Information System

Development
 Data and Information
Data is represented with the help of characters
like alphabets (A-Z,a-z), digits (0-9) or special
characters(+,-,/,*,<,>,= etc).
 Data and Information
Information is organized or classified data so
that it has some meaningful values to the receiver.
Information is the processed data on which
decisions and actions are based.
For the decision to be meaningful, the
processed data must qualify for the following
characteristics
Timely - Information should be available when
required.
Accuracy - Information should be accurate.
Completeness - Information should be complete.
Data Processing Cycle
Input - In this step the input data are prepared in
some convenient form for processing. The form
will depend on the processing machine. For
example, when electronic computers are used, the
input data could be recorded on any one of
several types of input medium, such as magnetic
disks, tapes and so on.
Processing - In this step input data are changed to
produce data in a more useful form. For example,
pay-checks may be calculated from the time cards,
or a summary of sales for the month may be
calculated from the sales orders.
Output -Here the result of the proceeding
processing step are collected. The particular form
of the output data depends on the use of the
data. For example, output data may be pay-
checks for employees.
 Types of Information Systems
Office Information Systems / Office Automation System
An information system that uses hardware,
software and networks to enhance work flow and
facilitate communications among employees. Employees
perform tasks electronically using computers and other
electronic devices, instead of manually. With an office
information system, for example, a registration
department might post the class schedule on the
Internet and e-mail students when the schedule is
updated. In a manual system, the registration
department would photocopy the schedule and mail it to
each student’s house.
 The software an office information system uses to
support these activities include word processing,
spreadsheets, databases, presentation graphics, e-mail,
Web browsers, Web page authoring, personal information
management, and groupware. Office information systems
use communications technology such as voice mail,
facsimile (fax), videoconferencing, and electronic data
interchange (EDI) for the electronic exchange of text,
graphics, audio, and video.
An office information system also uses a variety of
hardware, including computers equipped with modems,
video cameras, speakers, and microphones; scanners; and
fax machines.
 Types of Information Systems
Transaction Processing Systems
An information system that captures and
processes data generated during an organization’s day-
to-day transactions. A transaction is a business activity
such as a deposit, payment, order or reservation.
Clerical staff typically perform the activities
associated with transaction processing, which include
the following:
1. Recording a business activity such as a student’s
registration, a customer’s order, an employee’s timecard
or a client’s payment.

2. Confirming an action or triggering a response, such as

printing a student’s schedule, sending a thank-you note
to a customer, generating an employee’s paycheck or
issuing a receipt to a client.

3. Maintaining data, which involves adding new data,

changing existing data, or removing unwanted data.
 The first transaction processing systems usually
used batch processing. With batch processing,
transaction data is collected over a period of time and
all transactions are processed later, as a group.
As computers became more powerful, system
developers built online transaction processing
systems. With online transaction processing (OLTP)
the computer processes transactions as they are
entered. When you register for classes, your school
probably uses OLTP. The registration administrative
assistant enters your desired schedule and the
computer immediately prints your statement of
classes. The invoices, however, often are printed
using batch processing, meaning all student invoices
are printed and mailed at a later date.
 Types of Information Systems
Management Information Systems
A management information system, or MIS
(pronounced em-eye-ess), is an information system that
generates accurate, timely and organized information so
managers and other users can make decisions, solve
problems, supervise activities, and track progress.
Because it generates reports on a regular basis, a
management information system sometimes is called a
management reporting system (MRS).
 An MIS generates three basic types of
information: detailed, summary and exception.
Detailed information typically confirms
transaction processing activities. A Detailed
Order Report is an example of a detail report.
Summary information consolidates data into a
format that an individual can review quickly and
easily. To help synopsize information, a summary
report typically contains totals, tables, or graphs.
An Inventory Summary Report is an example of a
summary report.
 Exception information filters data to report
information that is outside of a normal condition.
These conditions, called the exception criteria, define
the range of what is considered normal activity or
status.
An example of an exception report is an
Inventory Exception Report is an Inventory Exception
Report that notifies the purchasing department of
items it needs to reorder. Exception reports help
managers save time because they do not have to
search through a detailed report for exceptions.
Instead, an exception report brings exceptions to the
manager’s attention in an easily identifiable form.
Exception reports thus help them focus on situations
that require immediate decisions or actions.
 Types of Information Systems
Decision Support Systems
A decision support system (DSS) is an information
system designed to help users reach a decision when a
decision-making situation arises. A variety of DSSs exist
to help with a range of decisions.
A decision support system uses data from internal
and/or external sources.
 Internal sources of data might include sales,
manufacturing, inventory, or financial data from an
organization’s database. Data from external sources
could include interest rates, population trends, and
costs of new housing construction or raw material
pricing. Users of a DSS, often managers, can
manipulate the data used in the DSS to help with
decisions.
 Some decision support systems include query
language, statistical analysis capabilities,
spreadsheets, and graphics that help you extract data
and evaluate the results. Some decision support
systems also include capabilities that allow you to
create a model of the factors affecting a decision.
A simple model for determining the best
product price, for example, would include factors for
the expected sales volume at each price level. With
the model, you can ask what-if questions by changing
one or more of the factors and viewing the projected
results. Many people use application software
packages to perform DSS functions. Using
spreadsheet software, for example, you can complete
simple modeling tasks or what-if scenarios.
 A special type of DSS, called an executive
information system (EIS), is designed to support the
information needs of executive management.
Information in an EIS is presented in charts and tables
that show trends, ratios, and other managerial
statistics. Because executives usually focus on strategic
issues, EISs rely on external data sources such as the
Dow Jones News/Retrieval service or the Internet.
These external data sources can provide current
information on interest rates, commodity prices, and
other leading economic indicators.
 Types of Information Systems
Expert Systems
An information system that captures and stores
the knowledge of human experts and then imitates
human reasoning and decision-making processes for
those who have less expertise. Expert systems are
composed of two main components: a knowledge base
and inference rules.
A knowledge base is the combined subject
knowledge and experiences of the human experts. The
inference rules are a set of logical judgments applied to
the knowledge base each time a user describes a
situation to the expert system.
 Expert systems are one part of an exciting
branch of computer science called artificial
intelligence. Artificial intelligence (AI) is the
application of human intelligence to computers.
AI technology can sense your actions and, based
on logical assumptions and prior experience, will
take the appropriate action to complete the task.
AI has a variety of capabilities, including speech
recognition, logical reasoning, and creative
responses.
 Integrated Information Systems
With today’s sophisticated hardware, software
and communications technologies, it often is difficult to
classify a system as belonging uniquely to one of the
five information system types discussed.
Much of today’s application software supports
transaction processing and generates management
information. Other applications provide transaction
processing, management information, and decision
support. Although expert systems still operate primarily
as separate systems, organizations increasingly are
consolidating their information needs into a single,
integrated information system.
 Best of Information
Relevance
- it is easy to access
- it is very fast
- the results are meaningful in relation to the search
string
- it has global reach for the sourcing as well as the
distribution
- it offers a fairly complete view of publicly, digitally
available information
- different results can be compared
 Best of Information
Timeliness
Most information sources indicate a date of
publication. If a source provides no information on
when it was created or published, it may not be
appropriate to use if timeliness is important for your
topic. In the Web environment, a date of publication is
not always given. When it is, it is sometimes difficult
to determine whether the date refers to when the
information was first written, placed on the Web, or
last revised.
 Best of Information
Accurate
Many documents contain references and in-text
citations that can be used to confirm data or factual
statements. When reading scholarly or peer-reviewed
publications you can expect to see references to verify
the facts and perspectives presented. If these
references are not available, the accuracy of the
information may be questionable.
 Best of Information
Economy
Appropriate resources must be used cost
efficiently

Efficiency
The use of resources in the implementation of
any of them have something to look forward to
successful outcome and the results obtained by using
the least resources, under the action is going to save.
System Development Life Cycle
2
Analysis Phase

1 3
Project Planning
Phase Design Phase
SDLC

5 4
Maintenance Phase Implementation Phase
 Project Planning Phase

It involves creating of a set of plans to help

guide your team through the execution and
closure phases of the project.

The plans created during this phase will

help you to manage time, cost, quality, change,
risk and issues. They will also help you manage
staff and external suppliers, to ensure that you
deliver the project on time and within budget.
 Project Planning Phase

Summarize of this phase

-Define problem
-Feasibility study
-Scheduling
-Established team
-Project implementation
 Analysis Phase

Analysis should come early in any project,

and the most important part of that analysis is
the gathering of business requirements. Learn
about product and process requirements and
how to effectively determine and prioritize
customer needs.
 Analysis Phase

Main concepts of the analysis phase:

-What business requirements are……..
-How to gather business requirements
-Process modeling (Used Data Flow Diagram:
DFD)
-Data modeling (Used Entity-Relationship
Diagram: ERD)
 Design Phase
Often this phase of the systems development
lifecycle is divided into Logical and Physical design.

Logical design maps the conceptual model to a

particular DBMS model or a representation of the
software.

Physical design is concerned with technical

specifications. Hardware and network issued are
considered along with data storage structures for files or
databases.
 Design Phase
Main concepts of the design phase:
-Approach to systems development
-System architecture design
-Data Based design
-Output design
-Input design
-User interface design
-Prepare the prototype
-Program design
Implementation Phase
 Maintenance Phase

Maintenance of the system also spans

many phases of the systems development
lifecycle. Maintenance includes adjusting the
system to meet any altered or additional
requirements, adjusting the system
documentation to reflect those changes, and
rectifying any problems uncovered in testing.
Installation Techniques

-- Direct Installation
-- Parallel Installation
-- Phased Installation
-- Pilot Installation
 Direct Installation

Advantages: Disadvantages:
-The new system is -May be errors while
executed immediately using the system
-Easy to planning -The imperfections of
-Low cost the new system
-High risk
 Parallel Installation

Advantages: Disadvantages:
-Safety -High costs
-Likened the process to -Wasting time
work -Difficult to plan
Phased Installation

Pilot Installation
 Do the exercise at sheet
In the topic of Information System Development
Page 1-3

Deadline >>> ………………………………