
innovation performance in ports. It consists of 6 dimensions, including (i)
Management, (ii) Financial and Investment, (iii) Human Capital, (iv)
Functionality (IT), (v) Innovation Level, and (vi) Technology Systems/Tools,
along with 23 related indicators called Smart Port Performance Indicators
(SPPIs). The dimensions and indicators are shown in the table below:

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Thailand conducted the Workshop on the Development of Guidelines on
Smart Port project on 1-2 March 2023, in Bangkok, Thailand, to discuss the
Smart Port development of ASEAN ports and identify the SPPIs. The
Workshop was attended by 45 representatives from ASEAN Member States
and an expert from UNCTAD to share information on the study of the Global
Port Infrastructure Sufficiency Index (PISI) from the digital and innovation
perspectives. Due to the restriction of access to information and the current
availability of data from ports, ASEAN Member States agreed to set the DIRI
in 5 dimensions, as shown in the table below.

A questionnaire was delivered to survey the overview and status of index and
indicators in the ASEAN ports, which is divided into two main parts;

PART 1: The general information of the port, including the port name, the
number of container throughput, paperless ratio, and green technology
systems.

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PART 2: The Smart Port Performance Indexes (SPPI) part aims to review the
port's status in 5 dimensions and six indicators, focusing on the data for 2021.

Dimension 1: Management
This dimension shows the status of the implementation level in policies and
plans for port digitalization and innovation.

Indicator: The implementation of Digital and Innovation Master Plan

Denotation: The current state of ports in establishing/implementing the
digital and Innovation master plan.

Criteria:
score 0: Not existing,
score 1: Pilot initiatives are planned,
score 2: Is in the implementation phase (implement less than 3 years)
score 3: Is implemented (Implement over than 3 years)

Dimension 2: Financial & Investment

This dimension shows an effort on financial support to improve and develop

new innovation and technology initiatives.

Indicator: The percentage of investment cost in new projects of innovation

and technology.

Denotation: The percentage of investment cost in new projects of

innovation and technology per total investment cost of innovation and
technology.

((The investment cost in new projects of innovation and technology / total

investment cost of innovation and technology) *100)

Criteria:
score 0: No investment
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score 1: 0<x≤ 5%

score 2: 6%< x≤15%

score 3: >15%

Dimension 3: Human Capital

This dimension shows ports allocating human resources to improve and

develop innovation and technology. Measuring the percentage of
employees dedicated to digitalization and innovation initiatives sheds light
on the industry's determination to cultivate human capital. Additionally,
assessing the cost of training per employee underscores the commitment to
upskilling and reskilling, ensuring that personnel possess the necessary
expertise to effectively leverage emerging technologies and Innovation.

Indicator: The percentage of the number of employees* working in

Information Technology (IT) and Innovation Department
Denotation: The number of employees working in the IT and innovation
department divided by the total number of employees
((The number of IT and innovation employees/The total number of
employees) *100)

*All employees, including outsourced staff.

Criteria:
score 0: x≤ 10%
score 1: 10%< x≤ 20%
score 2: 20%< x≤ 30%
score 3: >30%

Dimension 4: Functionality (IT)

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This dimension defines the level of integration in the port's
infrastructure/technologies/systems with stakeholders. Functionality
encompasses various aspects critical to smart port operations. An efficient
and robust IT infrastructure forms the backbone of digitized processes and
enables seamless communication and data exchange. Moreover,
cybersecurity, an essential component of functionality, protects against
potential threats and safeguards sensitive data. By prioritizing these aspects,
ASEAN ports can enhance port operation efficiency and ensure reliable and
secure digital operations.

Indicator 1: The level of Integrated Communications

Infrastructure/Technologies/ Systems

Denotation: The current status of the port in integrating Communications

Infrastructure/Technologies/Systems within a port and stakeholders.

Criteria:
score 0: Not Existing
score 1: Integrated limit within a port area
score 2: Integrated systems in a port community and hinterland
score 3: Fully integrated with the whole supply chain

Indicator 2: The level of cyber security

Denotation: The status of port in developing on cyber security

Criteria:
Score 0: Inexistent initiative (not planned or implemented)
Score 1: Planned to develop
Score 2: In implement phase
Score 3: Implemented and certified to the standards e.g. ISO/IEC 2700:2013,
COBIT 5, NIST SP800-53 etc.

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Dimension 5: Innovation level:
This dimension is to define the status of the innovation in port. Innovation is
organized according to 3 levels:

(i) Incremental Innovation: It builds on existing knowledge of

technologies/processes to continuously extend and improve on the existing
products/services in the minority and target an existing market.

(ii) Adjacent Innovation: The entry of adjacent markets and the

development of new products/services using current capabilities to pursue
new customers and satisfy the existing customers competing with the
competitors. It also builds on developing new products/services and targets
new markets.

(iii) Disruptive Innovation: It brings a very different value proposition to an

existing market than previously. It also focuses on creating new
products/services for new markets.

Indicator: The current status of the innovation level.

Denotation: The current degree or level of port innovation

Criteria:
score 0: No Innovation
score 1: Incremental Innovation
score 2: Adjacent Innovation
score 3: Disruptive Innovation

To achieve the objective of the study, ASEAN Member States nominated

potential ports to participate in this study. A total of 14 ports were selected,
as per below:

Country Port/Terminal

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Brunei Darussalam: Muara Port
Cambodia: Port Autonomous of Sihanoukville, Phnom Penh
Autonomous Port
Indonesia: Teluk Lamong Terminal
Malaysia: Port of Tanjung Pelepas, Port Klang, Johor Port
Berhad
Myanmar: Yangon Port
Philippines: Manila International Container Terminal

Singapore: Port of Singapore

Thailand Laem Chabang Port, Bangkok Port
Viet Nam: Tan Cang Cat Lai Terminal, Haiphong International
Container Terminal

The questionnaires, in-depth interviews, and workshops were conducted to

discuss and elaborate the details on the SPPIs, explain each port's status, and
exchange information on the port technology and Innovation. The results of
the study can be summarized as follows:

RESULTS

PART 1 - General Information Section

The study comprises 14 selected ports, each being the primary port of its
respective ASEAN country. In 2021, the Port of Singapore had the highest
container throughput, reaching 37.5 million TEUs, followed by the Port Klang
Authority, the Port of Tanjung Pelepas, and Laem Chabang Port, with 13.6
million TEUs, 11.2 million TEUs, and 8.35 million TEUs in 2021, respectively.
The total container throughput of the selected ports was 85.82 million TEUs.
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The table shows the port profile of ASEAN port members.

Digital documents can promote sustainability by reducing paper usage. In

2021, the Phnom Penh Autonomous Port exhibited the highest paperless
ratio at 60%. Bangkok Port also has the potential to reduce paper usage by
40% by implementing e-Document, e-Meeting, and Enterprise Resource
Planning (ERP) systems.

In terms of organizational structure, some ports have assigned innovation

activities as an additional responsibility to an operational role within the port,
typically within the IT department or division. In reference to IAPH
(International Association of Ports and Harbors), these limited efforts are
dedicated to innovation because operational needs consume the majority of
resources, and the few activities that are achieved primarily focus on
technology.

However, the organizational structure of ASEAN ports reveals that there are
seven (7) ports, namely Muara Port (Brunei Darussalam), Sihanoukville
Autonomous Port and Phnom Penh Autonomous Port (Cambodia), Port of
Tanjung Pelepas (Malaysia), Yangon Port (Myanmar), and Tan Cang Cat Lai
Terminal (Vietnam), which have combined the IT and Innovation
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Departments. Meanwhile, seven (7) other ports, namely Teluk Lamong
Terminal (Indonesia), Port Klang Authority and Johor Port Berhad (Malaysia),
Manila International Container Terminal (Philippines), Bangkok Port and
Laem Chabang Port (Thailand), and Haiphong International Container
Terminal (Vietnam), have separated the IT and Innovation Departments.

To promote sustainable port, six (6) ports from four (4) countries have
implemented environmental monitoring tools. Specifically:

1. The Port of Tanjung Pelepas (Malaysia) has integrated a sensor at the

sewage treatment plant.

2. Johor Port Berhad (Malaysia) has implemented an Air Environmental

Monitoring System.

3. Yangon Port (Myanmar) has applied the Windy Pro App and NA
Survey Equipment, including devices such as the Topcom Hiper HR
RTKGPS with External Radio Modem, Bathy 500 Echosounder with
dual-frequency Transducer, HYPCAK MAX, and Dredge Pack
Software.

4. Bangkok Port and Laem Chabang Port (Thailand) have implemented

an Environmental Information System (EIS) consisting of three
functions:
- GHG Emission Dashboard
- Monitoring Dashboard
- Online Vessel Wastes Notification Form.

5. Manila International Container Terminal (Philippines) has applied

Anemometer and Tied sensor.

PART 2: Digital and Innovation Readiness Index and The Smart Port
Performance Indexes

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For the five dimensions, there are six indicators, as the table below
indicates:

The selected ports have been assessed based on each indicator, using a scale
of 0-3, utilizing data or status in 2021.

3.1. Management dimension

The implementation of the Digital and Innovation Master Plan

According to the survey results, the average score for management
dimensions in ASEAN ports is 1.71 out of a maximum score of 3. This indicates
that the 14 selected ASEAN ports recognize the significance of digitalization
and innovation by setting specific goals for enhancing these aspects within
their ports as part of a Masterplan for Innovation and Digitalization
Three ASEAN ports have successfully implemented their Innovation and
Digitalization Master Plans for over three years: the Manila International
Container Terminal (Philippines), the Port of Singapore, and the Haiphong
International Container Terminal (Vietnam). Below are some notable
achievements:

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 1. Manila International Container Terminal (Philippines):
• Utilizes iPad terminals for trucks, RTGs (rubber-tired gantry
cranes), and cranes to enhance operational efficiency.
• Implemented 5G technology for data exchange with external
stakeholders, enabling faster and more reliable communication.

2. Port of Singapore:
Implemented digitalPORT@SG™, which serves as a centralized
platform for maritime data exchange and collaboration. It
enables stakeholders in the maritime ecosystem to easily share
and access data, fostering improved coordination and decision-
making.
• Introduced DigitalOCEANS™ to focus on open and standardized
communication and information exchange systems within the
maritime industry.
• Utilizes DigitalSHIP™ to seamlessly integrate ship and shore
systems, facilitating enhanced communication and coordination
between vessels and port facilities.

3. Haiphong International Container Terminal (Vietnam):

• Implemented the ePort system, which encompasses various
features such as digital documentation, real-time tracking of
containers, and vessel scheduling. These functionalities
streamline overall port operation processes, contributing to
efficiency gains.
• Utilizes the Electronic Warehouse Management System (eWMS)
for warehouse operations, optimizing storage and logistics
management.

Meanwhile, six (6) ports in ASEAN have started implementing their Master
Plan less than three years ago. These ports include:

1. Teluk Lamong Terminal (Indonesia): The terminal has implemented

an IT Master Plan for 2020-2024. This plan likely focuses on utilizing
information technology to enhance various aspects of terminal operations.
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 2. Port of Tanjung Pelepas and Port Klang (Malaysia): The Port of
Tanjung Pelepas has undergone a planning/pilot phase from 2019-2020 and
successfully implemented its digitization initiatives in 2021. Port of Tanjung
Pelepas and Port Klang have implemented asset digitization to assume
container yard areas virtually for management operations. They have also
implemented RTGO (Remote-Controlled Rubber-Tired Gantry Cranes) and
GPS prime routes. Additionally, the ports operate on a data lake and analytics
(big data) system. They have embraced the organization's IoT strategies,
autonomous prime movers, and smart technologies.

3. Bangkok Port and Laem Chabang Port (Thailand): In 2020, the digital
and innovation management master plan has been launched to set the
direction and framework for the digital and innovation development to
ensure efficiency and effectiveness in operations. Moreover, PAT is in the
process of implementing Port Community Systems (PCS) to facilitate seamless
information flow and collaboration among stakeholders in the maritime
supply chain. It allows for streamlined electronic transactions, document
management, and real-time visibility of cargo movements.

Laem Chabang Port has implemented a semi-automatic terminal system,

where Remote-Controlled Rubber-Tired Gantry Cranes (RTGs) are controlled
using remote control technology. The port also utilizes a truck queue
management system. Bangkok Port has implemented BKPi Service (Mobile
application), e-Tariff, and e-Hazardous.

4. Tan Cang Cat Lai Terminal (Vietnam): started the Digital Master Plan
in 2019. The terminal has renewed its website and implemented an ePort
system for port users, which aims to enhance user experience and streamline
digital interactions between the terminal and its stakeholders.

Additionally, three ports in ASEAN have plans to implement a Digital and

Innovation Master Plan, specifically the Port Autonomous of Sihanoukville,
Phnom Penh Autonomous Port from Cambodia, and Yangon Port from
Myanmar. Meanwhile, Johor Port Berhad (Malaysia) and Muara Port (Brunei
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Darussalam) do not currently have any existing Digital and Innovation Master
Plans.

3.2. Financial and Investment

The results indicate that the average percentage of investment costs in new
innovation and technology projects in ASEAN ports is 1.64. It shows that in
2021, most of the ASEAN ports invested more than 5% of the total
digitalization and innovation investment cost in further digitalization and
innovation. In particular, the Port of Tanjung Pelepas (Malaysia), Port of
Singapore, Bangkok Port, and Laem Chabang Port (Thailand) have achieved
the highest score of 3, which allocated a budget of more than 15% in new
digital technologies and innovations. For instance, Thailand ports invested in
developing the Port Community System, Automated Gate, and Marketing
Management System and installing video conference systems in meeting
rooms.

Meanwhile, Johor Port Berhad (Malaysia) and Manila International Container

Terminal (Philippines) have scores of 2. The budget allocation for the
digitalization and innovation development of these ports is between 6% and
15% of the total investment. This showed that Johor Port Berhad invested in
container handling equipment to enhance container handling capabilities and
overall development.

However, there are 8 selected ports out of the 14 ports whereby new
innovation and technology investment less than 5% of their total innovation
and technology investment. In today's context, technology and innovation are
crucial factors in achieving sustainable port development. Consequently, port
authorities and operators should consider allocating greater financial
resources to this area.

3.3. Human Capital

Employees play a crucial role in driving IT and innovation to achieve an

organization's goals. The study revealed that, on average, the percentage of
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employees in ASEAN ports working in the IT and Innovation department is
0.43. This means that less than 10% of the total employees are engaged in
the IT and Innovation Department.

Only three ASEAN ports, namely Muara Port (Brunei Darussalam), Yangon
Port (Myanmar), and Haiphong International Container Terminal (Vietnam)
have allocated between 10% and 20% of their employees to work in the IT
and innovation department.

However, the Port of Singapore stands out for its strong commitment to
investing in human capital for IT and innovation functions. This suggests that
the Port of Singapore recognizes the importance of a skilled and dedicated
workforce to drive IT and innovation initiatives.

3.4. Functionality (IT)

The result shows the average percentage of The level of Integrated

Communications Infrastructure/Technologies/Systems in ASEAN ports is
1.86, which signifies that most ASEAN ports, integrated
infrastructure/technologies/systems in a port community and hinterland,
including Muara Port (Brunei Darussalam), Port of Tanjung Pelepas
(Malaysia), Port Klang (Malaysia), Yangon Port (Myanmar), Manila
International Container Terminal (Philippines), Bangkok Port and Laem
Chabang Port (Thailand), and Tan Cang Cat Lai Terminal (Vietnam). These
ports have implemented various systems such as GCAM, SMK, N4, Port EDI,
Automated Customs Clearance System, and ePort system.

Meanwhile, Terminal Teluk Lamong (Indonesia) and the Port of Singapore are
fully integrated systems with the whole supply chain, such as shipping lines,
port authorities, and customer systems.

Ports such as Sihanoukville Autonomous Port and Phnom Penh Autonomous

Port (Cambodia), Johor Port Berhad (Malaysia), and Haiphong International
Container Terminal (Vietnam) have implemented IT systems only within the
internal port area.
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 3.5. The level of Cyber Security

The average score for the Cyber Security indicator among ASEAN ports is
2.43. Most of the selected ASEAN ports have successfully implemented and
received certification for international cyber security standards such as
ISO/IEC 27001:2013. It is imperative for all ports to prioritize cyber security
and consistently improve their measures to safeguard their operations and
data against cyber threats

The Port of Singapore has implemented cybersecurity measures that are

consistent with the U.S. NIST standards. The Port of Tanjung Pelepas, Port
Klang, Johor Port Berhad (Malaysia), Terminal Teluk Lamong (Indonesia),
Bangkok Port and Laem Chabang Port (Thailand) have attained the ISO/IEC
27001:2013 standard for cyber security. Yangon Port (Myanmar) has
implemented various measures such as SSL, VPN Router, Firewall Router, and
Internet Security Enterprise. These achievements underscore the importance
of cyber security in the maritime industry and the proactive steps taken by
these ports to protect their digital assets and operations.

The Manila International Container Terminal (Philippines) had established a

stringent and meticulous cyber security environment, with a dedicated team
overseeing controls, policies, penetration testing, etc., Tan Cang Cat Lai
Terminal and Haiphong International Container Terminal (Vietnam) had
implemented initiatives such as the Social Listening Project, Search Engine
Optimization (SEO) Strategy, and Semrush Engine.

3.6. Innovation Level

The current status of innovation level

The average score for ASEAN ports in the Innovation Level Dimension is 1.57.
This score indicates that ports in ASEAN are currently in the process of

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transitioning from Incremental Innovation to Adjacent Innovation in the near
future.

Most ASEAN ports have received a score of 1 (representing Incremental

Innovation) in terms of their innovation level. This suggests that there is much
potential for future growth and development, in terms of adopting innovative
technologies and practices within these ports. It highlights the opportunity
for these ports to explore and implement more advanced and transformative
innovations to enhance their operations and competitiveness in the maritime
industry.

Teluk Lamong Terminal (Indonesia), Port Klang (Malaysia), Manila

International Container Terminal (Philippines, and Haiphong International
Container Terminal (Vietnam) have reached the level of Adjacent Innovation.
They are utilizing their existing capabilities to pursue new customers and
satisfy existing ones while also competing with competitors. This signifies that
these ports are actively exploring innovative strategies to expand their
customer base and enhance customer satisfaction while remaining
competitive in the industry.

There are two ASEAN ports that have reached the level of Disruptive
Innovation. The Port of Singapore has implemented the SG-Maritime Data
Hub and DigitalOCEANS™, while Tan Cang Cat Lai Terminal (Vietnam) has
implemented ePort, eWMS, and a website interface chatbot. These initiatives
underscore the substantial efforts of these ports in leveraging technology and
innovation to not only enhance their operations but also significantly improve
the overall customer experience. Disruptive innovation represents a
transformative approach that can lead to significant changes and
advancements in the maritime industry.

3.7. Technology Systems/Tools of ASEAN Ports

ASEAN ports have placed great importance on the development of

technology and innovation. Here are some highlights of the implementation
of technology systems and tools:
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 (i) Brunei Darussalam

Muara Port in Brunei is actively developing and integrating technology

systems and tools to enhance its operations. Here are some of the key
systems and tools they are implementing:

RPS (Reach Stacker): Reach stackers are specialized vehicles equipped with
hydraulic lifting arms designed to lift efficiently and stack containers within
the port. They are crucial in container handling and arranging in the yard area,
contributing to operational efficiency.

TPS (Transport Transaction System): TPS is a comprehensive system used to

monitor and manage container movements within the port, from the quay of
the crane to the yard area. It facilitates the smooth transfer of containers and
ensures accurate documentation and transaction processing, streamlining
port operations.

Brunei Darussalam National Single Window (BDNSW): The BDNSW is an

online platform designed to simplify trade and customs procedures in Brunei
Darussalam. It serves as a centralized platform that integrates information
from various government agencies, enabling the electronic submission of
trade-related documents. This initiative aims to streamline and expedite
customs processes, enhancing regional trade efficiency.

(ii) Cambodia

1. The Sihanoukville Autonomous Port is actively developing the

following systems to enhance its operations:

Pre-Gate Registration: The implementation of pre-registration systems allows

truck drivers to register their trucks and cargo information in advance before
arriving at the port. This proactive approach enables better planning and
coordination, optimizes resource allocation, and ultimately reduces wait

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times and congestion at the port. It streamlines the check-in process and
improves the overall efficiency of cargo handling.

Gate Automation Systems: Gate automation systems leverage advanced

technologies such as RFID (Radio-Frequency Identification), automated
barriers, and optical character recognition (OCR) to automate port gate entry
and exit processes. These systems enhance security measures, provide real-
time visibility into truck movements, and significantly expedite the processing
of trucks and cargo. The automation of these critical gate operations
contributes to a smoother and more secure port environment.

2. The Phnom Penh Autonomous Port has a planned implementation

of Port EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) to facilitate the electronic exchange
of standardized data and documents among various stakeholders within the
port community. Port EDI plays a crucial role in enhancing operational
efficiency by improving data accuracy, reducing paperwork, and expediting
key processes such as customs clearance, cargo tracking, and billing. This
move towards electronic data exchange aligns with the global trend of
digitalization and will likely contribute to smoother and more streamlined
port operations.

(iii) Indonesia

Teluk Lamong Terminal in Indonesia has achieved significant

integration and implementation of various systems and technologies
to enhance its operations and customer services. Some notable
initiatives include:

i. PCS System Integration: The Port Community System (PCS) integrates

seamlessly with shipping lines, port authorities, and customs
systems. This integration facilitates efficient data exchange and
coordination among stakeholders within the port community.

ii. CDR (Container Damage Report): The implementation of the

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 Container Damage Report system helps in the documentation and
management of container damage incidents, ensuring transparency
and accuracy in reporting.

iii. RFID System: The use of Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID)

technology enhances container tracking and management, allowing
for real-time visibility and improved control over container
movements.

iv. Unit Positioning System: This system aids in the precise positioning
of units within the terminal, optimizing space utilization and
operational efficiency.

v. Cloud Computing: Utilizing cloud computing technology likely

contributes to enhanced data storage, scalability, and accessibility,
supporting various operational aspects.

vi. Business Intelligence: Implementation of Business Intelligence tools

provides data-driven insights for informed decision-making and
performance analysis.

vii. VERA (Very Responsive & Solutif Apps) Chatbot: VERA serves as a
chatbot designed to support customer services. It assists customers
by addressing inquiries, providing information, and helping to resolve
any issues or concerns promptly.

(iv) Malaysia

Port of Tanjung Pelepas and Port Klang have implemented technology

system tools as follows;

i. Implemented a digital twin technology called Asset Digitization (AD)

RatGO and GPS Prime Route. This system creates a virtual replica of
physical assets and uses real-time data to optimize route planning,

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 enhancing the efficiency of asset movement within the port.

ii. Data Lake and Analysis: The port has implemented a data lake and
analysis system, which collects and stores large volumes of data from
various sources within the port. This allows for advanced analytics and
data-driven decision-making to improve port operations and
performance.

iii. IoT Strategy: The port has an IoT strategy in place, leveraging connected
devices and sensors to collect real-time data for infrastructure
monitoring, security, and asset tracking. The IoT initiatives help optimize
operations and enhance efficiency.

iv. Autonomous Prime Mover: The port utilizes autonomous prime movers,
which are self-driving vehicles used for transporting containers within
the port. This technology improves efficiency and safety in container
movement.

v. Smart Technology Organization and Smart Lab: The port emphasizes

smart technology adoption and has established a smart technology
organization and lab. These initiatives drive innovation and continuous
improvement within the port, expediting the adoption of cutting-edge
technologies.

vi. PaaS (0365) and Cloud Server & Data Storage: The port uses Platform
as a Service (PaaS) solutions, such as Office 365, for effective
collaboration and communication. Additionally, the port leverages cloud
servers and storage for scalable and secure data management.

vii. These planned implementations include N4 (a terminal operating

system), SMK (container management system), and GCAM (Guarantee
Certificate for Approved Manufacturer) via electronic means. These
implementations will further streamline operations, digitalization, and
supply chain management.

Johor Port has implemented a range of technology systems and initiatives to

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 enhance its operations and efficiency. Here is a summary of these systems:

i. JPBI (Johor Port Berhad Interface): This system streamlines processes

and facilitates efficient communication and data exchange within the
port.

ii. JCTS (Johor Container Terminal System): The Johor Container Terminal
System is designed to optimize container handling operations, enhance
productivity, and improve container tracking and management accuracy.

iii. MPTS (Multi-Purpose Terminal System): MPTS is used to manage and

track various types of cargo handled at the port, ensuring efficient
operations and improved cargo handling processes.

iv. E-RTG (Electric Rubber-Tired Gantry): The implementation of Electric

Rubber-Tired Gantry (E-RTGs) reduces emissions and improves energy
efficiency in container handling.

v. LNG-Powered Terminal Tractor: Johor Port has introduced LNG-

powered terminal tractors, which run on cleaner and more sustainable
LNG fuel for the movement of containers and cargo within the port area.

vi. FZIPS (Free Zone Integrated Port System): FZIPS manages and
facilitates operations within the free zone area of Johor Port, simplifying
administration processes and enhancing goods handling.

vii. Drone for Monitoring: The port plans to use drones to monitor port
activities, conduct safety inspections, and enhance security measures

viii. Ramco Implementation: Johor Port intends to implement the Ramco

system, an enterprise resource planning (ERP) software, to improve
operational efficiency and resource management.

(v) Myanmar

Myanmar Port is actively implementing several technology systems and tools

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 to enhance its operations and efficiency. Below is an overview of their
ongoing and planned initiatives:

i. Port EDI (Electronic Data Interchange): The implementation of Port EDI

facilitates the electronic exchange of standardized data and documents
among various stakeholders within the port community. This initiative
improves data accuracy, reduces paperwork, and expedites customs
clearance, cargo tracking, and billing processes.

ii. Myanmar Automated Customs Clearance System (MACCS): MACCS is

designed to streamline and automate customs clearance procedures. It
simplifies importing and exporting goods, reducing delays and
improving overall efficiency at the port.

iii. Incremental Innovation: Myanmar Port is focusing on Incremental

Innovation by developing various technology components, including:

iv. SSL: Implementing Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) technology enhances

data security and encryption, particularly important for sensitive
information.

v. VPN Router: A Virtual Private Network (VPN) router ensures secure and
private data communication over networks, contributing to secure remote
access and data transmission.

vi. Firewall Router: A firewall router provides network security by

controlling incoming and outgoing network traffic, protecting against
unauthorized access and potential threats.

vii. Internet Security (Enterprise): Internet security measures enhance

protection against online threats, ensuring the safety and integrity of
digital operations.

viii. iSailor App: The iSailor App is utilized for monitoring navigation
information, electronic charts, and additional content. It aids in
improving navigation safety and efficiency for vessels.

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 (vi) Singapore

Singapore has developed the following technology and intelligent systems:

i. Next-Gen Vessel Traffic Management System (NGVTMS), which uses

data analytics and machine learning to identify traffic hotspots as well
as advanced algortithms to predict potential collisions. .

ii. VHF Data Exchange System (VDES), which allows secured and reliable
data transfer between ship-ship and ship-shore.

iii. digitalPORT@SG™, Singapore’s Maritime Single Window which is a one-

stop platform for port call transactions and regulatory clearance.

iv. Singapore Maritime Data Hub, a one-stop data sharing platform that
enables secure data exchanges to catalyse development of innovative
solutions for the maritime industry.

v. DigitalOCEANS™ (Open/Common Exchange And Networks

Standardisation), a digital platform that aims to promote greater
system-to-system interoperability in the global maritime transport
chain through developing maritime-related specifications of common
data standards and Application Programming Interfaces (APIs).

(vii) Thailand

Port Authority of Thailand (PAT) made significant steps forward in

modernizing its port operations. Their e-Port development initiative
integrated IT systems, streamlined documentation processes, and utilized
various technological innovations. PAT's achievements include integration
with Thailand's National Single Window (NSW), electronic data exchange
systems, and paperless document processing. PAT strongly emphasized data-
driven decision-making through systems like Service-Oriented Architecture
(SOA) and the Environmental Information System (EIS). The Marketing
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Management System helped analyze customer data, and the adoption of Port
Community Systems (PCS) improved collaboration within the maritime supply
chain. These efforts highlight Thailand's commitment to using technology and
innovation for efficient and competitive port operations.

Laem Chabang Port has implemented a semi-automatic terminal system

where Remote-Controlled Rubber-Tired Gantry Cranes (RTGs) are controlled
using remote control technology. This advanced system is likely to contribute
to improved efficiency and precision in container handling operations. In
addition, Truck Queue Management System was developed in utilizing a truck
queue management system, which helps optimize the flow of trucks and
vehicles within the port area. This system can reduce congestion and waiting
times, enhancing overall port operations and efficiency.

For Bangkok Port, it is in process of developing a semi-automated gate. The

iBKP Service has been implemented in Bangkok Port also known as e-Port.
This likely refers to an electronic port system that streamlines various port-
related processes. Electronic port systems can improve cargo tracking,
documentation, and overall efficiency in cargo handling operations.

(viii) Vietnam

The highlights of Vietnamese port technology systems and tools are as

follows;

1. Tan Cang Cat Lai Terminal has developed an AI Chatbot to support

customer inquiries and provide assistance. An electronic Warehouse
Management System is in place to optimize warehousing and storage
operations, improve inventory control and order processing, and an ePort
system to manage port operations, automate processes, and facilitate
efficient container movements. The terminal utilizes cloud computing
technology to enhance data storage, accessibility, and scalability, called the
"Pobi" internal system, which provides a data dashboard for monitoring and
analyzing information related to operations and performance. In addition,
Digital Twinning Cat Lai is developing and working with vendors to have a
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virtual tour of terminals. Moreover, the terminal plans to implement semi-
automated cranes and chassis for container handling and a semi-automated
gate, which can further enhance efficiency and productivity, streamline
vehicle entry and exit and improve traffic flow.

2. The Haiphong International Container Terminal has implemented

an ePort System to optimize port operations and automate various processes.
This system enables port operators to efficiently manage container
movements, record arrivals and departures, and handle documentation
electronically. The terminal has also implemented an electronic Warehouse
Management System (eWMS) to manage the warehousing and storage of
goods in the terminal, streamlining inventory control, order processing, and
optimizing space utilization.

4. Conclusion

Dimension Indicator Average Score

Management The implementation on 1.71

Digital and Innovation
Master Plan

Financial & The percentage of the 1.64

Investment investment cost in
digitalisation and innovation

Human Capital The percentage of the 0.43

number of employees

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 working in IT and Innovation
Department

Functionality (IT) 2.14

- The level of Integrated 1.86
Communications
Infrastructure/Technologies/
Systems

- The level of Cyber Security 2.43

Innovation Level The current status of 1.57

innovation

Average total score 1.50

of SPPI

In summary, the DIRI comprises 5 dimensions and 6 indicators. The indicated

weighting factors in the DIRI model highlight the significance of each
dimension, as determined during a workshop with experts and
representatives from ASEAN ports. Within each dimension, all six indicators
carry equal weight. The average DIRI score for ASEAN ports (14 selected ports)
is 1.50.

The results also reveal that ASEAN ports prioritize Integrated

Communications Infrastructure/Technologies/Systems and Cyber Security
within the functionality dimension, earning the highest score at 2.14.

Furthermore, most ASEAN ports have commenced the development of their

digital technologies and innovation, investing more than 5% of the total
digitalization and innovation budget in furthering digitalization and
innovation each year. Nevertheless, most ASEAN ports have not yet broken
through to adjacent and disruptive innovation levels. Given that human
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capabilities play a pivotal role in creating a Smart Port, it's worth noting that
the average percentage of employees working in the IT and Innovation
Departments at most ASEAN ports falls below 10% of the total workforce.
Therefore, ASEAN Ports may wish to consider allocating additional resources
to IT and innovative personnel.

The development and success of smart ports in the ASEAN region relies on
key dimensions such as management, financial and investment, human
capital, functionality, and innovation level. By focusing on these dimensions,
port authorities and stakeholders can drive extensive digital transformation
and leverage technological advancements to create intelligent, efficient, and
sustainable maritime hubs.

Smart ports have the potential to revolutionize port operations in the ASEAN
region, offering many benefits such as increased efficiency, improved
sustainability, and better supply chain visibility. It was found that six (6) Smart
Port Performance Indicators are most suitable for ASEAN ports, as per below:

1. The implementation of Digital and Innovation Master Plan

2. The percentage of investment cost in new projects of innovation and
technology
3. The percentage of the number of employees working in Information
Technology (IT) and Innovation Department
4. The level of Integrated Communications
Infrastructure/Technologies/ Systems
5. The level of Cyber Security
6. The current status of innovation level

The identification of these six (6) Smart Port Performance Indicators

demonstrates a commitment to measuring and monitoring progress in
achieving these benefits. A brief overview of each indicator can be found
below:

1. The Implementation of Digital and Innovation Master Plan: This

indicator assesses whether ports have a well-defined Digital and
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 Innovation Master Plan in place. Such a plan outlines the strategic
roadmap for digital transformation and innovation initiatives, guiding
port authorities in achieving their smart port objectives.

2. The Percentage of Investment Cost in New Projects of Innovation and

Technology: This indicator quantifies the financial commitment of ports
to invest in innovation and technology projects. It reflects the allocation
of resources for modernization and digitalization efforts, which are
crucial for enhancing port capabilities.

3. The Percentage of the Number of Employees Working in Information

Technology (IT) and Innovation Department: This metric measures the
proportion of the workforce dedicated to IT and innovation-related
roles. A higher percentage indicates a greater focus on building the
necessary human capital for driving technological advancements.

4. The Level of Integrated Communications

Infrastructure/Technologies/Systems: This indicator evaluates the
extent to which ports have integrated their communication
infrastructure, technologies, and systems. A high level of integration
fosters seamless data exchange, enhances coordination, and supports
real-time decision-making.

5. The Level of Cyber Security: Cybersecurity is of paramount importance

in the digital era. This metric assesses the preparedness of ports to
safeguard their operations and data from cyber threats, ensuring the
integrity and reliability of their digital systems.

6. The Current Status of Innovation Level: This indicator gauges the

innovation level of ports, reflecting their ability to adopt and apply
innovative technologies and practices. It helps assess how well ports are
positioned to embrace emerging trends and solutions in the maritime
industry.
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The results of the study on Smart Port Performance Indicators can be
summarized as follows:

In the digital age, ASEAN ports place high importance on cyber security issues
to ensure the maritime industry's safe and secure operation. This can be seen
from diligent efforts to obtain the certificate of international standards, e.g.,
ISO/IEC 2700:2013, COBIT 5, NIST SP 800-53, etc.

The global port revolution is based on digitizing and integrating various

technologies to optimize port operations. The level of integrated
communications infrastructure, technologies, and systems in ASEAN ports
has already been achieved, with ports integrating their systems with a port
community and hinterland connectivity services. Notably, the most
technologically advanced ports, such as those in Singapore and Malaysia,
have fully integrated the supply chain.

Most ASEAN ports have successfully established and implemented their

Digital and Innovation Master Plans for over three years. In 2021, ASEAN ports
allocated more than 5% of their budgets to new digitalization and innovation
development projects. However, there needs to be more access to
information on investments in training courses for employees working in IT
and innovation. Some ASEAN ports had insufficient investment in training –
which underscores the need for competent authorities to provide support
and training opportunities to ensure competence with new technologies and
innovation. Additionally, ports should consider the appropriate number of
employees relative to their workload, including ongoing and future projects,
to ensure sufficient human resources for developing technologies and driving
practical innovation.

The degree of innovation is a central and crucial variable in the management

activities and instruments used during an innovation process. In ASEAN ports,
the level of innovation currently falls within the realm of ‘Incremental
Innovation’, with a transition towards ‘Adjacent Innovation’ expected in the
near future. However, it is imperative for each port to establish long-term
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development plans with a strong focus on achieving ‘Disruptive Innovation’.
This approach allows ports to leverage technology and innovation to enhance
their operations and significantly improve the customer experience. Valuable
lessons in this regard can be drawn from the experiences of ports in Singapore
and Vietnam.

In closing, these six SPPIs are pivotal in assisting ASEAN ports in monitoring
and benchmarking their performance. By utilizing this Guideline, ports can
effectively identify areas for improvement and spearhead the development
of smart port ecosystems for ports, stakeholders, and the maritime
community moving forward.

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