(BSc Hons in Computing, SCJP) Tel : +94 714 159 118 Email : wonderdilan@gmail.com Importance of this subject
Mobile Application
Web Application Desktop Application
Database Topics • An introduction to DBMS • Relational data model • Data manipulation using Relational Algebra • Structured Query Language • Data views • Data Security • Database design process • Data normalization process and the normal forms Objectives • Database systems vs. file-based systems • Meaning of the terms. • DB languages • The three-level database architecture & its purpose. • Meaning of logical and physical data independence. • Major functions & components of the DBMS environment. • Roles in the DB environments. • Advantages and disadvantages of DBMSs. Database Systems vs. File-based Systems Database Systems: • Purchases from the supermarket • Purchases using your credit card • Booking a holiday at the travel agents • Using the local library • Taking out insurance • Using the internet • Studying at university
File-based Systems: • Collection of application programs that perform services for the end users (e.g. reports). • Each program defines and manages its own data (e.g. Manual paper files). Database Various Definitions Database: • Shared collection of logically related data (and a description of this data), designed to meet the information needs of an organization. • Logically related data comprises entities, attributes, and relationships of an organization's information.
Database Management System (DBMS):
• A software system that enables users to define, create, and maintain the database and which provides controlled access to this database. Limitations of File-based Approach Separation and isolation of data • Each program maintains its own set of data. • Users of one program may be unaware of potentially useful data held by other programs.
Duplication of data • Same data is held by different programs. • Wasted space and potentially different values and/or different formats for the same item. Limitations of File-based Approach Data dependence • File structure is defined in the program code. • Incompatible file formats • Programs are written in different languages, and so cannot easily access each others files.
Fixed Queries/Proliferation of programs
• Programs are written to satisfy particular functions. • Any new requirement needs a new program. Database Approach Arose because: • Definition of data was embedded in application programs, rather than being stored separately and independently. • No control over access and manipulation of data beyond that imposed by application programs.
Result • The Database and Database Management System (DBMS). Database Management System. Database Approach Controlled access to database may
• A security system. • An integrity system. • A concurrency control system. • A recovery control system. • A user-accessible catalog. Three-Level Architecture Objectives of Three-Level Architecture • DB administrator should be able to change database storage structures without affecting the users' views. • Internal structure of database should be unaffected by changes to physical aspects of storage. • DB administrator should be able to change conceptual structure of database without affecting all users. Advantages of DBMS • Control of data redundancy • Data consistency • More information from the same amount of data. • Sharing of data • Improved data integrity • Improved security • Enforcement of standards • Economy of scale • Balanced conflicting requirements • Improved data accessibility and responsiveness • Increased productivity • Improved maintenance through data independence • Increased concurrency • Improved backup and recovery services Disadvantages of DBMS
• Complexity • Size • Cost of DBMS • Additional hardware costs • Cost of conversion • Performance • Higher impact of a failure When a DBMS may be unnecessary ? • If the database and applications are simple, well defined, and not expected to change • If there are stringent real-time requirements that may not be met because of DBMS overhead. • If access to data by multiple users is not required. ER Diagram
