ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

CATEGORY L T P CREDIT
ECT352 DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING
PEC 2 1 0 3

Preamble: This course aims to develop the skills for methods of various transformation and
analysis of image enhancement, image reconstruction, image compression, image segmentation
and image representation.

Prerequisite: ECT 303 Digital Signal Processing

Course Outcomes: After the completion of the course the student will be able to

Distinguish / Analyse the various concepts and mathematical transforms

CO 1
necessary for image processing
CO 2 Differentiate and interpret the various image enhancement techniques
CO 3 Illustrate image segmentation algorithm

CO 4 Understand the basic image compression techniques

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
CO 1 3 3 2 1 2
CO 2 3 3 2 1 2
CO 3 3 3 3 1 2
CO 4 3 3 3 1 2

Assessment Pattern

Continuous Assessment
Bloom’s Category Tests End Semester Examination
1 2
Remember K1 10 10 10
Understand K2 20 20 20
Apply K3 20 20 70
Analyse K4
Evaluate
Create

Mark distribution

Total ESE
CIE ESE
Marks Duration
150 50 100 3 hours

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Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:
Attendance: 10 marks
Continuous Assessment Test (2 numbers) : 25 marks
Assignment/Quiz/Course project : 15 marks

End Semester Examination Pattern: There will be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A contain 10
questions with 2 questions from each module, having 3 marks for each question. Students should
answer all questions. Part B contains 2 questions from each module of which student should answer
any one. Each question can have maximum 2 sub-divisions and carry 14 marks. The questions must
have 50% representation from theory, and 50% representation from logical/numerical/derivation/
proof.

Course Level Assessment Questions

Course Outcome 1 (CO1): Analyze the various concepts and restoration techniques for image
processing
1. For the given image check whether pixel P and Q have 8 connectivity.
2. Find filtered image using median filter.
3. Explain Weiner filtering.

Course Outcome 2 (CO2): Differentiate and interpret the various image enhancement techniques
1. Classify different image enhancement process. Differentiate between spatial domain and
frequency domain techniques of image enhancement.
2. What is histogram equalisation? Briefly discuss the underlying logic behind histogram
equalisation.

3. Apply mean and median filters over a given image.

Course Outcome 3 (CO3): Illustrate image segmentation algorithm

1. Name two basic approaches of image segmentation and mention their differences.
2. How can you decide optimal thresholds when the image contains a background and several
foreground objects? Write down a corresponding algorithm.
3. Write down the region growing algorithm. What are its advantages and disadvantages?

Course Outcome 4 (CO4): Analyze basic image compression techniques

1. What do you mean by compression ratio? Do you consider that lower compression ratio
ensures better images upon reproduction?
2. How can achievable compression ratio to be determined from image histogram?
3. Mention the steps of lossy and lossless JPEG compression

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SYLLABUS

Module 1

Digital Image Fundamentals: Image representation, basic relationship between pixels, elements of
DIP system, elements of visual perception-simple image formation model. Vidicon and Digital
Camera working principles Brightness, contrast, hue, saturation, mach band effect
Colour image fundamentals-RGB, CMY, HIS models, 2D sampling, quantization.

Module 2
Review of matrix theory: row and column ordering- Toeplitz, Circulant and block matrix
2D Image transforms: DFT, its properties, Walsh transform, Hadamard transform, Haar transform,
DCT, KL transform and Singular Value Decomposition.
Image Compression: Need for compression, Basics of lossless compression – bit plane coding, run
length encoding and predictive coding, Basics of lossy compression – uniform and non-uniform
quantization techniques used in image compression, Concept of transform coding, JPEG Image
compression standard.

Module 3
Image Enhancement: Spatial domain methods: point processing- intensity transformations,
histogram processing, image subtraction, image averaging. Spatial filtering- smoothing filters,
sharpening filters.
Frequency domain methods: low pass filtering, high pass filtering, homomorphic filter

Module 4
Image Restoration: Degradation model, Unconstraint restoration- Lagrange multiplier and constraint
restoration
Inverse filtering- removal of blur caused by uniform linear motion, Weiner filtering,
Geometric transformations-spatial transformations

Module 5
Image segmentation: Classification of Image segmentation techniques, region approach, clustering
techniques. Segmentation based on thresholding, edge based segmentation. Classification of edges,
edge detection, Hough transform, active contour.

Text Books
1. Gonzalez Rafel C, Digital Image Processing, Pearson Education, 2009
2. S Jayaraman, S Esakkirajan, T Veerakumar, Digital image processing, Tata Mc Graw Hill, 2015

Reference Books

1. Jain Anil K , Fundamentals of digital image processing: , PHI,1988

2. Kenneth R Castleman , Digital image processing:, Pearson Education,2/e,2003
3. Pratt William K , Digital Image Processing: , John Wiley,4/e,2007

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Course Contents and Lecture Schedule

No. Topic No. of Lectures

1 Digital Image Fundamentals
1.1 Image representation, basic relationship between pixels, 3
elements of DIP system, elements of visual perception-
simple image formation model
1.2 Vidicon and Digital Camera working principles 1
1.3 Brightness, contrast, hue, saturation, mach band effect 1
1.4 Colour image fundamentals-RGB, CMY, HIS models 1
1.5 2D sampling, quantization. 1
2 Review of matrix theory
2.1 Row and column ordering- Toeplitz, Circulant and 2
block matrix
2.2 2D Image transforms : DFT, its properties, Walsh 3
transform, Hadamard transform, Haar transform
2.3 DCT, KL transform and Singular Value Decomposition. 3
2.4 Image Compression: Need for compression, Basics of 2
lossless compression – bit plane coding, run length
encoding and predictive coding, Basics of lossy
compression – uniform and non-uniform quantization
techniques used in image compression, Concept of
transform coding, JPEG Image compression standard..
3 Image Enhancement
3.1 Spatial domain methods: point processing- intensity 2
transformations, histogram processing, image
subtraction, image averaging
3.2 Spatial filtering- smoothing filters, sharpening filters 1
3.3 Frequency domain methods: low pass filtering, high 2
pass filtering, homomorphic filter.
4 Image Restoration
4.1 Degradation model, Unconstraint restoration- Lagrange 2
multiplier and constraint restoration
4.2 Inverse filtering- removal of blur caused by uniform 2
linear motion, Weiner filtering
4.3 Geometric transformations-spatial transformations 2
5 Image segmentation
5.1 Classification of Image segmentation techniques, region 2
approach, clustering techniques
5.2 Segmentation based on Thresholding, edge based 2
segmentation
5.3 Classification of edges, edge detection, Hough 3
transform, active contour

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Simulation Assignments

The following simulations be done in Scilab/ Matlab/ LabView:

1. Read Image data into the workspace.

2. Determine various transforms using matlab functions.

3. Detect and measure circular objects in an image.

4. Adjust the contrast of the given image.

5. Filter images using predefined filter.

6. Create degraded images affected by motion blur and noise by simulating the models for both.
Apply inverse filtering and Weiner filtering methods to the simulated images and compare
their performance.

7. Detect an object against the background using various edge detection algorithms and compare
their performance.

8. Create a histogram for a gray scale image.

9. Create image at various compression level.

10. Use texture segmentation to identify region based on their texture.

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Model Question paper

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

SIXTH SEMESTER B.TECH DEGREE EXAMINATION, (Model Question Paper)
Course Code: ECT352

Course Name: DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING

Max. Marks: 100 Duration: 3 Hours

PART A

Answer all questions, each carries 3 marks.

1. Give mathematical representation of digital images? Write down the names of different
formats used. K2
2. Explain mach band effect. K2
3. What is SVD? Explain its applications in digital image processing. K3
4. Write the similarity and difference between Hadamard and Walsh transforms K3
5. What are the advantages and disadvantages of block processing K2
6. Name the role of point operators in image enhancement K2
7. What is median filter? Explain the operation in 2D noise image with salt and pepper noise K3
8. Distinguish between linear and nonlinear image restoration. K3
9. Mention the use of derivative operation in edge detection. K4
10. The Pewitt edge operator is much better than Robert operator. Why? Give the matrix. K3

PART B

Answer any one full questions, from each module carries14marks.

Module 1

1. a) State and explain the 2D sampling theorem. Explain how aliasing errors can be eliminated? (7
marks)

b) Define the terms brightness, contrast, hue and saturation with respect to a digital image. Explain
the terms False contouring and Machband effect. (K1 – CO1) (7 marks)

OR

2. a) Explain elements of visual perception simple image formation model in detail (K1 – CO1) (8
marks)

b) Explain various color image models and its transformations (K1 - CO1) (6 marks)

Module 2

3. a) Explain the difference between DST and DCT. (K2 - CO1) (4 marks)

b) Compute the 2D DFT of the 4x4 gray scale image given below. (K3-CO1) (10 marks)

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OR

4. a) Construct a Harr transform matrix for N=4. (4 marks) (K3-CO1)

b) Compute the 8-point DCT for following date X={2,4,6,8,10,6,4,2}. (10 marks)

Module 3

5. a) List histogram image enhancement techniques? Explain each one in detail. (10 marks)
K2-CO2

b) Write a note on color image enhancement. (K2-CO2) (4 marks)

OR

6. a) Describe the following in detail (i) Histogram equalization (ii) LPF and HPF in image
enhancement (iii) high boost filters (10 marks)

Module 4

7. a) Assume 4x4 image and filter the image using median filter of 3x3 neighbourhood.
Use replicate padding. (K3—CO1) (8 marks)

b) Explain the digital image restoration. (K1—CO1) (6 marks)

OR

8. a) Explain inverse filtering with necessary equations. (K1-CO1) (6 marks)

b) Differentiate various noise models. (K2-CO1) (8 marks)

Module 5

9. a) Explain the active contour algorithm for image segmentation any four geometric
transformations on an image. (K2-CO3) (7 marks)

c) Assume 4x4 image and filter the image using median filter of 3x3 neighbourhoods. Use
replicate padding (K3—CO1) (7 marks)

OR

10. a) Explain global, adaptive and histogram based thresholding in detail. (7 marks)
c) Explain Hough transform in detail (7 marks)

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