Display Devices

Mr. Suresha R
Assistant Professor
Amrita School of Computing, Mysuru
Campus.
Cathode-ray tube
(CRT)
• A cathode-ray tube (CRT) was once the
dominant display technology for
computer monitors and televisions.
• It works by firing a beam of electrons at
a phosphorescent screen, which glows in
response to the electron bombardment.
• The position and intensity of the
electron beam can be controlled to
create images on the screen.
Main components of a
CRT

• Electron gun: This generates a beam

of electrons.
• Focusing system: This focuses the
electron beam into a narrow beam.
• Deflection system: This controls the
direction of the electron beam.
• Phosphor screen: This is coated with a
phosphor material that glows when
struck by electrons.
How does a CRT
display work?
• The electron gun emits a beam of electrons.
• The focusing system focuses the electron beam
into a narrow beam.
• The deflection system deflects the electron beam
horizontally and vertically across the screen.
• When the electron beam hits the phosphor screen,
it causes the phosphor to glow.
• The intensity of the electron beam can be
controlled to create different shades of color.
• By rapidly scanning the electron beam across the
screen, a complete image can be created.
Advantage and
Disadvantages
Advantages of CRTs:
 High refresh rates, which can reduce eye strain
 Wide viewing angles
 Accurate color reproduction
Disadvantages of CRTs:
 Bulky and heavy
 High power consumption
 Prone to screen burn-in
 Limited resolution
Flat panel displays
• Flat panel displays (FPDs) are a type of
visual display technology that has
revolutionized the world of computer
graphics.
• Unlike their bulky and boxy
predecessors, CRT monitors, FPDs are
thin, lightweight, and offer superior
image quality, making them the go-to
choose for everything from laptops and
smartphones to large-screen TVs and
digital signage.
Liquid Crystal
Displays (LCDs)
• These are the most common type of
FPD, used in everything from laptops to
TVs.
• They work by manipulating the light-
blocking properties of liquid crystals
arranged in a grid between two glass
plates.
• By applying electrical charges to
individual pixels, the crystals can be
controlled to allow light to pass through
or block it, creating the image on the
screen.
Light-Emitting Diode
(LED) displays
• LEDs are tiny semiconductors that emit
light when electricity is passed through
them.
• LED displays use arrays of these LEDs
to create images, offering high
brightness, wide color gamuts, and
excellent energy efficiency.
Organic Light-Emitting
Diode (OLED) displays:
• Similar to LED displays, OLEDs use
organic materials that emit light when
electrically stimulated.
• However, OLEDs are even thinner and
more flexible than traditional LEDs,
making them ideal for applications like
curved displays and foldable devices.
Plasma Display Panels
(PDPs)
• These displays use tiny gas-filled cells
that glow when excited by electricity.
• While once popular for large-screen
TVs, PDPs have been largely phased out
due to their higher power consumption
and lower energy efficiency compared
to other technologies.
FPDs have had a profound impact
on the field of computer graphics in
several ways:
• Higher resolutions and image quality: FPDs are capable of displaying
much higher resolutions than CRT monitors, offering sharper and more
detailed images. This is crucial for applications like gaming, design, and
video editing, where visual fidelity is essential.
• Smaller and lighter devices: The thin and lightweight nature of FPDs has
enabled the development of smaller and more portable devices like laptops
and tablets, making computing more accessible and convenient.
• Faster refresh rates: FPDs typically have faster refresh rates than CRT
monitors, which reduces motion blur and makes for smoother viewing
experiences, especially important for fast-paced games and videos.
• Wider viewing angles: Many FPD technologies offer wider viewing angles
than CRTs, allowing for more flexibility in how the display is positioned
and viewed.
• Increased energy efficiency: Some FPD technologies, such as LEDs, are
much more energy-efficient than CRTs, reducing their environmental
impact.
The future of FPDs

• The development of FPD technology is ongoing, with

researchers constantly exploring new ways to improve
image quality, performance, and energy efficiency. Some
promising areas of research include:
• MicroLED displays: These displays use microscopic
LEDs to create images, offering even higher brightness
and color accuracy than traditional LED displays.
• Quantum dot displays: These displays use tiny
semiconductor particles called quantum dots to enhance
color reproduction and brightness.
• Transparent displays: These displays allow light to pass
through them, opening up new possibilities for
interactive displays and augmented reality applications.
3D viewing devices
• In computer graphics, 3D viewing
devices play a crucial role in bringing
digital creations to life and allowing
users to interact with them in a more
immersive and natural way.
• There are several types of 3D viewing
devices, each offering distinct
functionality and experiences:
1. Stereoscopic Displays
• Functionality: These create the illusion of depth by presenting slightly
different images to each eye, similar to how natural binocular vision
works. Popular examples include:
• VR Headsets: Immerse users in a completely virtual environment
by tracking head movements and displaying content accordingly.
They can be tethered to a computer or standalone.
• 3D TVs: Display 3D content on a large screen, requiring special
glasses to achieve the depth effect. Not as popular due to limited
content and potential eye strain.
• Autostereoscopic displays: Use special techniques like parallax
barriers or lenticular arrays to present 3D images without glasses,
but have limited viewing angles.
Applications: Gaming, entertainment, design visualization, scientific
data exploration, training simulations.
2. Volumetric Displays
• Functionality: Project 3D images that can be
viewed from multiple angles, creating a true 3D
effect without special glasses. They achieve this
using various technologies like:
• Holographic displays: Use lasers or other light
sources to create 3D light patterns in mid-air.
Still under development, but have exciting
potential.
• Light field displays: Capture and reproduce
the full light field information of a scene,
generating a convincing 3D image with depth
cues.
• Applications: Medical imaging, product design,
entertainment experiences, museums and
exhibitions.
3. Haptic Devices
• Functionality: Provide tactile feedback in
conjunction with 3D visuals, allowing users to
"feel" and interact with virtual objects as if they
were real. Common types include:
• Exoskeletons: Robotic gloves or suits that
apply forces and vibrations to user's hands or
body, simulating physical interaction in VR
environments.
• Force feedback devices: Joysticks and
controllers with built-in motors that vibrate or
resist movement, enhancing the feeling of
interacting with virtual objects.
• Applications: Medical training, product design
prototyping, VR gaming, simulation and training.
Additional factors to
consider
• Resolution and refresh rate: High resolution and refresh
rate are crucial for smooth and visually pleasing
experiences.
• Field of view (FOV): Wider FOV provides a more
immersive experience in VR headsets.
• Tracking accuracy: Precise head and hand tracking in VR
is essential for natural interaction.
• Ergonomics and comfort: Devices should be comfortable
to wear and use for extended periods.
Choosing the right 3D viewing device depends on your
specific needs and applications. The field is constantly
evolving, with new technologies and functionalities
emerging. So stay tuned for even more incredible ways to
experience 3D graphics in the future!
Virtual reality (VR)

• Virtual reality (VR) systems have

become a powerful tool in computer
graphics, offering immersive and
interactive experiences that were
previously unimaginable.
• Here's a breakdown of their role and
functionalities:
Role in Computer
Graphics
Visualization and prototyping: VR allows designers and artists to
step inside their creations, experiencing them in a life-size and
interactive way. This helps identify design flaws, iterate on ideas
quickly, and communicate design intent effectively.
• Animation and filmmaking: VR facilitates collaborative
animation workflows, enabling teams to review and refine
animations in real-time within a virtual environment. It also
opens doors for immersive storytelling in filmmaking, drawing
viewers directly into the narrative.
• Training and education: VR can create realistic and engaging
training simulations for various fields, from medical procedures
to engineering tasks. It allows learners to practice in a safe and
controlled environment, developing skills and gaining
confidence.
• Entertainment and gaming: VR offers unparalleled immersion in
video games and interactive experiences, transporting users to
fantastical worlds and engaging them in physical and mental
challenges.
Functionalities
• Head-mounted displays (HMDs): These headsets provide a stereoscopic view of
the virtual environment, blocking out the real world and creating a sense of
presence. They often include head tracking, allowing users to navigate the
virtual space by moving their head.
• Hand and body tracking: Advanced VR systems can track hand and body
movements, enabling users to interact with virtual objects in a natural and
intuitive way. This enhances the sense of immersion and allows for more
complex interactions.
• Haptic feedback: Some VR systems incorporate haptic feedback, providing
users with tactile sensations that correspond to their actions in the virtual world.
This adds another layer of realism and immersion.
• Spatial audio: High-quality spatial audio systems in VR create a realistic
soundscape that changes dynamically based on the user's position and
orientation. This further enhances immersion and helps users understand their
surroundings.
• Content creation tools: VR-specific software allows designers and artists to
create 3D models, environments, and animations directly within the VR space.
This enables an intuitive and efficient workflow for creating VR content.
• Impact on Computer Graphics:
Impact on Computer
Graphics
• Increased realism and immersion: VR pushes the
boundaries of what's possible in computer
graphics, creating experiences that feel more real
and engaging than ever before.
• Improved collaboration and communication: VR
facilitates collaboration between designers,
artists, and engineers by allowing them to work
together in real-time within a shared virtual
environment.
• New design and storytelling possibilities: VR
opens up new avenues for creative expression
and storytelling, allowing creators to explore
previously unimaginable concepts and
experiences.
Future of VR in
Computer Graphics
• VR technology is still evolving rapidly, and we can expect to see
even more exciting developments in the future. Some potential
areas of progress include:
• Higher resolution and wider field of view displays: This will
further enhance the realism and immersion of VR experiences.
• More advanced haptics and sensory feedback: This will allow
users to feel a wider range of sensations in VR, making the
experiences even more realistic and engaging.
• Improved content creation tools: These tools will make it easier
and more efficient to create high-quality VR content.
• Integration with other technologies: VR could be integrated with
artificial intelligence, augmented reality, and other technologies
to create even more powerful and transformative experiences.