Tubewell

NWFP Environmental Protection Agency
Environmental Assessment Checklists and Guidelines
Tube-well Construction for Agriculture and Irrigation Purposes

No: Version: B Date: 21 May 2004 Page 1 of 13
Contents
1. Introduction.........................................................................................1
1.1 Scope of Guidelines .................................................................................... 1
1.2 How to use these Guidelines ...................................................................... 2
1.3 Glossary ....................................................................................................... 2
2. Project Profile .....................................................................................3

2.1 Description................................................................................................... 3
2.2 Environmental Aspects ............................................................................... 3
2.3 Mitigation Options ....................................................................................... 4
Environmental Assessment Checklist .....................................................7
1. Introduction
Due to over-pumping and increased 1.1 Scope of Guidelines

pollution, the protection and
The scope of this guideline is related to
management of freshwater resources is construction of tube-wells for irrigation
rapidly becoming a priority. With the
purpose. It includes tube-wells
rapid increase of population, the farmers
are increasingly relying on the Operated on diesel, electricity or
groundwater for irrigation. In the wind energy
absence of any control on the installation Discharge capacity is more then
of new water wells, no hydrological or 0.25 cusecs
environmental factors are taken into
account when new water wells are As water from irrigation tube-wells are
installed. often also used for drinking and
domestic purposes these guidelines also
take into account these uses of the
irrigation tube-wells.
W1B-Tubewell Construction
1.2 How to use these Guidelines Cone of Depression (or "influence") is

the draw-down of the water table or
The project proponent (the local
potentiometric surface that happens
government, municipal government, city
when a well is pumped. The drawdown
government or the cantonment board) is
cones of two wells close together may
obliged to use these guidelines. The
overlap so that if the wells are pumped
project proponent has to fill in an
simultaneously they will compete with
environmental impact assessment form.
each other for available groundwater
The following steps are to be taken in
(well interference).
this regard:
Environment means (a) air, water and
Step 1: Provide information on project
land; (b) all layers of the atmosphere; (c)
[use Section I]
all organic and inorganic matter and
Step 2: Determine Applicability (Are living organisms; (d) the ecosystem and
you sure that IEE or EIA is not ecological relationships; (e) buildings,
required?) [use Section II] structures, roads, facilities and works; (f)
Step 3: Describe the physical, biological all social and economic conditions
and social environment [use affecting community life; and (g) the
Section III] inter-relationships between any of the
factors in sub-clause (a) to (f).
Step 4: Assess potential impacts and
applicable mitigation measures Environmental Assessment a technique
[use Section IV] and a process by which information
about the environmental effects of a
Step 5: Provide undertaking to the EPA project is collected, both by the
on mitigation measures and developer and from other sources, and
compliance [use Section V] taken into account by the planning
Completed form is to be submitted to the authority in forming their judgments on
NWFP Environmental Protection whether the development should go
Agency for evaluation. NWFP EPA ahead.
may request for additional information Groundwater is water that occurs in the
or decide to undertake visit to the subsurface below the water table.
proposed project site in order to assess
the environmental impact of the Gradient the property possessed by a
proposed project. line or surface that departs from the
horizontal
Impact on Environment means any
1.3 Glossary effect on land, water, air or any other
Act means the Pakistan Environmental component of the environment, as well
Protection Act, 1997 as on wildlife harvesting, and includes
any effect on the social and cultural
Aquifer is a saturated geological unit
environment or on heritage resources.
(eg. sands, gravels, fractured rock)
which can yield water to wells at a Mitigation Measure means a measure
sufficient rate to support beneficial uses. for the control, reduction or elimination
Contamination introduction of of an adverse impact of a development
impurities in the environment on the environment, including a
restorative measure.
Permeability is the ability of an aquifer pore spaces or fissures are totally filled
or water-bearing formation to allow with water. Also referred to as the
water to pass through it. Permeability is phreatic zone.
also known as effective porosity because Transmissivity means the rate at which
it is a function of interconnected groundwater can flow through an aquifer
saturated pore spaces. section of unit width under a unit
Potable Water is the water fit for hydraulic gradient. It is the average
human consumption. permeability of a section of the entire
aquifer at a given location multiplied by
Pollution the presence in the
the thickness of the formation.
environment or the introduction into it,
of substances that have harmful or Water Table - The top of the zone in
unpleasant effects which all pore spaces or fissures are
totally filled with water.
Regulations means the Pakistan
Environmental Protection Agency
Review of Initial Environmental
Examination and Environment Impact
Assessment Regulations, 2000
Saturated Zone is the zone below and
including the water table in which all
2. Project Profile
2.1 Description tube-well will almost always have a

suction mode pump operating with an
Groundwater occurs under most of the
unlined canal for distribution, whereas a
world's land surface, but there are great
deep tube-well will usually have a force
variations in the depths at which it is
mode pump in operation with a
found, its mineral quality, the quantities
combination of lined and unlined canals
present and the rates of infiltration (thus
or buried pipe systems for distribution.
yield potential) and the nature of the
ground above it (thus accessibility). In
hilly areas it emerges from the ground in 2.2 Environmental Aspects
places as natural springs, otherwise wells
have to be constructed and pumps or The environmental aspects associated
other lift mechanisms installed. with the siting, installation, and
operation of groundwater wells are
The main technology components of any discussed below.
groundwater irrigation scheme are the
pump, motor, well and conveyance Groundwater Well Siting
system. The options available under
Two main factors that often determine
these three categories can be
where water wells are sited are the
interchangeable but more often than not
evidence of the presence of water and
there is a link. For example, a shallow
the place where water is required. In Post Construction Restoration

case of private tube-well for irrigation During drilling of tube-wells, the surface
purposes, the choice is often restricted to around the well site is disturbed due to
the land owned by the owner of the tube- digging of the mud pit, concrete mixing,
well. installation of the rig, and other
There are other import environmental construction debris. If the well is
and social factors that are often located on a public land, the site is often
overlooked while deciding the location not fully restored.
of the well. These include:
Technology
The size of the aquifer and the
effect on yield of other nearby Tube-wells are mostly based on
wells, particularly dug wells conventional technology. The
technology and the operating practices
Risk of contamination from surface are not necessarily efficient. Studies
sources of pollution have shown that significant savings could
(In case of a community well) a be made in fuel consumption (and, hence,
location that ensures that the costs) by making small changes to the
benefit of the well can be equally existing technology used.
and fairly distributed among the
community members 2.3 Mitigation Options
Contamination
Groundwater Well Siting
Ground water sources are usually The water well should be located such
bacteriologically pure, so disinfection is that it is protected from possible sources
not necessary. However, groundwater of contamination. At the same time,
aquifers can become bacteriologically environmentally sensitive objects should
polluted from sources of contamination be protected from the potential impacts
such as latrines, garbage dumps, and of the well. The recommended
corrals, and through poorly constructed minimum distances are as follows:
wells. For example, a deep borewell that
has been improperly sealed can serve as Feature Distance
a conduit that transmits polluted surface (m)
water into the aquifer. It must be Possible Source of
remembered that Groundwater may also Contamination
be chemically contaminated, making it Garbage dumps/refuse piles, 100
unfit for consumption without treatment. car repair or fuel (petrol) sales
outlets, industrial
Over-Exploitation of Water operations/storage facilities etc
Resources Seepage pit or cesspool 50
There are also limits to all groundwater Pit toilets, animal pens, barns, 30
resources, even when they appear to be fields fertilized with dung
plentiful. Over-pumping can result in a Septic tank, surface water body 15
lowering of groundwater levels to a
point where it is no longer feasible or Drain, ditch, house 7
possible to continue pumping. Environmentally Sensitive
Objects
Feature Distance route to the water well is not

(m) susceptible to flooding.
Recognized wetland of 500 Ensure that the site has legal
ecological importance access, which is acceptable to users
Archeological remains or 250 from a societal standpoint.
archeologically important Disputed private lands should be
building or structure avoided. Having a water well on
Shrines and large graveyards 100 someone's property enhances its
Isolated graves 20 value and therefore a formal
arrangement for access needs to be
clearly made before the well is
Other factors that must be taken into drilled
account while locating a tube well are:
Contamination
New tube-well should be at least
100 m from any existing tube-well, To protect the groundwater quality from
unless it is established by getting contaminated, the following
hydrogeological study that the new measures should be undertaken:
well will not affect the yield of the The tube well should be purged
existing well and decontaminated before it is put
New tube-well should be at least to used
100 m from any existing dug well, Tube-wells and its pedestal should
unless it is planned that dug well be sealed in a way that the diesel
will be abandoned after the and other impurities do not mix
installation of the tube well with groundwater
As far as possible, locate water A concrete pad should be
wells upgradient (uphill) of nearby constructed around the well. The
potential sources of pollution, that gradient of the pad should be away
is, the land should NOT slope from from the well bore
pollution sources towards water
wells. If this cannot be avoided, Area around the well should be
try to locate wells as far to the side maintained to ensure that no pools
of the slope as possible, that is, not of standing water are formed
directly downslope of possible
Post Construction Restoration
contaminant sources.
If the well is located on a public land:
In case of community wells, the
water wells should be as close as All pits should be refilled
possible to dwellings (but All excess construction material
maintaining the safe distance and debris removed
identified above) because people
use a lot less water if water wells Recontouring should be undertaken
are located far from their home. Any damage to access track should
Ensure that the site is accessible be repaired
year-round and that the access
Technology
Few tips are provided that may improve
the efficiency of the well.
The use of bamboo and mosquito
netting filters is more fuel efficient
(and cheaper) than using PVC
pipes with very narrow slot sizes
(0.2 mm).
Diesel pumpsets
Increasing the engine operating
temperature through alteration of
water-cooling system. For
example, by fitting thermo syphon
drum cooling increases operating
temperature from 35 °C to 80 °C.
Removing the check valve from
the suction pipe to reduce
hydraulic friction losses.
With oversized engines, reduce the
speed of the engine. For example,
reduction from 1,500 to 1,100 rpm
on a 5HP engine reduced fuel
consumption from 1 l/h to 0.5 l/h
with unchanged discharge.
Environmental Assessment Checklist
Section I: Project Description
File No _________________________________________ (To be filled by EPA)

Date ___________________________________________________________
General Information
1. Project Name or Title____________________________________________
2. Project Proponent (Department or Organization) ______________________
3. Address ______________________________________________________
4. Telephone ____________________________________________________
5. Fax _________________________________________________________
6. E-mail _______________________________________________________
7. Representative of the Proponent___________________________________
8. Designation ___________________________________________________
9. Name of the person who conducted this assessment ___________________
10. Designation ___________________________________________________
11. Qualification___________________________________________________
Project Information
12. Well Location__________________________________________________
13. Cost of the Well ________________________________________________
14. Proposed Depth _______________________________________________
15. Expected Yield ________________________________________________
16. Expected Daily Discharge ________________________________________
17. Pump Size ____________________________________________________
18. Energy Source_________________________________________________
19. Land Area Required: __________________________________________ m2
20. Purpose of the Well _____________________________________________
21. Brief Project Description _________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
Please attach a plot plan of the proposed well site showing the location of the key
structures, access, utilities, units, etc.
22. Who will maintain the well? _______________________________________
Construction
23. Who owns the proposed land for the project? _________________________
24. What is the present use of the land? ________________________________
25. Are there any encroachers on the land? _____________________________
If yes, please specify
Number of encroachers ________________________________________
Will any compensation be paid to them? ___________________________
26. Are there any structures on the proposed site now? Yes No
27. If yes, will any structure be demolished? Yes No
28. If yes, where the demolition waste will be disposed? ___________________
29. Are there any trees on the proposed site? Yes No
30. Will any tree be removed? Yes No
If yes, how many? ______________________________________________
31. Period of construction (start and end dates) __________________________
32. Is drilling work during the night planned? Yes No
33. What kind of drilling equipment will be used (percussion, rotary, etc.)? _____
____________________________________________________________
Section II: Screening
1. Is the proposed well or any of the area that it will irrigate in an ecologically
sensitive area? Yes No
2. Is the cost of the proposed well Rupees one million or more?
Yes No
If the answer to any of the above questions is yes, then the project would require
an initial environmental examination or an environment impact assessment.
Refer to the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Review of Initial
Environmental Examination and Environment Impact Assessment Regulations,
2000 for appropriate category.
Section III: Environmental Profile
1. Describe the terrain of the project area: Flat or Level (Slope < 3%)
Level to moderately steep
(Slope 3%-30%)
Moderately steep to
mountainous (Slope > 30%)
2. Are there signs of soil erosion or landslide anywhere within 500 m of the
proposed site?
Yes No
If yes, please describe (where, nature) ______________________________
____________________________________________________________
3. Is there any surface water body (river, canal, stream, lake, wetland) within
1,000 m of the proposed site?
Yes No
If yes, describe each water body:
Name (including Dimensions Status and Uses (Is it polluted? Is domestic
type, ie, river, canal or other wastewater discharged to it? What
or stream) are its uses, eg, agriculture, domestic,
industrial, washing, fishery
4. Is there any other groundwater well on the proposed site or within 500 m of
the proposed site?
Yes No
If yes, describe each well:
Type (Dug well, tube Location (Village, Depth and Uses (Drinking,
well, hand pump) road, mohalla, etc. Yield agriculture, domestic,
and distance from industrial, washing,
the site) livestock)
5. Are there any reserved forest or protected area within 1,000 m of the
proposed site?
Yes No
If yes, please describe?__________________________________________
6. How are the general hygienic conditions of the project area?
Generally clean
Fair
Poor
7. Is there any bad odor in the project area?
Yes No
What is the source of the odor?____________________________________
8. Is there any site of cultural importance (graveyard, shrine, mosque,
archeological site) within 1,000 m of the proposed scheme?
Yes No
If yes, please describe?__________________________________________
Section IV: Impact Assessment and Mitigation Measures
Potential Negative Tick, if relevant Mitigation Measures Tick, if Monitoring

Environmental Impacts proposed
Well siting Minimum prescribed distances from potential
sources of contamination will be maintained
Minimum prescribed distances from

environmentally sensitive objects will be
maintained
Well will be at least 100 m from any existing
tube-well
OR
It is established by hydrogeological study that the
new well will not affect the yield of the existing
well (Please attach the study)
Well will be at least 100 m from any existing dug
well
OR
The existing dug well will be abandoned after the
installation of the tube well
Well will be locate upgradient (uphill) of nearby
potential sources of pollution
The well will be as close as possible to dwellings
Contamination of water The tube well will be purged and decontaminated
before it will be put to use
Tube-wells and its pedestal will be sealed in a
way that the diesel and other impurities do not
mix with groundwater
Continued…
…Continues
Potential Negative Tick, if relevant Mitigation Measures Tick, if Monitoring

Environmental Impacts proposed
A concrete pad will be constructed around the
well. The gradient of the pad will be away from
the well bore
Area around the well will be maintained to ensure
that no pools of standing water are formed
Post Construction Restoration All pits should be refilled
All excess construction material and debris
removed
Recontouring should be undertaken
Any damage to access track should be repaired
Section V: Undertaking
I, (full name and address) as proponent

for (name, description and location of
project) do hereby solemnly affirm and declare:
1. The information on the proposed project and the environment provided in

Forms I, II and III are correct to the best of my knowledge
2. I fully understand and accept the conditions contained in the Guidelines

for
(name, number and version of the guidelines)
3. I undertake to design, construct and operate the project strictly in

accordance with the project described in Form I, submitted with this
undertaking.
4. I undertake to implement all mitigation measures and undertake

monitoring stated in Form IV, submitted with this undertaking.
Date _______ Signature ____________________
Name ____________________
Designation ____________________
(with official stamp/seal)
Witnesses:
Signature Name Address

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NWFP Environmental Protection Agency

Environmental Assessment Checklists and Guidelines

Tube-well Construction for Agriculture and Irrigation Purposes

2. Project Profile .....................................................................................3

Environmental Assessment Checklist .....................................................7

Due to over-pumping and increased 1.1 Scope of Guidelines

No: Version: B Date: 21 May 2004 Page 2 of 13

1.2 How to use these Guidelines Cone of Depression (or "influence") is

No: Version: B Date: 21 May 2004 Page 3 of 13

2.1 Description tube-well will almost always have a

No: Version: B Date: 21 May 2004 Page 4 of 13

the place where water is required. In Post Construction Restoration

No: Version: B Date: 21 May 2004 Page 5 of 13

Feature Distance route to the water well is not

No: Version: B Date: 21 May 2004 Page 6 of 13

No: Version: B Date: 21 May 2004 Page 7 of 13

Environmental Assessment Checklist

Section I: Project Description

File No _________________________________________ (To be filled by EPA)

No: Version: B Date: 21 May 2004 Page 8 of 13

Section II: Screening

No: Version: B Date: 21 May 2004 Page 9 of 13

Section III: Environmental Profile

No: Version: B Date: 21 May 2004 Page 10 of 13

No: Version: B Date: 21 May 2004 Page 11 of 13

Section IV: Impact Assessment and Mitigation Measures

Potential Negative Tick, if relevant Mitigation Measures Tick, if Monitoring

Minimum prescribed distances from

No: Version: B Date: 21 May 2004 Page 12 of 13

Potential Negative Tick, if relevant Mitigation Measures Tick, if Monitoring

No: Version: B Date: 21 May 2004 Page 13 of 13

I, (full name and address) as proponent

1. The information on the proposed project and the environment provided in

2. I fully understand and accept the conditions contained in the Guidelines

3. I undertake to design, construct and operate the project strictly in

4. I undertake to implement all mitigation measures and undertake

Date _______ Signature ____________________

(with official stamp/seal)

Signature Name Address

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Date _ Signature ______________