Student’s Name: GONZAGA, JAN MATHEW D.

Subject: CEE 102/L

Leader’s Name: GUBATAN, JAMES Code: 9836
Group: 5 Plate No.: ULO-3A
Let’s Check
1. A homogeneous 800 kg bar AB is supported at either end by a cable as shown in the figure. Calculate the
smallest area of each cable if the stress is not to exceed 90 MPa in bronze and 120 MPa in steel.

By symmetry:
Pbr=Pst=1/2(7848)
Pbr= 3924 N
Pst= 3924 N

For bronze cable:

Pbr= σbrAbr
3924 = 90Abr
Abr = 43.6mm2

For steel cable:

Pst= σstAst
3924=120Ast
Ast= 32.7mm2

2. A steel rod having a cross-sectional area of 300 mm2 and a length of 150 m is suspended vertically from one
end. It supports a tensile load of 20 kN at the lower end. If the unit mass of steel is 7850 kg/m3 and E = 200 ×
103 MN/m2, find the total elongation of the rod.

Elongation due to its own weight:

δ1=PL/AE
Where:
P = W = 7850(1/1000)^3 (9.81)[300(150)(1000)]
P = 3465.3825 N
L = 75(1000) = 75 000 mm
A = 300 mm2
E = 200 000 MPa

δ1= (3465.3825(75000))/(300(200000))
δ1=4.33 mm

Elongation due to applied load:

δ2=PL/AE

Where:
P = 20 kN = 20 000 N
L = 150 m = 150 000 mm
A = 300 mm2
E = 200 000 MPa

δ2= (20000(150000))/(300(200000))
δ2=50 mm

δ=δ1+δ2
δ=4.33+50=54.33 mm

Page PAGE 11 of NUMPAGES 21

 3. The lap joint shown in the figure is fastened by four ¾-in.-diameter rivets. Calculate the maximum safe load P
that can be applied if the shearing stress in the rivets is limited to 14 ksi and the bearing stress in the plates is
limited to 18 ksi. Assume the applied load is uniformly distributed among the four rivets.
Based on shearing of rivets:
P=τA
P= 14 [4(1/4 π) (3/4)^2 ]
P=24.74kips

Based on bearing of plates:

P=σbAb
P=18[4(3/4)(7/8)]
P=47.25kips

Safe load P,
P=24.74kips

4. A 200-kg load is hung on a wire of length 4.00 m, cross-sectional area 0.200 x 10-4 m2, and Young’s
modulus 8.00 x 1010 N/m2. What is its increase in length?
Mass, m = 200 kg
Length, L = 4 m
Cross-sectional area, A = 0.2 x 〖10〗^(-4) m^2
Young's modulus, Y = 8x 〖10〗^10 N/m^2
Increase in length = FL/AY
= mgL/AY
= (200 * 9.8 * 4 )/((0.2 × 〖10〗^(-4) * 8 x 〖10〗^10))
= 0.0049 m
= 0.49 cm
= 4.9 mm

Let’s Analyze
1. Determine the largest weight W that can be supported by two wires shown in Fig. P-109. The stress in either
wire is not to exceed 50 ksi. The cross-sectional areas of wires AB and AC are 0.5 in2 and 0.8 in2,
respectively.

For wire AB we can use sine law.

=AB/sin40=W/sin80

AB= 0.6527W
σAB AAB=0.6527W
50(0.5)=0.6527W
W= 38.3kips
Page PAGE 11 of NUMPAGES 21
 For wire AC:
=AC/sin60=W/sin80
AC=0.8794W
AC=σAC AAC

0.8794W=50(0.8)

W=45.5kips

Therefore, for safe load W,

WAC=45.5kips

2. As in Fig. 1-11c, a hole is to be punched out of a plate having a shearing strength of 40 ksi. The compressive
stress in the punch is limited to 50 ksi. (a) Compute the maximum thickness of plate in which a hole 2.5
inches in diameter can be punched. (b) If the plate is 0.25-inch-thick, determine the diameter of the smallest
hole that can be punched.
A.
Based on puncher strength:
P=σA
P=50[1/4 π(〖2.5〗^2)]
P=78.125πkips
Then,
V=τA→V=P
=78.125π=40[π(2.5t)]
t= 0.781inch

B.
Based on compression of puncher:
P=σA
P= 50(1/4 πd^2)
P= 12.5πd^2
Then,
V=τA→V=P
=12.5πd^2=40[πd(0.25)]
d= 0.8in

3. A 7/8-in.-diameter bolt, having a diameter at the root of the threads of 0.731 in., is used to fasten two timbers
together as shown in Fig. P-127. The nut is tightened to cause a tensile stress of 18 ksi in the bolt. Compute
the shearing stress in the head of the bolt and in the threads. Also, determine the outside diameter of the
washers if their inside diameter is 9/8 in. and the bearing stress is limited to 800 psi.

Given:
Diameter of bolt = 7/8 inch
Diameter at the root of the thread (bolt) = 0.731 inch
Page PAGE 11 of NUMPAGES 21
 Inside diameter of washer = 9/8 inch
Tensile stress in the nut = 18 ksi
Bearing stress = 800 psi

Tensile force on the bolt:

P=σA=18[1/4 π(7/8)^2]

P=10.82kips

Shearing stress in the head of the bolt:

τ=P/A=10.82/π(7/8)(1/2)

τ=7.872ksi

Shearing stress in the threads:

τ=P/A=10.82/π(0.731)(5/8)

τ=7.538 ksi

Outside diameter of washer:

P=σbAb
10.82(1000)=800{1/4 π[d^2-(9/8)^2]}

d=4.3inch

4. A hollow cast-iron pole has an outside diameter of 450 mm and an inside diameter of 350 mm. It is subjected
to a compressive force of 1200 kN (weight included) throughout its length of 1.2 m. The pole is braced to
prevent bending and buckling, E = 100 GPa.

a. What is the resulting stress due to the compression force?

a. What is the resulting stress due to the compression force?
σ=FA
=1200x103 N4(450x10-32-350x10-32)

b. Calculate the total contraction of the member due to the compressive force,

∆L=FL/AE
∆L=(19.1x〖10〗^6 Pa)(1.2 m)/(〖10〗^11 Pa)

∆L=0.23 mm

c. Find the load that would result to a total compressive strain of 0.003 mm/mm.
F=∆LAE/L
F=(0.003x〖10〗^11 )(3.14/4 x〖10〗^(-4) )(800)
F=18.84x〖10〗^6 N

5. For safety in climbing, a mountaineer uses a nylon rope that is 50 m long and 1.0 cm in diameter. When
supporting a 90-kg climber, the rope elongates 1.6 m. Find its Young’s modulus.

Given:
The length of rope is, L = 50 m.
The diameter of rope is, d = 1.0 cm = 0.01 m.
The mass of climber is, m = 90 kg.
The elongation of rope is, ∆L=1.6m.

E=σ/ϵ
E=(W/A)/(L/∆L)

Page PAGE 11 of NUMPAGES 21

 E=W(∆L)/AL

Then,
E=mg(∆L)/(π/4(d^2)(L))
E= 90(9.8)(1.6)/(π/4 (0.01)^2 (50))
E=1411.2/(3.93x〖10〗^(-3) )
E=0.2904 N/m2

6. What pressure is required to reduce the volume of a material by 0.6 percent? Bulk modulus of elasticity of the
material is 2.2 GPa.
Given: K=2.2 GPa ;Reduction of V= Δv/v≈0.6%
required: Pressure (ΔP)
Formula: K= -ΔP/(Δv/v)
Solution:
2.2 GPa= -ΔP/0.006
ΔP=0.0132 GPa, therefore, the pressure is 0.0132 Gpa.

In a Nutshell
1. Comic-book superheroes are sometimes able to punch holes through steel walls. (a) If the ultimate shear
strength of steel is taken to be 2.50 x 108 Pa, what force is required to punch through a steel plate 2.00 cm
thick? Assume the superhero’s fist has cross-sectional area of 1.00 x 102 cm2 and is approximately circular.
(b) Qualitatively, what would happen to the superhero on delivery of the punch? What physical law applies?

a.)
Given: stress = 2.50 x 108 Pa ; t = 2.00 cm ; Across section = 1.00 x 102 cm2
required: force
Formula: Ashear= (2r)t
F = (Ashear)(stress)
Solution:
For shear strength:
Ashear = 2tAcross section
Ashear = 2(2.00 cm)1.00 x 102 cm2
Ashear = 70.9 cm2
For the minimum force required:
F = [70.9 cm2(1 m6104cm2)](2.50 x 108 Pa)
F = 1.77 x 106N

b.)
- According on the shows that we watched about superheroes, there’s a reaction after the delivery of the
punch, and it can relate to Newton’s third law.
2. Why can a squirrel jump from a tree branch to the ground and run away undamaged, while a human could
break a bone in such a fall?
Squirrels have less mass and fur, making them less vulnerable to injury during landings. Humans
have a higher mass, hence more force is applied.

3. Discuss a material relationship between stress and strain that describes the following elastic modulus.

(a) Young’s Modulus

- It is the property of property of the materials that tells us how easily it can be stretched and deformed.
(b) Shear Modulus
Page PAGE 11 of NUMPAGES 21
 - It is the Earth’s material response to shear deformation.
(c) Bulk Modulus
- It is a measure of the ability of a substance to withstand the changes in volume when under compression
on all sides.

Let’s Check
Activity 1. Practice Problems
1. A bar measures 12 mm x 20 mm x 1 m. It has a specific gravity of 2.78. Determine its mass.
T = thickness Given: Formula:
W = width T = 12 mm V=TxWxL
L = length W = 20 mm 1 cc of water has a mass of 1 g
V = volume L=1m (at sea level and 20 degree Celsius)
M = mass Sp. Gr. = 2.78 1 m = 100 cm ; 1 cm = 10 mm
Sp.gr. = specific gravity

Calculations and Answers:

12 mm x (1 cm / 10 mm) = 1.2 cm
20 mm x (1 cm / 10 mm) = 2 cm
1 m x (100 cm / 1 m) = 100 cm

V=TxWxL Sp. Gr. = m / (mass of an equal volume of water)

V = 12 mm x 20 mm x 1 m M = sp. Gr. X (mass of an equal volume of water)
V = 1.2 cm x 2 cm x 100 cm M = 2.78 x 240g
V = 240 cc M = 667.2 g

2. Calculate the pressure on the top lid of a chest buried under 4.00 meters of mud with density equal to 1.75 x
103 kg/m3 at the bottom of a 10.0-m-deep lake.
Given: Formula:
P(atm) = 101, 325 -> 10⁵ P(total)= P(atm) + pgh(water) + pgh(mud)
g= 9.8 m/s²
h(water) = 10.0 m
p (water) = 1000
p (mud) = 1.75 x 10³ kg
h(mud) = 4.3 m

Calculations and Answers:

P(total)= P(atm) + pgh(water) + pgh(mud)
Page PAGE 11 of NUMPAGES 21
 = 10⁵ + 1000(9.8)(10.0) + (1.75 x 10³)(9.8)(4.3)
= 271845 Pa or 2.71 x 10⁵ Pa

3. A hydraulic lift has pistons with diameters 8.00 cm and 36.0 cm, respectively. If a force of 825 N is exerted at
the input piston, what maximum mass can be lifted by the output piston?
Given: Formula:
d (1) = 8.00 cm F(1)/A(1) = F(2)/A(2) m = F(2)/g
d (2) = 36.0 cm F(2) = F(1) x [A(2)/A(1)] = [F(1)/g] x [d²(2)/d²(1)]
F = 825 N = F(1) x [d²(2)/d²(1)]
Calculations and Answers:
m = [F(1)/g] x [d²(2)/d²(1)]
= [825(36.0)²] / [9.81(8.00)²]
= 1702 kg

4. Calculate how much of an iceberg is beneath the surface of the ocean, given that the density of ice is 917
kg/m3 and salt water has density 1 025 kg/m3.
Given: Formula:
d(w)= 1025 kg/m³ m(i)g = m(w)g
d(I )= 917 kg/m³ V(i)d(i)= V(w)d(w)
V(i)d(i) = (V(i)-V)d(w)
Calculations and Answers: V/V(i) = [d(w)-d(i) ] / d(w)
V/V(i) = [d(w)-d(i) ] / d(w)
= [1025 kg/m³ - 917 kg /m³] / 1025 kg/m³
= 0.105 or 10.5%

Let’s Analyze
1. A wooden block of volume 5.24 x 10-4 m3 floats in water, and a small steel object of mass m is placed on top
of the block. When m = 0.310 kg, the system is in equilibrium, and the top of the wooden block is at the level
of the water. (a) What is the density of the wood? (b) What happens to the block when the steel object is
replaced by a second steel object with a mass less than 0.310 kg? What happens to the block when the steel
object is replaced by yet another steel object with a mass greater than 0.310 kg?

a. Given: Formula:
V= 5.24 x 01^-4 m³ d(w) x Vg = d(w) x Vg + mgd = d(w) – m/V

m = 0.31 kg

d(w) = 10³ kg/m³

Calculations and Answers:

D = d(w) – m/V

= 10³ kg/m³ - (0.31 kg/5.24 x 10^-4 m³)

Page PAGE 11 of NUMPAGES 21

 = 408.4 kg/m³

b. If the steel has a mass less than 0.31 kg, the buoyant force will be larger than the gravity
force. Balance requires a lesser buoyant force. The wood block will not be completely
submerged as a result.
c. If the steel mass exceeds 0.31 kg, the buoyant force will be smaller than the gravity force.
It requires greater buoyant effort to achieve balance. As a result, the steel will float away. If
the mass of the steel exceeds a particular threshold, the wood-mass system will completely
sink and slide downward.

2. The deepest point in the ocean is in the Mariana Trench, about 11 km deep. The pressure at the ocean floor is
huge, about 1.13 x 108 N/m2. (a) Calculate the change in volume of 1.00 m3 of water carried from the surface
to the bottom of the Pacific. (b) The density of water at the surface is 1.03 3 103 kg/m3. Find its density at the
bottom. (c) Explain whether or when it is a good approximation to think of water as incompressible.
Given:

Depth = 11 km

Pressure= 1.13 x 10⁸ Pa

Density of seawater = 1.03 x 10³ kg/m³

Volume= 1.00 m³

a. B = - V(∆P/∆V)
1.1 x 10⁹ = -1 [ (1.13 x 10⁸ - 1.01 x 10⁵)/∆V]
∆V = -0.053 m³ -> negative means the volume reduces

b. ∆p = m∆p/V = 0.053 x 10³ / 1

∆p = 0.053 x 10³ kg/m³
∆p = p(2) – p(1)
p (2) = (1.03 + 0.053) x 10³ kg /m³
p(2) = 1.083 kg/m³

c. It is a good approximation since the density of the water changed only by 5-6 % at 11 km

In a Nutshell

1. Why does air pressure decrease with increasing altitude?

-As altitude increases, air pressure decreases due to the atmosphere's decreasing density. The Earth's
atmosphere is made up of numerous gases. Gravity draws these gases to the earth's surface. These gases
compress and get denser as they approach the earth's surface. Some of these gases have weight and
generate air pressure. This is why air pressure decreases with height since there are fewer gases at the
earth's surface.

2. After an exciting but exhausting lecture, a physics professor stretches out for a nap on a bed of nails, suffering
no injury and only moderate discomfort. How is that possible?
- Pressure distribution permits this to occur. When a force acts on a large area of an item, it generates a
small amount of pressure. However, applying the same force to a large area of an item results in a lot of
Page PAGE 11 of NUMPAGES 21
 pressure. When the professor lies on the bed of nails, the weight is distributed evenly throughout the
body's surface. This distributes the pressure expelled by the body among numerous nails. As a result,
each nail generates less force. This explains why the professor could lie on a bed of nails without being
hurt.Let’s Check
Problem 1: Velocity of Flow
A typical arteriole has a diameter of 0.080mm, and carries blood at the rate of 9.6x10 -5cm3/s.
a) What is the speed of the blood in an arteriole?
b) Suppose that an arteriole branches into 8800 capillaries, each with a diameter of 6.0×10 -6 m. What is the blood
speed in the capillaries? (The low speed in capillaries is beneficial; it promotes the diffusion of materials to and from
the blood.)
Given:
d1 = 0.080mm = 8x10-5m
Q = 9.6x10-5cm3/s = 9.6x10-11m3/s
N=8800
d2 = 6.0x10-6m
Formula:
Q = A*v
𝝆1𝑸1 = 𝝆2𝑸2
Where
Q – flow rate
A – cross sectional area
v- velocity
Solution:
a)
Area of arteriole
A= πr2
r = d/2
−5
8 x 10 m
r= = 4 x 10−5 m
2
A = π(4x10-5m)2 = 5.0265x10-9m2
The speed of blood
Q = A*v
v = Q/A
11 3
9.6 x 10 m /s
v= −9 2
5.0265 x 10 m
v = 0.0191m/s

Page PAGE 11 of NUMPAGES 21

b) The blood speed in the capillaries
Formula
𝝆1𝑸1 = 𝝆2𝑸2
𝑨1𝒗1 = 𝑨2𝒗2
v2 = A1 v 1 / N A 2
Where
A1 = area of arteriole
v1 = speed of arteriole
A2 = area of capillaries
v2 = speed of capillaries
N = branches of arteriole
First we need to find the area for capillaries
A= πr2
r = d/2
−6
6.0 x 10 m
r= = 3 x 10−6 m
2
A = π(3x10-6m)2 = 2.827x10-11m2
Then substitute the values we solve previously to the formula to get the blood speed
𝝆1𝑸1 = 𝝆2𝑸2
𝑨1𝒗1 = 𝑨2𝒗2
v2 = A1 v 1 / N A 2

( 5.0265 x 10−9 m2 ) ( 0.0191 m/s )

v2 11 2
8800(2.827 x 10 m )
v2 = 3.858x10-4m/s

Problem 2: Continuity Equation

An airplane is moving through the air at a velocity v=200m/s. Streamlines just over the top of the wing are
compressed to 80% of their original area, and those under the wing are not compressed at all.
a) Determine the velocity of the air just over the wing.
b) Find the difference in the pressure between the air just over the wing, P and that under the wing, P′.
c) Find the net upward force on both wings due to the pressure difference, if the area of the wing is 40m 2 and the
density of the air is 1.3kg/m3.

Given:
Velocity of an airplane is 𝒗 =200 m/s
Above the wing, streamlines are compressed by 80 %, so A2 = 0.8A1
Page PAGE 11 of NUMPAGES 21
Density of air is 𝜌 =1.30 kg/m3
area of the wing = 40m2

Where
𝜌 = density of the fluid
𝒗= velocity
A = area
Solution:
(a) Relation between cross-sectional area and speed of fluid is given by the equation of continuity
𝑨1𝒗1 = 𝑨2𝒗2
In this case, at normal cross-sectional area A1 speed of air is equal to speed of airplane v1 =v. At reduced cross-section
A2 speed of air is unknown:
𝑨1𝒗1 = 𝑨2𝒗2
A1 v 1
𝒗2=
0.8 A 2
v
𝒗2=
0.8
200 m/s
𝒗2=
0.8
𝒗2= 250m/s

(b) Relation between pressure, velocity of fluid and height of a pipe, is given by Bernoulli's principle:
1 2 1 2
P 1+ ρV 1 + ρ gh1=P❑2 + ρV 2+ ρ gh2
2 2
1
( P 1−P 2 )= ( ρ)(V 22−V 21)
2
1 2 2
Δp = ( ρ)(V 2−V 1)
2
3
1 130 kg /m 2 2
Δp = ( )((250 m/ s)2−(200 m/ s)1)
2 2
Δp= 14625 Pa

(c) Pressure is ratio of applied force and area on which it is applied:

F
p=
A
F=Δ p∗A
3
F=14625 Pa∗40 m
F=583 kN
Page PAGE 11 of NUMPAGES 21
Problem 3: Toricelli’s Theorem
A large cylindrical tank was filled up with water at a height of 2 meters was found to have a hole on its wall
80 centimeters above the bottom of the tank. What is the speed of water flow at the hole?
Given:
h1 = 2m
h2 = 80cm = .8m
v1 = 0
Formula
1 2 1 2
P 1+ ρV 1 + ρ gh1=P❑2 + ρV 2+ ρ gh2
2 2
ρ = density
v = fluid flow velocity
g = acceleration due to gravity
h = elevation
P = pressure
Solution
1 2 1 2
P 1+ ρV 1 + ρ gh1=P❑2 + ρV 2+ ρ gh2
2 2

( v 2 ) 9.81 m 2

( ) ( )
2
v1 9.81m
+ ∗2 m= + .8 m
2 s2
2 s2

( v 2 ) 9.81 m
2

( 9.81 m
s 2 )
∗2 m=
2
+
s2 (
.8 m
)
2 9.81 m
V 2=( 2
)∗(2m−.8 m)∗2
s
2 9.81 m 6
V 2=( )( m∗2)
s
2
5
2
223.544 m
V =2 2
s
v 2=4 . 85 m/ s

Problem 1: Continuity Equation and Bernoulli’s Principle

A house with its own well has a pump in the basement with an output pipe of an inner radius of 6.4 mm. Assume that
the pump can maintain a gauge pressure of 420 kPa in the output pipe. A showerhead on the second floor (7.5 m
above the pump's output pipe) has 38 holes, each of radius 0.34 mm. The shower is on "full blast" and no other faucet
in the house is open.

Page PAGE 11 of NUMPAGES 21

Ignoring viscosity, with what speed does water leave the showerhead?
Given:
A_1=πr^2
A_2=πr^2 h
V_1=6.4 mm
V_2=0.34 mm
h=38

Solution:
A_1 V_1=A_2 V_2
V_1=(A_2/A_1 )V_2
V_1=((πr^2 38)/(πr^2 ))V_2
V_1=38 ((r_2^2)/(r_1^2 ))V_2
V_1=38 ((0.34 mm)/(6.4 mm) )^(2 ) V_2
V_1=0.107 V_2

P_1+1/2 pv_1^2+pgh_1=P_2+1/2 pv_2^2+pgh_2

1/2 P [V_2^2-v_1^2]=P_1-Pgh_2
1/2 P [V_2^2-(0.107 V_2 )^2]=P_1-Pgh_2
V_2=[2(420×10^3 Pa-1000 kg/m^3 ×9.8m/s^2×7.5m)/(1000 kg/m^3 (1-0.107^2 ) )]^1/2
V_2=26.48 m/s

With what speed does water move through the output pipe of the pump?
V_1=0.107 V_2
V_1=0.107 (26.48 m/s)
V_1=2.8 m/s
Problem 2: Mass Flow Rate
An aircraft powered by four jet engines moves forward at 800 kph. The frontal intake area of each engine is 0.7 m2
and the density of the air entering the engines is 0.74 kg/m3. The exhaust area of each engine is 0.46 m2 and the
exhaust gas density is 0.515 kg/m3. If a stationary observer notes that, relative to the earth, the velocity of the jet
engine exhausts is 950 kph away from the aircraft, calculate the total mass flow rate of fuel supplied to maintain this
flight condition.
Solution:
m_f=P_2 A_2 V_2-P_1 A_1 V_1
V_r1=V_1-V_p
=0-(-800 kph)

Page PAGE 11 of NUMPAGES 21

V_r1=800 kph
V_r2=V_2-V_p
=950-(-800 kph)
=1750 kph
m_f=(0.515)(0.46)(1750)(1000m/1cm)-(0.74)(0.7)(800)(1000m/km)
m_f=(414,575)-(414,400)
m_f=175 kg/hr.

Problem 3: Toricelli’s Theorem and Projectile Motion

A container made of aluminum sheets with height of 125 cm is fully filled with water. An orifice was made 30
centimeters from the ground on which the container was laid flat. What is the maximum horizontal distance of the
water jet travelled in meters?
Solution:
h=125 cm-30 cm=95 cm=0.95 m
V= √2gh
V= √(2(9.8 m/s^2 )(0.95 m))
V= 4.32 m/s
t=0.244 s
V=x/t
x= vt
=(4.31)(0.244)
Therefore, the maximum horizontal distance of the water jet travelled in meters is 1.05 meters.

Let’s Analyze
Waves and Vibrations
1. A 0.40-kg object is attached to a spring with force constant 160 N/m so that the object is allowed to move on a
horizontal friction-less surface. The object is released from rest when the spring is compressed 0.15 m. Find (a) the
force on the object and (b) its acceleration at that instant.
Solution:
Given: m = 0.40kg ; k=160N/m; xf = 0.15m ; xi=0m
a.) Fs=k(xf-xi)
Fs= 160N/m(0.15m-0m) = 24N
b.) F=ma
a = F/m = 24N/0.40kg = 60m/s2
2. A simple pendulum is 5.00 m long. (a) What is the period of simple harmonic motion for this pendulum if it is
located in an elevator accelerating upward at 5.00m/s2? (b) What is its period if the elevator is accelerating downward
at 5.00 m/s2?(c) What is the period of simple harmonic motion for the pendulum if it is placed in a truck that is
accelerating horizontally at 5.00 m/s2?
Solution:
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Given: L=5.00m ; g = 9.8m/s2
a.) a=5.00m/s2

T = 2π
√ L = 2π
g+a
b.) a= -5.00m/s2
√ 5.00 m
9.8 m/s 2 +5.00 m/s 2
= 3.65s

T = 2π
√ L = 2π
g−a √ 5.00 m
9.8 m/s 2−5.00 m/s 2
= 6.41s

c.) When placed inside a horizontally moving truck, the pendulum's period is unaffected by its acceleration. The
pendulum's period remains the same as if it were at rest. The pendulum in the truck accelerates horizontally at 5.00
m/s2, therefore the period of simple harmonic motion is the same as the period in a stationary position, which we
calculated in part (a) to be around 3.65s.
3.) A 500-g block is released from rest and slides down a friction-less track that begins 2.00 m above the horizontal, as
shown in the figure below. At the bottom of the track, where the surface is horizontal, the block strikes and sticks to a
light spring with a spring constant of 20.0 N/m. Find the maximum distance the spring is compressed.
Solution:
Given: m= 500g = 0.500kg ; h=2.00 m ; k=20N/m
PE = mgy = (0.500kg)(9.8m/s2)(2.00m) = 9.8J
W = (1/2)kx2
9.8J = (1/2)20(N/m)x2
9.8 N∗m 2
=x Type equation here .
10 N
x2 = 0.98m2
x = 0.99m

Sound
4. Suppose that you hear a clap of thunder 16.2 s after seeing the associated lightning stroke. The speed of sound
waves in air is 343 m/s and the speed of light in air is3.00 x 108 m/s. How far are you from the lightning stroke?
Solution:
Given: t=16.2 s ; speed of sound = 343m/s
Distance travelled
Speed of sound =
time taken
Distance = (speed of sound)*(time taken)
Distance = (343m/s)(16.2s)
Distance = 5556.6 m

5. An airplane traveling at half the speed of sound (v = 172 m/s) emits a sound of frequency 5.00 kHz. At what
frequency does a stationary listener hear the sound(a) as the plane approaches? (b) after it passes?
Solution:
Given: v= 172m/s ; vi=0 ; vs = v/2 = 172/2 = 86m/s ; fs=5.00kHz
v v
a.) fo = fs( )= fs( )
v−(v /2) v /2
v
fo = fs( ) = fs *(2) = (5.00kHz)*(2) = 10.00kHz
v /2

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 v v
b.) fo = fs( )= fs( )
v +(v /2) 3 v /2
v
fo = fs( ) = fs * (2/3) = (5.00kHz)*(2/3) = 3.33kHz
3 v /2

Let’s Check
Waves and Vibrations
1. A spring with constant k =475 N/m stretches 4.50 cm when an object of mass 25.0 kg is attached to the end of the
spring. Find the acceleration of gravity in this location.
Solution:
Given:
k = 475 N/m
x = 4.50 cm = 0.045 m
m = 2.50 kg
F = -kx
F = -(475 N/m)(0.045 m) = - 21.375 N
F = mg
mg = -F = -(-21.375 N) = 21.375 N
mg = 21.375 N
g=
g = 0.855 m/s2
2. A spring-loaded gun fires a 0.100-kg puck along a tabletop. The puck slides up a curved ramp and flies straight up
into the air. If the spring is displaced 12.0 cm from equilibrium and the spring constant is 875 N/m, how high does the
puck rise, neglecting friction? (b) If instead it only rises to a height of 5.00 m because of friction, what is the change in
mechanical energy?
Solution:
(a)
Given:
k = 875 N/m
x = 12.0 cm = 0.12 m
m = 0.100 kg
g = 9.8 m/s2
PEspring = kx2
PEspring = (875 N/m)(0.12 m)2 = 6.3 J
PEh = mgh = (0.100 kg)(9.8 m/s2)(h)
h=
h = 6.43 m
(b)

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Given:
PEspring = 6.3 J
h =5.00 m
PEf = mgh = (0.100 kg)(9.8 m/s2)(5.00 m) = 4.9 J
= PEspring - PEf
= 6.3 J - 4.9 J
= 1.4 J
3. A 45.0-kg boy jumps on a 5.00-kg pogo stick with spring constant 3 650 N/m. Find (a) the angular frequency, (b)
the frequency, and (c) the period of the boy’s motion.
Solution:
1. for the angular frequency
Given:
mb = 45.0 kg
mp = 5.00 kg
k = 3 650 N/m
w=
w=
w = 27.02 rad/s
2. for the frequency
Given:
w = 27.02 rad/s
f=
f=
f = 4.30 Hz
(c) the period of boy’s motion

Given:
f = 4.30 Hz
T=
T=
T = 0.23 s
4. If the object–spring system is described by x = (0.330m)cos(1.50t) , find (a) the amplitude, the angular frequency,
the frequency, and the period, (b) the maximum magnitudes of the velocity and acceleration, and (c) the position,
velocity, and acceleration when t = 0.250 s.
Solution:
(a)
x = (0.330 m) * cos(1.50t)

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Amplitude= 0.330 m
Angular Frequency (ω): ω = 2πf,
ω = 1.50
Frequency:
f = ω / (2π)
= 1.50 / (2π)
≈ 0.238 Hz
Period:
T=1/f
≈ 1 / 0.238 s
≈ 4.20 s
Therefore:
Amplitude = 0.330 m
Angular Frequency = 1.50 rad/s
Frequency = 0.238 Hz
Period = 4.20 s
(b).
Differentiating, we get:
v = -Aωsin(ωt)
a = -Aω²cos(ωt)
Maximum Magnitude of Velocity (v_max):
v_max = |-Aωsin(ωt)| = Aω = (0.330 m)(1.50 rad/s) ≈ 0.495 m/s
Maximum Magnitude of Acceleration (a_max):
a_max = |-Aω²cos(ωt)| = Aω² = (0.330 m)(1.50 rad/s)² ≈ 0.743 m/s²
(c).
Position (x) at t = 0.250 s:
x = (0.330 m)cos(1.50t)
x = (0.330 m)cos(1.50 * 0.250 s)
x ≈ 0.330 m * cos(0.375 π) ≈ -0.330 m

Velocity (v) at t = 0.250 s:

v = -Aωsin(ωt)
v = -(0.330 m)(1.50 rad/s)sin(1.50 * 0.250 s)
v ≈ -(0.330 m)(1.50 rad/s)sin(0.375 π) ≈ -0.247 m/s

Acceleration (a) at t = 0.250 s:

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a = -Aω²cos(ωt)
a = -(0.330 m)(1.50 rad/s)²cos(1.50 * 0.250 s)
a ≈ -(0.330 m)(1.50 rad/s)²cos(0.375 π) ≈ 0.371 m/s²
5. (a) Find the wavelength of an electromagnetic wave with frequency 9.00 GHz, which is in the microwave range. (b)
Find the speed of a sound wave in an unknown fluid medium if a frequency of 567 Hz has a wavelength of 2.50 m.
Solution:
(a)
c = 300 000 000 m/s
f = 9.00 GHz = 9000 MHz
f = 9000 MHz = 9 000 000 000 1/s

m or 0.0333333333 m or 0.03 m
(b) v=
f = 567 Hz = 567 1/s
v = (567 1/s) (2.50 m)
v = 1417.5 m/s
Sound
6. Compute the speed of sound in the following substances at 273 K: (a) lead (Y = 1.6 x Pa), (b) mercury (B = 2.8 x
Pa), and (c) air at -15.0 0C.
Solution:
1. lead
Given: Y=1.6x1010Pa
d=11.342x103 kg/m3
V=
V=
V=
V = 1.187x103 m/s
2. mercury
Given: B = 2.8x1010 Pa
d = 13.56x103 kg/m3
V=
V=
V=
V = 1.4410x103 m/s
(c) for air
Vo = 332m/s
Vt = Vo + 0.61t
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 V-15C = 332 + 0.61(-15)
V-15C = 332.85 m/s

7. Suppose a manufacturing plant has an average sound intensity level of 97.0 dB created by 25 identical machines.
(a) Find the total intensity created by all the machines.
(b) Find the sound intensity created by one such machine.
(c) What’s the sound intensity level if five such machines are running?
Solution:
1. Given: N = 25
L= 97.0 dB
I= 2 x 10-4 W/m2 x 25
I= 5 x 10-3 W/m2
2. Given:
Sound intensity level (L) = 97.0 dB
I = 5 x 10-3 W/m2

I1 =
I1 = 2 x 10-4 W/m2
(c) Given: I5 = 2 x 10-4

I5 = 5I1
I5 = 5 (2 x 10-4 W/m2)
I5 = 1 x 10-3 W/m2

*Find the sound intensity level when five machines are running*

5 = 10 dB x log ()
5 = 10 dB x log ()
5 = 90 dB

In a Nutshell

Sound

1. Guitarists sometimes play a “harmonic” by lightly touching a string at its exact center and plucking the string. The

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result is a clear note one octave higher than the fundamental frequency of the string, even though the string is not
pressed to the fingerboard. Why does this happen?
- A string vibrates at different frequencies all at the same time. The fundamental pitch of a note is the
frequency at which a string vibrates, and it is created by an oscillating movement that achieves its maximum
excursion exactly halfway down the string. By placing a finger there, you effectively muffle that frequency
more than any other by slowing the motion. As a result, the sound you perceive is made up of the remaining
frequencies of the string. The fundamental frequency of the center string is twice that of the rest of the
string. As a result, the resulting note is one octave higher.
Waves and Vibrations

2. If a spring is cut in half, what happens to its spring constant?

- Since the spring's length, or k, is inversely proportional to it, the spring constant will double in value if the spring's
length is cut in half.

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