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DB Lec1

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20 views18 pages

DB Lec1

Uploaded by

Mahesh Keerthisingha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Database Management System

Dilan Chathuranga Wickramasekara


(BSc Hons in Computing, SCJP)
Tel : +94 714 159 118
Email : [email protected]
Importance of this subject

Mobile Application

Web Application
Desktop Application

Database
Topics
• An introduction to DBMS
• Relational data model
• Data manipulation using Relational Algebra
• Structured Query Language
• Data views
• Data Security
• Database design process
• Data normalization process and the normal forms
Objectives
• Database systems vs. file-based systems
• Meaning of the terms.
• DB languages
• The three-level database architecture & its purpose.
• Meaning of logical and physical data independence.
• Major functions & components of the DBMS
environment.
• Roles in the DB environments.
• Advantages and disadvantages of DBMSs.
Database Systems vs. File-based
Systems
Database Systems:
• Purchases from the supermarket
• Purchases using your credit card
• Booking a holiday at the travel agents
• Using the local library
• Taking out insurance
• Using the internet
• Studying at university

File-based Systems:
• Collection of application programs that perform services for the end
users (e.g. reports).
• Each program defines and manages its own data (e.g. Manual paper
files).
Database Various Definitions
Database:
• Shared collection of logically related data (and a
description of this data), designed to meet the
information needs of an organization.
• Logically related data comprises entities, attributes,
and relationships of an organization's information.

Database Management System (DBMS):


• A software system that enables users to define,
create, and maintain the database and which
provides controlled access to this database.
Limitations of File-based Approach
Separation and isolation of data
• Each program maintains its own set of data.
• Users of one program may be unaware of potentially useful data
held by other programs.

Duplication of data
• Same data is held by different programs.
• Wasted space and potentially different values and/or different
formats for the same item.
Limitations of File-based Approach
Data dependence
• File structure is defined in the program code.
• Incompatible file formats
• Programs are written in different languages, and so
cannot easily access each others files.

Fixed Queries/Proliferation of programs


• Programs are written to satisfy particular functions.
• Any new requirement needs a new program.
Database Approach
Arose because:
• Definition of data was embedded in application programs,
rather than being stored separately and independently.
• No control over access and manipulation of data beyond
that imposed by application programs.

Result
• The Database and Database Management System (DBMS).
Database Management System.
Database Approach
Controlled access to database may

• A security system.
• An integrity system.
• A concurrency control system.
• A recovery control system.
• A user-accessible catalog.
Three-Level Architecture
Objectives of Three-Level
Architecture
• DB administrator should be able to change
database storage structures without affecting the
users' views.
• Internal structure of database should be unaffected
by changes to physical aspects of storage.
• DB administrator should be able to change
conceptual structure of database without affecting
all users.
Advantages of DBMS
• Control of data redundancy
• Data consistency
• More information from the same amount of data.
• Sharing of data
• Improved data integrity
• Improved security
• Enforcement of standards
• Economy of scale
• Balanced conflicting requirements
• Improved data accessibility and responsiveness
• Increased productivity
• Improved maintenance through data independence
• Increased concurrency
• Improved backup and recovery services
Disadvantages of DBMS

• Complexity
• Size
• Cost of DBMS
• Additional hardware costs
• Cost of conversion
• Performance
• Higher impact of a failure
When a DBMS may be unnecessary ?
• If the database and applications are simple,
well defined, and not expected to change
• If there are stringent real-time requirements
that may not be met because of DBMS
overhead.
• If access to data by multiple users is not
required.
ER Diagram

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